Report to Congress on the Extent and Effects of Domestic and International Terrorism in Animal Enterprises

In a war you have to take up awns and people will get killed, up to one year, to cause physical disruption to the functioning and I can support that kind of action by petrol bombing and of an animal enterprise resulting in economic damage ex- bombs under cars, and probably at a later stage, the shoot- ceeding $10,000. The Act also imposes sentences of up to 10 ing of vivisectors on their doorsteps. It’s a war, and there’s no years or life imprisonment, respectively, on persons causing other way you can stop vivisectors. the serious bodily injury or death of another person during the course of such an offense. Tim Daley Congress passed the Animal Enterprise Protection Act in British Animal Liberation Front Leader response to concerns about what was perceived by many to be the rapidly expanding use of violence and other disruptive expressions of extremism on behalf of animal rights. Indeed, Introduction since the early 198Os, a broad range of enterprises, in both public and private sectors, that use or market animals or ani- The Animal Enterprise Protection Act of 1992 and mal-derived products in their commercial or professional op- Mandated Report erations, have been targeted by radical elements within the animal rights movement with acts of disruption, vandalism, The Animal Enterprise Protection Act, enacted into law and in many cases physical destruction. In enacting the on August 26, 1992 and codified as 18 U.S.C. 43, makes it a Animal Enterprise Protection Act, Congress sought both to federal offense, punishable by fine and/or imprisonment for punish those who engagein acts of terrorism against animal enterprises and to deter others from doing the same. In view of these objectives, the Act directs the Attorney General and the Secretary of Agriculture to conduct jointly a Inside.. . study on the extent and effects of domestic and international terrorism on enterprises using animals for food or fiber pro- Back to School, Part II ...... 209 duction, agriculture, research, or testing, and report the re- sults of the study to Congress within a year of the Act’s pas- Experimental Biology ‘94 Symposia Preview ...... 2 12 sage. In compliance with this mandate, the Criminal Division of the Department of Justice (DOJ), with the assistance of the 1994 Distinguished Lectures ...... 223 Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service of the Department of Agriculture (USDA), conducted a study of an- Proposed Amendments to APS Bylaws ...... 234 imal rights extremism in the United States and abroad. The following report conveys the findings of this study. What Does Congress Need to Hear? ...... 235

(continued on p. 247)

Vol. 36, No. 6, 1993 207 CONTENTS HHMI Initiates CONGRESSIONAL REPORT Membership International Grants Report to Congress on the Extent Honorary Memberships Awarded 228 In recognition of the contributions of and Effects of Domestic and Walter Clark Randall (1916-1993) 230 biomedical scientists in countries in East- International Terrorism on APS Gopher Server Marks ern Europe and the former Soviet Union Animal Enterprises 207 Anniversary 232 and the need for support to sustain their re- Proposed Amendments to APS search during the current period of politi- APS NEWS Bylaws 234 cal, economic, and social change, the Education Howard Hughes Medical Institute plans to Back to School, Part II. N. C. Staub 209 PUBLIC AFFAIRS award research grants to biomedical scien- Porter Physiology Development What Does Congress Need to Hear? 235 tists in selected countries in the region. The Program 210 FY 1994 Funding Approved 235 countries selected as eligible for the awards State Science Day at Ohio 211 are Belarus, Czech Republic, Estonia, New Education Resources 211 Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, INTERNATIONAL Slovak Republic, and Ukraine. Meetings The Institute plans to make grant Experimental Biology ‘94 Preview 212 XXX11 IUPS Congress-Glasgow 241 NIPS Joint Managing Board Meets awards that collectively will amount to up Bowditch Lecture 213 in Glasgow 243 to $3 million each year for a total of five Walter B. Cannon Lecture 215 years. Two types of grants will be awarded. Annual Teaching of Physiology Grants for Research at the Scientist’s Section Dinner 218 PEOPLE AND PLACES 244 Own Institution. These grants will provide 1994 Distinguished Lectures 223 five years of support for research by scien- APS Intersociety Meeting: Regula- POSITIONS AVAILABLE 245 tists at their own institution in the eligible tion, Integration, Adaptation: countries. They are open to all biomedical A Species Approach 224 BOOK REVIEWS 260 scientists who meet eligibility criteria. APS Conference: Physiology of the Between 40 and 60 grants will be awarded, Release and Activity of Cytokines 226 after careful review of the applications. Publications BOOKS RECEIVED 261 Grants will be in the range of $lO,OOO- Publications Committee Holds Fall $75,000 for each year. The size of a grant Meeting 227 ANNOUNCEMENTS 262 will depend on the needs of the awardee and the economic conditions prevailing at the time the awards are announced. Grants Involving International Research Collaboration. Collaborative re- search awards will be made to support new The Physiologist Publications Committee: Chairman, Leonard or ongoing joint research projects of scien- Published bimonthly and R. Johnson; Members, Diana Kunze, Lorne tists in the eligible countries and collaborat- distributed by Mendell, Loring R. Rowell, and John A. ing scientists in other countries, including The American Physiological Society Williams. Publications Manager, Brenda B. Rauner; Editorial Staff, Laura North and Western Europe, Israel, Canada, and the 9650 Rockville Pike Lorraine Tucker. United States. These grants will also be for Bethesda, Maryland 208 14-399 1 Subscriptions: Distributed to members as part five years and are intended to support the ISSN 003 l-9376 of their membership. Nonmembers in the USA: work of the eligible scientists and to foster individuals $25.00; institutions $37.00. Non- Martin Frank, Editor and members elsewhere: individuals $35.00; institu- their collaborations abroad. Executive Director tions $48.00. Single copies and back issues when The collaborative research grants are available, $10.00 each; single copies and back is- open to all scientists in the selected coun- William H. Dantzler, President sues of Abstracts issue when available, $20.00. tries who meet eligibility criteria and who Stanley G. Schultz, Past President In 1993, subscribers to The Physiologist will re- have made arrangements either to establish Brian R. Duling, President-Elect ceive it and the abstracts of the Fall Conferences a new collaborative research effort or to of the American Physiological Society. The continue an existing collaboration abroad. Councillors American Physiological Society assumes no re- sponsibility for the statements and opinions ad- Between 40 and 60 grants will be awarded Mordecai P. Blaustein, Helen J. Cooke, vanced by contributors to The Physiologist. after careful review of the jointly submitted D. Neil Granger, Barbara A. Horwitz, Deadline for submission of material for publi- applications. These grants also will be in L. Gabriel Navar, and JamesA. Schafer cation: Dec. 15, February issue; Feb. 15, April the range of $lO,OOO-$75,000 each year. issue; April 15, June issue; June 15, August Ex Oficio issue; Aug. 15, October issue; Oct. 15, Decem- Inquiries should be directed to ber issue. If you change your address or tele- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Office Leonard S. Jefferson, Leonard R. phone number, please notify the central office of Grants and Special Programs, Inter- Johnson, Franklyn G. Knox, Frank L. as soon as possible. Printed in the USA. national Program, 4000 Jones Bridge Road, Powell,Jr., and Heinz Valtin Headquarters phone: 301-530-7118. Fax: 301- 571-8305. Chevy Chase, MD 20815-6789 USA. Tel: l-301 -215-8884; fax: l-301 -215-8888; in- ternet: [email protected].

208 THE PHYSIOLOGIST APS NEWS

Education Back to School, Part II

Norman C. Staub Universitv of California, San Francisco J

One of the pleasures of being Past-President of the teachers. In the morning session, there were three short American Physiological Society was the opportunity to plan demonstrations with audience participation. These were de- a symposium for Experimental Biology ‘93. I chose a sympo- signed to teach some fundamentals of physiology that are sium-workshop for high school biology teachers and stu- only briefly presented at the high school level, if at all. Our dents. aim was to use good teachers who were also productive sci- I made that choice for several reasons. First, the APS al- entists. Such a combination is not, unfortunately, as common ready has many high-quality scientific symposia. Second, at as one would like. Our new Society Education Office needs our January 1992 strategic planning retreat, Council identi- to develop a resource list of such individuals. Feedback from fied education as a major goal of the Society (see The Phys- the teachers and students indicates they liked these lecture- iologist 35: 37-passim, 1992). Third, a biology teacher-stu- demonstrations; in fact, they want more such demonstrations dent symposium-workshop would be able to take advantage with more interaction. of the many resources available at EB ‘93. Fourth, it would We showed a 30-minute videotape about physiology as a provide stimulation to teachers and students in biology and research career. The tape was made in Great Britain several enhance public recognition of the American Physiological years ago. It is effective in describing some aspects of physi- Society and physiology as a discipline; both important goals ology training. Both teachers and students commented favor- in our Strategic Plan. ably on the presentation. The APS has not been able to mobi- The symposium-workshop plan did not spring fullgrown lize resources to produce a tape for the American market, al- from my head. We had two trial runs of some of its compo- though I think that it ought to be a priority item for our nents. In 1991 Martin Frank, our Executive Director, orga- Education Committee and the Education Office. nized a half-day high school student symposium at the APS As an innovation, I asked Dan Richardson, Chairman of Conference in San Antonio, Texas (see The Physiologist 35: the APS Teaching Section, to recruit proctors for the students 4, 1992). In 1992 Frank Powell, Chairman of the Education and teachers during the two-hour lunch break. The teaching Committee, organized a high school teacher in-service work- section provided 33 volunteer proctors, who escorted small shop at Anaheim, California. From these experiences, we be- groups of students or teachers to see selected physiology came familiar with the logistics and problems associated with posters, have lunch, and see the exhibits. In my opinion, turn- such an undertaking. We gained experience as to which com- ing the students and teachers loose to wander among the ponents would be attractive to students and to teachers. posters or exhibits is not of much value. I believe our guests Teachers and students want to hear good science. However, profit more by discussing one or two good posters with their it must be understandable, preferably interactive, to maintain authors or the proctor. As this was the first time we have used the interest of the audience. a large number of proctors there was some confusion, but The APS summer teachers’ research program, in which overall it worked well. I hope the proctor component will be the Society invests $50,000 per year, had been in operation continued and improved. for three years. I wanted to make use of this core group of 36 In the afternoon, Frank Powell conducted an in-service experienced teachers. They know the problems associated workshop for the teachers making use, as I mentioned, of the with teaching physiology at the high school level, have had splendid resource provided by our summer teachers. The stu- the experience of a summer of research, and have renewed dents had a separate program in which they learned about ca- enthusiasm for teaching modern physiological science. reers in physiology and the use of animals in research. These Therefore at the in-service workshop, I arranged with Frank instructive discussions were led by two distinguished physi- Powell to have three of our summer teachers present lesson ologists who have expertise and are well known. plans based on the work they had done. Furthermore, a fourth The symposium-workshop group included about 50 teacher, who had made an inspiring statement of her summer teachers and more than 75 students of advanced biology or work, was invited to present her testimonial. human physiology, all from New Orleans and adjacent I will not describe each presentation at the symposium- parishes. Each teacher was invited to select two students, workshop, but I do want to acquaint you with some of the based on their interest and scholastic aptitude for biology, es- topics we believed would interest the students and their pecially physiology. With few exceptions the schools or dis-

Vol. 36, No. 6, 1993 209 APS NEWS

tricts generously gave the teachers a free day for the pro- Society through our Strategic Plan. Education will continue gram. When I say generously, I mean it. Schools are under to be a major Society activity for members, students, teach- severe financial strain; providing substitute teachers for a day ers, and the general public. Our commitment is being ful- is a substantial contribution. filled by the establishment of an APS Education Office and What an opportunity we have to recruit physiology grad- by applications for support grants. Our Education Committee uate students. For a modest effort and a small investment, we and our Teaching Section are active. Let’s support their ef- stimulated the teachers to improve their courses and interest- forts enthusiastically. ed the students in careers in physiology. I do not think we can My Past-President’s symposium was not intended to be a make better use of our Society’s resources. one-shot deal. It points the way to one aspect of our continu- What of the future? Unfortunately, the history of the ing education involvement. Frank Powell is busy planning American Physiology society is littered with the carcasses of another teaching symposium. Student-teacher workshops programs that were begun enthusiastically but which fell by ought to be part of every APS spring meeting, conference, or the wayside as interest flagged. I expect things to be different multisection meeting. Whenever the Society meets, we in the 1990s because we have a firm commitment from the should promote education in physiology.

Porter Physiology Development Program

The Porter Physiology Development Program needs $50,000 in support for the program, and the APS allocates your support. Since 1967, it has provided funds to train mi- $25,000. In add’t’1 ion, the Society has recently solicited funds nority students in the science of physiology, thus increasing from a number of corporations to expand financial support the involvement of under-represented scientists in the disci- for the program. Both the membership and the corporations pline and in the Society. In 1992, a brochure describing the have an incentive to make a contribution because the William successful results of the program was distributed to the mem- Townsend Porter Foundation has made a bership along with a solicitation. Many of our members re- matching offer for every additional dollar raised by the APS. sponded generously to our request. We again urge all mem- We encourage your consideration of this program and bers to join in support of this program. urge you to make a generous contribution to the Porter Phys- The enclosure of the donation form (below) is designed iology Development Fund. Please indicate your desired level to give others an opportunity to make a contribution. of support on the form and return it to APS with your contri- Currently, the William Townsend Porter Foundation provides bution.

The American Physiological Society Porter Physiology Development Program

Name Home Phone Address Office Phone City State Zip

Cl I want to help the American Physiological Society strengthen the Porter Physiology Development Program and to encourage minority participation in the physiological sciences. I wish to donate cl $25.00 cl $50.00 cl $100.00 Cl other I wish to make my contribution by Cl check 0 Visa 0 Master-Card

Card Number Expiration Date

Signature

Checks should be made to the APS Porter Physiology Development Program and returned with this form to the American Physiological Society, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814-3991. Contributions to the Porter Physiology Development Program are tax deductible.

210 THE PHYSIOLOGIST APS NEWS

State Science Day of Ohio Awards New Education Resources Available Three new resource sheets are available from the APS Education Office. The first, K-12 Resource List, includes information on videotapes and printed materials to help K-12 students understand what science is and what scientists, especially physiologists, do. The second resource sheet, Criteria for Equitable Life Sciences Activities, helps teachers revise classroom materi- als and strategies to create an atmo- sphere that promotes learning among all children, including female and mi- nority students. Finally, the North Carolina Museum of Life and Science 1993 Ohio Physiological Society award winners were (1 to r) Brian Coey, Allison Cochran, publication, Sharing Science with Kimberly Tessanne, and James Rohrer. E. Keith Michal (r) represented the Ohio Physiological Society and the American Physiological Society. Children: A Survival Guide for Scientists and Engineers, has been reprinted with permission by APS. The Ohio Physiological Society study on “Scent Association in Ham- Single copies of each publication are presented awards to two middle school sters” while James S. Rohrer (7th free; write to Sande Montano at APS and two high school students for sci- grade) of Oak Harbor, OH, placed sec- headquarters or call 301-57 I- 1775. ence fair projects competing in the an- ond with his project, “In What Con- nual State Science Day of Ohio. First ditions Do Brine Shrimp Grow Best?” place in the high school division was Winners receive a certificate of ac- earned by Brian Coey (10th grade) of complishment. First place recipients Kingston, OH, for his project, “Timing receive an APS “People and Ideas” of Prothoracicotropic Hormone in book. The awards are co-sponsored by Soccophaja bullata Larvae,” and sec- the Ohio Physiological Society and the ond place was awarded to Kimberly APS. APS members interested in par- Learn About Space- Tessanne (10th grade) of Carrollton, ticipating as judges in their state sci- OH, for her project, “The Effects of ence fair or the International Science Based Research Land Pollution on Mice.” In the mid- and Engineering Fair should contact A live videoconference focusing dle school division, Allison Cochran the APS Education Officer, Marsha on Space Station research will be held (8th grade) of New Matamoras, OH, Matyas, at 30 l-530-7 132. on February 17, 1994 from 1:00 to earned the first place award for her 3:00 pm. “A New Era of Discovery: Plans for Research on Space Station” will be an overview of the plans, op- New Science-by-Mail Program portunities, and benefits of space-based research. Learn how Space Station will Imagine 27,000 children through- ing theories, the students send their provide a laboratory for research in life out the world corresponding regularly findings and their creative solutions to sciences, materials, fluid physics, com- with 2,300 scientists about challenging the scientist-correspondent who re- bustion, and biotechnology research scientific problems. This wonderful sponds with encouraging feedback. and technology development. image has become reality through the The time commitment of the scientist Any site with connectivity to a Science-by-Mail program, coordinated requires no more that 20 hours per satellite television receive earth station by the Boston Museum of Science and year. If you are interested in becoming may license to carry this program at no 18 other science museums around the a volunteer scientist for the program or cost. Call the Public Broadcasting country and in Canada. Participating to learn how a group of children can System at l-800-257-2578 to license a students in grades 4-9 receive three become involved, contact Melissa site. Beginning in January, call PBS to challenge packets throughout the year. Cotter at the Boston Museum of find a site near you that will receive After doing experiments and develop- Science, I-800-729-3300. the program.

Vol. 36, No. 6. 1993 211 Meethgis

Experimental Biology ‘94

Anaheim, California April 24-28,1994

Cytokine Mediated Signal Transduction Pathways: Cellular Regulation of the Endothelial Barrier Effects on Cellular Gene Expression and Theme area: Respiratory Biology Function Sponsor:Respiration Section Theme area: Inflammation Chair: Jahar Bhattacharya Sponsors: Cell & General Physiology Section and Epithelial Participants: Doina Popov, Elzabetta Dejana, Donald Ingber, Transport Group Asrar B. Malik, Ann-Marie Schmidt, and Jahar Bhatta- Chairs: Etty Benveniste and Dale J. Benos charya Participants: Dale J. Benos, Sergio Grinstein, Thomas Hamilton, Etty Benveniste, and Nancy Reich. This symposium will focus on specific molecules or molecule classes which have been identified in the regulation of endothelial Cytokines comprise a diverse group of regulatory polypeptides barrier properties. As such, the symposium will review cutting edge that subserve and modulate many important cellular functions. issues which are likely to lead to important future directions. Cytokines include the interleukins, interferons, transforming growth Speakers have been selected from a number of different disciplines factors, colony stimulating factors, and tumor necrosis factors. to review new research implicating cell adhesion molecules, cy- These polypeptides act to stimulate essential cellular metabolic toskeletal elements, signaling mechanisms, and receptors in en- functions, proliferation, differentiation, and specialized effector cell dothelial barrier regulation. In addition, the presentations encom- functions. The signal initiated by binding of the cytokine to the lig- pass a variety of newly developed molecular, cellular and biophysi- and-binding portion of the receptor is transduced into the cell by the cal techniques that are current in endothelial research. The inclu- cytoplasmic portion of the receptor, oftentimes in conjunction with sions of presentations involving in vitro and in vivo approaches, is other associated proteins. The initial signal transduction is brought expected to provide provocative discussion. No APS symposium about either by alterations in specific ion transport systems, most has addressed these issues in the bast five years, hence the proposed notably Na+/H+ exchanges and certain ion pumps, or by direct acti- symposium is timely and required. vation of protein kinases. This symposium will focus on cytokine mediated signal transduction pathways in a variety of cell types, with an emphasis on how these second messengers are involved in cell function. Topics to be discussed include the physiological ef- What Happens to Cardiovascular and Renal Homeo- fects of cytokines on ion transport systems; the mechanisms by stases During Pregnancy? which protein kinases become activated; and the role of protein ki- nases in transcription factor activation and function. Recent evi- Theme area: Neurobiology dence suggests that activation of a number of intracellular protein Sponsors: Cardiovascular, Water & Electrolyte Homeostasis, kinases (PKC, PKA, Tyrosine Kinases) by cytokines leads to phos- and Neural Control & Autonomic Regulation Sections phorylation of transcription factors which then can modulate the Chairs: Virginia L. Brooks and SusanJacobs-Kaufman gene(s) of interest. This may be one mechanism by which pleiotrop- Participants: Virginia L. Brooks, Maureen Keller-Wood, ic cytokines exert their effects on specific genes. The symposium Cheryl M. Heesch, Kirk P. Conrad, Margaret K. will begin with a brief (10 min) overview of the cytokine field by Dr. Benveniste. The subject matter of the symposium should be of McLaughlin, and SusanJacobs-Kaufman. general interest to members of the Society, because it concerns the study of both cellular and molecular mechanisms by which physio- Pregnancy is associated with profound changes in blood vol- logically important genes are regulated in a variety of cells. Further, ume and blood pressure homeostasis. The objective of the sympo- because of the interdisciplinary nature of the presentations, the sym- sium is to highlight recent data describing these changes and to dis- posium should attract many investigators of diverse backgrounds. cuss possible mechanisms and consequences. The symposium will

212 THE PHYSIOLOGIST APS NEWS

be introduced with an integrated description of the altered hemody- Although this field is very much in its infancy, the symposium is in- namic and hormonal responses to hemorrhage during pregnancy tended to provide the groundwork upon which future questions and (Brooks). The remaining speakers will then focus on changes in research directions can be pursued. The program will address five specific aspects of cardiovascular/renal regulation. Two speakers aspects of gene regulation in hibernators that represent regulatory will describe changes in the regulation of hormones involved in points that are crucial for the preparation into hibernation, as well as pressure/volume regulation, such as angiotensin II, ACTH, vaso- survival during and after hibernation. These areas include liver gene pressin and ANF, and the mechanisms underlying these changes expression, transcriptional regulation of lipid metabolism, gene ex- will be discussed (Keller-Wood and Jacobs-Kaufman). Evidence for pression in the central nervous system, cellular and molecular as- altered regulation of sympathetic activity will be presented pects of brown fat metabolism, and intestinal gene expression. A (Heesch). Finally, two speakers will then explore pregnancy-in- topic of much debate in the hibernation community that will be ad- duced changes in endothelial regulation (eg nitric oxide) of vascular dressed in some of these presentations, and during the discussions smooth muscle function (McLaughlin and Conrad). By presenting a among participants and audience, is the adaptive value of periodic variety of experimental approaches, the symposium will provide an arousals during the hibernation season. Several participants will de- integrated, emerging view of the many pregnancy-induced changes scribe studies of gene expression during these energetically expen- in the cardio-renal systems, some of which may not be beneficial to sive periods that will hopefully increase our understanding of the maternal or fetal well-being. physiological significance to the hibernator.

Molecular Advances in the Study of Hibernation Epithclia as Components of the Common Mucosal Theme area: Metabolic Processes Immune System Sponsor: Comparative Physiology Section Theme area: Epithelial Cell Biology Chairs: Hannah V. Carey and Gregory L. Florant Sponsors: Gastrointestinal Section and Epithelial Transport Participants: Sandra L. Martin, Gregory L. Florant, Jan Group Nedergaard, Thomas S. Kilduff, and Hannah V. Carey Chairs: Gilbert A. Castro and Helen Cooke Participants: Gilbert A. Castro, Lloyd F. Mayer, Charles This symposium will focus on the advances being made using Elson, Michael Lamm, Jack Wood, Helen Cooke, James molecular approaches to the study of mammalian hibernation. Madara, Jack Gauldie, Charles Wira, and Charles Hibernators exhibit many physiological patterns that havelong been Arntzen of interest both for their inherent uniqueness as well as their appli- cations to the study of hypothermia, depressed metabolism, and cir- The global AIDS epidemic has generated considerable interest cannual rhythms. Now, the major advances in biochemistry and in mucosal immunity and immunophysiological connections be- molecular biology of recent times have led to the initiation of excit- tween various mucosal tissues. This interest is derived, in part, from ing, innovative research that ties many aspects of hibernation physi- a desire to understand immune suppression induced by HIV and ology to regulation at the level of the gene. This symposium will be from the quest to develop a vaccine against the virus whose portal the first to focus solely on molecular physiology in hibernators. of entry into the body largely involves penetration of epithelial cells at mucosal surfaces. This symposium focuses on current work that is enhancing our knowledge of the role of mucosal epithelia in the afferent and efferent arms of the immune response and of factors that regulate epithelial cell-immune system interactions. Studies of APS Bowditch Lecture epithelia from the gut, lung, kidney, respiratory tract and reproduc- tive tract will be featured. Monday, 5: 15 pm The symposium, to be moderated by Gilbert Castro and Helen Cooke, will be introduced by Gilbert Castro. Nine speakers are in- “Regulation of Epithelial Cell Polarity” volved, Lloyd Mayer will discuss how antigens access the immune system via presentation by epithelial cells in addition to absorption by M cells and by bulk flow through paracellular pathways. The im- portance of the route of antigen delivery in the development of mu- cosal immunity and immunological tolerance will be the subject of Charles Elson’s talk. Michael Lamm will present current views on functions of secretory immunoglobulins in relation to mucosal im- munity based in large part on data derived from studies of canine kidney cells. Jack Wood will discuss, based on pharmacological studies and direct electrophysiological measurements, how local antigenic stimulation alters functions of the enteric nervous system. Helen Cooke will present evidence that enteric nerves are involved W. James Nelson in transducing antigenic signals into altered epithclial functions. Stanford University Medical Center While the presentations by Jack Wood and Helen Cooke relate to antibody-mediated (anaphylaxis) changes in the gut, James Madara

Vol. 36. No. 6. 1993 213 APS NEWS

will discuss changes in epithelial behavior resulting from inflamma- of such alterations? and 3) what kinase and other enzyme cascades tory mediators or “immune agonists” derived from myeloid cells are responsible? and acting in paracrine fashion. The airway will be the focus of Jack It is expected that a full appreciation of the extent of receptor Gauldie’s talk on cytokine-epithelial cell interactions. Functional modifications and its effect on function will increase our under- connections between the gastrointestinal and female reproductive standing of the role of interacting signalling systems in endocrine tracts will be discussed by Charles Wira. In conclusion, Charles physiology. This symposium will be multidisciplinary and will Arntzen will project expected future developments in the immuno- bring together speakers from endocrinology, physiology, genetics physiology of the mucosal immune system as driven by biotechno- and biochemistry. logical advancements, focusing on transgenic plants as foods and as potential “edible” vaccines. Results of work described in these pre- sentations will support the currently obscure view of Bockman, Boydston and Beezhold (Ann NY Acad Sci 499: 129-144, 1983) that Mechanisms of Contractile Dysfunction of the gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), bronchus-associated lym- Hypertrophied Adult Cardiocyte phoid tissue (BALT) and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) are terms that should be appropriately expanded to include Theme area: Cardiovascular Biology epithelia as functional component, eg., mucosal-associated lym- Sponsor: Cardiovascular Section phoepithelial tissue. Chairs: George Cooper and Joanne S. Ingwall Participants: Joanne S. Ingwall, Judith K. Gwathmey, Jeanette Chloe Bulinski, George Cooper, and Michael R. Zile Mechanical Stresses and Cell Function A large body of work has clearly identified contractile dysfunc- Theme area: Cardiovascular Biology tion of hypertrophied myocardium on the organ and tissue levels, Sponsor: North American Society for Biorheology especially when the hemodynamic stimulus inciting hypertrophy is Chair: John A. Frangos a pressure overload. More recent work has shown that this dysfunc- Participants: Donald Ingber, Larry Thibault, Peter Davies, tion is an intrinsic property of the cardiocyte, or cardiac muscle cell. John A. Frangos, Larry V. McIntire, Bradford Berk, The newest work has focused on the nature and the locus of this car- Seigo Izumo, and Renz Bizios diocyte defect. Three leading candidates have been altered energet- its, altered calcium metabolism, and, more recently, alterations in It is increasingly evident that mechanical forces play a crucial the cytoskeleton. This symposium is designed to first address the role in the physiology of living systems. Over the past fifteen years two more recognized areas. Since the third area has only recently there has been exponential growth in the research in understanding become of interest, a consideration of the cytoskeletal role in con- how mechanical forces regulate vascular diameter and caliber, bone tractile dysfunction will be preceded by an introduction to the orga- remodeling, and skin growth. It appears that many of the cell and nization and developmental regulation of the cardiocyte cytoskele- tissue responses and mechanisms have a large degree of commonali- ton. ty. It is the objective of this symposium to bring a diverse group of investigators to summarize recent advances, and hopefully provide a more comprehensive and unifying review of the field.

Epithelial Cl- Channels

Theme area: Epithelial Cell Biology Multiple Signalling Pathways in Steroid/Thyroid Sponsor:Epithelial Transport Group Hormone Action Chair: John Cuppoletti Theme area: Metabolic Processes Participants: Jeffrey J. Wine, Burton Horowitz, John W. Sponsor: Endocrinology & Metabolism Section Hanrahan, Sharif E. Gabriel, John Cuppoletti, and Chairs: William W. Chin and Nancy L. Weigel Michael J. Welsh Participants: Allan Munck, Nancy L. Weigel, William W. Chin, Mark R. Haussler,and Benita S. Katzenellenbogen Salt movement, water transport, and release of granule contents by the secretory epithelia involve the electrogenic movement of Cl- Steroid/thyroid hormones, vitamin D and retinoic acid regulate on anion selective channels. New families and members of Cl- a myriad of cellular functions by interacting with nuclear receptors. channels are being identified and characterized at a rapid rate this These interactions form a major part of hormone action. Recent evi- symposium attempts to provide a forum to highlight these discover- dence suggests that the activity of nuclear hormone receptors may ies and to discuss the diversity, physiological roles, biophysical be regulated by posttranscriptional modifications, such as phospho- characteristics, and molecular nature of Cl- channels of the secreto- rylation, directed by cell surface events. This symposium will focus ry epithelia. Epithelial Cl- channels are involved in regulated move- on the mechanisms and physiological ramifications of this molecu- ments of salt, water, and other secretory mechanisms. Recent stud- lar cross talk. ies indicate that regulation of these channels occurs at the level of Key questions include: 1) do post-translational covalent modi- the gene, by covalent modification, such as by cyclic AMP depen- fications of receptors occur? 2) what are the functional ramifications dent protein kinase, by small molecules including metabolites, and

214 THE PHYSIOLOGIST APS NEWS

by recruitment. One of these, the CFTR, is the focus of intense in- terest because of its role in cystic fibrosis. The mechanisms of regu- lation of these channels will be addressed. Of particular interest to Physiology in Perspective: this symposium arc the multiplicity of function of these channels as studied in multifaceted, state-of-the-art approaches. The results of Walter B. Cannon these studies, the approaches used, and the concepts which have Memorial Lecture emerged will have immediate application to studies by other secrc- tory biologists and will have a solid impact on education in the Wednesday, 5: 15 pm physiological sciences. Where appropriate and where possible, the participants in this symposium were selected by the more senior “Molecular Basis of Osmotic Regulation” members of the mteam to represent themselves and the work which resulted in the invitation to the symposium.

Physiological Functions of Atria1 Natriuretic Factor Prohormone Peptides

Theme area: Non-theme Sponsors: Water & Electrolyte Homeostasis Section and Liaison with Industry Committee Chairs: John R. Dietz and Daniel Villarreal Participants: David L. Vesley, Daniel Villarreal, Bruce A. Maurice B. Burg Benjamin, John R. Dietz, and Mark L. Zeidel National Institutes of Health It is well established that atrial natriurctic factor (ANF) plays an important role in the regulation of body fluid balance and arterial pressure. This symposium will present and discuss evidence from ments have greatly expanded our knowledge in this area and have several laboratories suggesting that peptides derived from the N-ter- provided new insights toward understanding the mechanisms by minus of the ANF prohormone circulate in plasma and like ANF, which autonomic function is integrated and regulated in the spinal appear to have diuretic, natriuretic and vasodilator functions. The cord. These investigations span a number of disciplines and ap- evidence presented will include changes in plasma levels of proaches including neuroanatomy, cell biology, neurophysiology, proANF pcptides under both physiological conditions and patho- pharmacology and systems physiology. Each of the speakers pro- physiological conditions, such as heart failure. The effect(s) of the posed for this symposium is internationally recognized for their proANF peptides in humans, whole animals and isolated cells from contributions. Their presentations will address a broad range of medullary collecting ducts will be presented. These peptides circu- questions related to the general theme of spinal autonomic regulato- late at IO-15 fold higher concentrations in healthy individuals than ry mechanisms in normal and abnormal states. Although this topic ANF and their effects are significantly prolonged with respect to area is central to our understanding of autonomic nervous system ANF. The presenters will discuss the molecular species and possible function, no recent symposia have addressed this theme. mechanisms of action of these newly discovered pcptides isolated from the heart.

Physiology and Pathobiology of Postcapillary Venules

Spinal Mechanisms of Autonomic Regulation Theme area: Cardiovascular Biology Sponsor: Cardiovascular Section Theme area: Neurobiology Chair: Harris J. Granger Sponsor: Neural Control & Autonomic Regulation Section Participants: Roger Wagner, Harris Granger, Peter Davies, Chair: Frank J. Gordon James Hawker, Neil Granger, and Benedicht Paul1 Participants: Ida J. Llewellyn-Smith, Frank J. Gordon, Lawrence F’. Schramm, and Lynne C. Weaver Postcapillary venules, composed of an endothelial layer surrounded by pericytes, are the primary sites of protein, leukocyte Preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons in the and tumor cell extravasation. In addition angiogencsis is localized spinal cord represent the final common pathway by which the cen- almost exclusively to pericytic venules. The aim of this symposium tral nervous system controls peripheral autonomic function. The ac- is to highlight the multifunctional nature of this important section of tivity of spinal autonomic neurons is regulated by inputs arising the microvascular tree. The symposium begins with a discussion of from peripheral receptors and supraspinal and propriospinal neural the structure of postcapillary venules, emphasizing the interactions pathways. Understanding the mechanisms by which these inputs of venular endothelium and associated pericytes. Next the intracel- are integrated at the spinal level are important, indeed classical, lular signaling mechanisms responsible for initiating receptor medi- problems in both normal and pathophysiology. Recent develop- ated venular hyperpermeability are evaluated, emphasizing studies

Vol. 36, No. 6, 1993 215 APS NEWS

performed on single venular endothelial cells and isolated perfused cal role of this peptide is just emerging. Therefore, the purpose of venules. With reference to angiogenesis, the mechanisms of fibrob- this symposium is to present some of the latest evidence regarding last growth factor-mediated endothelial cell proliferation and tube the possible role of endothelin in affecting the regulation of renal formation are presented. Since both venular hyperpermeability and and cardiovascular function in pathophysiological processes. The angiogenesis involve a loosening of endothelial cells from the basal symposium will begin with an overview of the molecular and bio- lamina, the dynamics of EC adhesion to the basement membrane is chemical aspects of the endothelin system. This will be followed by considered. The two final presentations focus on the interactions of presentations describing the acute and chronic mechanisms whereby leukocytes and tumor cells with the venular wall as they move from endothelin influences renal and cardiovascular regulation. Finally, the blood stream into the tissues spaces. The symposium should be evidence regarding the significance of endothelin in cardiovascular of interest to physiologists, pathologists, pharmacologists, bioengi- and renal disease processes will be presented. The speakers included neers and cell biologists. in this symposium represent a diverse group of scientists and clini- cians with particular expertise in the integrative aspects of the en- dothelin system. This mix of topics and expertise should provide an intriguing symposium for the diverse membership of Experimental Multiple Physiological and Biochemical Roles of Biology who are interested in the pathophysiological role of en- Carbonic Anhydrase dothelin in cardiovascular and renal diseases.

Theme area: Respiratory Biology Sponsors:Comparative and Respiration Sections Chairs: Raymond P. Henry and Thomas A. Heming Adipocytes and Adiposity: Regulation by Hormones Participants: Raymond P. Henry, Thomas A. Heming, and Cytokines Randall E. Kochevar, Patrick J. Walsh, Carol V. Gay, and Gerolf Gros Theme area: Metabolic Processes Sponsors:Endocrinology & Metabolism Section and Liaison This symposium focuses on the multiple physiological and bio- with Industry Committee chemical roles of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA). Because Chairs: Christin Carter-Su and Cecilia Hofmann CA catalyses the conversion of CO2 gas to charged ions (H+ and Participants: M. Daniel Lane, Christin Carter-Su, Bruce M. HC03 ) it can potentially play a role in any physiological or bio- Spiegelman, Phillip Pekala, Susan K. Fried, and Clifton chemical process involving any of those chemical species. The sym- Bogardus posium will highlight the role of CA in respiratory gas transport, ion transport, acid-base balance, calcium carbonate formation, and cel- This symposium recognizes adipose as a key tissue for main- lular excitability. The speakers represent a balance between biomed- taining metabolic energy balance. Reports of breakthrough findings ically oriented and comparative physiologists; thus both the general will characterize advances in understanding how hormones and cy- cellular aspects of CA function and its evolution will be treated. It is tokines act to maintain or disturb this balance. hoped that this combination of background and expertise will lead Initial presentations by M. Dan Lane and Christin Carter-Su to further interdisciplinary exchange and collaboration between the will describe recent discoveries of molecular control mechanisms mammalian and comparative groups and the identification of new for normal growth and development of adipose cells. The sympo- model systems for the study of CA. sium focus will then shift to detailing how adipose function is al- tered in the contrasting physiologic conditions of sepsis, obesity, and diabetes. Bruce Spiegelman will present exciting new findings that associate overexpression of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor- Pathophysiological Role of Endothelin in 13(TNF-l3) in fat with the condition of insulin resistance in obese di- Renal/Cardiovascular Disease abetic animals. By contrast, Phillip Pekala will describe a role for Theme area: Cell Injury TNF-13 in the cachectic/septic state and will reveal studies detailing Sponsors: Renal and Water dz Electrolyte Homeostasis molecular mechanisms underlying altered fat cell function by TNF- 13.Then Susan Fried will assess systemic energy metabolism in obe- Sections and Liaison with Industry Committee sity by reporting glucocorticoid effects on fat in different body re- Chairs: Joey P. Granger and Terry J. Opgenorth gions. Likewise, Clifton Bogardus will provide an overview of Participants: Terry J. Opgenorth, David M. Pollock, Joey P. human energy metabolism and its relationship to diabetes and es- Granger, Joan A. Keiser, and John C. Burnett, Jr. sential obesity. As a multidisciplinary approach, this symposium has been sys- It is now evident that the vascular endothelium has the ability tematically developed to include presentations on experimentation to produce a variety of substances that could have an important ef- with cell culture models, tissues from animal models of sepsis and fect on the regulation of renal and cardiovascular function. One of obesity/diabetes, as well as whole body animal and human studies these substances, endothelin, is the most potent vasoconstrictor ever involving stressed or diabetic states. To anticipate exciting new ap- described. Although numerous studies have indicated that the syn- proaches for contemporary physiology, considerable attention is thesis of endothelin is elevated in a variety of cardiovascular and given to applications of molecular/cell biology methods at all of renal disease processes, information regarding the pathophysiologi- these levels of experimentation.

216 THE PHYSIOLOGIST APS NEWS

Adaptive Responses of Muscle to Microgravity: From Strategies for Developing Differentiated Epithelial Terrestrial Models to Spaceflight Experiments Cell Lines Theme area: Non-theme Theme area: Epithelial Cell Biology Sponsors: MyoBio Group and Environmental & Exercise Sponsor: Epithelial Transport Group Physiology Section Chairs: Ulrich Hopfer and JamesW. Jacobberger Chair: Erik J. Henriksen Participants: Parmjit S. Jat, Dieter C. Gruenert, James W. Participants: Marc E. Tischler, Frank W. Booth, Roland R. Jacobberger,Richard L. Eckert, and Jeffrey A. Whitsett Roy, Susan C. Kandarian, Erik J. Henriksen, and Kenneth M. Baldwin The ability to grow cells in culture and to maintain differentiat- ed features has greatly improved during the last decade. However, During the past 15 years, numerous investigators have used most normal cells have a limited life span in culture. In recent years, various earth-based models to induce non-weight-bearing of rodent the better understanding of regulation of cell cycle and mode of ac- skeletal muscle to simulate the microgravity environment experi- tion of oncogenes has allowed design of expression vectors that can enced during spaceflight. These investigations have identified nu- prolong the life span of cells or even produce immortalized cell merous adaptive responses to non-weight-bearing in skeletal muscle lines which may remain differentiated. In principle, those tools can protein metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, contractile proper- be applied to all tissues and allow the design of experimental sys- ties, and bioenergetics. Recently, several investigators have had the tems that are particularly well suited to investigate the cell physio- opportunity to analyze muscle from animals that have been exposed logical aspects of tissues. It is anticipated that they will become very to microgravity during American Space Shuttle and Russian important for the investigation of human cells because of the ability Cosmos missions. These spaceflight experiments represent a unique to expand the limited amount of experimental material available. opportunity to investigate the adaptive responses of various skeletal This symposium focuses on epithelial systems and approaches that muscle biological systems to actual microgravity and to test the va- have been particularly successful in terms of obtaining differentiat- lidity of the earth-based models. This symposium will provide a ed cell lines. Tissues covered include the lung, kidney, and female forum for the presentation of these research findings and to discuss reproductive tract. The approaches include different trans- future directions for research in the area of skeletal muscle physiol- fection/infection vectors of primary cells as well as use of trans- ogy and biochemistry utilizing both ground-based models of micro- genie mice. gravity and opportunities for spaceflight experiments.

Molecular Physiology of Major Sodium Transporters Comparative Adaptations to Environmental Theme area: Molecular Communication & Structural Hypoxia: New Perspectives on Accommodations Biology and Compensations Sponsors: Epithelial Transport Group and Renal and Cell & Theme area: Respiratory Biology General Physiology Sections Sponsors: Hypoxia Group and Comparative and Respiration Chair: Jack H. Kaplan Sections Participants: B. Forbush III, K.D. Phillipson, S. Amara, E.M. Chairs: JamesW. Hicks and Peter Lutz Wright and J.H. Kaplan Participants: Jeffrey B. Graham, Christopher R. Bridges, Stephen C. Wood, Kenneth B. Storey, Jeremy Wasser, In almost all higher eukaryotes the energy utilized for solute and Peter Lutz accumulation, reabsorption and secretion is contained in the electro- chemical potential gradient for Na ions. The cytoplasmically direct- ed gradient is maintained by the sodium pump or Na,K-ATPase The physiological response of different organisms to a common environmental stress provides insight not only into the diversity of which actively expels Na ions at the expense of cellular ATP. responses, but the general rules of similarities between organisms. Solute uptake, electrolyte balance, fluid secretion, and neurotrans- This symposium will provide a forum for the exposition and discus- mitter re-uptake are all processes which utilize the Na gradient by sion of recent findings on the physiological and biochemical mecha- employing Na-dependent transporters. nisms that vertebrates and invertebrates use to survive environmen- In recent years, many of these systems have been cloned, se- tal hypoxia. The goal of this symposium is to stimulate fresh per- quenced and isolated, and their investigation at the molecular level spectives and new insights into the divergent and convergent adap- has been initiated. This symposium will bring together investigators tations exhibited by animals. The symposium will encourage a who conduct studies at the molecular level on these important mem- multi-level approach that will include the behavioral, anatomical, brane proteins. physiological and biochemical characteristics that develop in re- Representatives of these Na transporting systems to be dis- sponse to the challenge of environmental hypoxia. The symposium cussed include the Na,KC12 cotransporter, the cardiac Na:Ca ex- will attempt to emphasize that the physiological responses to acute changer, Na-dependent excitatory amino acid transporters, Na-de- hypoxia apparently contrasts with the responses observed during pendent glucose transporter, and the Na pump. Emphasis will be chronic hypoxia. However, an appreciation of these similarities and placed on new results and approaches to understanding the regula- differences may provide a clearer understanding of responses that tion and structure-function relations in these systems. appear to be contradictory.

Vol. 36, No. 6, 1993 217 APS NEWS

Molecular Basis of Fever and Related Host gral membrane proteins that mediate the transport events may be Responses regulated by interaction with components of the cytoskeleton. This role of the cytoskeleton in regulation could involve: 1) the control Theme area: Neurobiology of the number of transport units present in the cell membrane, there- Sponsors: Environmental & Exercise Physiology, Com- fore involving a membrane shuttling mechanism for delivery and re- parative Physiology, and Neural Control & Autonomic trieval of transport proteins in vesicles; 2) the positioning and stabi- Regulation Sections lization of membrane domain-specific transporters, which establish- Chair: Matthew J. Kluger es the polarity necessary for vectorial transport across epithelial Participants: Matthew J. Kluger, Keith Kelley, John Stitt, cells, or; 3) as a transducer in a second messenger signaling mecha- nism between primary stimulus and alteration in transport activity. Nancy Rothwell, Quentin Pittman, and James Lipton This symposium brings together some of the leading authorities in this emerging area of investigation to discuss the current status of During the past decade there has been a wealth of information re- our knowledge on cytoskeletal-membrane interaction as it relates to garding the roles of specific peptides (arginine vasopressin, &MSH, membrane transport activity. The broad range of subjects, from lipocortin), cytokines (eg, IL-l, IL-6), and glucocorticoids in the water channels to coupled carriers to metabolic and second messen- regulation of body temperature and other acute phase responses dur- ger regulation will provide a comprehensive and comparative scope ing health and disease. As a result of using modern systems and in- to the subject matter. In addition, it is hoped that a result of the sym- tegrative, neurobiological, cellular, and molecular tools, we now posium will be more clearly defined experimental strategies that have a much clearer picture as to how contact with stressors result will serve as catalysts for progress in understanding the role of the in bi-directional communication between the central nervous and cytoskeleton in regulating membrane transport. immune systems. In fact, fever, the main focus of this symposium, is one of the best examples of neuroimmunomodulation in that in response to some pathogen “immune” factors such as cytokines trig- ger the rise in thermoregulatory set-point (of course, at the level of One Hour Debate: Resolved that the Swimming Rat the central nervous system). This results in physiological and be- havioral responses that elevate body temperature. And, there is Model can be Used Effectively to Study the overwhelming evidence that this elevation in temperature generally Cardiovascular Adaptations to Exercise in results in an enhancement of host defenses, which reduces the via- Humans bility of the initiating pathogen. Theme area: Non-theme Sponsor: Environmental & Exercise Physiology Section Moderator: Ethan Nadel Cytoskeletal Regulation of Membrane Transport Participants: JamesScheuer and Charles Tipton Events Theme area: Epithelial Cell Biology For more than fifty years physiologists have used the swimming Sponsors:Cell & General Physiology, Renal, Gastrointestinal rat as a model for studying the cardiovascular adjustments and adap- and Cardiovascular Sections and Epithelial Transport tations to exercise and for extrapolating such findings to humans. Group However, it has been recognized that this model presents certain im- Chairs: Lazaro Mandel and John W. Mills portant differences from upright exercise in humans that, if not compensated for, might lead to erroneous conclusions. For example, Participants: John Mills, Richard Hays, Bruce Stanton, the physical properties of water make it an excellent heat transfer Lazaro Mandel, Fred Sachs, Else K. Hoffmann, and medium; rats become hypothermic rapidly when swimming in 25-C JamesMadara water. Further, rats are able to trap air under their fur and thus in- crease their buoyancy and decrease the cost of swimming. Further Recent investigations on control of ion and water transport have yet, the swimming rat is effectively removed form the earth’s gravi- produced evidence that membrane tran sport processes and the inte- tational sphere, with the hydrostatic effect of the water acting to

Annual Teaching Section Dinner

The annual dinner of the Teaching Section is Tuesday, April 26, 1994 at 7:00 pm. The dinner will feature the second annual Arthur C. Guyton Teacher of the Year Award. In addition, Michael Johnsonof the West Virginia Medical School will give us his insights on “Teaching Physiology to Non-Science Majors.” Plan to attend this informal gathering and mix with your colleagues. The dinner is at the Anaheim Hilton. The buffet will include dips, spread,fajitas, pasta,and turkey breast.For tickets, send check (to APS Teaching Section) for $30.00 to Allen Rovick, Department of Physiology, Ruth Medical College, 1750 W. Harrison St., Chicago, IL 60612.

!18 THE PHYSIOLOGIST APS NEWS

push blood centrally and aid venous return to the heart. This again the signalling and regulatory pathways that mediate cell volume provides both different circumstances and physiologic conditions regulation in various vertebrate cells. The speakers have used a vari- than humans experience when exercising. ety of cell/tissue types and experimental approaches to demonstrate James Scheuer has used the swimming rat model extensively the emerging diversity (and similarity) of volume regu- over the years and has made many important contributions to the lit- latory/signalling pathways and novel ion channels which mediate erature concerning the cardiovascular adaptations to exercise. He cell volume regulation. Not only will the symposium provide impor- will act as the proponent. Charles Tipton has used the running rat tant new insights in the diversity of processes mediating volume model to study cardiovascular adaptations to exercise and head regulation in vertebrate cells, but it will demonstrate that within any down tilt model to study the cardiovascular adaptations to micro- one cell/tissue type diversity of these processes may exist depending gravity. on the functional state of the cell/tissue. The insights obtained from the symposium should point to important future directions of inves- tigation into how cells sense and regulate cell volume in both nor- mal and altered functional states. Transgenic Animals in Physiological Research Theme area: Non-theme Sponsor: Education Committee Magnetic Resonance Techniques for In Vivo Chairs: Curt D. Sigmund and Lynne E. Olson Physiology Participants: Curt D. Sigmund, Kenneth R. Chien, Loren .I. Theme area: Non-theme Field, and Beverly Koller Sponsor: Cardiovascular Section The purpose of this workshop is to provide physiologists the Chair: Norbert J. Pelt opportunity to hear and discuss recent advances in transgenic tech- Participants: Robert S. Balaban, G. Allan Johnson,Norbert J. nology and its application to physiological research. The workshop Pelt, and Bruce R. Rosen will be presented in three sections. The first section will be an overview of transgenic technology including a description of the This workshop will describe recently developed magnetic reso- equipment, expertise, time and money required to use transgenic an- nance (MR) capabilities and applications capable of providing imals, and the strengths and weaknesses of the various techniques unique information about biological systems. While MR imaging for generating transgenic and knockout mice. The second section uses signals from plentiful water and lipid protons, MR spec- will be a discussion of how questions of interest to physiologists can troscopy uses much weaker signals from protons and other nuclei in be addressed using transgenic models. The third section will be pre- metabolites to open a window into in vivo physiology. Optimized sentations by two speakers who will discuss the application of trans- instruments can produce 3-dimensional MR images with spatial res- genie technology in cardiac development and cystic fibrosis re- olution well below 50 ,m. These can be used to study histology with search. The workshop will be targeted at scientists who may want image contrasts distinct from optical microscopy and without de- general information about transgenic technology as well as those stroying the sample. Motion sensitive MRI can noninvasively quan- who may be considering applying the technology in their research. tify flow in blood vessels and CSF spaces. Similar techniques can measure the contraction dynamics of myocardial or musculoskeletal samples. Finally, advances using administered contrast agents as well as endogenous NMR effects can study cerebral hemodynamics, including changes resulting from stimuli. Further adding to these Cell Volume Signalling and Regulation in Vertebrate exciting possibilities is the reasonably wide availability of MR Cells based tools. Theme area: Epithelial Cell Biology Sponsors: Cell & General Physiology, Renal, and Gastro- intestinal Sections and Epithelial Transport Group Chairs: Roger G. O’Neil and Nancy K. Wills Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Endothelin in Participants: Peter M. Cala, Owen P. Hamill, Thomas J. the Kidney Jentsch, Melvyn Lieberman, Roger G. O’Neil, Nancy K. Theme area: Cell Injury Wills, and Deborah J. Nelson Sponsors: Renal and Water & Electrolyte Homeostasis Sectionsand Liaison with Industry Committee The regulation and maintenance of cell volume are critical Chairs: Robert F. Highsmith and David M. Pollock functions for the survival of most vertebrate cells. Over the past few decades, extensive progress has been made into identifying and Participants: Robert F. Highsmith, Philip A. Marsden, characterizing the mechanisms of solute transport which underlie Edward P. Nord, and Richard M. Edwards cell volume regulation, but not into the volume sensing and regula- tory/signalling pathways controlling cell volume regulation. Over the past ten years, there has been a tremendous expansion Recently, significant progress has been made into these later areas of research into the role of factors released from the vascular en- where an emerging diversity of regulatory mechanisms and path- dothelium in control of physiological and pathophysiological sys- ways among different cell/tissue types in becoming evident. The tems. One of the major areas of emphasis relates to the family of purpose of the symposium is to present our current understanding of peptides known as endothelins. The physiology of endothelin in the

Vol. 36, No. 6, I993 219 APS NEWS

kidney appears to have some unique aspects and tremendous impli- the subcellular level to its clinical implications. For this session, a cations related to the control of both hemodynamic and tubular pro- panel of uniquely qualified speakers has been assembled to discuss cesses. Therefore, the purpose of this symposium is to present some the evolution of humoral cardiorenal integration, the molecular biol- of the latest information about what is known of the localized role ogy and biochemistry and natriuretic peptides and their receptors, of endothelin in the kidney. Since this is a new area of investigation, and ANP and its regulation under normal and pathophysiological a brief historical overview of the events leading to the discovery of conditions. endothelin will be presented. A major emphasis of this symposium James Henry will briefly discuss the early experiments that pi- will be to discuss the molecular and cellular events that regulate en- oneered the concept of cardiorenal integration mediated by humoral dothelin release as well as signal transduction and second messen- factors. The molecular biology and biochemistry of atria1 natriuretic gers with particular emphasis on renal systems. Participants will peptide and the more recently discovered brain natriuretic peptide also focus on the potential role of endothelin in the control of (BNP) and C natriuretic peptide (CNP) will be described by Dr. glomerular filtration and tubular handling of salt and water. The Kazuwa Nakao. This presentation will also explore the seminal speakers represent a diverse background of scientists who are con- work describing the subtypes of natriuretic peptide receptors and sidered pioneers in their respective areas related to endothelin phys- their mediation of the biological responses to the 3 peptides. The iology and should provide an excellent synthesis of ideas for the control of ANP release and its role in long-term volume homeosta- evolving role of endothelin in the kidney. sis has been elegantly analyzed in conscious dogs by Thomas Lohmeier. His presentation will elucidate the role of natriuretic pep- tides in normal volume regulation. Robert Cody will review the par- ticipation of natriuretic peptides in cardiovascular disorders, includ- Brain Aging ing hypertension and heart failure. Finally, Ann Seymour will de- scribe the pathways by which natriuretic peptides are degraded or Theme area: Neurobiology removed form systemic circulation. The therapeutic potential of in- Sponsor:Central Nervous System Section hibitors of neutral endopeptidase, a major metabolic route, will also Chairs: RusselJ. Reiter and Caleb E. Finch be discussed. Participants: Barry Halliwell, Denhan Harman, Russel J. Reiter, Caleb E. Finch, Edward J. Masoro, and Phyllis M. Wise Cytokines in Epithelial Cell Biology As the population ages, neurodegenerative diseases will become Theme area: Epithelial Cell Biology progressively more common. The purpose of this symposium will Sponsors: Gastrointestinal, Cell & General Physiology, be to provide attendees with an overview of degenerative changes Renal, and Respiration Sectionsand Epithelial Transport that occur in the central nervous system during aging. The speakers will discuss the major theories of brain aging and consider experi- Group mental models which may delay neurodegenerative processes. In Chairs: Andrew W. Stadnyk and FergusShanahan particular free radical damage, age-related alterations in circadian Participants: Fergus Shanahan, Dennis McGee, R. Balfour rhythmicity and the role of inflammatory processes as factors in Sartor, Andrew Stadnyk, Jim Mullin, and Jack Elias brain aging will be considered. The speakers include individuals from both basic and clinical science and therefore the symposium The epithelium has long been appreciated as an important pas- should be equally attractive to experimentalists and clinicians. The sive barrier, protecting an organism against pathogens and noxious speakers are leaders in their respective research fields and have each chemicals. Lately, a better understanding of the diversity of epithe- had 20-30 years of research and/or clinical experience with aging as lia, their contibutions to normal homeostasis, and the ubiquitous na- it relates to the central nervous system. The subject has not been ture of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, has lead to the realization covered in an APS-sponsored symposium in a number of years. that epithelial cells play an active role in the inflammatory response. In some circumstances epithelial cells serve as effector cells, possi- bly initiating the inflammatory response via the production of cy- tokines; in other circumstances they are subject ot regulation by the cytokines produced by other cells, and thirdly, epithelial cells may Role of Natriuretic Peptides in Cardiorenal respond to their own cytokine production in autocrine loops. This Regulation symposium is intended to combine the expertise of investigators in- Theme area: Non-theme terested in epithelial cell function during inflammation, but with the Sponsors: Liaison with Industry Committee and Renal and collective emphasis on the role of cytokines in directing those func- Water & Electrolyte HomeostasisSections tions. The first contributor, and co-chairperson, Fergus Shanahan, Chair: Andrea Ann Seymour will speak on the proliferation and prostaglandins produced by pri- Participants: James P. Henry, Kazuwa Nakao, Thomas E. mary colon epithelial cells exposed to the cytokines, Interleukin-1 Lohmeier, Robert J. Cody, and Andrea Ann Seymour (IL-l), IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-$ (TNF-$). Little work has been done examining the responses of primary intestinal epithelial The role of natriuretic peptides in the regulation of cardiorenal cells because of difficulties in preserving their integrity in culture, homeostasis has continued to unfold since the discovery of atria1 na- but Shanahan has been quite successful in this regard and has been triuretic peptide (ANP) in 1981. This symposium will provide a rewarded with findings that conflict with similar work utilizing contemporary review of natriuretic peptide research ranging from transformed colonic epithelial cell lines. The second speaker,

220 THE PHYSIOLOGIST APS NEWS

Dennis McGee, will discuss his findings utilizing a non-transformed The Importance of Lavoisier’s Work for Physiology rat small intestinal epithelial cell line that can be induced to produce and Nutritional Science IL-6 following exposure to transforming growth factor- , or combi- nations of IL- 1, IL-6 and TNF-$. Good models comparing cytokine Theme area: Metabolic Processes production by epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo have been slow Sponsors:History of Physiology Group and AIN coming. In this regard, the third speaker, R. Balfour Sartor, intro- Chairs: John B. West and Kenneth J. Carpenter duces the idea that inflammation of the intestine may occur due to Participants: Pierre Dejours, Robert G. Frank, Jr., Daniel L. an imbalance between constitutive IL-l and the IL-l receptor antag- Gilbert, Ralph H. Kellogg, Roger Hahn, and Alfred E. onist in epithelial cells, with IL-l production by cells recruited into Harper the lamina propria tipping the balance in favor of inflammation. The fourth speaker and Co-chairperson, Andrew Stadnyk, will Antoine-Laurant Lavoisier (August 26, 1743-May 8, 1794) broaden the effect of the epithelial response by reviewing the local was sentenced by the Revolutionary Tribunal to death the morning and systemic cytokine changes due to an infection of the small in- of May 8, 1794 and executed on the guillotine the same afternoon. testinal epithelium- cytokine cascades initiated by IL-l elicited in A tragic conclusion to a life of great and multiple achievements. the intestine early in the infection. Jim Mullin will then discuss his This symposium wants to be a tribute to a scientist who proved to work involving the effects of TNF-$ on epithelial barrier functions be great for his ability to design the “right” experiment, to execute and renal epithelial cell bilogy. The final speaker will be Jack Elias, it, and to interpret its results. Quantitative analysis was a prerogative who will review his work examining the elicitation of cytokines in of Lavoisier’s work. Capable of putting together different observa- the inflamed lung epithelium due to eosinophil products. tions he realized the similarities between combustion and respira- The symposium’s multidisciplinary combination is expected to tion, measured the heat released by a burning candle and a living generate discussions around the issue of whether all epithelial cells animal and perceived the origin of animal heat. Indeed he had a respond in a similar way to cytokines or whether there are organ unifying intellect that understood the close association between specific reactions, and whether epithelial cells from different organ- physio-chemical and biological laws. is produce the pro-inflammatory cytokines and under what condi- The symposium will be introduced by Pierre Dejours, a distin- tions. In turn, the outcome of this discussion may help understand guished respiratory physiologist and a Lavoisier’s scholar, who will the epithelial cells’ role during the inflammatory responses of vari- discuss the place of Lavoisier in the scientific Enlightenment of the ous causes. XVIII century. Robert Frank will summarize the concepts of com- bustion and respiration in the first half of the XVIII century and thus sets the ground for a full appreciation of the break-through achieved The Biology of Alveolar Epithelial Fluid and Solute by Lavoisier. Daniel Gilbert will take us from the inconsistencies of the phlogiston theory to the terse logic of Lavoisier’s ideas on com- Transport bustion. Ralph Kellogg will specifically discuss the work of Theme area: Respiratory Biology Lavoisier on respiratory gas exchange and bioenergetics. A speaker, Sponsor:Respiration Section not yet identified by AIN, will discuss the basis of nutritional inter- Chairs: J. Iasha Sznajder and Edward Crandall est in Lavoisier who has often been considered the father of nutri- tional science. First, because of his clear presentation of the “new Participants: Bernard Rossier, Sadis Matalon, J. Iasha chemistry” based on non-interchangeable elements, so that each ele- Sznajder, Richard Lubman, Michael Matthay, and Jerry ment found in the body had to have been provided “as such”. Lingrell Second, his physiological studies of “carbonic acid” losses in respi- ration changing with physical activity showed how nutrientrequire- This symposium will address the new developments on the biol- ments (to balance these losses) might be determined. Roger Hahn, a ogy of alveolar epithelial fluid and solute transport. There has been historian from Berkeley, will tell us about the work accomplished numerous recent developments highlighted by the characterization by Lavoisier as a public servant and explain the circumstances that and cloning of the Na+ channels in epithelial cells, and the under- led to the tragic conclusion of his life. standing of the role of active mechanisms in the transport of fluids and solute across the lungs during lung injury. There will be four speakers working on these areas in the lungs and two featured speakers who contributed to the understanding of Na+ channels and Leukocyte-Microvascular Interactions in Cerebral the Na+K+-ATPase in epithelial cells. Sadis Matalon from the Ischemia University of Alabama will speak on “The characterization of Na+ channels in the alveolar epithelium”, J. Iasha Sznajder from Michael Theme area: Cardiovascular Biology Reese Hospital/University of Illinois will speak on “The role of Sponsor:Biomedical Engineering Society Na+K+-ATPase in edema clearance during lung injury”, Richard Chairs: Gregory J. de1 Zoppo and Geert W. Schmid- Lubman from the University of Southern California will speak on Schoenbein “Hydrogen ion transport by the alveolar epithelium”, and Michael Participants: Hermes Kontos, Ron Tuma, John Hallenbeck, Matthay from the University of California at San Francisco will Donald Heistad, Gregory J. de1Zoppo, Julio H. Garcia, speak on “The mechanisms of alveolar epithelium transport in vivo”. The featured speakers are Bernard Rossier from Switzerland and Geert W. Schmid-Schoenbein speaking on “Structure and function of epithelial Na+ channels” and, Jerry Lingrell from the University of Cincinnati speaking on Very recent progress in understanding PMN leukocyte behav- “Structure and function of the Na+K+-ATPase”. ior in microvascular beds has now been extended to the cerebral cir-

Vol. 36, No. 6, 1993 221 APS NEWS

culation. Quantitative methods applied to microvascular responses Signal Transduction and the Regulation of Hematopoietic to ischemia and reperfusion implicate the interaction of PMN leuko- Cell Growth cytes to the vessel wall. This symposium brings together, for the first time, the principal contributors to the growing literature on Theme: Molecular Communication & Structural Biology cerebral microvascular flow phenomena, most particularly follow- Sponsor: Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine ing ischemic injury. The focus of the session will be the normal mi- crovascular anatomy of both cortical and deep beds, the interactions Chair: John A. Adamson and Ernst R. JaffC between PMN leukocytes and endothelia, the ability of leukocytes Participants: John A. Adamson, Ernst R. Jaffc, David to promote microvascular injury, differences resulting from reperfu- Gearing, Atsushi Miyajima, James N. Ihle, Alan sion, and the potential role of cytokines in these processes. Primary Bernstein, Craig Smith, and Jacqueline Dyck data supporting the importance of the PMN leukocyte to cerebral microvascular responses will be discussed. This topic has major im- Hematopoietic progenitor cells survive, divide, and differenti- plications for the physiologist, bioengineer, and clinician in consid- ate in the presence of specific growth factors. These growth factors ering approaches to cerebral injury. interact with hematopoietic target cells through cell surface recep- tors which have multiple subunits. A number of hematopoietic growth factor receptors have been identified. Several have structural similarities and are now classified as members of the cytokine re- Indicator Dilution Theory: In Vivo Cell Biology ceptor super-family. Of considerable interest is the fact that several growth factor receptors share identical beta subunits and that these Theme: Non-theme subunits are generally responsible for signal transduction. The pur- Sponsor:Biomedical Engineering Society pose of this symposium is to discuss receptor organization, the role Chairs: John H. Linehan and JamesB. Bassingthwaighte of the receptors and their subunits in signal transduction, and novel Participants: Carl A. Goresky, Richard A. Weisiger, Albert molecules involved in the transduction process, including retinoic Gjedde, John H. Linehan, and James B. Bassing- acid and the retinoic acid receptor in promyelocyte cell differentia- thwaighte tion. The speakers will present their and others most current data and will consider future directions for research to answer unre- Recent advances in the development of models of biochemical solved questions. kinetics applied to the physiology of the endothelium of intact or- gans combined with computational means of solving the models on the digital computer has provided a methodology of more fully in- terpretating measurements obtained at the organ level. This sympo- Biophysical Regulation of Metabolism, Growth, and sium will discuss the state-of-the-art approaches in the lung, heart, Remodeling in Musculoskeletal Tissues liver, and brain. The physiological processes occurring at the plasma membrane Theme: Growth & Development and within the cells of organs in living organisms are generally not Sponsor:Biomedical Engineering Society directly quantifiable on a local level. However, with the appropriate indicators of these processes, mathematical models can be used to Chairs: Robert L. Sah and Kathryn G. Vogel translate the information contained in measurements, that can be Participants: Jill P.G. Urban, Alan J. Grodzinsky, Marcy made at the organ level, into parameters that provide quantitative as- Wong, Farshid Guilak, Kathryn G. Vogel, Steven A. sessment of the local cellular processes. The approaches are inher- Goldstein, and Robert L. Sah ently multidisciplinary involving engineering, mathematics, com- puters, biochemistry, and physiology. The symposium will address Clinical observations and experimental studies in vivo and in current understanding of the processes controlling the fate of blood- vitro suggest that mechanical forces regulate the composition and borne substrates. These processes include microvascular perfusion structure of articular cartilage, intervertebral disc, tendon, and bone. heterogeneity, cellular biochemical kinetic mechanisms and the ki- However, the precise mechanisms by which physical forces are netics of reactions occurring within the blood including those be- transduced into cellular and molecular mechanisms that alter cell tween plasma proteins and substrates and between substrate con- metabolism and tissue matrix synthesis, assembly, and remodeling formers. A particular purpose of the symposium will be to inform are not yet clear. Potential regulatory signals to the cell include the audience about those questions that have been tentatively re- strain, stress, hydrostatic pressure, streaming potential, physico- solved and those that need to be addressed in the future. The discus- chemical phenomena, as well as the convection of diffusion of nutri- sion of model development will illustrate how the organ and cellular ents or hormones within the extracellular matrix to the cell surface. physiology becomes embodied in the model. Hypothesis testing via This session offers interdisciplinary presentations from investigators simulation will also be discussed relative to supporting the sensitivi- using state-of-the-art methods from bioengineering and the biomed- ty and resolution of the models for interpretation of in vivo cell ical sciences to address the possible physical regulatory mechanisms physiology. and biological response mechanisms. The techniques used involve Future directions in this field will be delineated and discussed. cellular and molecular biology, biochemistry, biomechanics, elec- Newer experimental technologies will be discussed with respect to tromechanics, confocal microscopy, image processing, and tissue the trend in future studies. engineering.

222 THE PHYSIOLOGIST Introducing. . . 1994 APS Distinguished Lectures Experimental Biology ‘94 Anaheim, CA April 24-28,1994

Cardiovascular Section Gastrointestinal Section ROBERT M. BERNE DISTINGUISHED LECTURE HORACE W. DAVENPORT DISTINGUISHED Arthur M. Brown, Baylor College of Medicine LECTURE “Context and Content: How a Physiologist uses Molecular Sir James Black, James Black Foundation, King’s College Biology to Understand the Heart”

Neural Control & Autonomic Regulation Section Cell & General Physiology Section CARL LUDWIG DISTINGUISHED LECTURE HUGH DAVSON DISTINGUISHED LECTURE Bjorn Folkow, University of Goteborg Hugh E. Huxley, Brandeis University “Reflex and Central Nervous Control in the Aging “40 Years of Sliding Filaments-What Have We Learned?” Cardiovascular System”

Central Nervous System Section Renal Physiology Section JOSEPH ERLANGER DISTINGUISHED LECTURE CARL W. GOTTSCHALK DISTINGUISHED Donald L. Price, Johns Hopkins University LECTURE “Models of Neurodegenerative Disease: Mechanisms and Peter Agre, Johns Hopkins University Potential Therapies” “Aquaporin CHIP, the Archetypal Molecular Water Channel”

Comparative Physiology Section Respiration Section AUGUST KROGH DISTINGUISHED LECTURE JULIUS H. COMROE, JR. DISTINGUISHED Bodil Schmidt-Nielsen, Salisbury Cove, Maine LECTURE “Renal Concentrating Mechanism: Insights from Jeffrey A. Whitsett, University of Cincinnati Comparative Physiology and Anatomy” “Transgenic Models of Lung Development and Disease”

Endocrinology & Metabolism Section Teaching of Physiology Section SOLOMON A. BERSON DISTINGUISHED LECTURE CLAUDE BERNARD DISTINGUISHED LECTURE Jean D. Wilson, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Arthur J. Vander, University of Michigan Center “The Use of Single Gene Mutationas for the Analysis of Phentypic Sex Differentiation” Water & Electrolyte Homeostasis Section DISTINGUISHED LECTURE John H. Laragh, Cornell University Medical Center Environmental & Exercise Physiology Section “The Endocrine Basis for Human Hypertension and Its EDWARD F. ADOLPH DISTINGUISHED LECTURE Cardiovascular Sequellae: Containment of the Renin Bengt Saltin, University of Copenhagen System as a Strategy for Prevention of Heart Attack and “Matching Oxygen Delivery to Energy Demand During Stroke” Exercise in Man”

Vol. 36, No. 6, 1993 223 APS NEWS

APS Intersociety Meeting Regulation, Integration, Adaptation:

October SO-November 2,1994

Sunday, October 30 AM Sunday, October 30 PM Monday, October 3 1 AM Monday, October 31 PM

8:15-9:lS am l:OO-3:00 pm 8: 15-9: 15 am 1:OO-3:00 pm Plenary Lecture Poster Defending and Exhibit Plenary Lecture Poster Defending and J. Diamond Mewing B. Block Exhibit Viewing

9:30 am-12:30 pm 2:00-530 pm 9:30 am-12:30 pm 2:004:3Opm Symposium: Excretion of ni- Workshop: Phylogenetic ap- Symposium: Comparative respi- Workshop: Kinetics and lim- trogen-containing com- proaches in comparative physi- ratory neurobiology I itations of intracellular pH pounds: comparative aspects Oh3Y N. Smatresk regulation W. H. Dantzler T. Garland, Jr. and R. Huey N. Heisler

9:30 am-12:30 pm 5:30-8:00 pm 9:30 am-12:30 pm 5:30-8:00 pm Symposium: Biomedical ap- Free Time Symposium: Anhydrobiosis Free Time plications of marine mammal physiology: adaptation to an J. Crowe aquatic world M. A. Castellini

9:30 am-12:30 pm 8:00-9:00 pm 9:30 am-12:30 pm 8:00-9:00 pm Symposium: Evolution of en- Plenary Lecture Symposium: From myxine to Plenary Lecture man: the physiology of the dothermic metabolism C. R. Taylor G. Somero blood volume in regulation A. J. Hulbert K. Olson

9:30 am-12:30 pm 9:30 am-12:30 pm Symposium: Calcium regula- Symposium: Calcium regula- tion: mechanisms and control tion: mechanisms and control II: I: Calcium regulation in crus- Calcium regulation in lower taceans vertebrates M. Wheatly and M. Wheatly and P. Greenway P. Greenaway

9:30 am-12:30 pm 9:30 am-12:30 pm Symposium: Advances in rep- Symposium: Neural modulation tilian and amphibian osmoreg- of muscle properties ulation E. Arbas S. Yokota and S. Benyajati

Poster boards are on display Sunday through Wednesday from 8:00 am to 9:00 pm.

224 THE PHYSIOLOGIST This meeting is a collaborative effort of The American Physiological Society, American Society of Zoologists (Comparative Physiology A Species Approach & Biochemistry Division), The Canadian Society of Zoologists (Comparative Physiology & Biochemistry Division), Germun Society of Zoologists, and Society of Experimental San Diego, California Biology

Tuesday,November 1 AM Tuesday,November 1 PM Wednesday,November 2 AM Wednesday,November 2 PM

8:15-9:15 am l:OO-3:00pm 8:15-9:lS am l:OO-3:00pm Plenary Lecture Poster Defending and Exhibit Plenary Lecture Poster Defending and Exhibit Mewing MI. Koehl Hewing A. Bennett 9:30 am-12:30pm 2:00-530 pm 9:30 am-12:30pm 2:00-5:30pm Symposium: Comparative Discussion: Contributionsof Symposium: Subzerotempera- Discussion; Evolutionary de- respiratoryneurobiology II comparativesystemic physiolo- ture adaptationsof poikilother- signof functionalcapabili- gy to theoreticalbiology mic organisms ties: How muchis enough N. J. Smatresk but not too much? F. Powell J. Duman P. Suarez 9:30 am-12:30pm 5:30-8:OOpm 9:30-12:30pm 5:30-8:00 pm Symposium: Environmental Free Time Symposium: Neurohormonal Free Time andphysiological determi- peptidesin invertebrates- nantsof muscleperformance A model approach capacities M. C. Thorndyke H. Guderley 9:30 am-12:30pm 8:00-9:00 pm 9:30 am-12:30pm 6:00-8:OOpm Symposium: Ontogenyof Plenary Lecture Symposium: Ontogenyof car- Banquet, Awards cardiovascular systems I: L. Riddiford diovascular systemsII: Diversity Presentation, and Lecture Mechanisms in developmentalpatterns W. Burggren W. Burggren

9:30 am-l 2:30 pm 9:30 am-12:30pm 8:00-9:00 pm Symposium: New insights into Symposium: New insights into Scholander Award Lecture the functionof the vertebrate the functionof the vertebrate P. W. Hochachka kidney: Lessons from jawless, kidney: Lessons from jawless, cartilagenous and bony fish I cartilagenous and bony fish II K. Beyenbach K. Beyenbach 9:30 am-12:30pm 9:30 am-12:30pm Symposium: Ecologicalphysi- Symposium: Adaptationsto hy- ology of endangeredanimals: poxia: Regulatorymechanisms Physiological contributions to on the systemic and metabolic the preservation of biological levels diversity M. Grieshaber M. S. Gordon 9:30 am-l 2:30 pm Symposium: Adaptations to ex- treme exvironments N. Hazon

Vol. 36, No. 6, 1993 225 APS NEWS

APS Conference Physiology of the Release and Activity of Cytokines

June 2628,1994 Yale University, New Haven CT

Saturday, June 25 Sunday, June 26 Monday, June 27 Tuesday, June 28

Noon-6:00 pm 7:30-830 am 7:30-830 am 7:30-8:30 am Alpha Room, Holiday Inn Commons Dining Hall Commons Dining Hall Commons Dining Hall Hotel Breakfast Breakfast Breakfast Registration 6:30-830 pm 8:30 am-Noon 830 am-Noon 8:30 am-Noon Mezzanine, Sterling Hall of Harkness Auditorium Harkness Auditorium Harkness Auditorium Medicine Symposium: Cytokines and Symposium: Cytokines in Symposium: Cytokine Registration Homeostatic Mechanisms Stress, Trauma and Disease Networks in the Body Chair: Joseph G. Cannon Chair: Alan J. Lewis Chair: Matthew J. Kluger

6:30-8:30 pm 12:30-1:30 pm 12:30-1:30 pm 12:30-1:30 pm Sterling Hall of Medicine Sterling Hall of Medicine Sterling Hall of Medicine Sterling Hall of Medicine Welcoming Remarks and Lunch Lunch Lunch Buffet Dinner

8:30-9:30 pm 1:30-5:00 pm 1:3&3:30 pm 1:30-5:00 pm Harkness Auditorium Harkness Auditorium Harkness Auditorium Harkness Auditorium Plenary Lecture: The Symposium: Mechanisms of Poster presentations at Symposium: Inhibitors of Ubiquity and Diversity of Cytokine Regulation Harkness Hall followed by the Actions of Cytokines Cytokines in the Body panel discussion Chair: Gordon W. Duff Chair: Ivan G. Otteerness Chair: John T. Still Speaker: C. A. Dinarello 5:30-7:00 pm 3:30-5:30 pm 6:00-10:00 pm Commons Dining Hall Harkness Auditorium Sterling Hall of Medicine Dinner Workshop: Measurement of Barbeque Dinner Cytokines in Tissues and Fluids Chair: Joe Cannon

7:30-9:30 pm 7:00-10:00 pm Sterling Hall of Medicine Sterling Hall of Medicine Poster presentations Conference Banquet

226 THE PHYSIOLOGIST APS NEWS

TufXcations

Publications Committee Holds Fall Meeting

The Publications Committee held journal reviewing sheets as submitted manuscripts directly to reviewers. The its Annual Fall Meeting in Bethesda on by several editors, and revised the Publications Manager reported that September 9. All regular members Information for Authors to incorporate three APS editors had attended the were able to attend and were joined by changes recommended by the Public Second International Congress on the President, William H. Dantzler, and Affairs Committee. Peer-Review in Biomedical Publi- President-Elect, Brian R. Duling. The Committee received reports cation and would be submitting reports The Committee discussed Phys- on the results of the IS1 citation study to the Committee. iological Reviews and made arrange- on theindividual journals of the Am- At Leonard Johnson’s invitation, ments for interviewing candidates for erican Journal of Physiology, the JasnaMarkovac, an executive editor at the new editorship in San Francisco in progress on developing CD-ROM, the Raven Press, discussedwith the Com- November; the deadline for application possibility of reprints on demand, the mittee the operation of journal publish- is October 15. Roger Green was reap- NIPS meetings at the IUPS Congress, ing at a commercial company. The pointed as Chairman of the European the change in printer from Waverly members of the Committee were par- Committee for a second, 3-year term. Press to Science Press, the CORE ticularly interested in how commercial The Committee amended the page Agricultural Library on CD for the companies promote and market the charge statement on the reprint form to Third World, and the new Journal of journals. make it more difficult for authors to Applied Physiology experiment, waive payment, discussedrevisions to whereby the APS office sends the

Future APS Conferences and Meetings 1994

Intersociety Meeting Regulation, Integration, Adaptation: A SpeciesApproach October 29-November 2 Organizers: E. J. Braun, J. R. Hazel, and S. H. Wright San Diego, CA

APS Conferences Physiology of the Releaseand Activity of Cytokines June 25-28 Organizers: J. T. Stitt, J. G. Cannon, G. W. Duff, M. J. Kluger, Yale University A. J. Lewis, and I. G. Otterness New Haven, CT

Mechanotransduction and the Regulation of Growth and Differentiation October 5-8 Organizers: H. E. Morgan, P A. Watson, D. E. Rannels, F. Sachs, Sarasota,FL M. Schwartz, and H. Vandenburgh

1995 Understanding the Biological Clock: From Genetics to Physiology Organizers: Jay C. Dunlap and Jennifer J. Loros

New Discoveries Within the Pancreatic Polypeptide Family: Molecules to Medicine Organizers: William Zipf, Ian Taylor, Claes R. Wahlestedt, Richard Rogers, and Helen J. Cooke

Vol. 36, No. 6, 1993 227 APS NEWS

Honorary Memberships Awarded to Four Distinguished Scientists

The American Physiological of CRH41 releasein the push-pull can- Society has awarded honorary mem- nulated median eminence and its mod- berships to four renowned European ulation under various physiological scientists: Ivan Assenmacher and conditions. He also produced evidence Etienne E. Baulieu of France, Knut for a basic role of both the serotoniner- Aukland of Norway, and Christopher gic innervation of the suprachiasmatic C. Michel of the United Kingdom. nuclei and of the catecholaminergic in- nervation of the paraventrical nuclei housing the CRH neuronsin both regu- lation of the HPA axis, its circadian rhythmicity, and its acute stimulation under various stressconditions. Assenmacherwas born in Erstein, France and received his MD from the RU486. Clinical trials of RU486 have University of Strasbourg in 1951 and been conducted in more than 20 coun- his DSc from the Faculty of Sciences tries, and France, China, Sweden, and of the University of Paris in 1958. the UK have approved its use for early Since 1959 he has been associatedwith pregnancy interruption. The drug also the University of Montpellier, first has a wide range of potential applica- where he established a Research tions ranging from treating hormone- Laboratory in Physiology. In 1976 and dependent diseases and use as a Ivan Assenmacher has made nu- 1982 he was Exchange Professor of “morning-after” contraceptive to facili- merous contributions in the field of Physiology at the University of tating labor and delivery. regulatory physiology, most recently in California at Berkeley. Assenmacheris Baulieu’s early work dealt with the area of neuroendocrine control sys- a past president of the French national the biosynthesis of steroid hormones. tems and their interactions with the en- societies for Endocrinology, Ex- He discovered the secretion of de- vironment, which he calls “endocrine perimental Neuroendocrinology, hydroepiandrosterone sulfate by the ecophysiology.” Assenmacher and the Chronobiology, and Ecophysiology. adrenal glands and its transformation late Jacques Benoit did pioneering He was elected a member of the to estrogensduring pregnancy, as well work on the concept of a neuro-hemal French Academy of Sciences in 1982 as the metabolism of testosterone to system of signal transfer as the sole and of the London-based Academia active metabolites in the prostate. He CNS control mechanism for pituitary Europae in 1990. He was made a described the progesterone and andro- gonadotropic function. He also demon- Chevalier of French Ordre National du gen receptors, the priming effect of es- strated the mechanisms of reciprocal MCrite in 1971 and of the LCgion trogen on progesterone receptor con- interactions between the gonadotropic d’Honneur in 1989. centration, and the “down regulation” and thyreotropic systems in the fine of the progesteronereceptor. programming of environmentally con- Etienne Baulieu is perhaps best Recently Baulieu has discovered trolled annual sexual and molting cy- known as the inventor and developer the biosynthesis in the brain of what he cles in birds and wild mammals. of RU486, a steroid analogue that of- calls “neurosteroids,” including preg- In the late 1970s Assenmacher fers a new method of fertility control nenolone sulfate, which is synthesized began to focus on mammalian neu- through an antiprogestational tech- from cholesterol in the glial cells roendocrinology, and in particular on nique involving an antagonist at the re- oligodendrocytes and inhibits the the CNS control mechanisms of the ceptor level. It was the discovery of the GABAA receptor function both in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical progesterone receptor, followed by vitro and in vivo. This finding dis- (HPA) axis. With his collaborators, he studies on human antisteroid mecha- closed a hitherto unknown relationship first demonstrated the episodic pattern nisms, that led to development of between steroids and the nervous sys-

228 THEPHYSIOLOGIST APS NEWS

tern. He also found that estrogen in- ies on renal circulation at the Unive- duces progesterone to be formed from rsity of Bergen, where he used varia- pregnenolone receptors in glial cells, tions on that technique to measure total and that progesterone has unsuspected and local renal blood flow. He also de- effects on growth and differentiation. veloped a mathematical model of renal He found further that the synthesis of circulation and myogenic autoregula- myelin basic protein in glial cells is tion in the kidney, allowing detailed under progesterone control, which may study on how different segments of the make it possible to develop new drugs renal vasculature can interact to main- to treat pathological demyelinization. tain autoregulation of renal blood flow. Baulieu was born in Strasbourg, In recent years, he has made major France and received his MD from the contributions to the regulation of inter- Faculties of Medicine and Science in stitial physiology and regulation of in- Paris in 1955 and received his PhD in terstitial fluid volume. transcapillary exchange theory. 1963. He has been director of U 33 at Aukland was born in Vigmostad, Most of Michel’s research over INSERM (French National Institute of Norway and received his MD from the the past 20 years has been concerned Health and Medical Research) since University of Bergen in 1954. He start- with the ultrastructural basis of normal 1963. Since 1970 he has also been a ed his career in physiological research and increased microvascular perme- professor of Biochemistry in the with Fredrik Kiil at the Department of ability. He has recently begun to use Faculty of Medicine at the University Experimental Medicine of the Uni- the single vessel micro perfusion tech- of Paris-Sud. His numerous awards in- versity of Oslo in 1958. This collabo- nique to address problems of exchange clude membership in the French Acad- ration was briefly interrupted in 1961 in specific organs, starting with fluid emy of Sciences (1982), Commander for a year of residency with the Neph- exchange in the vasa recta of the renal of the French Legion of Honor (1990), rology Department and 16 months on a medulla. and election as Foreign Associate postdoctoral fellowship with Robert W. Michel was born in Leeds and Member of the US National Academy Berliner at the Laboratory for Kidney read Physiology and Medicine at of Sciences (1990). and Electrolyte Metabolism at what Queen’s College, Oxford. Between his was then the National Heart Institute of undergraduate physiology studies and NIH. He returned to the University of his clinical courses in medicine, he re- Oslo and remained there until 1970, ceived his DPhil (the Oxford equiva- when he became Professor of Phys- lent of a PhD) in the University Labor- iology at the University of Bergen. He atory of Physiology and took a short spent the 198 l-82 and 1989-90 aca- postdoctoral fellowship at the SUNY demic years on sabbatical as a Visiting Downstate Medical Center in Brook- Professor in the Department of Phys- lyn. He received his MD at Oxford in iology of the University of California 1965 and was elected to a Tutorial Fel- at Davis. He is a member of the Nor- lowship at Queen’s College, remaining wegian Academy for Science and there as University Lecturer in Phys- Letters and was Vice Chairman of the iology and Medical Tutor until 1984. Norwegian Medical Research Council He is Professor of Physiology and from 1982 to 1986. Head of the Department of Physiology Knut Aukland has had a major and Biophysics at St. Mary’s Hospital impact on the fields of renal physiolo- C. Charles Michel began with an Medical School, in the Imperial gy, circulatory physiology, and intersti- interest in microvascular exchange and College of London University. tial physiology. He has also educated a determining the normal pathways Michel won the Malpighi Prize generation of physiologists at the taken by water and small solutes and Gold Medal of the European University of Bergen, Norway. His through microvascular endothelium. Society for Microcirculation in 1984. earliest research contributions were in Starting in the mid-1960s when he set He was elected to membership in the the field of renal physiology and regu- up his lab, he developed methods for Royal College of Physicians in 1986 lation of renal circulation. He devel- measuring the permeability coeffi- and won the Annual Prize of The oped the hydrogen washout technique cients of single capillaries, with the Physiology Society of the UK in 1987. for measuring renal blood flow in col- long-term aim of correlating these with Michel has frequently participated in laboration with B. F. Bower and R. W. information obtained from electron mi- APS meetings and conferences and is Berliner while he was a postdoctoral croscopy on the same vessel. This a contributor and co-editor of the APS fellow at NIH. He continued his stud- work led to major contributions to Handbook of Physiology.

Vol. 36, No. 6, 1993 229 APS NEWS

hand, Gwen and Walt were married on August 1, 1943. Randall advanced in the academic ranks at St. Louis to becomeAssociate Professor in 1949. His research during these early years focused on the con- trol of cutaneous blood flow and sweating. During this period he helped develop the photoelectric plethysmo- graph for quantifying skin blood flow. He also developed a technique to quan- tify the number of sweat glands active Walter Clark Randall in human subjects during thermal 19164993 stress; he described this technique in the second volume of the Journal of Applied Physiology (1949). Walter C. Randall, a fifty-year In 1954 Walter accepted the posi- member and past-president of the tion of Professor and Chairman of the American Physiological Society, died Department of Physiology at the on August 20, 1993 in Muncie, In- Stritch School of Medicine of Loyola diana. Walt, as he was known to most University in Chicago. The move to of his colleagues and friends, was born Chicago required his building a new in Akeley, Pennsylvania, on December climate control facility. While awaiting 12, 1916. He was the second child of its completion he undertook what he Harry W. and Ruth (Wiggins) Randall. anticipated to be a short series of ex- Walter completed his primary and periments to clarify a few questionshe secondary education in Akeley, a small had regarding the neural control of the farming community. As a young man heart. As a result, during his tenure at he worked on his father’s farm and Chicago he studied not only the reflex commercial dairy operation. He was an and hypothalamic control of sweating, avid hunter and fisherman. He played but also the physiological actions of in- on the high school baseball team and at dividual cardiac nerves and the nature one time was approached to pitch for a vagal afferents on panting and accesso- and control of atria1 pacemakers. He local municipal team in what eventual- ry respiratory movementsin mammals and his colleagues also became in- ly became the NY-Penn minor league. and birds,” in volume 138 (1942). tensely interested in the specific pat- Walter left home in 1934 to attend Upon receiving his degree, Ran- terns of projection of the cardiac Taylor University, an evangelical four- dall was offered a postdoctoral fellow- nerves over the heart; this work culmi- year liberal arts college in Upland, ship under Carl J. Wiggers at Western nated in the development of several Indiana. While in college, he worked Reserve University in Cleveland. procedures for selectively denervating as a lab assistant to meet expenses. He Although his stay in Cleveland lasted specific regions of the heart. During received his bachelor’s degree in biolo- only through 1943, the time spent with the course of these experiments the gy in 1938. Although initially interest- Wiggers strikingly influenced his ca- Loyola team began to study the physi- ed in further training in forestry, his fi- reer. Walt described the laboratory as ology of the intrinsic ganglia of the nancial resources were limited by the “a veritable beehive of research” where heart. depression; Walter was therefore at- he and his colleagues “enjoyed an es- The Loyola faculty was heavily tracted by the availability of a teaching prit de corps that defies both time and involved in teaching, and deeply com- assistantship in physiology at Purdue advancing technology.” mitted to the importance of the medical University. He received his masters During his junior year at Taylor, student laboratory. They inaugurated from that institution in 1940 and then Walter had met Gwendolyn Ruth the use of the polygraph recorder in his doctorate in 1942 under William A. Niebel, daughter of Mathias and that setting. Throughout his career Hiestand. His doctoral dissertation ex- Caroline (Ireland) Niebel of Dunkirk, Walter championed the importance of amined temperature regulation in the New York. In 1943, Wiggers recom- the use of animals in both researchand chicken. He published his first mended Walt for an Instructorship in teaching. American Journal of Physiology arti- the Department of Physiology at St. Randall was active in the Amer- cle, titled “Influence of proprioceptive Louis University. With a steady job at ican Physiological Society both in the

230 THE PHYSIOLOGIST APS NEWS

Temperature Regulation Section and his Taylor students undertook be facility “The Randall Environmental (chairman, 1957) and Circulation physiologically viable and significant; Studies Center.” Section (Chairman, 1963). He was a his successmay be gauged by the fact Walt was deeply saddened by member of Council (1976430) and that his Taylor students were first au- Gwen’s death on August 30, 1992. President (1982-83) of the Society. He thors on several recent papers in the Despite this loss he continued to work was a member of the editorial boards American Journal of Physiology. He in his laboratory, and was performing of the American Journal of Physiology believed strongly in the importance of experiments until the spring of 1993. and the Journal of Applied Physiology the research experience to undergradu- He rejoiced in the productivity of sci- as well as Circulation Research. He ate education and described the pro- ence during his own career. Several served in a number of capacities at the gram at Taylor in the American times during his hospitalization in in- National Institutes of Health, as a Journal of Physiology (263: S3-6, tensive care he remarked that he’d member of the Physiology Section of 1992). Securing adequate and continu- served on the MH study sectionsthat the National Board of Medical ing funding for the program was of authorized the development of the first Examiners, and a member of the vital concern to him and he spentmuch intensive care wards. During his final Governing Board of AIBS. In addition, of his time during the last years of his hospitalization, his cardiologist insert- he was a member of the Board of life attempting to build an endowment ed a Swan-Ganz catheter; at that time Trustees of Taylor University for more for the program. Walt recalled that he’d also served on than 20 years. Throughout his life he Walter received numerous profes- the committee that funded develop- served his church in many ways; he sional and personal honors. He was ment of that technology and remarked and Gwen sangin the church choir for elected Honorary Fellow in the Am- that he thought “it was money well almost 50 years together. erican College of Cardiology (1977) spent.” In 1975 Walt resigned as chairman and given the Carl J. Wiggers Award Walter Randall is survived by his of physiology at Loyola and devoted by the Circulation Group of APS three sisters (Edith Larson, Helen full time to research. He left Loyola in (1979). Loyola conferred the Stritch Galloway and Jennett Robertson), four 1987 to return to his undergraduate Medal in 197 1 and the Medical children (David, Marilyn Anderson, alma mater in Indiana, where he was Alumni Golden Apple in 1993. Taylor Douglas, and Craig), and eight grand- appointed ResearchProfessor. While at University named him “Alumnus of children. He will be remembered by Taylor he worked tirelessly to intro- the Year” in 1963 and awarded him an colleagues, friends and family for his duce his undergraduate students to the honorary doctorate in 1991. That same warm, caring personality and his un- excitement and challenges of research. year Taylor honored both Gwen and wavering commitment to his Christian He insisted that the experiments that he Walt by naming their newest academic faith.

Future Meetings

1994 Experimental Biology ‘94 April 24-28, Anaheim, CA APS Conference June 25-28 Physiology of the Release and Activity of Cytokines New Haven, CT , APS Conference October 5-8 ~ Mechanotransduction and the Regulation Sarasota, FL of Growth and Differentiation Intersociety Meeting October 29-November 2 Regulation, Integration, Adaptation: San Diego, CA A Species Approach 1995 Experimental Biology ‘95 April 9-14, Atlanta, GA

Vol. 36, No. 6, 1993 231 APS NEWS

APS Gopher Server Marks Anniversary

In December 1992, APS brought its “Gopher” informa- tion server on-line, joining over 600 other institutions and or- ganizations who offer information to the public on this net- Internet Gopher Information Client 2.0 work within the Internet. The APS information server is de- Root gopher server: gopher.uth.tmc.edu signed to provide the scientific community with rapid access to information about the Society, its meetings, and its publi- 1. Welcome: American Physiological Society cations. The APS information server is a pioneer in this field 2. What’s New (Look Here Often) and is one of only 14 servers listed on the Library of 3. Administration/ Congress Gopher as a medical information resource. 4. Announcements and Meeting Notices/ Gopher is a computer program developed by the 5. Employment Opportunities/ University of Minnesota that lets you search for information 6. Information for Authors/ held on computers anywhere in the world that are part of the 7. Public Affairs Information/ same system. The name is a play on words since the Uni- 8. Publications/ versity of Minnesota is the home of the “Golden Gophers,” 9. Reports from Committees and Councils/ and Gopher software fetches information the way a junior staffer designated as “go-fer” might do. Press ? for Help, q to Quit, u to go up a menu For the novice Internet user, Gopher offers the advantage of letting you browse through file holdings and do key word searches using menus and some relatively simple commands without having to know beforehand the Internet addresses ;igure 1. APS Gopher-Main Menu where the materials are held. The Gopher software handles that part automatically for the user. December 1992, 340 host computers accessed the APS The easiest way to use Gopher is if your own Internet Server to request information objects. For the month of computer has Gopher “client” software installed on it. (You Septemberthis year, the number of host computersaccessing can find out whether it does by asking a knowledgeable col- the APS server had increasedto 874. Each time a host com- league or contacting your campus computer network admin- puter recovers information, a “connection” is made. As Table istrator.) If your Internet computer has a Gopher client, then 2 shows, connections have increasedfrom 2,227 in Decem- you can start your explorations by typing “Gopher” at the ber of last year to 5,297 in September of this year. Examples Internet prompt. (If it doesn’t have Gopher software, it prob- of information that might be retrieved through a connection ably give you a message that the command wasn’t found.) If include your machine has a Gopher client, by typing Gopher and the main APS menu pressing the return key, you will find yourself at a main the list of items within the “Publications” section Gopher menu, which will offer you various options, one of the “Awards Programs” text file which should be to connect with other Gophers and informa- a searchof the “Tables of Contents of APS Journals” tion servers. (Most Gopher servers offer this option.) This permits you to gain access to servers around the world by po- sitioning your indicator arrow beside its name and pressing the return key. You can find the APS information server by selecting the following menu options: Some Gopher Hints “Other Gophers” -> “North America” -> “USA” -> When you seea Gopher menu, “General” -> “American Physiological Society” You may also be able to go directly to the APS Gopher / at the end of the line meansa directory, that is, anoth- by typing “gopher oac.hsc.uth.tmc.edu 3300” at the Internet er menu. prompt. Once you arrive at the APS Information Server, a at the end of the line meansa text item. wealth of possibilities are available. Figure 1 shows a list of 3 at the end of the line meansan indexed directory the menu choices on the first screen of the Server. where you can searchon key words. Since the APS Information Server was launched, it has been receiving increasing attention from the community of Select an item by pressingthe return key. Gopher users on the Internet, as shown in Table 1. In

232 THE PHYSIOLOGIST APS NEWS

Table 1. APS Gopher Information Server: Access and Utilization include posting the abstractsof accepted manuscriptson the Gopher server up to four months in advance of print publica- Hosts Connections tion, and you will be able to do key word searchesof them December 1992 340 2,227 using WMS. January 1993 432 2,540 The “Employment” section provides a listing of all jobs February 1993 452 3,259 published in The Physiologist. For a fee of $50, employers March 1993 541 4,008 are able to post job vacancies on Gopher for a three-month April 1993 614 3,995 period and have the announcement published in The Phys- May 1993 732 4,656 iologist. This service will hopefully be expanded next year June 1993 707 4,243 July 1993 691 4,733 with more position vacancies and a listing of individuals August 1993 722 4,589 seeking employment. September 1993 874 5,297 “What’s New!” provides information on new items added to the APS Gopher. It includes notifications of updates in the Public Affairs and Publications area. “Introduction” Table 2. APS Gopher Information Server: Main Menu Utilization provides accessto a menu of approximately 12 items that de- Dec. ‘92 March ‘93 June ‘93 Sept. ‘93 tail various aspectsof Society function. Individuals interest- ed in learning about the APS are encouraged to browse / (main menu) 618 963 1,089 1,250 through the listings under “Introduction.” Administration 111 49 36 65 It is worth noting that although you can move hierarchi- Announcements 101 82 70 78 cally through a menu structure, it is also possible to take Author 25 61 59 60 shortcuts. If you plan to check a particular screenfrequently Committee Reports 20 48 60 89 Employment 186 244 284 for new information, you may be able to set up a “bookmark” Introduction 223 205 188 222 that will take you directly to that screen. For example, if a Public Affairs 76 66 76 cell physiologist wishesto keep tabs on what is posted on the Publications 211 353 345 429 “AJP: Cell Physiology” screen, he/she can place a “book- What’s New ! 207 250 274 mark” there. (See accompanying box.) The APS Gopher is the first step in APS’s effort to pub- lish and communicate electronically with the physiological community. The quality of that effort will depend on the membership’sassessment of the utility of the Server and an Table 2 also provides information on how often host indication of what additional items should be included. To computers made connections with the Main Menu and with that end, the Society encouragesyou to visit the APS Gopher items deeper in APS’s “gopherspace.” Access to the main and send your comments to APS at the following e-mail ad- menu has risen from 618 in December 1992 to 1,250 in Sep- dress: marty @aps.mhs.compuserve.com. tember 1993. In September, there were 1,577 connections made beyond the first menu. As indicated, the four most pop- ular connections beyond the main menu were “Publications” (429 or 27.2%), “Employment” (284 or l&O%), “What’s New!” (274 or 17.4%), and “Introduction” (222 or 14.1%). Marking Your Place in The “Publications” selection provides the user with ac- Gopherspace cess to the Table of Contents of all the APS journals from January 1993 to the present. The Tables of Contents of APS Many Gopher clients permit you to set up “bookmarks,” which are a very convenient way to revisit resources you find journals are usually posted on Gopher up to three weeks in useful. You can create a bookmark by holding down the shift advance of publication. You can scan the Tables of Contents key and typing the letter A at the screen you wish to mark. by viewing each month individually, or you can search it The gopher client will ask you for a name, but you can acceot using WAIS (Wide Area Information Search), which finds the default it offers by pressing the return key. each occurrence of key word(s) and provides a list of titles You can call up your bookmarks anywhere by typing containing the requestedword(s). The “Publications” section “v,” or you can enter Gopher at your bookmarks by starting also provides a listing of the editors and associateeditors of your session with the command “Gopher-b.” the journals and subscription information. APS’s future plans

Vol. 36, No. 6, 1993 233 APS NEWS

Proposed Amendments to the APS Bylaws

One of the objectives of the Strategic Plan is to have Section 8 7. Student Members. Any student who is ac- 9,000 members by the year 2,000. To explore how best to ac- tively engaged in physiological work as attested to by two complish this goal, Council appointed a Task Force on regular members of the Society shall be eligible for proposal Membership chaired by Diana Marver. The task force recom- for student membership. No individual may remain in this mended that the Bylaws governing membership be amended category for more than five years without reapplying for to encourage the participation of young scientists in the membership. Society. With the current employment picture necessitating extended postdoctoral training, the requirement of indepen- Section 44 9. Nominations for Membership. Two regular dence was a deterrent for associate members seeking regular members of the Society must e nominate a . membership. The task force proposed that the criteria for reg- person for regular, corresponding, kefferar; m . . ular and corresponding membership be amended to allow a 8 9 or affiliate &U&H membership &H+ direct transition from student to regular and that application w on forms provided by the Executive Director. In the procedures be simplified. The Council accepted the task nomination of corresponding members, a corresponding or force’s recommendation to dissolve the associate and associ- honorary member of the Society may substitute for one of the ate corresponding membership categories and to establish a regular members. new affiliate membership category for individuals interested a. The Membership Committee shall assess the qualifica- in the physiological sciences but lack scholarly work in the tions of potential regular and corresponding members and field. recommend nominations to Council. . . b. Nominations for ass&at: a; affiliate and student membership’shall be reviewed by the ARTICLE III. Membership Executive Director. If the nominees meet the criteria estab- lished by Council, they will be accepted immediately and so Section 1. The Society shall consist of regular, corre- notified. The Executive Director will inform Council of the . . sponding, honorary, w, e affili- names of new Uc, 22 , affiliate ate, emeritus, student and sustaining associate members. and student members.

Section 5. &w&&e ADkate Members. Persons who are Section 44 lJ& Election of Members. Election of regular, corresponding, and honorary members shall be by secret bal- . . 3 interested in fostering the mission and lot by members of Council. A two-thirds majority of the aims of the American Phvsiological Societv but do not have members present and voting shall be necessary for election. evidence of scholarlv work in the phvsiological sciences shall be eligible for proposal for nnn affiliate member- Section 44 -011 Voting. Only regular members shall be ship in the Society provided they are residents of The voting members. Corresponding, honorary, v Americas .3 emeritus, student. and affiliate mem- rivilege of attending the Business Meeting of the Society but shall not vote.

ARTICLE III. Expulsion of IMembers

In reviewing the Task Force’s recommendations, the Council recognized that while Bylaws exist for the election of members, the Bylaws include no statement on the expul- Section 3 6. Emeritus Members. A regular or nnn sion of members. Article III. Membership, Section 12, was corresponding member may apply to Council for transfer to written to recognize this deficiency in the Bylaws. emeritus membership if that person (1) has reached the age of 65 and is retired from regular employment or (2) has been Section 12. Expulsion of Members. The Societv re- forced to retire from regular employment because of illness serves the right to revoke the membership of a member found or disability. An emeritus member may be restored to regular guiltv of scientific misconduct. membership status on request to Council.

234 THE PHYSIOLOGIST PUBLIC AFFAIRS

What Does Congress Need to Hear?

What should the medical research community be telling Congress about health care reform? As you may know, there are an unprecedented number of new members in the 103rd Congress, and these individuals may hold the key to what shape-if any- health care reform takes. APS members should make a point of meeting with their Representatives and Senators in their district offices during December and January to pass on the following message:

President Clinton wants to reduce total health care costs by keeping people out of the health care system, basically through improved prevention. What we’ve heard so far is that the President’s plan will be based on the assump- tions that 1) high-tech medicine in the form of heart surgery, organ transplants, dialysis, and expensive medications leads to escalating health-care costs, and 2) medical research yields high-tech interventions. However, this line of reasoning does not take into account the fact that chronic illness drains the system even more than acute illness and that medical research also addresses the hows and whys of disease and health. So the plan must include strong sup- port for a broad array of basic medical research.

FY 1994 Funding Approved Congress has completed action on FY 1994 funding FY 1994 Funding for Selected Agencies (in millions) measures, providing significant increases for biomedical re- Agency FY 1994 President’s FY 1993 FY 1994+/- search at the NIH, NSF, and for VA medical research and Funding Request Funding N 1993 both were signed into law in late October. Congress has also 11111Tmu LplU,2Udctlm of;< qtin I u,uuuas2 $10,339 + 6.1% provided $9.262 million in FY 1994 to USDA for APHIS hA “A 1 r\A/n NSF $3,005 $3,180 $L, 134 + Y.Y"/o d--c- . 0 L/n Irinimal Welfare Act (AWA)\ / enforcement. This representsI an t u.cl-70 increase of $74,000 or less than 1% more than the $9.188 --’ million APHIS was provided in FY 1993 for AWA enforce- ment. There was no controversy over the amount because both the House and the Senate approved funding at the level requestedby the administration.

. ARTICLE VI. Dues respondingmember,f & affiliate member or student member whose dues are two The proposedchanges in Article VI. Dues. is a modifica- years in arrears shall ceaseto be a member of the Society, un- tion to be consistent with the prospoedrevisions in the mem- less, after payment of hi++dues in arrears and application to bership categories. the Council, he/she shall be reinstated at the next meeting by vote of Council. It shall be the duty of the President-Elect to Section 1. Annual Dues. The annual dues for regular notify the deliquent of his/her right to request reinstatement. members,corresponding members, e 9 Section 3. Retirement. A regular7 u corresponding affiliate members and student members . . shall be determined by the Council and shall be paid in ad- member,m vance of July 1. Honorary members and emeritus members & who has been granted emeritus membership status is re- shall pay no membershipdues. lieved from the payment of dues but retains the other privi- leges of his former membership status, except voting privi- Section 2. Non-payment ofDues. A regular member, cor- leges.

Vol. 36, No. 6, 1993 235 PUBLIC AFFAIRS

Popovic Cleared; Acting ORI Director Lyle Bivens No Study Section told Hamosh’s attorneys in a letter that Hamosh Charges his office still “maintains that its initial Cuts Imposed Dropped determination was correct” but it is On February 10, President Clinton dropping the case because of an issued an Executive Order requiring Actions of the HHS departmental August ruling by the HHS appeals that as of October 1, 1993, government appeals board brought swift closure to board in another case involving Cleve- agencies were to reduce by one-third two more long-standing cases of al- land Clinic researcher Rameshwar the number of advisory committees not leged scientific misconduct brought by Sharma. That ruling articulated a stan- mandated by law. APS President the Office of Research Integrity (ORI). dard of proof for misconduct cases re- William Dantzler wrote to Office of On November 4, former NIH re- quiring that the government show that Management and Budget Director searcher Mikulas Popovic was cleared there was intent involved and that the Leon Panetta urging him to exempt of charges that he made false state- alleged false statement is material to NIH’s Initial Review Groups from the ments in a 1984 Science article about the grant proposal. cut. Dantzler argued that while the in- his pioneering efforts to isolate the dividual study sections are not char- HIV. Popovic, who was then a senior tered by law, their function is set out in scientist in Robert Gallo’s lab, left his the Public Health Service Act. To date, position at NIH under an ethical cloud although no formal action has been in 1989 because of the OR1 investiga- Senate Holds Varmus taken to amend this Executive Order, tion and is presently working in Hearing neither have any cuts been imposed on Sweden. The Senate Labor and Human study sections. The Departmental Appeals Board reviewed a huge volume of records in Resources Committee held hearings November 3 on the nomination of the case, which it characterized as “all Harold Varmus to be director of the focused essentially on the meaning National Institutes of Health. Com- which we should give a handful of mittee Chair Edward Kennedy (D- words and notations containedin one FASEB Office Mass.) praised Varmus and said that heavily-edited paper written by a sci- Releases Research his “training as both a physician and a entist with limited English skills dur- Impact Study ing a volatile period of scientific dis- research scientist, his scientific accom- covery a decade ago.” Pointing out the plishmentes, and his leadership experi- “Can the Impact of Basic Bio- “undisputed” scientific importance of ence make him an outstanding choice medical Research Be Measured?: A the paper, the Board said that it found for NIH Director.” The Senate vote to Case Study Approach” has just been not even a “residue of palpable wrong- confirm Varmus was expected to take published by FASEB’s Life Sciences place in November. doing.” Research Office as part of an effort to Following the Popovic decision, develop quantifiable justifications for OR1 asked the Departmental Appeals basic research. The report was com- Board to delay a hearing involving al- missioned by the FASEB Board as part legations of misconduct against Robert Research Day of an effort to determine the “cost, Gallo that were scheduled to begin the quantity, quality, character, impacts, next week. The Associated Press re- Celebrated and utility” of untargeted, investigator- ported that OR1 said the decision “may October 21, 1993 was officially initiated basic biomedical research. have significant implications” for its designated as National Biomedical This report, first in a planned series, case against Gallo and asked for time Research Day after the House and the highlights the development of mono- to reevaluate its plans. Senate both passed a resolution desig- clonal antibodies, which have yielded Earlier, on October 6, OR1 abrupt- nating it as such. President Clinton is- such tangible benefits as the tests now ly halted its four-year-old misconduct sued a proclamation recognizing the used to screen the nation’s blood sup- investigation of Georgetown Uni- importance of biomedical research, and ply for HIV contamination. versity researcher Margit Hamosh. the House and Senate sponsors of the APS members can request a single OR1 issued a report last January alleg- bill, Rep. Harold Volkmer (D-MO.) and copy of the report at no charge from ing that Hamosh, a professor of pedi- Sen. Howell Heflin (D-Ala.), held a the LSRO at 9650 Rockville Pike, atrics, made a false statement about her news conference on Capitol Hill to Bethesda, MD 208 14. findings on the use of rabbits and other point out the importance of research to animals in studying infant nutrition in improvements in the life and health of a 1985 grant application. both people and animals.

236 THE PHYSIOLOGIST PUBLIC AFFAIRS

New Medical Trust “Eye to Eye” on Pet APHIS Import Fund Ideas Proposed Theft Permits by Hatfield On August 26, the CBS news pro- The USDA’s Animal and Plant Discussions continue on Senators gram “Eye to Eye” with Connie Chung Health Inspection Service has recently Tom Harkin and Mark Hatfield’s pro- aired a segment entitled “Unleashed” adjusted and expanded the “user fees” posal to establish a medical research about pet dogs that were allegedly it charges for services relating to im- trust fund to supplement the NIH’s an- stolen, sold to unscrupulous animal ports of live animals, animal products, nual appropriations from Congress. As dealers, and ended up in research labs. organisms and vectors, and germ- first proposed last June, a $6 billion APS Executive Director Martin Frank plasm. According to some figures, trust was to be funded by a $5 per wrote to Chung and CBS Chairman about 30% of all animal and plant ma- month surcharge on all health insur- Lawrence Tisch to protest that the seg- terials sent to US scientists from other ance policies written under the Clinton ment “created the false impression that countries are delayed or stopped be- health care reform plan. there is a conspiracy of inaction be- cause they lack an import permit. Although this proposal was not tween the medical research community Scientists intending to import animals picked up by the administration, and the USDA that fosters pet theft.” or materials cultured in animal sera Hatfield did succeed in having the idea The letter pointed out that research fa- should make advance arrangements included in the outline of the Senate cilities purchase dogs only from with the Export-Import Staff of the Republican alternative. However, the USDA-licensed dealers, most of whom APHIS Veterinary Services Program at Republicans were unwilling to finance do obey the laws. It also stated that the 6505 Belcrest Rd, Hyattsville, MD it with a monthly surcharge on health problem of pet theft has grown consid- 20782; telephone: (301) 436-7885. policies, so Hatfield has been contem- erably worse now that researchers are plating alternative funding schemes, no longer able to use a few thousand of such as a check-off box on federal tax the 20 million dogs and cats eutha- forms, similar to the one for making nized annually by pounds and shelters. contributions to public funding of elec- “If there is any ‘conspiracy,’ it is that tion campaigns. In 1990, the tax return of the so-called animal rights move- checkoff method raised some $29 mil- ment to make it impossible for scien- lion for campaign financing from some tists to use animals in biomedical re- 1 I4 million income tax filers. search,” Frank wrote.

APS Executive DirectorMartin Frank, encounteringanimal activists at the IUPS Congressin Glasgow.

Vol. 36.No.6, 1993 237 PUBLIC AFFAIRS

NIH Guide to be Revised; New AWA Farm Book Exposes Animal Animal Regulations Expected Rights Charities

An advisory committee convened husbandry, management and care. Animal Rights: The Inhumane by the Institute for Laboratory Animal Since this is the first revision since the Crusade by Daniel T. Oliver has just Resources (ILAR) of the National Re- new USDA Animal Welfare Act regu- been published by the Capital Re- search Council was scheduled to hold lations took effect, the panel will con- search Center, a Washington, DC- its first public hearing on the revision sider how best to assure consistency based think tank that monitors charita- of the NIH Guide for the Care and Use with those rules. The panel will also be ble organizations. Oliver summarizes of Laboratory Animals on December 1, asked to address public and scientific work others have done in exposing the 1993 in Washington, DC. Two more concerns about animal care and well- activities of animal activist and extre- public hearings will be held in San being. Other issues that may be raised mist groups and provides a lengthy list Francisco on February 2 and in St. are standards of care for farm animals of such organizations nationwide. The Louis on February 3. used for biomedical research, and stan- book also contains detailed informa- The APS Animal Care and Ex- dards for maintaining free-ranging or tion on the background, activities, bud- perimentation Committee is develop- semi free-ranging colonies of nonhu- gets, and boards of directors of 10 of ing comments on behalf of the Society man primates. the largest groups, including PETA, to submit to the 14-member advisory APS members can send written Friends of Animals, Fund for Animals, committee, which is conducting the comments Guide before February 1, and the Humane Society of the United first such revision in nearly a decade. 1994, to Thomas L. Wolfle at ILAR, States. The stated intention of the book The NIH Guide was first published in National Academy of Sciences, Room is to persuade potential donors to exer- 1963 and has been revised and updated 347, 2101 Constitution Ave., N.W., cise caution before contributing to five times since then, most recently in Washington, DC 204 18. groups whose agenda is the elimina- 1985. This year, for the first time, the Meanwhile the USDA’s Animal tion of animal use. The book estimates project to revise the Guide is being co- and Plant Health Inspection Service that there are about 1,000 animal rights sponsored by various federal agencies (APHIS) has also begun work on de- groups in this country that receive as such as USDA and the CDC that share veloping Animal Welfare Act regula- much as $200 million in contributions NIH’s interest in laboratory animal re- tions on the care and use of farm ani- each year. search. In addition, the new Guide will mals used in biomedical research. Oliver sketches the history of ani- be published by the National Academy APHIS held a day-long meeting in mal activism and critiques the move- Press rather than by the Government Oklahoma City on September 28 to as- ment’s opposition to the use of animals Printing Office. sess the state of the art. There was gen- in research, farming, hunting and trap- ILAR has selected an advisory eral agreement that USDA should look ping, education and entertainment, and panel comprised of experts from rele- to the the well-accepted guidelines that as pets. There is some exposition of the vant disciplines ranging from animal have already been drawn up by other inherent contradictions in the argu- pain and primatology to large animal organizations, rather than starting anew ments put forward to justify elimina- colony production and biomedical in developing its regulations. There is tion of animals in biomedical research: ethics. The advisory committee will no precise timetable for the regula- namely, that “animal research is im- seek to update care recommendations tions, and it may be a year before there moral” and “it doesn’t work well any- in terms of current knowledge about is a draft. way.” However, the contrast between that section and discussions elsewhere about the medical significance of cer- Bill to Protect Animal Workers tain research findings gives the impres- sion that the author feels more at ease Rep. George Gekas (R-Pa.) has introduced a bill to extend the Animal Enter- with science that is political rather than prise Protection Act of 1992 to individuals. H.R. 3064 would make it a federal medical. crime to travel between states or use the mail system to cause physical harm to a Copies of the softcover book are person or their property to prevent that person from participating in an animal en- available from Capital Research Center terprise or to retaliate against them for their participation. “Individuals have now at 727 15th Street NW, Washington, become the targets of violent and life-threatening attacks by animal rights extrem- DC 20005 1599 at a cost of $35 each ists,” Gekas said in introducing the measure. H.R. 3064 has been referred to the for l-4 copies, with discounts available House Judiciary Committee. for larger quantities.

238 THE PHYSIOLOGIST PUBLIC AFFAIRS

AWA Regulations AWA regulations because it does not Montgomery County have the resources to enforce standards Still Pending affecting so many additional animals Passes Anti-Harass- The National Association for and facilities. ment Measure Biomedical Research (NABR) has won For those who might have won- dered why Judge Richey gets all the Montgomery County, Maryland the right to step into the legal fray in has approved a bill making it illegal cases involving the AWA regulations, the event the government decides not for animal activists to harass re- it seems that when a case comes into to appeal a court decision striking searchers by picketing and demonstrat- the US District Court involving a new down current USDA Animal Welfare ing in front of their homes. The bill Act (AWA) Regulations on dog exer- topic, it is randomly assigned to a judge. However, subsequent litigation was modeled closely on the Brook- cise and primates’ psychological well- field, Wisconsin ordinance that was on the same topic is then almost al- being. NABR was granted the right to passed to protect employees of an ways referred to the same judge. Thus intervene on behalf of the regulated abortion clinic from harassment. That community after appealing a ruling Judge Richey has become the Court’s expert on the Animal Welfare Act. measure was challenged in court as a from US District Court Judge Charles violation of free speech rights but was Richey denying NABR intervener sta- eventually upheld by the US Supreme tus. court. Uncertainty still remains about the Montgomery County (Maryland) future of the regulations that Judge HSUS Animal Council Member Gail Ewing intro- Richey struck down last February in duced the bill in 199 1 out of concern the suit brought by the Animal Legal Reports Petition for the plight of USUHS researcher Defense Fund against USDA and other Denied Sharon Juliano, who had been picketed agencies. ALDF is expected to ask for and harassed in her home for more a further hearing on the Appeals Court APHIS REAC Deputy Admin- than two years. The research commu- decision to permit NABR to intervene. istrator Dale Schwindaman has denied nity supported the bill, but animal ac- Assuming that the court’s “summary an HSUS petition to change the form tivists and the local chapter of the judgment” is upheld, NABR’s entrance of the animal use reports required un- American Civil Liberties Union op- on the legal stage might have some in- der the Animal Welfare Act. HSUS posed it. According to Ewing, the bill fluence on how the government pro- wanted APHIS to require greatly ex- “protects the rights of families to pri- ceeds with its own appeal. To date the panded reports, including the use of a vacy and security at home,” without government has filed only a protective pain scale and sections to report the stopping protestors from expressing notice retaining the option to appeal. scientific purpose of experiments and their views by picketing at the person’s However, it may now be more likely to the source of the animals. HSUS said place of business. The ordinance goes proceed with an appeal since it might this information was consistent with into effect December 24. otherwise be placed in the position of congressional intent and is similar to having to do what the court orders after that required by other countries such as hearing the arguments of a nongovern- Great Britain, the Netherlands, and California Beagle mental entity, namely NABR. Australia. It should be noted that it took the Schwindaman rejected the request Colony Closed government 14 months to decide to ap- for a pain scale on the grounds that The University of California at peal an earlier ruling by Judge Richey current procedures requiring IACUC Davis has closed its 40-year old re- that USDA must extend AWA cover- review with USDA oversight is suffi- search colony of beagles on October 1. age to rats, birds, and mice. Oral argu- cient. In a letter to HSUS, he said that Starting in the early 195Os, research in- ments in that appeal were held were information on the purpose of experi- volving low-level radiation studies was held October 8, with the government ments is already available elsewhere. conducted on beagles. Those studies arguing that the Secretary of Agri- With respect to collecting information were completed in the 198Os, but the culture has broad discretion to deter- on the source of all animals, he said colony continued to be maintained. mine which animal species Congress that this would place an undue burden Vice Chancellor for Research Robert intended to be covered under AWA on USDA and regulated facilities. Shelton told the United Press Inter- regulations. USDA objected to cover- HSUS has announced plans to sue national that 47 dogs were transferred ing rats, birds, and mice under the USDA over this issue. to other campus research projects on Alzheimer’s disease and leukemia, and the last 180 dogs were given to the Marin County Humane Society for placement.

Vol. 36,No.6, 1993 239 PUBLIC AFFAIRS

Third Witness Jailed, Scarce, 35, who acknowledges to AMP’s two bi-monthly newsletters that he is a friend of Cornado, spent Breakthroughs, which details medical Tbvo Freed in WSU 159 days in jail on contempt charges advances from animal research, and Break-in before his release on October 19. Progress, which addresses public poli- A third potential grand jury wit- Scarce is the author of Eco-Wakers: cy issues and AMP programs. For ness in the probe of a 199 1 break-in at Understanding the Radical Envi- more information, contact AMP at ronmental Movement, which includes a Washington State University was jailed Crystal Square Three, 1735 Jefferson discussion of ALF activities and briefly in early October after she re- Davis Highway, Suite 907, Arlington, Coronado’s involvement in them. fused to answer questions about the in- VA 22202-3401. cident. The Animal Liberation Front Scarce is considered a key witness be- cause Coronado was house-sitting for (ALF) claimed responsibility for the Scarce at the time of the ALF break-in WSU break-in that did $100,000 in damage to research facilities. The and may have discussed it with Scarce, Airlines Ban Primate who returned from vacation the next grand jury is seeking information Transport about the whereabouts of Rodney Co- day. In a decision released in Sep- ronado, a key figure in the Animal Lib- tember, the 9th Circuit Court of Ap- Nine international airlines have eration Front, who went into hiding peals initially upheld its earlier deci- succumbed to pressure from the U.K.- after the raid. sion to keep Scarce in jail on the based European Coalition to End Kimberly Trimiew, 21, of Oregon, grounds that he had no right to claim a Animal Experiments (ECEAE) to halt spent two weeks in jail before the 9th First Amendment privilege for scholars air transport of nonhuman primates for US Circuit Court of Appeals freed her or even journalists to refuse to answer medical research. Aeromexico, Ali- pending the outcome of an appeal of questions posed by a grand jury acting talia, British Midland, British West her contempt citation. The Court also in good faith. “The newsperson’s privi- Indian Airways, Finnair, Singapore acted to free WSU graduate student lege that Scarce claimed by analogy Airlines, Surinam Airlines, S wissair, did not exist,” the Court ruled. Scarce and sociology researcher Rik Scarce, and Zambia Airways join 40 other air- who had also been jailed for contempt. appealed that decision to the US lines that stopped carrying primates be- Trimiew was first called before the Supreme Court. fore the ECEAE began its campaign in grand jury in August and asked to an- A third uncooperative witness, June. The British Union for the Abo- swer some 50 questions about ALF. California animal activist Jonathan lition of Vivisection, one of the key According to an Associated Press re- Paul, spent 159 days in jail for refusing participants in the ECEAE, has said 26 port, she refused to do so, invoking her to answer questions in the same probe. airlines continue to carry primates, but Fifth Amendment right against self-in- He was freed in April. it is expected to focus particular atten- crimination. At a second hearing on tion on Air France, Lufthansa, and September 16, Tremiew’s attorney Northwest Airlines. asked the court to grant her complete Americans for immunity from prosecution in the cur- rent ALF investigations. Assistant US Medical Progress Attorney Frank Wilson told the court Americans for Medical Progress is L’Oreal Halts Animal such protection was not needed. a public awareness advocacy group Federal Judge Fremming Nielsen of that is working to counter the false in- Tests Spokane, Washington, issued a warn- formation being disseminated by ani- French cosmetic maker L’Oreal ing to Trimiew that she would be jailed mal activists and extremists. AMP announced in October that it signed an if she continued to refuse to cooperate seeks to build public support for the re- agreement to halt animal tests of its and did so when she refused to cooper- search community through timely and cosmetic products. This action was ate at a third hearing. Trimiew’s lawyer topical advertisements in major news- taken after a four-year-old consumer then appealed her jailing to the 9th papers and a bi-weekly column (Med- boycott of its products organized by Circuit Court of Appeals in San ical Milestones) that is syndicated to PETA. L’Oreal, the world’s largest cos- Francisco, which freed her on October small- and medium-sized newspapers. metics company, is the parent firm for 20. According to reporter Ken Olsen of AMP is also developing materials for Helena Rubenstein and numerous other the Moscow-Pullman Daily News, children including a color comic strip brands. L’Oreal announced that the Trimiew is a “target of the federal gov- for children called Heroes of Medicine agreement it signed to end cosmetic ernment’s ALF investigation in other and Hot Shots, a magazine that will be testing on animals does not apply to states” and has also been subpoenaed distributed in doctor’s waiting rooms. tests on cosmetic ingredients or to to appear before an Oregon grand jury Individual membership in AMP drugs developed by the company’s investigating another break-in. costs $25 and includes a subscription pharmaceutical division.

240 THEPHYSIOLOGIST INTERNATIONAL PHYSIOLOGY

XJDLII IUPS Congress-Glasgow

The participation of over 5000 scientists from more than 50 countries made the XXX11 IUPS Congress a scientific and social success. Greeted by signs proclaiming “Glasgow Welcomes the World’s Physiologists,” scientists attended a Congress that will hopefully serve as a precedent for future Congresses. In a departure from the traditional format, the Glasgow Congress contained no independent satellite meetings. Instead, topics that would previously have formed the basis of satellites were incorporated into the main congress as sym- posia. As a result, lecture theatres were used at Glasgow University and the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre (SECC), which caused minor problems because of the distance between the two sites. However, it also added to the sense of a “meeting within a meeting” format that was hoped Opening reception: Roger Green, U. K.; Anthony MacKnight, New for when the organizing committee recommended moving Zealand;and Ramon Latorre,Chile. the satellites into the main Congress. As part of the registration package, attendees received which were initiated as a memorial to Wallace Fenn. In his the Congress book, “The Logic of Life,” a collection of es- lecture, Sir Bernard Katz delivered an account of his work says edited by Denis Noble, Congress Chairman. The book leading up to the discovery of miniature end plate potentials focuses on the future of physiology. The authors express the and from there to our current conceptsof vesicle release. view that physiology must return to addressing integrative The Glasgow Congress provided a unique view of functional questions if the wealth of information emerging at British royalty. Her Royal Highness Princess Anne spent the molecular levels are to be applied successfully to an un- three hours at the SECC touring the poster hall and ex- derstanding of how the body functions in health and disease. hibitors’ stands,including the APS booth. During her tour of The Opening Ceremony featured a lecture by the Fenn the posters, her attention was turned from subject to subject Lecturer, Sir Bernard Katz. Before the lecture, Ian McGrath, in rapid succession as she saw posters on topics from the Chair of the Local Organizing Committee, welcomed the at- “Biophysics of Memory and Learning” to “Kidney tendees and introduced Denis Noble, Congress Chairman, Transplants.” At no stageduring her tour was sheat a loss for who addressed the audience. The Lord Provost of Glasgow pertinent words, relevant comments or perceptive questions. and the Convenor of Strathclyde Regional Council, both Her performance was most impressive becauseof the serious dressed in kilts, warmly welcomed the visitors to Glasgow. interest in the Congressthat sheconveyed to attendees. Katz’s lecture was introduced by Sir Andrew Huxley, IUPS Evenings during the Congresswere filled with dinners at President, who gave a brief history of the Fenn Lectures, castles,cruises on the Clyde, and dancing at the Ceilidh. At

L-r: Masao Ito, IUPS President; Denis Noble, IUPS Secretary; and Ian McGrath, Chair of the Local Organizing Committee.

Vol. 36, No. 6, 1993 241 INTERNATIONAL PHYSIOLOGY

L-r: Denis Noble, Princess Anne, and Charles Michel viewing poster.

the Ceilidh, attendees tried their feet at steps that characterize Scottish folk dancing. Even Sir Andrew and Lady Huxley were observed doing a mean “strip-the-willow” during the evening. The closing banquet was held at Glasgow Univerity and was followed by a presentation by a “pipes and drum” brigade. During the display of Scottish music and dancing, the passing of the IUPS flag from Ian McGrath to Sviatoslav V. Medvedev took place. Medvedev thanked McGrath for hosting an outstanding Congress and promised to do the same at the 1997 Congress scheduled for St. Petersburg, Russia. He invited all physiologists to plan on attending the XXX111 IUPS Congress. Before the Congress, the IUPS General Assembly met and reconfirmed their support for the Russian bid for the L-r: Oleg Adrianov, Michael Khananashrili, and 1997 IUPS Congress and voted to take the first IUPS Oleg Gazenko. Congress of the new millenium to New Zealand in 2001.

L-r: Masao Ito, Sue Orsoni, Robert Naquet, Sir Andrew Huxley, Harvey Sparks, and Platon Kostyak.

242 THE PHYSlOLOGlST INTERNATIONAL PHYSIOLOGY

NIPS Joint Managing Board Meets in Glasgow

The NIPS Joint Managing Board held three meetings at the IUPS Congress in Glasgow. It hosted an appreciation luncheon meeting for the Editorial Board of the journal, which was followed by a meeting presided over by the editor, John Shepherd. Board members were encouraged to give their opinions on the perceived strengths and weaknesses of the journal. The Board invited the heads of the larger physiological L-r: Ralph Kellogg, Mel Fregley, Patricia Gwirtz, and David Brooks societies to a meeting to enlist their financial support of the at the IUPS Congress. journal through subscriptions by their members. The Society heads agreed to present to their societies proposals to buy the journal for their members as part of dues, or to include NIPS subscription forms in their dues notice, or to distribute bro- chures at meetings and to run ads in their journals. The Board interviewed candidates for the editorship of the Journal and selected Stanley G. Schultz as the new editor beginning July 1, 1994.

L-r: Derek Denton, Gil Hageman, Sir Andrew Huxley, Harvey Sparks, and Andrzej Trzebski.

Vol.36.No.6, 1993 243 PEOPLE AND PLACES

Schafer Receives Homer W. Smith Award

James A. Schafer is the 1993 re- cipient of the Homer W. Smith Award. The award is given jointly by the New York Heart Association and the Am- People and Places erican Society of Nephrology and is presented to Schafer in recognition of People and Places notices his outstanding research in salt, water, come almost exclusively from in- and nonelectrolyte transport and their formation provided by members regulation in the kidney. and interested institutions. To en- Schafer presented a lecture enti- sure timely publication, an- tled, “Salt and Water Homeostasis: Is it nouncements must be received at just a matter of good bookkeeping?’ at least two months (by the 15th of the annual meeting of the American the month) before the desired committee for the National Kidney, and Society of Nephrology. publication date. Send all infor- Urological Diseases Advisory Board of Schafer is professor of physiology mation to The Physiologist, APS, the US Department of Health and and biophysics at the University of 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Human Services. Alabama at Birmingham. He is also a MD 208 14-3991. professor of medicine and a senior sci- The Homer W. Smith Award was entist in the Nephrology Research and established to recognize scientists who Training Center. He is serving on the have made original and significant APS Council. Schafer formerly served contributions to the understanding of on the council of the American Society renal physiology or pathophysiology. of Nephrology and on the research

Reynaldo Elizondo has accepted from Abbott Laboratories to Deborah Connecticut, Lynn T. Landmesser has a position as Dean of the College of ResearchInstitute, Brown Mills, NJ. moved to the Department of Neuro- Sciences and Engineering at the Uni- APS member Donald E. Roberts sciences, Case Western Reserve Uni- versity of Texas at San Antonio. He is now at the Naval Health Research versity, Cleveland, OH. was formerly at the University of Center, SAn Diego, CA. He was for- Richard J. Bing has accepted a Texas, El Paso. merly with US Army/ARIEM, Natick, position as Director of Experimental APS member David Kostreva has MA. Cardiology, Huntington Medical moved from the VA Medical Center, Harvey V. Sparks has accepted a ResearchInstitutes, Pasadena,CA. Wood, WI, to Procter and Gamble position as Professor of Physiology at APS member David J. Fisher is Pharmaceuticals,Norwich, CT. Michigan State University, East Lan- now at the Baylor College of Med- Hubert J. Bardenheuer has sing, MI. He was formerly Vice Pro- icine, Pediatric Cardiology, Houston, moved from the University of Munich vost for Human Health Services at TX. He was formerly at Texas Chil- to the Clinic of Anesthesiology, Uni- MSU. dren’s Hospital, Houston. versity of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Ger- Israel Rubenstein has moved Yi Pan has relocated from Mass- many. from the University of Nebraska Med- achusetts General Hospital to the Formerly at the University of ical Center to the Department of Med- Department of Neurology, St. Louis Missouri, Donald H. York is now at icine, University of Illinois at Chicago. University Hospital, St. Louis, MO. St. John’s Mercy Medical Center, St. W. Richard Dukelow has accept- Formerly at the University of Louis, MO. ed an I.P.A. two-year leave from Mich- Iowa, Chester A. Ray has moved to Alice H. Huang has moved to the igan State University to serve as Direc- the Department of Exercise Science, Department of Physiology, Morehouse tor of the Regional Primate Research University of Georgia, Athens. School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA. An Centers Program, Comparative Med- Richard Hawkins has accepted a APS member since 1988, Huang was icine Program, National Center for Re- new position as Executive Vice Pres- formerly at Crawford Long Hospital, search Resources at the National In- ident, Chief Academic Officer at the Atlanta. stitutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. University of Health Sciences, The Richard E. Klabunde has moved Formerly at the University of Chicago Medical School. He was for-

244 THEPHYSIOLOGIST POSITIONS AVAILABLE

merly Chair of Physiology at the Professor and Chair. The De- Positions Available school. partment of Biological Sciences, Uni- APS member Gabor M. Rubanyi versity of Maryland, Baltimore, is There is a $50 charge for each is now with Berlex Biosciences, seeking a distinguished scientist with a position listed. Positions will be listed Richmond, CA. He moved from Scher- vigorous research program to serve as in the next available issue of The ing AG, Berlin, Germany. Professor and Chair. The Department, Physiologist and immediately upon Barbara J. Zimmerman has committed to excellence in research receipt on the APS Gopher Infor- moved from Louisiana State Uni- and in graduate and undergraduate ed- mation Server. Listings will remain versity to the University of Tennessee ucation, includes 22 faculty members, on the APS Information Server for 3 56 doctoral students, 28 masters stu- months. at Memphis. A checkor money orderpayable dents, and approximately 400 under- Formerly at Tufts University, to the AmericanPhysiological Society Joseph G. Cannon has moved to graduate majors. The PhD degree is of- must accompanythe positionlisting. Pennsylvania State University, Uni- fered in molecular and cellular biology, Purchaseorders will not be accepted versity Park, PA. biological sciences, and environmental unlessaccompanied by payment.Ads James L. Borke has relocated sciences, and an MS degree is offered not prepaidwill not be printed. Copy from Loyola University School of in applied molecular biology. Research must be typed double spacedand is Dentistry to the Department of Oral is well funded and covers the range of limited to 150 words.All copy is sub- ject to the editorial policy of The Biology, Medical College of Georgia, modern biology from cellular and molecular biology to organismic biolo- Physiologist. EOAAE indicatesEqual Augusta. Opportunity/ Affirmative Action APS member Susan C. Opava- gy and environmental sciences. Please Employer and appearsonly when Stitzer has accepted a position as Dean send curriculum vitae and names and given on original copy. Copy dead- for Research and Graduate Programs at addresses of at least three references to line: copy must reachthe APS office California Polytechnic State Uni- S. Ostrand-Rosenberg, Chair, Search before the 15th of the month, two versity, San Luis Obispo, CA. Committee, Department of Biological monthspreceding the month of issue Matthew J. Kluger is now Direc- Sciences, UMBC, Baltimore, MD (e.g., before February 15th for the tor, Institute for Basic and Applied 212285398. [EOAAE] April issue).Mail copy to APS, The Medical Research, The Lovelace In- Physiologist, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda,MD 20814-399 1. stitute, Albuquerque, NM. Chairperson and Professor. The Phillip L. Rayford has stepped East Carolina School of Medicine in- down as Chairman of the Department vites nominations and applications for of Physiology and Biophysics at the the position of Professor and Chair- Assistant/Associate Professor of University of Arkansas for Medical person of the Department of Phys- Kinesiology-Physical Therapy (ten- Sciences, where he remains as Pro- iology. Research interests include neu- ure track). The Department of Kin- fessor and Associate Dean for Minority ral, cellular, cardiovascular, and respi- esiology at the University of Wis- Affairs for the College of Medicine. In ratory physiology. The candidate consin-Madison offers BS in physical his place, Lawrence E. Cornett has should possess a distinguished record therapy, MS in Therapeutic Science, been appointed Acting Chair. in teaching and research, proven skills and MS and PhD in Kinesiology. An in leadership, and experience in admin- entry-level mastersin physical therapy istration. Additional requirements in- is under development. Duties include clude an MD or PhD degree, a strong maintaining an independent research background in physiology or related program and teaching in area of exper- discipline, and experience in an aca- tise. Doctorate and eligibility for Wis- demic medical center. Salary and bene- consin physical therapy licensure re- fits are nationally competitive. APS Membership quired. Submit letter of application, Interested parties should submit a cur- curriculum vitae, copies of three pub- riculum vitae and three references to lished articles, and namesand address- Membership applications Alvin Volkman, Chairperson; Phys- es of three references to Barbara J. may be obtained from APS iology Search Committee; Brody 2W- Morgan, 1087 Medical Sciences Membership Services, 9650 33; East Carolina University School of Center, 1300 University Avenue, Mad- Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD Medicine; Greenville, NC 27858-4354. ison, WI 53706. Deadline: December 208 14-399 1. Applications are re- Closing Date: January 3 1, 1994. 15, 1993. Information about confiden- viewed and approved by Council [EOAAE] Federal law requires proper tiality of applicant names is available on a regular basis throughout the documentation of identity and employ- on request. Applications encouraged year. ability prior to final consideration for from women, members of minority this position. groups, and personswith disabilities.

Vol. 36, No. 6, 1993 245 CONGRESSIONAL REPORT

CONGRESSIONAL REPORT ment agencies also were interviewed. All, without exception, were (continued from p. 207) forthcoming with their views and perspectives, as well as with sta- tistical and anecdotal data. The information derived from these Methodology Employed in Conducting Study sources provides the basis of the analyses and conclusions presented in this report. We believe that the enthusiastic response to our study is a clear indicator of how serious targeted enterprises and individu- The goal of this study was to present information that describes as accurately as possible the extent and effects of animal rights ter- als alike consider the threat posed by animal rights extremism to rorism, as well as how it has changed or evolved over the years. their livelihood and well-being. Consequently, this report employs a broad, inclusive view of animal rights terrorism, expanding upon but never neglecting the criteria that form the basis of the Animal Enterprise Protection Act. In this The Animal Rights Movement And Animal Rights Extremism In the United States regard, it is important to note that: The Animal Rights Movement in Perspective: From l The Animal Enterprise Act defines the term “animal enter- prise” as: 1) a commercial or academic enterprise that uses animals Animal Welfare to Animal Rights for food or fiber production, agriculture, research, or testing; 2) a zoo, aquarium, circus, rodeo, or lawful competitive animal event; or Organized concern for the plight of animals dates back to early 3) any fair or similar event intended to advance agricultural arts and 19th century England, just as great advances were being made in ap- sciences. Using these categories as a starting point, this report con- plied biomedical research. As the use of animals in research and in- siders as an animal enterprise any private or public enterprise, or in- dustry became more commonplace, groups such as the Royal dividual working on account thereof, that produces, uses, or markets Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, the British Union animals or animal-derived products. During the course of this study, for the Abolition of Vivisection, and the National Anti-Vivisection 28 different types of enterprises or entities, most relating to those Society were formed to promote animal welfare. Equipped with categories specified in the Act, were documented as having been these examples, similar groups began to appear in the United States victimized by animal rights extremists with acts of disruption or de- toward the end of the century. Among these were the American struction. Humane Association, the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, and the American Anti-Vivisection Society.

l While the Act characterizes terrorism as physical disruption Most of these original animal welfare societies, many of which still caused to the functioning of an animal enterprise (including steal- exist, did not seek to end animal research or other uses of animals, ing, damaging, or causing the loss of property), the Federal Bureau per se, but rather to work within established legal channels to ensure of Investigation (FBI) defines terrorism as “the unlawful use of that laboratory and other animals were treated humanely. The tactics force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce for achieving this goal were, and in most instances continue to be, a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in nonviolent and lawful, confined to lobbying government and other furtherance of political or social objectives.“l This report considers public institutions, launching demonstrations and protests, and a wider range of activities than is covered by either the Act or FBI’s sponsoring public education campaigns. definition of terrorism. It takes as its focus of analysis the more in- The animal welfare movement’s early efforts resulted in pro- clusive issue of animal rights “extremism,” which includes actual or tective laws, first in the United Kingdom and later in the United attempted actions of theft, vandalism, violence, disruption, or de- States, that placed increasingly rigorous restrictions and standards struction. In all, this study identified 16 categories of animal rights on the treatment of animals used for commercial or scientific pur- extremist activities. poses. In 1873, the United States Congress enacted the first federal legislation pertaining to animal welfare in the form of the “28-hour l Although Congress did not enact the Animal Enterprise law,” which required that animals be properly rested, watered, and Protection Act until 1992, incidents attributable to animal rights ex- fed while in interstate transportation. In 1958, Congress passed the tremism were first documented 15 years earlier. In order to accu- Humane Slaughter Act, which required meat packers selling to the rately reflect the full extent of this activity, this report uses as its U.S. Government to provide anesthetization or stunning prior to chronological frame of reference the period 1977 (when the first in- slaughter. These laws were followed by the Laboratory Animal cident was recorded) through June 30, 1993. Welfare Act in 1966, the Endangered Species Act in 1969, and the Animal Welfare Act in 1970, as well as a series of subsequent The sources of the statistical, historical, and other information amendments strengthening these and other animal welfare-related analyzed and presented in this study varied considerably. In order statutes. to present as reliable a profile of animal rights extremism as possi- By the early 197Os, the animal welfare movements in the ble, representatives from entities that have been victimized by ani- United Kingdom and the United States were being dramatically mal rights extremists, including government agencies, private indus- transformed by the emergence of an “animal rights” agenda. With try, and organizations representing the interests of targeted indus- the publication of such works as the anthology Animals, Men and tries or professions, were interviewed. Officials from law enforce- Morals, Richard Ryder’s Victims of Science, and, most influentially, Peter Singer’s Animal Liberation: A New Ethic for Our Treatment of Animals, concern for protecting animal welfare became eclipsed This report was prepared by the Department of Justice and the by the philosophical imperative that animals, like humans, possess Department of Agriculture and presented to Congress in September certain fundamental and inalienable rights, and therefore should be 1993 as mandated by the Animal Enterprise Protection Act of 1992. treated as equals. Often comparing the use of animals in research

Vol. 36, No. 6, 1993 247 CONGRESSIONAL REPORT

and industry to slavery and the Holocaust, many advocates of ani- abandoning) animal theft and vandalism to arson as its preferred mal rights oppose all ways in which animals are confined and uti- means of destruction. lized by humans, whether it be for food, clothing, servitude, or In 1975 Ronnie Lee was arrested in the United Kingdom for at- household pets. tempting to firebomb an animal research facility and was sentenced The cause of animal rights soon became a mainstream “single to three years of imprisonment. After being released on parole in issue” movement, in some instances competing for or displacing the 1976, he joined with a number of supporters to form the Animal agenda of traditional animal welfare societies and in others fueling Liberation Front (ALF). The Animal Liberation Front is a militant, the proliferation of new organizations. In the United States, the underground group dedicated to the liberation of all animals from most prominent among the new organizations was the non-profit “exploitation” by humans. From the outset, ALF characterized its People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), established in policy as “non-violent direct action.” From the group’s viewpoint, 1982 and which, in just over 10 years, has gained a membership of however, an act entailing the disruption or destruction of an animal over 350,000. By some estimates, in the United States there cur- enterprise normally is not described as “violent,” as it is perpetrated rently are as many as 7,000 animal protection groups, of varying against an inanimate object. In describing ALF’s position toward sizes, interests, and objectives. animal enterprises, Lee defined the group’s objectives as follows:

l to save animals from suffering here and now. To inflict an The Emergence of Extremism Within the Animal economic loss on people who exploit animals, resulting in less prof- Rights Movement it for them to plough back into their animal exploitation business; and Like the traditional animal welfare movements, most modem l to escalate events to a point where all of these industries are animal rights advocacy organizations do not openly condone the use under threat and can’t operate. of violence or other unlawful means to further their agenda. With the advent and propagation of the animal rights philosophy, howev- These words quickly proved to be more than rhetoric. Immediately er, came a radical fringe element willing to employ more direct following its formation, ALF began actively exercising this tech- measures to fulfill the objectives of the movement. Calling them- nique of “economic sabotage” in the United Kingdom, victimizing a selves animal “liberationists” or “liberators,” animal-rights extrem- wide array of enterprises using or marketing animals and inflicting ists radically shifted the tone of the dialogue between the animal damage reaching into the millions of pounds. It should be empha- rights movement and animal users. Frustrated with what they con- sized that, like the Band of Mercy before it, ALF escalated its level sidered to be the insufficient pace of change as effected by legal, of violence throughout the 1980s. While reserving petty vandalism, peaceful tactics, this emerging element diverged from the main- such as graffiti and broken windows, for “low impact” targets, ALF stream movement, went underground, and began to victimize ani- became increasingly willing to employ more sophisticated methods mal enterprises with acts of violence, intimidation, theft, and prop- of inflicting damage, including, most notably, incendiary and elec- erty destruction. trical bombing. In pursuing this course, the group appears to have As with most earlier developments relating to animal welfare, been intentionally following the tactical example established by the the origins of extremism as a means for promoting animal rights lay Irish Republican Army. in the United Kingdom. The British organization believed to have By the early 198Os, in the United States, incidents involving initiated the trend toward “direct action” within the animal rights the theft or release of animals and vandalism were being claimed by the Animal Liberation Front. Although the exact circumstances sur- rounding ALF’s appearance in the United States remain a matter of By the early 198Os, in the United speculation, it is apparent that the emergence of ALF activity in the States, incidents involving the theft or United States coincided directly with the popularization of the mod- release of animals and vandalism were em animal rights movement and the formation of its advocacy orga- nizations. It is not entirely clear whether ALF took root in the U.S. being claimed by the Animal Liberation as a transplanted organization or simply as a cause adopted and em- Front. ulated by frustrated activists. No evidence has been uncovered to suggest that ALF in the U.S. is, beyond its origins, connected either movement was the Hunt Saboteurs Association (HSA). Established operationally or financially to ALF in the United Kingdom.2 in 1962 and still active today, the HSA introduced the “hunt sab” Despite this apparent separation, however, it can be observed that tactic, or the act of mounting sabotage raids aimed at disrupting fox ALF in the United States has followed organizational and opera- hunts by harassing the hunters and distracting the hounds. In 1972, tional patterns established in the United Kingdom, escalating quick- believing that HSA tactics were insufficient, two of the group’s ly in both activity and technique, while maintaining the same central members-Ronnie Lee and Cliff Goodman-founded the “Band of objective. In both countries, ALF continues to be the most active Mercy” (after a 19th Century anti-vivisection group of the same underground animal rights group. name) as an instrument for attacking hunters more directly. The According to a flyer published on behalf of the Animal Band of Mercy proceeded to do just that, by vandalizing hunters’ Liberation Front in the United States, ALF’s goals can be summa- vehicles and equipment. The group soon expanded its array of tar- rized as follows: gets, however, to include animal research laboratories, food produc- tion facilities, and other enterprises using or marketing animals in l to liberate animals from places of abuse and place them in any way. Under Lee’s leadership, the Band of Mercy also escalated good homes where they can live out their natural lives free from its level of violence and destruction, progressing from (but never suffering;

248 THE PHYSIOLOGIST CONGRESSIONAL REPORT

l to inflict economic damage upon those who profit from the provides the activist opportunity to develop an intimate familiarity misery and exploitation of animals; and, with the structure to be targeted. During raids, this knowledge is used to circumvent security systems and identify specific l to reveal the horrors and atrocities committed against animals targets-such as animal quarters or laboratory equipment-for theft behind locked doors. or destruction. Second, ALF activists are known to use this pre-raid access to document cases of alleged animal abuse for use in justify- As this report will demonstrate, ALF and other militant animal ing an attack after it takes place. It also has been observed that ex- rights groups in the United States have pursued these objectives in tremist animal rights-related activity involving ALF or other groups the tradition of their counterparts in the United Kingdom. The fol- often occurs on weekends, preferably long holiday weekends, when lowing sections examine in detail the characteristics and activities activity in and around the targeted enterprise is low and its sur- of these groups as they have come to manifest themselves in the roundings quiet. United States since their initial appearance. Obviously, the Animal Liberation Front’s organizational and operational patterns do not lend themselves to an ability to access or manipulate public opinion, which is integral to its ability to garner Profile of Animal Rights Extremism: Organizational sympathy for its cause and raise funds for its operations. To com- and Operational Characteristics pensate for this inconsistency, ALF and other underground direct action groups in the U.S. and U.K. alike are suspected of maintain- In the United States as in the United Kingdom, ALF and other ing connections with legitimate, above-ground animal rights advo- groups involved in animal rights extremism are clandestine in oper- cacy groups. The UK’s Hunt Saboteurs Association is believed to ation, amorphous in organization and membership, and, somewhat have originated this pattern of working through spokespersons or ironically, expertly skilled in public relations. These characteristics organizations that serve to publicize, and in some cases purportedly have allowed extremist animal rights groups to successfully evade detection and prosecution as well as garner some public sympathy, which in turn has emboldened them further to expand their list of It also has been observed that extremist victims and escalate their means of violence and destruction. animal rights-related activity . . . often Whether ALF in the United States can be characterized as an occurs on weekends, preferably long organization, per se, or as an “umbrella” ideology or cause, is an holiday weekends, when activity in and issue still being debated. Regardless of how it may be characterized as a whole, it is widely believed that ALF is a loose configuration of around the targeted enterprise is low small, autonomous “cells,” with no centralized command structure. and its surroundings quiet. It is also believed that there are no formal membership requirements beyond the willingness to inflict damage upon an animal enterprise. fund, the activities of the underground group. In the United States, Some contend that ALF founder Ronnie Lee deliberately fashioned most notably, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals tradition- this cellular structure after 19th century English anarchist groups in ally has publicized ALF activities soon after their occurrence. 3 This order to allow small groups of people to operate covertly with mini- often includes releasing videotape footage taken by ALF activists mal risk of compromising the larger movement. By some accounts, during the course of a raid on an enterprise. In addition, in both this strategy to compartmentalize the group’s activities has proven countries there are above-ground “ALF Support Groups” that boast more successful in the United States, with its large territory and large memberships of sympathizers willing to support ALF’s cause population, than in the much smaller United Kingdom. In each through legal means, such as funding defense-related litigation and country, ALF, in whatever form it takes, is believed to be composed arranging for publicity. In the United States, the Animal Liberation of one hundred or fewer “hard core” members; i.e., activists who ac- Front Support Group claims a membership of 10,000. Although var- tually are willing to perpetrate violence or destruction on behalf of ious members of these support groups have been questioned in con- their cause. More numerous are those activists or sympathizers who nection with certain major incidents, none of the groups or their are willing to engage in less destructive activities. Some even sus- members have ever been charged with complicity in any illegal ani- pect that, as a tactic of evading detection, ALF’s hard core member- mal rights-related action. ship hires individuals-especially youths-otherwise not actively It is important to note within this context that individuals or affiliated with the cause to perpetrate certain illicit acts. This suspi- groups that operate under other names (see Appendix 1) are be- cion, however, could not be substantiated. lieved to be associated by membership or leadership with the The Animal Liberation Front’s operational style is as distinc- Animal Liberation Front. In fact, ALF activists are believed to use tive as its manner of organization, leaving in its wake what practi- alterative group titles as another tactic of evading detection, often tioners have come to regard as the “ALF signature.” Always strik- alternating names according to the severity of the activity. During ing under cover of night, ALF activists, concealing their identities the course of this study, no information arose to suggest that any of with ski masks, victimize major targets with evident forethought these groups operated fully independently of, or in competition or and precision. It is widely believed within law enforcement, aca- conflict with, the Animal Liberation Front. The most prominent and demic, and industry circles alike that ALF activists conduct careful violent of these counterpart groups is the Animal Rights Militia, surveillance of a selected target before victimizing it. Animal which has claimed responsibility for acts in the United Kingdom, Liberation Front activists often accomplish this, it is further alleged, the United States, and Canada. The newest name to arise in connec- by infiltrating selected targets, either by gaining employment in the tion with extremist animal rights activity is the Animal Liberation enterprise or by cultivating close contacts with employees having Action Foundation, which was not observed as claiming responsi- ready access to the facility. This tactic serves two purposes. First, it bility for acts until 1993. In all, 23 different entities were document-

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ed as having claimed responsibility for violent or disruptive acts themselves or their use of animals before the public. As this study against animal enterprises in the United States since 1977. demonstrates, since the inception of animal rights extremism in the The operational relationship between extremist animal rights United Kingdom and the United States, the biomedical research groups such as ALF and radical environmental groups has not been community has most closely fit these criteria. Assuming that the definitively determined. Both groups undoubtedly share a belief in biomedical research community encompasses universities, federal direct action tactics, and are believed by many to maintain inter- and private research facilities, and individual researchers, this cate- locking contacts among their leadership and membership networks. gory represents 135, or 43% of the 3 13 documented incidents. According to available information, however, in only two extremist Taken together, the biomedical research community, the food indus- incidents involving an animal enterprise has an environmental advo- try (food production aid retail), and the fur retail industry (depart- cacy group claimed responsibility.4 ment stores included), represent almost 82% of all animal enter- prises victimized. Just as they have in the United Kingdom, in the U.S. these three industries have been targeted systematically and Extent of Animal Rights Extremism in the persistently by animal rights extremists. United States Perhaps the most disturbing pattern to emerge during the peri- od in question was that individuals and their personal property were Throughout the 198Os, fueled by a desire to achieve more tan- targeted with increasing frequency. In recent years especially, ani- gible results and encouraged by confrontational publications such as mal rights extremists appear to have become more willing to repeat- A Declaration of War: Killing People to Save Animals and the edly and systematically victimize individuals and their personal Environment,5 the frequency and severity of extremist animal property with varying degrees of harassment, intimidation, and rights-related activity in the United States expanded significantly. property defacement or destruction, Since 1977,43, or almost 14%, According to the data examined, between 1977 and June 30, 1993, of all documented incidents involved the victimization of individu- the Animal Liberation Front and other extremist animal rights als or their personal property. The victimized individuals were, pri- groups were documented as having perpetrated 3 13 individual acts, marily, research scientists working in the field of biomedical re- varying widely in nature and scope, against enterprises or individu- search using animals. According to practitioners, and substantiated als using or marketing animals or animal-derived products. by ALF leaflets and other militant animal rights publications, two Approximately 60% of the total incidents documented were claimed interrelated factors could account for this trend. First, beginning in by ALE The following is a numerical analysis of this activity. The the United Kingdom and, predictably, taking root in the U.S., ani- analysis is based on data compiled by numerous law enforcement, mal rights extremists deliberately have sought to personalize their government, professional/trade association, and private industry attacks, victimizing living perpetrators of “animal abuse” in addi- sources analyzed by the authors of this study6 It should be empha- tion to sabotaging the facilities in which they work. Second, and sized that the data presented here is based on an aggregation of re- more practically, most industries that have been targeted systemati- ported or documented cases only, and does not necessarily represent cally throughout the years have responded to this onslaught with the entire universe of extremist acts perpetrated on behalf of the ani- heightened security, leaving the individual researchers themselves mal rights cause. 7 highly visible and vulnerable representatives of the biomedical re- On the basis of this information, it was possible to identify a search community.9 It is important to note that acts against individ- number of important factors and trends that characterize animal uals or their property are likely underestimated in the data analyzed rights extremist activity in the United States since the first incident for this study. It is assumed that, for fear of retaliation or other emo- was documented in 1977. These patterns, illustrated in the following tional factors, not all of the individuals who are victimized by ani- charts and analyzed in detail below, are, if considered in combina- mal rights extremists choose to publicize or report incidents to law tion, critical to an effective legislative and law enforcement re- enforcement authorities. sponse to animal enterprise terrorism. Table 1 provides a detailed breakdown of the types of enter- prises victimized by animal rights extremists and number of times each was victimized during the 1977-June 1993 period. Qpes of Enterprises Victimized Thus far, unlike in the United Kingdom, pharmaceutical com- panies in the U.S. that use animals for drug testing have not been During the period 1977-June 1993, a total of 28 different types regularly victimized by animal rights extremists. During the period of animal enterprises were victimized by animal rights extremists. examined, no pharmaceutical companies using animals for testing University facilities-primarily research laboratories in which ani- medicinal products were documented as having been victimized by mals were maintained for testing- were victimized most frequently. animal rights extremists. Only four cosmetic companies were vic- Universities were followed, in order of frequency, by fur retailers, timized. In view of the increasingly militant rhetoric as well as nu- individuals, and the food production and retail industries. The chart merous threats leveled against the pharmaceutical industry, howev- on the following page and the table below illustrate the frequency er, law enforcement officials and representatives of the biomedical (and percentage of total documented research community agree that it soon could become a target for ex- incidents) at which targeted enterprises and individuals have been tremist actions. victimized during the period. Generally speaking, ALF and other animal rights extremists tend to target animal enterprises that are easy to infiltrate and ac- Qpes of Activity cess, are readily visible to news media, and can generate maximum public sympathy. They also tend to select enterprises whose em- By far the most prominent animal rights-related activities in ployees tend to avoid publicity and who are least prepared to defend the U.S. that fall within this report’s definition of “extremism” are

250 THE PHYSIOLOGIST CONGRESSIONAL REPORT

Table 1. Type of Enterprise Victimized and Number of Incidents extremist acts that have been directed against individual researchers Documented (In Order of Frequency) have involved either threats against their person or family members or vandalism to their personal property, or both. Of all the cases ex- Enterprise Type No. of Percentage Incidents of Total amined, 29 involved personal threats ranging in severity from intim- Incidents idation and harassment to letters promising death or bodily injury. In many cases, researchers’ homes or automobiles were vandalized, University Facilities most commonly with graffiti. However, no cases involving acts (medical and research) 63 20 against individuals or their property entailing destruction greater Fur Retailers 48 16 Individuals/Private Residences 43 14 than minor vandalism have ever been attributed definitively to ani- Agricultural/Food Production Facilities* 28 09 mal rights extremism. Markets/Delis/Butcher Shops 33 11 The second most common type of activity, occurring 77 times, Private Research Facilities/Labs/ was the theft or release of animals. Animal “liberation” is a tradi- Medical Centers 21 07 tional tactic that reaches to the heart of the animal rights movement Department Stores 12 04 and provides the ultimate philosophical justification for militant ac- Federal Research or Medical Facilities 08 03 tivity. Indeed, most raids on research laboratories and other animal Breeding Ranches** 07 Professional Associations 06 enterprises in which live animals are maintained are conducted for Restaurants 06 the sole purpose of freeing the animals from captivity. In some Animal Shelters/Animal Welfare Societies 05 cases, raids conducted by the Animal Liberation Front are known to Cosmetic Companies 04 have resulted in the release of hundreds of animals. Many practi- Fur-Animal Farms/Breeders 03 tioners in the biomedical research community maintain that this ac- Local Government Facilities 03 tivity can be as threatening to the freed animals as it is to the enter- Rodeos 02 prise itself. By ALF activists’ own admission, for instance, animals Feed Cooperatives 02 Stables/Liveries 02 of undomesticated origin that are bred and raised in captivity are Parks/Youth Centers 02 most often released into the wild, where they may not possess the High School Laboratories 02 skills to survive. l1 During the course of most of these raids, the Zoos/Wild Animal Parks 02 painting of graffiti and other acts of minor or major vandalism, most Hunt Clubs 02 often entailing the destruction of equipment, are perpetrated at the Guns and Ammunition/Hunting Stores 02 scene. Taxidermists 02 The high incidence of minor vandalism suggests that most ex- Circuses 01 Leather Retail Stores 01 tremist animal rights-related acts continue to be small scale and Wildlife Societies 01 fairly haphazard. The data nevertheless indicate that ALF and asso- Stadiums 01 ciated groups are capable of more sophisticated actions requiring a Pet Breeders 01 higher level of planning and coordination. Of these more serious but Total 313 less frequent activities, vandalism involving major property dam- age, most often by arson, is the most noteworthy. Major vandalism * Most commonly meat packing/processing companies, but also including includes, primarily, the destruction of property by arson or other slaughterhouses, and, much less frequently, livestock and poultry farms. means resulting in major structural damage and/or property loss as ** Including ranches raising animals for the purpose of research. well as significant disruption of commercial operations. This activi- ty, occurring in 26 of the 3 13 documented incidents, is the most de- structive and costly form of “economic sabotage,” and in some those that were introduced and perfected during the modem animal cases has been categorized by the Federal Bureau of Investigation as rights movement’s early development in the United Kingdom as “domestic terrorism.” 12 Acts of major vandalism have ranged from “staples” of extremist activism. As the graph on the following page the destruction of sophisticated laboratory equipment to the destruc- illustrates, the most common of these activities is vandalism involv- tion of the victimized facility as a whole. As the figures below indi- ing minor property damage. This activity includes the painting of cate, in the tradition of ALF activity in the United Kingdom, arson graffiti (usually ALF slogans or threatslO), broken windows, de- is the preferred means of major destruction for ALF’s “hard core” facement, glued locks, and other acts causing minor property dam- activists in the U.S.13 In the United States, arson is most commonly age and/or minimal disruption of commercial or professional opera- accomplished with unsophisticated non-electrical incendiary de- tions. Minor vandalism is the most easily perpetrated and least cost- vices. Just since the passage of the Animal Enterprise Protection ly form of “economic sabotage,” involving some activities that do Act in August 1992, there have been two incidents of major vandal- not have to be reserved for the most violent, “hard core” adherents ism, both involving arson. 14 to the animal rights cause. Of the 3 13 documented incidents exam- Given the multiplicity of the types of activities animal extrem- ined in this study, minor vandalism was documented as having oc- ists engage in, it should be emphasized that these actions are not curred 160 times, or in about half the cases. These data demonstrate necessarily mutually exclusive, often being perpetrated in various that a majority of the documented incidents would likely not consti- combinations. For example, ALF and other groups paint graffiti at tute a violation of the Animal Enterprise Protection Act or any other the incident scene in a vast majority of cases, although most com- federal law, and therefore would not normally be reported to federal monly in combination with other acts such as vandalism or the theft law enforcement authorities. of animals. In the data presented below, cases involving overlapping Although minor vandalism is not itself a new tactic, the targets activities during any one incident are sorted according to themost at which it is directed have become more personalized. All of the serious activity perpetrated during that event. Even though arson

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Table 2. ‘Ijpe of Activity Perpetrated and Number of Times groups. Altogether, approximately 54% of all documented incidents Documented (In Order of Frequency) occurred in the western United States (excluding Hawaii). The cor- No. of Percentage responding figure for the east coast region of the U.S. is 34%. Activity Incidents of Total Extremist animal rights-related activity was documented in 28 states Incidents and the District of Columbia during the 1977-June 30, 1993 period. The overall geographical patterns are depicted by the chart on page Vandalism: Minor Property Damage 160 51 18 and in Table 3. Theft/Release of Animals 77 25 Threats Against an Individual 29 09 Vandalism: Major Property Damage 26 08 Arson 21 07 Chronological Patterns Bomb Threat 16 05 Firebombing 14 04 The first documented extremist animal rights-related incident oc- Hoax Bomb 09 03 curred on May 29, 1977, when two dolphins were released from a Other Theft 05 marine laboratory at the University of Hawaii by a group calling it- Billboards destroyed/defaced 04 self the Undersea Railroad. Following this incident, incidents num- Bombing Attempt 03 Non-Threatening Letters/Telephone Calls* 02 bered only a few each year through the late 1970s. Beginning in Personal Attack/Assault 02 1982, the level of activity increased fairly steadily through the mid- Arson Attempt 01 198Os, decreasing for the years 1985 and 1986, and surging signifi- Assassination Attempt 01 cantly in 1987 and 1988. In the subsequent years, extremist animal rights activity dropped steadily, by 1992 reaching its lowest level * Pertains to animal rights groups making friendly contact with a perceived since 1986. As of June 30, 1993, the number of extremist animal conduit or sympathizer in a targeted enterprise. rights-related incidents had already exceeded the 1992 incident total. About half of the activities occurring during the first half of 1993 involved threats against individual researchers and/or acts of and firebombing were the principal means by which acts of major vandalism were perpetrated, they have been factored out of the Table 3. Number of Incidents by State (In Order of Frequency) major vandalism category to depict the incidence of each tactic dur- ing the 1977-June 30,1993 period. State No. of Percentage of Table 2 provides a detailed breakdown of the types of extremist Incidents Total Incidents activities perpetrated by animal rights extremists and the number of California 46 times each activity was documented during the 1977-June 1993 pe- 143 Maryland 20 06 riod. As these activities often overlap in any given incident, a total Pennsylvania 16 05 of the activities would far exceed the incident total and therefore is Florida 16 not stated. It should be noted that, due to their only marginal rele- New York 16 vance to the mandate of the Act as well as their high incidence, North Carolina 11 04 demonstrations, sit-ins, and other protests are not presented here. Washington 09 03 According to the data analyzed, during the 1977-1993 period over Illinois 08 Georgia 07 200 animal rights-related demonstrations were recorded as occur- Unknown* 07 ring, some resulting in arrests of individuals for trespassing. Washington, DC 06 Despite the severely destructive nature of some of these activi- Oregon 05 ties, none of the extremist animal rights-related activities analyzed Minnesota 10 for this report is known to have resulted in the injury or death of an- Massachusetts 05 other individual. 15 In addition, it is important to note that, unlike in Ohio 04 Canada and the United Kingdom, there have been no major inci- Tennessee 04 Nevada 03 dents involving product tampering or contamination hoaxes claimed Connecticut 03 by or attributed to animal rights extremists. And, finally, there is no Michigan 03 evidence to indicate that firearms were used during the course of Arizona 02 any of the documented incidents in the United States. Hawaii 02 Utah 02 Montana 02 Geographical Patterns of Activity Texas 02 Virginia 02 New Jersey 01 It is generally believed that extremist animal rights-related ac- Delaware 01 tivity in the United States originated on the east coast. The first on Missouri 01 record, for instance, occurred in New York. l6 Soon afterward, ac- Colorado 01 tivities in Maryland, the District of Columbia, and Florida were doc- South Carolina 01 umented. During the course of the 198Os, however, the locus of ALF activity shifted to the west coast as the incidence of activities Total 313 dramatically increased. Since the mid-1980s, California has been * Available sources did not indicate the location of these incidents. unequalled in the number of incidents claimed by ALF and other

252 THE PHYSIOLOGIST CONGRESSIONAL REPORT

minor vandalism against their personal property, including private marily on anecdotal information, including the impressions of inter- residences. viewed officials as well as information pertaining to specific docu- Given the wide fluctuations in ALF activity during the 198Os, mented incidents provided by those officials or by law enforcement the cause of this recent decline cannot be reliably discerned. authorities. From these accounts we were able to identify the conse- Nevertheless, a number of occurrences directly resulting from the quences targeted enterprises in private industry, government, and onslaught of animal rights extremism throughout the 1980s can be the academic community believe to be most pertinent as well as isolated as possibly having influence on this decline. First, as de- costly to their operations. tailed above, in 1988 the FBI began its investigation of ALF as a By all accounts, the effects of animal rights extremism begin domestic terrorist organization. Second, the decline in ALF activity with but go well beyond the readily apparent costs of physical de- through the early 1990s coincided with the deliberation of legisla- struction or stolen property. In general, animal rights extremism has tion to protect animal enterprises and the ultimate passage of the had direct, collateral, and indirect effects on animal enterprises or Animal Enterprise Protection Act in August 1992. Third, at this industries. Despite our inability to quantify these effects, the una- time federal grand juries were being convened to investigate ALF’s nimity of concernamong all targetedenterprises as well the docu- highly destructive activity. And, finally, according to representatives mentary information that was obtained suggests that the compound- of the biomedical research, agriculture, and fur producing communi- ed impact of animal rights extremism has imposed a significant cost ties, by the late 1980s industries that systematically had been target- upon both individual enterprises and the wider commercial indus- ed by animal rights extremists began to significantly tighten their tries and research communities of which they are a part. The follow- security postures. ing is a summary of those effects. Whether or not these events in any way affected the incidence Direct Efsects refer to the immediate economic impact of ex- of extremist animal rights activity, the evidence clearly suggests that tremist animal rights-related activity. These consequences are the by the early 1990s activity claimed by ALF and other groups had most apparent and costly, as they relate to the disruption of commer- noticeably declined. In view of these trends, illustrated in Table 4, cial or otherwise critical operations and/or the loss of property due ALF activity should be monitored regularly to ensure that animal to destruction or theft inflicted during a specific incident. These ef- rights extremism in the 1990s does not suddenly and destructively fects are usually realized in the form of repair or replacement costs. increase as it did during the 1980s. The most common activities-minor vandalism and the theft or re- lease of animals-though less destructive, invariably involve some degree of property damage or loss. For any enterprise type, the re- Effects of Animal Rights Extremism in the lease of animals can impose a severe economic burden upon the fa- United States cility and its operations. Laboratory animals, for instance, can cost thousands of dollars each and, if especially bred and conditioned for The consensus among practitioners in industry, government, the purposes of research, can be difficult to replace. academia, and law enforcement alike is that animal rights extrem- Even more seriously, as mentioned above, 26 acts of major ism in the United States has significantly affected, both directly and vandalism, including arson, have been documented since 1977. indirectly, the enterprises and industries that it has victimized. As These cases alone, comprising only 8% of all animal rights-related the statistical data on this issue was inadequate, however, it was im- cases, have involved millions of dollars in economic loss resulting possible to derive any definitive estimate of the cumulative financial from damaged or destroyed equipment and facilities. The most de- or other effects of this activity. In examining the effects of animal structive and costly incident to date was the arson and destruction rights extremism in the United States, therefore, this study relies pri- by fire of a veterinary diagnostic lab under construction at the University of California at Davis. Total damages resulting from this Table 4. Number of Incidents by Year act were estimated at $4.5 million.17 In all, a total of 12 animal rights-related acts have resulted in direct damages estimated in the Year No. of Percentage of hundreds of thousands of dollars, and at least one in which direct Incidents Total Incidents damages exceeded $1 million. In five of these cases, the victimized 1977 01 enterprise was a university research facility. (See Appendix 11 for a 1979 02 list of those incidents for which estimates of direct costs were made 1980 03 available.) 1981 01 Collateral Efsects represent the longer-term economic impact 1982 10 1983 15 05 of animal rights-related activity. These are the costs enterprises or 1984 31 10 industries have been compelled to incur in response to being victim- 1985 17 05 ized or threatened by animal rights extremists. They are, primarily, 1986 07 expenses relating to attempts to prevent acts of animal rights ex- 1987 53 17 tremism. According to many practitioners, the need to enhance se- 1988 52 17 curity is the most prominent among these effects on animal enter- 1989 37 12 prises or industries. Although at least one study has been conducted 1990 23 07 1991 37 12 within the biomedical research community to quantify the financial 1992 11 burden of added security on research facilities, the difficulty of iso- 1993 (as of June 30) 13 04 lating costssolely attributableto animalrights extremism is saidto have prevented any definitive or reliable conclusion from being Total Years: 16 made. Informally, however, most targeted industries agree that secu- Total Incidents Reported: 3 13 rity costs for animal enterprises have risen anywhere from 10% to

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20% as a result of extremist animal rights activity. These costs most on Dr. Orem’s research ensued. In traditional fashion People for the often include the addition or enhancement of both operational (e.g., Ethical Treatment of Animals held a news conference and issued a security personnel) and structural security systems. statement justifying the release of the cats. For all targeted industries, another collateral cost associated According to an official with the South Central Sector of with animal rights extremism is a higher overall risk of being vic- USDA’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Regulatory timized, which often translates into higher insurance premiums. Enforcement and Animal Care: Although most animal industries agree that this is without doubt a collateral cost factor, none could comfortably offer a measure of its Research was essentially stopped for one year. Extensive actual effect on animal enterprises. For commercial enterprises such time was lost repairing or replacing equipment and [Dr. as food or fur retailers, collateral costs also include the temporary Orem] was not permitted to house animals in his facility until loss of business due to the repair or replacement of the facility. In added security was installed. Responding to the continuing more extreme cases such as those experienced in the fur industry, propaganda campaign and investigations together with the the impact of an attack on local public opinion can translate into the loss of morale, energy, and productivity caused by this “inci- gradual and potentially permanent loss of clientele. dent” interfered with the resumption of research and cannot The fur retail industry was the only industry regularly victim- be assigned a monetary value. ized by animal rights extremism that provided a current estimate of the cumulative direct and collateral effects of this activity. The cost of replacing the stolen cats, which had not yet been used in According to a recent survey of the approximately 1,500 fur retail- research, was estimated at $2,500. Repair and replacement costs ers in the United States,l * animal rights-related activity resulted in were estimated as follows: facilities-$15,500; equipment-$3- an estimated $17.5 million in direct and collateral costs from 1987 1,800; and supplies-$6,200. It was also reported that, as a result of through 1992. Most of this, the analysis concludes, reflects the cost the incident, the laboratory facilities and equipment were fully or of physical damages, including repair and replacement expenses. partially inactive for 45 weeks. In addition it was estimated that the Costs relating to enhanced security, although proportionally much institution’s cost of paying the research scientists and staff as well as less, also are included in this estimate. The impact on clientele and maintaining the facilities and equipment during the inactive period other potential “opportunity costs” were not quantified in the fur in- ran into the hundreds of thousands of dollars. Ultimately, after the dustry’s study. direct, collateral, and indirect consequences of the incident were Indirect Efects are those that cannot be directly measured in fi- considered, the total cost to the targeted institution was estimated at nancial or economic terms, but which may result from the direct or just over $1 million. collateral costs mentioned above. Despite the unavailability of spe- When the direct, collateral, and indirect effects of incidents cific estimates, it can be concluded with some confidence that both such as this are factored together, ALF’s professed tactic of “eco- the direct and collateral effects of extremist animal rights activities nomic sabotage” can be considered successful9 and its objectives, at are often high enough to eliminate or divert resources away from re- least toward the victimized facility, fulfilled. search or other activities relating to the use of animals. The loss or diversion of resources inevitably has intangible consequences, espe- cially for the biomedical community and other non-revenue generat- The Official Response to Animal Rights ing industries. These costs often include: the loss, disruption, or Extremism in the United States delay of ongoing research; higher research costs; scheduled research projects postponed or cancelled; and research grants withheld. In addition to the FBI’s investigation of ALF as a terrorist or- Another disruptive, albeit less resource-dependent effect of animal ganization from 1988 through 1990, and the ultimate enactment of rights extremism is the apprehension and fear that this activity can the Animal Enterprise Protection Act, federal authorities have re- instill in an employee of any victimized animal enterprise. sponded to animal rights extremism by launching a number of grand For university-based, or otherwise non-revenue generating ani- jury investigations of major incidents. Some of these currently are mal enterprises especially, the theft of animals and records and the ongoing, including inquiries into the following incidents: destruction of equipment or other property, perpetrated in tandem, can be financially burdensome, disruptive to the progress of the tar- l June 199 1 break-in and firebombing of mink farm facility at geted project, and demoralizing for employees. In order to illustrate Oregon State University. The facility damaged by fire was used for the compounded effect animal rights extremist activity can have on storing feed and equipment.. ALF claimed responsibility. an animal enterprise, it is worth relating the details of an incident l June 1991 destruction by fire of the Northwest Farm Food for which cost estimates were made available. The following de- Cooperative facility in Edmonds, Washington. The cooperative sup- scribes one of the three incidents that the FBI has officially charac- plied animal feed and bedding to northwest fur farms. ALF claimed terized as being an act of domestic terrorism. responsibility. In July 1989, without warning, ALF activists illegally entered a laboratory and office at Texas Tech University’s Health Sciences l October 1992 break-in release of animals, and arson at Utah Center in Lubbock, Texas. The laboratory was operated by Dr. John State University. The target was a USDA-sponsored predator ecolo- Orem, who was conducting research on sleeping disorders-includ- gy project in which coyotes were maintained for experimentation. ing Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)-and using cats for ex- ALF claimed responsibility. perimentation. During the intrusion laboratory equipment was dam- aged or disabled, slogans were spray-painted on the walls, and five On July 16, 1993, a federal grand jury in Grand Rapids, adult research-conditioned cats were stolen. Immediately following Michigan returned a five-count indictment against Rodney the raid, an intense propaganda and harassment campaign focusing Coronado-a suspected ALF member-in connection with the

254 THE PHYSIOLOGIST CONGRESSIONAL REPORT

February 1992 break-in, vandalism, and arson at Michigan State Zealand, and Israe1.23 Universi ty.20 The indictment includes charges of arson, destruction Despite the apparent absence of tangible connections, animal of government property, theft, and the use of an explosive. The tar- rights extremism in the United Kingdom exerts considerable influ- geted project involved fertility research using minks for experimen- ence over the phenomenon in the United States. Since emergence of tation. ALF claimed responsibility for the incident. the Band of Mercy and then the Animal Liberation Front in the Since the appearance of illegal activity relating to the cause of 197Os, militant animal rights-related activity in the United Kingdom animal rights, only nine persons have been convicted in connection has continued unabated. Not only has animal rights extremism in with a specific incident. Only one person-Fran Trutt-was con- the U.K. set the ideological stage for adherents in the United States victed on federal charges (see footnote number 27 below), and only and other countries over the years, but it also has established the ex- one person-Roger Troen- has been convicted of involvement in ample for violence and destruction. Consistent with their common an incident claimed by ALE21 To date, no one has been charged origins, it is widely believed by practitioners in targeted enterprises under the Animal Enterprise Protection Act of 1992. and law enforcement alike that animal rights extremism has and Since 1988, 32 states have enacted laws aimed at protecting ani- continues to progressively follow the movement in the U.K. mal enterprises from animal rights-inspired violence and destruc- According to an official with New Scotland Yard’s Animal Rights tion. They are, by year of enactment, as follows: National Index (ARNI),24 for example, the United States is “five years behind the United Kingdom, but catching up quickly,” in the 1988 1989 1990 severity of activity. If this assessment is correct, the critical differ- ences between animal rights extremism in the U.K. and the U.S. Massachusetts Indiana Arizona will be extremely important to the ability of law enforcement, gov- Minnesota Utah Georgia ernment, and industry to identify and prepare for potential changes Idaho in the nature of animal rights extremism in this country. The pat- Illinois terns of activity in the U.K. that reflect these differences are high- Kansas lighted below. Kentucky First, the frequency of extremist animal rights activity in Louisiana Britain has consistently far exceeded that in the United States.25 Maryland Since the mid 1970s for instance, thousands of extremist animal rights incidents have been documented in the United Kingdom. 1991 1992 1993 During the period 199&1992 alone, ARNI documented 2,980 inci- dents involving militant animal rights activity. Even during this Arkansas Colorado Florida three year period, yearly incident totals varied widely, mirroring Iowa Missouri Maine very roughly the fluctuation of activity in the United States, but on a Montana Nebraska much larger scale. Following a lull in 1990, when 573 incidents New York South Carolina causing damage estimated at E55 1,350 were recorded, British au- Naorth Dakota Tennessee thorities observed a substantial increase in activity. In 1991, 1,718 Oklahoma Virginia incidents were documented, causing an estimated JE8,539,000 in Oregon damage. Activities decreased to 689 in 1992, when cumulative dam- Texas age was estimated at almost &2 million.26 Washington Secondly, the willingness to cause more severe destruction to Wisconsin animal enterprises in the United Kingdom traditionally has been greater than in the United States. As the Band of Mercy and the As of June 1993, similar legislation was being considered by legis- Animal Liberation Front in Britain pioneered the tactic of economic latures in New Jersey, Alabama, and New Hampshire. sabotage, they have progressively broadened the means by which it is achieved. Most notably, throughout the 198Os, ALF in Britain es- Animal Rights Extremism in Other Countries calated its use of incendiary devices to cause damage to animal en- terprises. Although unsophisticated non-electrical incendiary de- On the basis of the information examined during the course of vices-such as “Molotov cocktails”-were and continue to be pre- this study, there appear to be no operational, logistical, or financial ferred for their ease of construction and predictable effectiveness, linkages between the Animal Liberation Front or other extremist an- ALF and other groups in the U.K. have demonstrated an increasing imal rights groups in the United States and groups in other coun- willingness to use timed or electrical incendiary devices in their at- tries. Similarly, we found no evidence that groups based in other tacks against important targets. These have included mail bombs countries are operating or sponsoring activities in the United States. and car bombs, which are both more controllable and destructive As evidenced by its “cellular” organizational structure, ALF and its than simple incendiary devices. In recent years, it has become com- associated groups appear to remain localized, connected with their mon for hundreds of incendiary devices of varying levels of sophis- foreign counterparts by little more than a common philosophy and tication to be used in attacks during the course of only one year in operational “example.“22 As such, animal rights extremism can the U.K. In 1991, for instance, over 250 crude incendiary devices more accurately be characterized as multinational than as interna- reportedly were used against the meat industry alone. tional. Besides the United Kingdom, animal rights extremism has The increased sophistication and use of incendiary devices in been observed in other European countries, including the the United Kingdom appears to have coincided with the “personal- Netherlands, Germany, France, Ireland, Sweden, Iceland, and Italy. ization” of the conflict-that is, the willingness to cause harm to an Activity also has been documented in Canada, Australia, New individual or his/her personal property. In a number of cases during

Vol. 36, No. 6, 1993 255 CONGRESSIONAL REPORT

the 1980s and early 199Os, explosive devices were attached to auto- l After emerging in the United States out of the tradition estab- mobiles belonging to biomedical researchers, some without warn- lished in the United Kingdom, extremist animal rights-related activ- ing. Most were discovered and defused, but some actually detonat- ity increased in frequency from the late 1970s through the mid- ed. Although these and other devices have caused much harm to ve- 198Os, reaching a high point in the years 1987 and 1988, and gener- hicles and other property, they are known to have resulted in no ally declining through June 1993. In all, 313 incidents involving deaths and only one injury-to a small child, who recovered. In the animal rights extremism were documented during the period. United States by contrast, there has been only one confirmed case involving the use of this type of explosive with the intent of harm- l Claiming approximately 60% of the 3 13 documented inci- ing an individual.27 dents, the Animal Liberation Front (ALF) is by far the most active In addition, also unlike in the United States, threats and claims of the 23 entities observed as having claimed responsibility for vio- of product tampering or contamination have been common in the lent or disruptive acts against animal enterprises in the United States U.K. The most disruptive and costly of these occurred in 1984, since 1977. ALF is believed to have a very loosely organized mem- when activists claimed to have poisoned Mars chocolate bars to bership of 100 or fewer militant activists who are willing to inflict protest dental research on monkeys. The claim turned out to be a large-scale damage or destruction on behalf of their cause. All ex- hoax, but cost the company an estimated E3 million. More recently, tremist animal rights groups are believed to be associated with each in November 1991 animal rights activists claimed to have contami- other by leadership, membership, or both. nated bottles of Lucozade, a health drink manufactured by Smith Klein Beecham. Removing the product from store shelves for one l Throughout the 198Os, ALF and other groups employed the day alone cost the company an estimated &9 million. traditional tactics of minor vandalism and the theft of animals most With regard to targeted enterprises or industries in the United frequently. Altogether, a largemajority of the extremist animal Kingdom, it should be mentioned that the tactics of economic sabo- rights-related incidents occurring during the 1977-June 30, 1993 tage and propaganda have most seriously affected the country’s fur period were not of the severity or cost to be covered by the Animal industry. According to British law enforcement sources, a prolonged Enterprise Protection Act of 1992. During the same period, howev- arson campaign that began in the mid-1980s has resulted in a dra- er, extremists associated with the animal rights cause demonstrated matic loss in fur sales and, consequently, revenue. Claiming this a an increasing willingness to engage in more militant and costly ac- success, animal rights extremists, while continuing to victimize the tivities. These included acts of major property destruction, primarily meat industry, biomedical research community, and fox hunters, by means of arson. A total of 26 acts of major property destruction, began shifting their attention toward the pharmaceutical industry. In inflicting damages estimated in the millions of dollars, were docu- contrast with the activities of animal rights extremists in the United mented during the period. States, for activists in the United Kingdom the pharmaceutical in- dustry has become a “preferred target” to be systematically and per- sistently victimized. All extremist animal rights groups are Whether animal rights extremism in the United States will believed to be associated with each evolve toward these patterns of heightened activity in the United other by leadership, membership, or Kingdom cannot be predicted with any certainty. After all, the fre- I both. quency and severity of incidents in any country relates as much to the unique national circumstances and constraints-such as geogra- phy and the level of public sympathy or tolerance-as to the dili- l Animal enterprises most persistently and systematically tar- gence or ideological zeal of the individual activists. It is believed, geted by animal rights extremists during the 1977-June 1993 period for instance, that given the UK’s geographical size,28 hard core were, in order of frequency, the biomedical research community, the animal fights extremists there work in closer coordination with each meat production and retail industries, and the fur production and re- other than activists in the United States. It also has been suggested tail industries. The biomedical research community alone, encom- that ALF and other groups in the United Kingdom have and contin- passing university, federal, and private research facilities, consti- ue to draw members from the ranks of other fringe and/or subver- tutes 43% of all documented cases. The most disturbing pattern to sive political groups. Prominent among these are left-wing anar- emerge during the 1980s was that individuals and their personal chists presumably disaffected by the end of the Cold War. There is property were and continue to be targeted with increasing frequency no evidence relating to the role of other political groups or ideolo- and persistence. gies in ALF’s operations or membership sources in the United States. Despite these fundamental differences, however, it can be l Although, in the United States, animal rights extremism was concluded that, since its inception in the U.S., the general momen- first observed on the east coast, during the study period as a whole tum of animal rights extremism in this country has and continues to the majority of incidents occurred in California. In all, approximate- follow closely the example established in the United Kingdom. ly 54% of all documented incidents claimed by ALF and other groups occurred in the western United States (excluding Hawaii). Extremist animal rights-related activity was documented in 28 states General Conclusions and the District of Columbia during the 1977 - June 30, 1993 peri- od. On the basis of the analyses conducted during the course of this study, it is possible to draw the following general conclusions l The consensus among practitioners in industry, government, about animal rights extremism in the United States. academia, and law enforcement alike is that animal rights extrem-

256 THE PHYSIOLOGIST CONGRESSIONAL REPORT

ism in the United States has significantly affected the enterprises numerous entities that provided it, was derived and compiled pri- and industries it has victimized. These effects include the direct marily on the basis of news media reports, often with confirmation costs of physical destruction or stolen property, the collateral costs from law enforcement authorities or the targeted enterprise or indus- of enhanced security, higher insurance rates, lost clientele, and the try. As of the completion of this study, there was no federal or other- indirect costs of disrupted, delayed, or cancelled research. These wise central independent authority for regularly monitoring animal compounded effects on targeted animal enterprises have not been rights-related extremist activity in the United States. reliably quantified. 7. In fact, it is generally believed that many animal rights-related in-

l Since the emergence of animal rights extremism in the United cidents-especially those involving relatively minor acts of vio- States, only six persons have been convicted in connection with a lence such as graffiti-go unreported, and therefore are numerically specific incident. Only one person has been convicted on federal underestimated in this analysis. charges, and only one (another) person has been convicted of in- volvement in an incident claimed by ALE To date, no one has been 8. As it was not possible to determine conclusively from document- charged under the Animal Enterprise Protection Act of 1992. ed cases whether department store were targeted for their fur or leather sales, or both, these stores were factored out of the fur retail

l Incidents relating to animal rights extremism have been docu- category. As most anecdotal data suggests that the vast majority of mented in numerous foreign countries. Animal rights extremism in victimized department stores were targeted for their fur sales, how- the United Kingdom, where the phenomenon originated and contin- ever, these incidents can be added back to the fur retail category for ues to be much more severe than in the United States, has substan- a view of the wider impact of animal rights activity on the fur indus- tially influenced the movement in this country. British activists have try. When this is done, 60, or 19% of all documented incidents in- set not only the ideological stage for adherents in the U.S. but also volved the fur industry. Because this figure is based on the number have established the example for violence and destruction. Activists of documented incidents only, it may be an underestimation. in the United States have and could continue to progressively follow According to a recent industry-sponsored survey of fur retailers, for this example. Nevertheless, this study uncovered no evidence that example, 43% of the 1,500 fur retailers in the United States reported would suggest that there are any operational, logistical, or financial that they had been victimized by animal rights activists in some way connections between ALF or other groups in the U.K. (or other just within the past year. Because individual fur retailers, like other countries) and their counterparts in the United States. animal enterprises, often prefer to avoid the potential consequences of publicity, many incidents go unreported and therefore would not be reflected in this analysis.

Endnotes 9. A recent example of this factor involved the vandalism of re- search scientists’ personal property in the Maryland suburbs of 1. See “Terrorism in the United States: 1990,” published by the Washington, D.C. On April 27, 1993, the homes, and in some cases FBI’s Terrorist Research and Analytical Center, Counter-terrorism automobiles, of five scientists employed with the National Institutes Section, Criminal Investigation Division. of Health (NIH) were vandalized with graffiti. A group calling itself the “Animal Avengers” claimed credit for the acts. In response to 2. It has been observed, however, that some prominent activists numerous demonstrations, burglaries, and other animal rights-relat- within the animal rights movement in he United States are, or at one ed incidents occurring throughout the 198Os, the NIH has and con- time were, British subjects. Some even suspect that ALF in the tinues to enhance its security posture. It is believed that, deterred by United Kingdom operates “training camps” for activists from the the increased risk of detection at the NIH facilities, the perpetrators United States and other countries. This suspicion has never been of these crimes sought to fulfill their objectives by targeting the in- substantiated. dividual researchers where they were most vulnerable. 3. Though never publicly condoning ALF’s illegal activities, PETA representatives almost always voice support for the motive or prin- 10. Slogans commonly painted on walls and windows include: ciple underlying any given incident. “ALF,” “Meat is Murder, ” “Animal Auschwitz,” and “Meat is Death and You are Next.” 4. In January 1989, the Dixon Livestock Building in Dixon, California was set on fire, resulting in damage estimated at 11. Ironically, in some cases the animals the activists intended to re- $250,000. The radical environmental advocacy group Earth First! lease during the given raid never left their cages. In other cases, ani- claimed responsibility for this incident and for painting the slogan mals were known to have returned to the victimized facility follow- “Agribusiness Kills” on the California Cattleman’s Association ing the incident. building in Sacramento. 12. To date, the most serious and costly act attributable to animal 5. Published in 1991 under the pseudonym “Screaming Wolf.” A rights extremism was the April 1987 destruction by fire of a veteri- Declaration of War is an inflammatory “call to arms” for animal lib- nary diagnostic laboratory under construction at the University of erationists. In extremely confrontational terms, the book encourages California-Davis. This attack, claimed by the Animal Liberation an escalation of violence and sabotage against animal enterprises, Front, was the first animal rights-related incident to be categorized and, especially, individuals. as an act of domestic terrorism by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. As a direct result of this case, in late 1987 the FBI 6. It should be noted that this data, by the acknowledgement of the launched an investigation of ALF as a domestic terrorist organiza-

Vol. 36, No. 6, 1993 257 CONGRESSIONAL REPORT

tion. The FBI continued this investigation through September 1990. 19. Many of the university-based research projects victimized over Only two other incidents have been officially characterized as do- the years have ben funded-either partially or in full-by govem- mestic terrorist acts: 1) the April 1989 arson at the University of ment agencies such as the U.S. Department of Agriculture or the Arizona in Tucson; and 2) the July 1989 theft of animals and de- National Institutes of Health. struction of equipment at Texas Tech University in Lubbock. 20. Rodney Coronado, who also is wanted in Canada on charges re- 13. In both the United States and the United Kingdom, the Animal lating to the vandalism of fur retailers, is still at large. Liberation Front has claimed in many cases involving arson that its intent was not to engulf the targeted facility in flames, but rather to 2 1. In January 1988, Roger Troen was convicted in an Oregon coun- activate the sprinkler system so as to damage the contents of the fa- ty circuit court on charges of first-degree theft and second-degree cility with water. burglary relating to his involvement in an October 1986 break-in and theft at the University of Oregon in Eugene.

14. These incidents were: 1) the October 1992 break-in and arson at 22. Operational techniques employed by ALF in the United the USDA predator ecology project at Utah State University; and 2) Kingdom are often shared with counterparts in other countries the November 1992 firebombing of five Swanson Meat trucks in through underground manuals, such as a guide to building incendi- Minneapolis, Minnesota. Direct damage in each case was estimated ary devices, and openly available periodicals, such as the British at over $100,000. ALF publication “Arkangel for Animal Liberation.” 15. In February 1990 Dr. Hyram Kitchen, Dean of the Veterinary 23. In Canada most notably, over 50 incidents-including a costly School of the University of Tennessee, was shot and killed on his product contamination hoax-claimed by extremist animal rights private farm. One month before the incident, a local police depart- groups have been documented since the early 1980s. Most of these ment issued an alert through the FBI’s National Crime Information acts were claimed by either the Animal Liberation Front or the Center that various sources, including mail received by the Animal Rights Militia. University of Tennessee, indicated that animal rights extremists has threatened to assassinate a veterinary dean within the following 12 24. In 1984, the Animal Rights National Index was established for months. No one was ever arrested for the act and there was no claim the purpose of monitoring animal rights activities in the United of responsibility. Some suspect that ALF or another extremist ani- Kingdom. The unit is responsible for collecting, evaluating, and dis- mal rights group or individual was responsible, It must be empha- seminating intelligence relating to animal rights extremism. ARNI sized, however, that this suspicion has never been substantiated. has no investigative role; offenses are investigated by officers from other authorities within the British law enforcement community. 16. This case involved the theft of four laboratory animals from a There is no law in the United Kingdom that is specifically designed New York University research facility. to counter animal rights extremism. Rather, charges are often brought under the Criminal Damage Act, Offences Against the 17. Although “ALF” graffiti was discovered at the scene of the Person Act, and the Public Order Act. blaze and a television reporter received a call from an individual claiming responsibility on behalf of ALF, the group later claimed 25. The higher rate of extremist animal rights-related incidents in that it had set the fire selectively, not intending to destroy the entire the United Kingdom is further accentuated by the size of its popula- facility. tion. As of 1992, the population of the U.K. was approximately 58 million, compared with the United States’ population of almost 256 18. According to fur retail industry representatives, the number of million. fur retail enterprises in the United States has dropped from approxi- mately 2,400 in 1987 to about 1,500 in 1993. The industry does not 26. During the 1990-1992 period, one British pound was worth an attribute this decline to animal rights activism, but rather to reces- average of $1.60. sionary and other economic factors. 27. In November 1988, Fran Stephanie Trutt was arrested for plant- ing a sophisticated radio-controlled pipebomb near the parking space of the head of United States Surgical Corporation, a company that uses dogs for testing surgical staples. The bomb was discovered Moving? and successfully disarmed. Trutt was apprehended on the company’s premises in possession of the bomb’s detonator. In January 1989, If you have moved or changed your phone, fax, or Trutt pled guilty to federal charges of possessing explosives found eMail number, please notify the APS office at in her Queens, New York, apartment, and was sentenced to 14 months of imprisonment. In April 1990, in Connecticut Superior 301-530-717 1 or eMail to inter-net: Court, Trutt pled no contest to charges of attempted murder, posses- [email protected] sion of explosives, and bomb manufacturing. As part of the plea agreement, Trutt was sentenced to one year in prison followed by Be sure to include your name, degree(s), title, de- three years of probation. partment, institution, complete mailing address, tele- phone and fax numbers, and eMail address. 28. The United Kingdom comprises a land area roughly the size of the state of Oregon.

!58 THE PHYSIOLOGIST CONGRESSIONAL REPORT

Appendix I: Names and Acronyms of Animal Rights Organizations That Claim to Have Perpetrated Acts of Extremism in the United States Animal Avengers Human Animal Liberation Front (HALF) Animal Liberation Front (ALF) Last Chance for Animals Animals Now Paint Panthers Animal Rights Calls Animal Rights Militia (ARM) Primarily Primates Band of Mercy (BOM) Socialist Committee for the Protection of Animals (SCPA) Earth First! (EF!) SUPPRESS (Students United Protesting Research of Earth Night Action Group Sentient Subjects) Farm Freedom Fighters True Friends Farm Sanctuary Undersea Railroad Friends of Animals (FOA) Urban Gorillas Fund For Animals (FFA) Vegan Action League Guardian Apes Western Wildlife Unit/Cell (of the Animal Liberation Front)

Appendix II: Major Incidents For Which EstimatedDirect CostsWere Available (Exceeding$10,000)

Date Enterprise Victimized Description Estimated of Action Direct Cost

4/16/87 University of California-Davis Arson/Vandalism $4,500,000 4120185 University of California-Riverside Break-in-in/Theft $600,000 1U9/84 City of Hope Research Inst.* Break-in/Theft $400,000-500,000 and Medical Center, Duarte, CA 615188 Sun Valley Meat Packing Company* Arson/Vandalism $300,ooo San Jose, CA 4lU89 University of Arizona-Tucson Break-in/Arson $250,000 Theft l/29/89 Dixon Livestock Building,* Dixon, CA Arson/Vandalism $250,000 1l/28/87 V. Melani Poultry,* Santa Clara, CA Arson/Vandalism $230,000 1l/25/87 Ferrara Meat Company,* San Jose, CA Arson $200,000 5/l/86 Simonsen Laboratories,* Gilroy, CA Vandalism $165,000 2/28/92 Michigan State University Break-in/Arson $125,000 East Lansing, MI Vandalism 1O/24/92 Utah State University, Logan Break-in/Arson $110,000 1 l/10/92 Swanson Meats,* Minneapolis, MN Arson $lOO,OOO+ 12/6/86 SEMA Corporation* and Theft $100,000 National Institutes of Health, MD 6/10/91 Oregon State University Break-in/Arson $75,000 Corvallis, OR Vandalism 7/l/89 Texas Tech University, Lubbock Break-in $50,000-70,000 12/25/83 Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Break-in/Theft $58,000 1O/26/86 University of Oregon, Eugene Break-in/Theft $50,000+ 9/l/87 San Jose Valley Veal & Beef Co.* Arson $35,000 Santa Clara, CA 5129184 University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Break-in/Theft $20,000 1 l/24/86 Omega and HMS Turkey Ranches* Theft/Vandalism $12,000 Wilton, CA g/15/88 Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA Break-in/Theft $10,000

*Indicates a private or otherwise non-academic enterprise

Vol. 36, No. 6, 1993 259 BOOK REVIEWS

Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 62 pages separate chapters devoted to various disorders of the cere- bral circulation, such as disordered substrate supply, cerebral is- Lars Edvinsson, Eric T. MacKenzie, and James McCulloch chemia, migraine, subarchnoid hemorrhage, and aging. New York: Raven, 1993,683 pp., illus., index, $130.00 One might justifiably raise questions about the distribution of the emphasis given to the various topics comprising the overall sub- Every so often a scientific field is rewarded by the appearance ject of the cerebral circulation and metabolism. For example, there of a comprehensive, up-to-date, and lucidly written textbook that il- appears to be an inordinate amount of space and discussion to the luminates a field. Such events have occurred on occasion in physiol- nerve supply to the cerebral vessels and to the role of neurogenic ogy, pharmacology, biochemistry, neurobiology, and other disci- factors in the regulation of cerebral blood flow. Even the chapters plines, as well as in narrower, more specialized sub-divisions of the on neurotransitters are oriented more to their possible effects on the disciplines. Usually such books are single-authored or prepared by cerebral vasculature than on their roles in synaptic transmission. two or, at most, three authors who write all the chapters themselves This emphasis reflects a parochial viewpoint of the authors who instead of editing a collection of chapters contributed by a variety of have labored long and hard to establish the importance of neuro- authors with often disparate styles and, unfortunately, also quality. genie control of the cerebral circulation, a viewpoint that is still con- When they appear, they greatly enhance the teaching of the subject troversial and probably not widely shared. and the ease with which novices in the field can acquire a sound Nevertheless, this book must be rated as a truly major contribu- background. They also provide a ready source of useful information tion to its field. The authors should be commended for having as- and reference for those already experienced in the field. This book sembled from an enormous literature this comprehensive and lucid- by Edvinsson et al. promises to be such a work in the field of cere- ly written treatment of an active and important field. It should serve bral circulation and metabolism. as the authoritative textbook for teachers and for new and estab- Interest in the cerebral circulation and metabolism goes back a lished investigators for years to come. long time, but it has particularly burgeoned in the last half century when reliable quantitative methods to study these processes were Louis Sokoloff developed. The availability of such methods to measure not only National Institute of Mental Health global but also regional rates of blood and metabolism in the brains of both animals and man has led to an explosion of investigations and, of course, publications on the physiology, pharmacology, and pathology of both processes. Much of the research has been directed Physical Activity and Health at the problems of cerebral ischemia and stroke. Also, because both N. G. Norgan (Editor) processes are coupled to the functional activities of neural tissues, measurements of the rates of blood flow and energy metabolism 34th Symposium Volume of the Society for the Study of have been used to probe normally and abnormally functioning neu- Human Biology ral pathways and higher complex functions of the nervous system, New York: CambridgeUniversity Press, 1993, 251 pp., illus., such as cognitive processes. Almost all of the information acquired index, $69.95. ISBN: O-25l-4 155l-9 from these studies have been deposited in research papers, special- ized review articles, symposium volumes, or monographs and books Possible causal relationships between physical activity and devoted to limited circumscribed areas within the field. This book human health interest both physiologists and the general public. The by Edvinsson and his colleagues has been sorely needed to select, media, for example, widely reported recent U.S. national public critically evaluate, combine, and integrate this information in a sin- health recommendations that the desirable amount and intensity of gle readily accessible source. This it has accomplished superbly. exercise be revised downwards. The present volume, resulting from The contents are divided into five major sections, each consist- a Symposium of the Society for the Study of Human Biology, con- ing of a number of chapters. The first three sections are devoted to sists of 16 chapters covering many aspects of the exercise-health the Anatomical Bases, Physiological Bases, and Pharmacological connection. Of 16 contributors, 13 are from institutions in the Bases. The section on anatomy is beautifully illustrated and contains United Kingdom (including the editor), two are from the the most readable and informative treatment of the functional anato- Netherlands, and only one is from a U.S. institution. Although many my of the cerebral circulation that I have ever encountered. This is U.S. studies are referenced, the volume should prove especially use- particularly useful for the understanding of not only some subtle as- ful for obtaining a non-U.S. perspective. Chapters are generally pects of several key methods used to study cerebral blood flow and readable and informative, although the amount of jargon and metabolism but also of some of the focal pathological characteris- acronyms, some apparently not defined in the text, seemed a little tics of cerebrovascular diseases. The contents of the section on excessive (e.g., DIY=Do-It-Yourself home improvement?); a table physiology are somewhat more arbitrarily selected and divided into summarizing and defining the acronyms would have helped. four chapters with most of it devoted to vascular smooth muscle re- My main conclusion from reading this volume is that the em- activity and metabolic and vascular effects of neurotransmitters in pirical data base pertaining to the exercise-human health relation- vivo and less than one-third to the blood-brain barrier and energy ship is tenuous at best and positively misleading in some cases. I generation in the nervous system. The emphasis may be criticized, suspect that any empirically-oriented physiologists would find this but the treatment of those topics that were selected is uniformally area of inquiry to be extremely frustrating. As in many scientific excellent. The last two sections are on Fundamental Responses of studies involving complex human behavior (e.g., amount of volun- the Cerebral Circulation, which includes chapters on methods and tary activity, diet, “health”), quality of basic data is a primary limit- on physiological influences and mechanisms important in the regu- ing factor. Much data on activity and health are based on surveys lation of the cerebral circulation, and on Discodered Control- (often clearly biased), and estimates of something as straightforward Pathophysiological Aspects-An Overview, which contains in only as maximal oxygen consumption (VOzmax), which is widely con-

260 THE PHYSIOLOGIST BOOK REVIEWS

sidered to be the single best indicator of aerobic capacity, are some- able (see “Evolutionary Physiology in Annu. Rev. Physiol. 1994: times taken from predictive equations rather than measured. Given 56: in press). Good studies of humans and of “wild” animals could the practical problems of studying humans, one immediately imag- offer reciprocal illumination. I must also note that double labeled ines that animal models could be fruitfully pursued, but nary a chap- water studies of whole-animal energy expenditure by free-living an- ter considers them. I do not know if this is due mainly to a lack of imals are not “new” (p. 160); physiological ecologists have em- such studies, but I do know that some relevant studies exist. A chap- ployed them routinely since the late 1960s (e.g., review in Physiol. ter on animal models of human exercise and health relationship, fol- Zool., 1989,62: 237-252). lowing Alexander’s chapter comparing humans to other animals, Several chapters deal with psychological aspects of “health,” would have been most helpful. Alexander’s conclusion that “human and these ideas and results should be new to most physiologists. I activity is unremarkable,” as are their exercise abilities and associat- learned, for example (p. 28), that the WHO in 1946 defined “Health ed physiological tyraits, strengthens the notion that animal models [as] a state of complete physical, mental and social well being and could prove useful. His comment that “by all other measures of ac- not merely the absence of disease or physical infirmity.” Proceeding tivity, humans seem rather like pigs” should be emblazoned. from this definition to a discussion of measurement of “health,” Another memorable comment is provided by Durnin (pp. Kern (p. 42) goes so far as to conclude that: “In health measure- 25-26), discussing jogging: “Surely, at no time in human history, ment, the best that can be achieved is to make the value judgements has such useless and selfish exercise been underatken by so many used explicit so that those with other value systems can interpret the people . . . many of them otherwise sensible and perhaps even intel- data.” Again, I can imagine many physiologists squirming. ligent. . . . Nothing constructive is accomplished, no general im- Misconceptions about genetics are presented more than once. provement in anything has occurred, except of a temporary nature, For example, on page 143: “Differences [in V02max] of 100% or and of concern only for the individual. . . . It is depressing to think more between individuals of the same age and sex are . . . too great . of this as a sign of the degradation to which our industrialized cul- to be attributable to training status alone and must reflect genetic ture has descended. “ If Sir Winston had ever uttered such rhetoric, predisposition.” This is incorrect. Such differences do indeed appear no Englishperson would today be a jogger!” too great to be caused by relatively short-term physical conditioning Ironically enough, I read this volume while at a field site in alsone, and therefore must represent inherent differences among in- southern France, measuring treadmill endurance capacilties of dividuals. But such differences can be caused wither by genetic or lizards to test for possible relationships with survivor or dispersal by environmental factors. The latter include any environmental dif- tendencies. As a physiological ecologist and evolutionary phsyiolo- ference experienced by individuals at any stage during develop- gist, I was struck by parallels between the questions asked of both ment, even, perhaps, during gestation. We simply do not know if en- humans and other animals. For example, do individual differences vironmental factors, applied with sufficient intensity and duration, in aspects of physical fitness, such as locomotor performance abili- could produce inter-individual differences of 100% in V02max. ties, correlate with aspects of Darwinian fitness (i.e., lifetime repro- Thus, “the capacity of the cardiorespiratory system . . . is influenced ductive success) in natural populations? Do individual differences in by both genetic endowment and adaptation through training” (p. 66) habitual activity levels (e.g., home range size) correlate with physi- and other environmental influences. Claims that “individual poten- cal abilities? And, if so, which comes first, the physical abilities or tial for physical fitness is genetically based” (p. 58) are similarly the high activity levels? Judging from Physical Activity and Health, without much empirical support. we have virtually no hard evidence pertaining to such questions in Theodore Garlan, Jr. humans. For other animal species, only slightly more data are avail- University of Wisconsin-Madison

BOOKS RECEIVED

Bronchial Asthma, Third Edition. D. Roberts and Robert P. Mecham (Edi- Michael Gabriel (Editors). Cambridge, Earle B. Weiss and Myron Stein (Editors). tors). San Diego, CA: Academic, 1993,3 14 MA: BirkhNuser Boston, 1993, 639 pp., Boston, MA: 1993, 1259 pp., illus., index, pp., illus., index, $79.95. ISBN: 0-12- illus., index, $199.00. ISBN: O-81 76-3568- $210.00. ISBN: O-3 16-92899-2. 589630- 1. 8. Clinical and Physiological Appli- Cellular and Molecular Biology of Principles of Exercise Biochemistry. cations of Electrical Impedance Tomo- Bone. Masaki Noda (Editor). San Diego, 2nd, Revised Edition. J.R. Poortmans graphy. David Holder (Editor). Bristol, PA: CA: Academic, 1993, 567 pp., illus., index, (Editor). Medicine and Sport Science, Vol. Taylor & Francis, 1993, 310 pp., illus., $99.00. ISBN: 0- 12-520225-3. 38. Basel, Switzerland: Karger, 1993, 304 index, $95.00. ISBN: l-85728-164-0 HB. Monitoring in Anesthesiology: pp., illus., index, $125.00. ISBN: 3-8055- Clinical Disturbances of Water Current Standards and Newer Techniques. 5778-7. Metabolism. Donald W. Seldin and David Royston and Thomas W. Feeley The Neurobiology of Neural Gerhard Giebisch (Editors). New York, (Editors). Boston, MA: Little, Brown, Networks. Daniel Gardner (Editor). Cam- NY: Raven, 1993, 3 17 pp., illus., index, 1993, 200 pp., illus., index, $39.00. ISBN: bridge, MA: MIT Press, 1993, 227 pp., $150.00. ISBN: o-7817-0102-3. O-3 16-27687- 1. illus., index, $45.00. ISBN: O-262-07150-9. Cell Surface and Extracellular Glyco- Neurobiology of Cingulate Cortex and conjugates: Structure and Function. David Limbic Thalamus. Brent A. Vogt and

Vol. 36, No. 6, 1993 261 APS Sustaining Associate Members

The Society gratefully acknowledges the contributions received from Sustaining Associate Members in support of the Society’s goals and objectives Abbott Laboratories Hoechst-Roussel Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Pfizer, Inc. Alliance Pharmaceutical Corporation * Hoffman-La Roche, Inc. Pharmacia, Inc. American Medical Association Institut de Researche Servier Procter & Gamble Company Axon Instruments, Inc. Jandel Scientific Quaker Oats Company Berlex Biosciences Janssen Research Foundation * Sandoz Pharmaceuticals * Boehringer Ingelheim R. W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Corporation Boeing Defense & Space Group Research Institute * Schering-Plough Corporation Burroughs Wellcome Company Kabi Pharmacia G. D. Searle and Company Coulbourn Instruments, Inc. Lederle Laboratories SmithKline Beecham Dagan Corporation Eli Lilly & Company * Squibb Corporation Du Pont Pharmaceuticals Lockheed Missles & Space Sutter Instruments Company Fisons Pharmaceuticals Company, Inc. * The Upjohn Company Genentech, Inc. Marion Merrell Dow Inc. Warner-Lambert/Parke Davis Glaxo, Inc. McNeil Pharmaceutical Waverly Press Gould, Inc. * Merck & Co., Inc. Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories Grass Foundation Miles Inc. Zeneca Inc. Harvard Apparatus NARCO Bio-Systems

* Second Century Corporate Founders

Scientific Meetings and Congresses Wellcome Visiting

Coronary Artery Spasm, February for Human Gene Therapy.” Information: Professorships Kay A. Croker, ASPET, 9650 Rockville 22-25, 1994, New York, NY. Information: Nominations for the Wellcome Pike, Behtesda, MD 20814-3995. Tel: 301- Conference Department, New York Acad- Visiting Professorships in the Basic Med- emy of Sciences, 2 East 63rd Street, New 530-7060. ical Sciences, sponsored by The Burroughs York, NY 10021. Tel: 212-838-0230; fax: Post-Polio Syndrome: Advances in the Pathogenesisand Treatment, April Wellcome Fund, are due by March 1, 1994. 212-838-5640. The purpose of the Visiting Professorships ASPET Colloquium: Multiple Phos- 27-30, 1994, Bethesda, MD. Information: is to stimulate interst in the basic sciences phodiesterases,April 23-24, 1994, New- Conference Department, New York Acad- and to enhance communications with scien- port Beach, CA. Information: Kay A. emy of Sciences, 2 East 63rd Street, New tists in physiology, biochemistry/mole- Croker, ASPET, 9650 Rockville Pike, York, NY 10021. Tel: 212-838-0230; fax: cualar biology, pharmacology, pathology, Bethesda, MD 20814-3995. Tel: 310-530- 212-838-5640. nutrition, immunology, call biology, bio- 7060. ARVO Annual Meeting, May l-May physics, and anatomy. Selected US institu- Workshop on Hepatic Injury Re- 6, 1994, Sarasota, FL. Information: ARVO tions will receive distinguished scientists sponsesand Carcinogenesis, April 24, Central Office, 9650 Rockville Pike, whose interests relate to these disciplines. 1994, Anaheim, CA. Information: ASIP, Bethesda, MD 20814-3998. Fax: 301-571- Applications should be made by the 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814- 8311. institutions, not individuasl who want to 3993. Tel: 301-530-7130; fax: 301-571- Third International Congress of visitn the institution. A prospective host in- 1879. Neuroendocrinology, July 3-8, 1994, stitution should ascertain the nominee’s in- Pharmacology ‘94 at Experimental Budapest, Hungary. Information: Congress terest and availability before submitting an Biology ‘94, April 24-28, 1994, Anaheim, Secretariat, H-1450 Budapest 9, PO Box application. CA. Short Course: “Genetic Manipulation 95, Hungary. Tel: +36- l-21 g-6046; fax: The fund provides an award of $1,500 in Pharmacology: Therapeutic Implications +36-l-215-3064. and a plague to the host institution for pre- sentation to the Visiting Professor at the time of the Wellcome Lecture. The fund Integrative Study in Physiology and Medicine also provides $500 to each host institution to assist with some of the attendant expens- The 9th Annual Workshop/Annual Meeting of Integrative Study in Physiology and es. Medicine will be held on Sunday, April 24, 1994, in Anaheim, CA. Introductions will begin For information contact the Wellcome at 8:30 am and ends at noon. The integrative study will be “A patient with orthostatic hyper- Visiting Professorship Program, Executive tension, neuropathy and amyloidosis” (N. Engl.J. Med. 327: 943-950, 1992). Ofice, FASEB, 9650 Rockville Pike, The conveners are Roger Thies, Dept. of Physiology, University of Oklahoma College Bethesda, MD 208 14-3998. Tel: 301-530- of Medicine, PO Box 26910, Oklahoma City, OK 73 190; tel: 405-27 l-2226; fax: 405-271- 7090; fax: 301-530-7049. 3 181; and Joseph Engelberg, Dept. of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Med- icine, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0084; tel: 606-233-5563; fax: 606-258-1070.

262 THE PHYSIOLOGIST