World War II Chart Template Chapter 16- Three Approaches to Peace: Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill in WWII

Like actually the funniest quote ever: “You know, Ribbentrop, if I came to an agreement with Russia today I’d attack her again tomorrow – I just can’t help myself” (Hitler talking about why a separate peace with the Soviet Union is pointless)

Topic 1: Causes, Practices and Effects of War Major Theme: Different Types and Nature of 20th Century Warfare Example: World War Two

Civil War Guerilla War Limited War Total War Hitler’s attack on Soviet Union was the largest land war is history. Very horrible. Genocidal struggle to the finish. While attacking Soviet Union, declared war on another front against the United States.

Historiography

Topic 1: Causes, Practices and Effects of War Major Theme: Origins and causes of war Example: World War Two

Long-term Causes Short-term Causes Immediate Causes Economic Causes Ideological Causes Political Causes Religious Causes Historiography

Topic 1: Causes, Practices and Effects of War Major Theme: Nature of 20th century wars Example: World War Two

Technological Developments Tactics and Strategies America: War and diplomacy separated, military people do stuff, then diplomats step in. GB: Strategists and military worked together to keep casualties low. America and GB debating where to start second euro front, America wanted france, GB wanted the underbelly (Italy and such). Soviet Union wanted front to alleviate strain on them. Air Land Sea The Home Front: Economic & Social Impact Changes in the Role & Status of Women Resistance & Revolutionary Movements Historiography

Topic 1: Causes, Practices and Effects of War Major Theme: Effects and Results of Wars Example: World War Two

Peace Settlements & Wars Churchill wanted to reconstruct traditional balances of power, rebuilding Europe to counterbalance eastern soviet power. He also really Ending Without Treaties wanted to buddy up with America so he wouldn’t have to face the world alone again <3 Roosevelt wanted to have a council with US, GB, Soviets, and China... The four policemen, keeping peace and being awesome. Also wanted to reduce UK’s colonial strength. Stalin wanted to expand influence into Eastern Europe… Keep communism strong. Liked idea of Axis unconditional surrender to keep wide area of safety around Soviet Union. STALIN- Realpolitik- a system of politics or principles based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations. 1941- Stalin wanted to talk peace, Roosevelt said no. In later years, Stalin realized he was getting everything he wanted, mostly left peace talk to the other guys. Americas views on Great Britain shaped by 1) anti-colonialism 2) the nature of wartime strategy and 3) the shape of postwar Europe. Roosevelt insisted the Atlantic Charter be applied everywhere, not just Europe (even colonies!!). England was like NAHHHH, you have the Philippines, what up? But America was all like nah man setting them free #PracticeWhatYouPreach. Roosevelt wanted to liberalize colonies so it wouldn’t be a racial thing.  The 1941 Atlantic Charter stated the ideal goals of the war: no territorial aggrandizement; no territorial changes made against the wishes of the people; restoration of self-government to those deprived of it; free access to raw materials; reduction of trade restrictions; global cooperation to secure better economic and social conditions for all; freedom from fear and want; freedom of the seas; and abandonment of the use of force, as well as disarmament of aggressor nations. As a general rule, the side in a confrontation that wants peace should hash it out before war ends. If not, the most determined power takes things unless confronted. Roosevelt didn’t want to talk peace early on because then Germany might great division or complain later. Because America refusing to discuss, Stalin was like it’s sooo chill, he kept getting stronger bargaining sway. Possession 9/10 of law. Stalin wanted to seem in power, Tehran and Yalta locations.

Attempts at Collective Roosevelt didn’t want a balance of power, but a cooperative international order based on harmony, that’s why he helped remove Hitler. Security Pre- and Post WWII Believed post-war peace would be maintained through collective security. Knew collective security needed enforcers, proven by WWI. “Roosevelt had granted Stalin a sphere of influence in norther China to encourage him to participate in a world order that would make spheres of influence irrelevant” Political Repercussions Stalin power. Yeah. That. War ended in geopolitical vacuum with balance of power destroyed, no comprehensive peace treaty. Territorial Changes Stalin preferred to let postwar boundaries be determined by battle lines. To the victor belongs the spoils. Roosevelt wanted to take colonies away from weak countries and turn them into trusteeships End of war Polish Eastern borders what they were in 1941, Stalin like yayy, Churchill so sad  Stalin flagrantly violating the Yalta Declaration on Liberated Europe, just bossin everything. Post-war Economic Problems Roosevelt rejected any American responsibility for economic reconstruction.

Historiography (All Kissinger) Roosevelt laid all responsibility in protection and reconstruction on UK partially because of his disdain for France. UK portrayed itself as overly capable, US then was comfortable leaving vacuum in Europe with weak Germany, weakened France, and American withdrawal. Roosevelt’s concept of four policemen couldn’t work because of ideological rift, imbalance of power, and inhibition of Stalin. “Had he searched the world, Roosevelt could not have found an interlocutor more different from himself than Stalin” Stalin had no friends, only interests (he would take whatever and only agree to things for his own benefit) If America and the Soviet Union hadn’t joined the war when they did, Great Britain would have been driven to compromise or defeat. Hitler and Japan’s attacks on the Soviet Union and US in 1941 guaranteed Great Britain would be on the winning side. “Throughout the war, Roosevelt was, on a human level, closer to Churchill than he was to almost any American” <3 :*) Some believe the delay in opening a second European front aroused Soviet anger and criticism far more than any other factor. Kissinger portrays this as more of a ploy by Stalin. In hindsight, it might have been better for everyone if we tried middle ground with Stalin. If he had agreed to trade extended Soviet borders for recognition of governments in exile it could have led to stronger eastern countries that worked with Soviets but maintained some independence.  Became completely not an option because America was going foe whole new order, not improvement on existing. The room Stalin let Roosevelt stay in was probably bugged (lol) Stalin “joked” about executing 50,000 officers, probably not true because Katyn massacre of Polish officers. Roosevelt distanced himself (when talking to Stalin at Teheran) from Churchill and Sec. of State Perkins to establish relationship for four policemen. When Allies landed in Normandy Nazi’s fate was sealed. Stalin was eager to enter Japanese war (so he could get some booty there too) Restoration of the 1941 Soviet borders was nearly possible to prevent Four policemen didn’t work because it would require America to invade whenever conflict happened, so basically Soviet Union had free reign (UK and China too wimpy)