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The Polish Policemen and the Jewish Population of Occupied Poland, 1939-1945

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The Polish Policemen and the Jewish Population of Occupied Poland, 1939-1945 Fateful Decisions: The Polish Policemen and the Jewish Population of Occupied Poland, 1939-1945 by Sylwia Szymańska-Smolkin A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History University of Toronto © Copyright by Sylwia Szymańska-Smolkin 2017 Fateful Decisions: The Polish Policemen and the Jewish Population of Occupied Poland, 1939-1945 Sylwia Szymańska-Smolkin Doctor of Philosophy Department of History University of Toronto 2017 Abstract This dissertation analyzes the activities of the Polish police during the Second World War with particular attention paid to their triangulated relationship with the German authorities and Jewish population. To properly situate their activities, the interwar period is also covered, as it forms the historical antecedent of their creation. The position of the dissertation is that the participation of the Polish police enabled the Germans to be more successful in their implementation of the Holocaust in Poland. Alongside this contention, evidence supporting the attempts of some Polish policemen to help and assist the Jewish population is also presented. This complex and multilayered portrait is articulated while maintaining that there is sufficient evidence to challenge conventional historical views that have downplayed the Polish police’s involvement in the murder of Polish Jews. The evidence presented throughout the dissertation is distinct from previous research into the activities of the Polish police as the policemen’s actions against the Jewish population have not been subject to thorough research. In comparison with the only available book on the Polish police, which minimizes their role in implementing the Holocaust in Poland, this dissertation draws ii extensively on archival sources that were not previously accessed such as post-war trial records and eyewitness written and oral testimony. This dissertation is organized chronologically and its structure reflects the stages of the Polish police’s involvement in the persecution of Polish Jews. The tasks of the Polish policemen depended on the current German policies against the Jews in the General Government. Gradually, they expended from guarding ghettos and preventing the movement of people and products in and out of ghettos to securing the perimeters of ghettos during liquidation actions and searching for those who attempted to avoid transports to killing centres. The Polish policemen, often in cooperation with the rural population, played a significant role in the last phase of the Holocaust. It was at this stage that they discovered and killed many Jews in hiding. In those cases, the policemen were autonomous as a significant number of the killings were carried out without the orders or knowledge of their German superiors. iii Acknowledgments I would like to express gratitude to the members of my dissertation committee for the support, time, ideas and valuable feedback they provided me while studying, researching, and writing this dissertation. Their scholarship has been a model to which I strive. I am indebted to my supervisor, Piotr Wróbel, for his mentorship, guidance, and unwavering support for this project. His encouragement and patience guided me through writing crises and motivated me to see it to the finish line. Thank you to Doris Bergen for being such an important part of my academic journey. She played a tremendous role in shaping this dissertation. Her insightful comments strengthened my analysis and influenced the final version of the project. Thank you to Derek Penslar, who offered his interest in my research and invited me to join the Jewish Studies collaborative program. He encouraged me to widen my knowledge of modern Jewish history, for which I am very grateful. I would like to thank Yüri Kivimäe and Harold Troper for joining my dissertation committee. I know I will benefit from your feedback. Thank you to Antony Polonsky for agreeing to serve as my external examiner. Your expertise will be valuable to my project. I would like to thank the helpful staff at each of the archives and libraries in Poland, Israel, and the United States that facilitated my research. Special thanks go out to Vincent Slatt, a librarian at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, who went above and beyond his duties to ensure that my research there was successful. Fellowships and grants from various institutions and organizations provided essential financial support for my research and writing. I would like to acknowledge the support of the Ontario Graduate Scholarship, Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada and the iv Claims Conference for Advanced Shoah Studies. At the University of Toronto: the School of Graduate Studies, the Department of History and the Anne Tanenbaum Centre for Jewish Studies all supported my extensive archival research in Poland and the United States. A scholarship from the Canadian Friends of Hebrew University enabled me to conduct research at Yad Vashem in Israel. I would also like to thank my friends. Their support was vital during research and writing stages. They offered their encouragement, homes, analytical minds and editing skills. Thank you to Joanna Nalewajko-Kulikov, Natalia Bujniewicz, Monika Tuszewicka, Marek Tuszewicki and Samantha Stroh Bailey. My deepest thanks to Deborah Barton for her friendship and sympathetic ear; as well as for editing a few chapters of this dissertation. Last but not least, I would like to thank my family in Poland and Canada. Their support for my academic journey was meaningful and encouraging every step of the way. A special thank you to my husband, Mitch Smolkin, for his love and unceasing support through the ups and downs of writing the dissertation. I would never have completed this project if not for his commitment and encouragement to pursue my dreams. To my son Gabriel, thank you for your patience and for grasping the importance of this project to me at such a young age. This dissertation is dedicated to the two of you. v Table of Contents Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………....ii Acknowledgments………………………………………………………………………...iv Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………………vi List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………….vii List of Appendices………………………………………………………………………viii Abbreviations……………………………………………………………………………..ix Preface……………………………………………………………………………………..1 Introduction: Opening Up the Past: The Many Faces of the Polish Police………………..4 Chapter 1: The State Police and Its Transformation into the Polish Police, the so-called Blue Police………………………………………………………................23 Chapter 2: Oppression and Facilitation: The Polish Police vis-à-vis the Jewish Population in Occupied Poland,1939-1942……...………..……………….....70 Chapter 3: Liquidations of the Ghettos – Polish Police Crossing into the Holocaust…………………………………………………...……......114 Chapter 4: Amplifying Danger on the “Aryan” Side: The Threats Posed by the Polish Police………………………………………...……………………...........152 Chapter 5: Translating Righteous Action Into Post-War Recognition: Cases of Benevolence Among the Polish Police………………………………………..215 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………254 Appendices……………………………………………………………………………...260 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………….263 vi List of Tables Table 1. Jews arrested between May 23 and July 22, 1943 in the Praga district of Warsaw………………………………………………...…147 vii List of Appendices Appendix A: Organization of the Polish Police in Cracow……………………………..260 Appendix B: Organization of the Polish Police in the Warsaw County…………...…...261 Appendix C: First Black List of the Blue Police……………………………………..…262 viii Abbreviations AAN Archives of Modern Documentation AbfPP Files of Former Functionaries of the Polish Police AIPN Archives of the Institute of National Remembrance AŻIH Archives of the Jewish Historical Institute AK Home Army AL People’s Army APR State Archives in Radom APW State Archives of the City of Warsaw APKr State Archives in Cracow ARG Ringelblum Archive BN National Library CSS Special Civil Courts DR Government Delegation for the Homeland DRAN Department of the Righteous Among the Nations GFH Ghetto Fighters’ House GL People’s Guard IRU Street Movement Control KB Security Corps Kedyw Directorate for Subversion of the Command of the Home Army KPH Industrial-Trade Precinct KPPKr Kommando der polnischen Polizei Krakau KPPmW Headquarters of the Polish Police in Warsaw KWC Directorate of Civil Resistance MO Citizens’ Militia OWK Guard and Convoy Unit PKB National Security Corps PPPBrN Polish Police Station in Brzesko Nowe PKWN Polish Committee of National Liberation POW Polish Military Organization PPR Polish Workers’ Party PPS Polish Socialist Party RGO Central Welfare Council SMKr Der Stadthauptmann der Stadt Krakau SOKr District Court in Cracow SOW District Court in Warsaw SSKr Special Penal Court in Cracow WSS Special Military Courts ZWZ Union of Armed Struggle ŻKN Jewish National Council ŻOB Jewish Fighting Organization USHMM United States Holocaust Memorial Museum YV Yad Vashem ix Preface This dissertation stems from my longstanding interest in the history and culture of Polish Jewry and in Polish-Jewish relations. I grew up in Communist Poland where there was practically no discussion of the Holocaust and what was said was largely distorted. As a teenager I felt an imperative to learn about what had happened to the many Jews of Józefów, the town where I lived. I was conscious that the absence of the Jewish inhabitants of Poland, who were instrumental in shaping Poland’s modern history
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