DOCSLIB.ORG

The Royal Society and Cold War Britain 2013 Jennifer Rose Goodare

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Royal Society and Cold War Britain 2013 Jennifer Rose Goodare Representing Science in a Divided World: The Royal Society and Cold War Britain A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Life Sciences 2013 Jennifer Rose Goodare 2 Contents Abstract 5 Declaration and copyright statement 6 Acknowledgements 7 Acronyms and abbreviations 8 Officers of the Royal Society and select permanent staff 13 Introduction 16 0.1 What is the Royal Society? Why is it interesting? 17 0.2 20th Century histories of the Society 20 0.3 Historiography 24 0.4 Post-war roles for the Society 27 0.5 Nationalism and internationalism: the paradox 34 of the Society’s post-war position 0.6 Western allies 36 0.7 What counts as ‘the Royal Society’? 38 0.8 The role of lunch and informality 40 0.9 Methods 41 0.10 Exclusions 44 0.11 Summary 45 Chapter 1 The new Jerusalem and the New Atlantis: tradition and progress at the Royal Society, 1939-49 47 1.1 Introduction 47 1.2 ‘Let us face the future’ 48 1.3 Recovering the centre ground 54 1.3.1 Two camps 54 1.3.2 The middle ground? 58 1.3.3 Neutrality and liberal rhetoric 60 1.3.4 Dale’s post-war agenda 65 1.4 History in the making 69 1.4.1 Science for welfare? 70 1.4.2 “Politics in science is the devil!” 74 1.4.3 Lyons’s history 76 1.5 Utopia and dystopia 80 1.5.1 ‘The God that Failed’ 80 1.5.2 A modern utopia? 85 1.5.3 The Lysenko affair 91 1.6 Conclusion 95 1.7 Appendix 96 Chapter 2 The long 1950s: an introspective Society? 1946-64 98 2.1 Introduction: the long 1950s 98 2.2 1946-64: an introspective Society? 100 2.3 The body politic of the Society 104 3 2.3.1 Western allies 104 2.3.2 Fellow-travellers 113 2.4 Nationalism and internationalism: the International Geophysical Year 118 2.5 Empire to Commonwealth 123 2.5.1 Allied co-operation: continuation from a WWII model 123 2.5.2 Retaining influence in the Commonwealth during the Cold War 128 2.5.3 The limitations of Commonwealth 134 2.6 Conclusion 138 Chapter 3 Western allies: affinity to government and proximity to Europe, 1964-72 140 3.1 Introduction 140 3.2 Relations between the Royal Society and the British government 144 3.2.1 A national network for international science and diplomacy 144 3.2.2 The Council for Scientific Policy as a facilitator in the network 148 3.2.3 The Royal Society Science Advisory Group to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office 150 3.2.4 The Royal Society and Communist China 156 3.3 The Royal Society European Programme 160 3.3.1 A United Sates of Europe: an agenda across the Government 160 3.3.2 The role of the Royal Society in this agenda 164 3.4 Conclusion 179 3.5 Appendix 181 Chapter 4 A special relationship? The Society takes on the Anglo-American agenda, 1964-71 184 4.1 Introduction: the ‘Aldabra affair’ 185 4.2 Background 187 4.2.1 The scientific significance of Aldabra in the 1960s 187 4.2.2 The strategic significance of Aldabra in the 1960s 189 4.3 The Royal Society: mobilising public opposition 195 4.4 Inside the corridors of power: managing secrecy and marginalising expertise 200 4.4.1 A ‘red herring’ strategy 200 4.4.2 The Nature Conservancy: “God protect us from our friends” 201 4.4.3 The Defence and Overseas Policy Committee 205 4.4.4 Sitting on a secret: the Defence Ministries 208 4.5 Public debate 212 4.6 The eleventh hour 216 4.7 Narratives revisited 222 4.7.1 Narrative 1: ‘Islanders less important than tortoises’ 222 4.7.2 Narrative 2: science less important than politics 226 4.8 The wider picture: the technocratic ideal, a familiar argument? 228 4 4.9 Conclusion 230 Chapter 5 Détente and dissidents, 1966-76 234 5.1 Introduction: the paradox of the détente era 234 5.2 The Prague Spring 235 5.3 Soviet political psychiatry and human rights activism 243 5.4 Ziman’s challenge to the Royal Society 249 5.5 Conclusion 256 5.6 Appendix 257 Conclusion 260 6.1 Overview and further avenues for research 260 6.2 The scientific Left and Right and the course of the Cold War 262 6.3 Fellows, Officers and permanent staff 263 6.4 The balance of power 265 6.5 Final thoughts 266 7.0 Bibliography 267 Word Count: 106,837 5 Abstract This thesis shows that despite the rhetoric of universalism and internationalism used by the Royal Society, especially after the onset of Cold War, its policies and actions in the period 1945-75 remained closely allied to the interests of the British state. More specifically, in its foreign relations the Society mainly operated within a network of Western intergovernmental organisations that were a response to, and operated in similar ways, to Eastern Bloc organisations. While financially dependent on a Parliamentary grant-in-aid, they effectively carved out a role in the sphere of international scientific relations which was built upon an image of independence from the state. Thus, Society Officers and staff were able to mobilise a double-sided discourse of utility to, and independence from, the state. The association between the government of the day and the Society was at its most effective when a consensus existed between like-minded government administrators and Officers of the Society. A culture of collaboration and informal networks allowed them to build relationships and share ideas. The Society was perfectly designed to facilitate this culture, as its Fellows permeated government networks as individuals as much as they did as direct representatives of the Society. The status of Fellows conferred on them eligibility for a variety of positions, both formal and informal, within the elite infrastructure of national life. The thesis also shows that party politics and ideological motivations often prefaced associations between Fellows and like-minded politicians or civil servants, but these associations were principally between economic liberals to the exclusion of far left scientists. However, the Society’s connections with the government were also motivated by reasons beyond party politics. The Society had an overarching aim to preserve the United Kingdom’s position as a scientific ‘Mecca’. In the shifting post-war landscape, in which the country became more dependent on outside help and conscious of its relative decline in economic and political power, the Society looked beyond national borders to stay in the competition. The thesis shows that Officers of the Society responded creatively to the changing geopolitical landscape as old spheres of influence waned, such as the Empire-Commonwealth, and new ones opened up, such as the European Community and the special relationship with America. The Society pursued these new opportunities with patriotic ambition, often prioritising relations that promised scientific rather than political gains, but always within a Western framework. 6 Declaration No portion of the work referred to in the thesis has been submitted in support of an application for another degree or qualification of this or any other university or other institute of learning. Copyright statement i. The author of this thesis (including any appendices and/or schedules to this thesis) owns certain copyright or related rights in it (the “Copyright”) and s/he has given The University of Manchester certain rights to use such Copyright, including for administrative purposes. ii. Copies of this thesis, either in full or in extracts and whether in hard or electronic copy, may be made only in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (as amended) and regulations issued under it or, where appropriate, in accordance with licensing agreements which the University has from time to time. This page must form part of any such copies made. iii. The ownership of certain Copyright, patents, designs, trade marks and other intellectual property (the “Intellectual Property”) and any reproductions of copyright works in the thesis, for example graphs and tables (“Reproductions”), which may be described in this thesis, may not be owned by the author and may be owned by third parties. Such Intellectual Property and Reproductions cannot and must not be made available for use without the prior written permission of the owner(s) of the relevant Intellectual Property and/or Reproductions. iv. Further information on the conditions under which disclosure, publication and commercialisation of this thesis, the Copyright and any Intellectual Property and/or Reproductions described in it may take place is available in the University IP Policy (see http://documents.manchester.ac.uk/DocuInfo.aspx?DocID=487), in any relevant Thesis restriction declarations deposited in the University Library, The University Library’s regulations (see http://www.manchester.ac.uk/library/aboutus/regulations) and in The University’s policy on Presentation of Theses. 7 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisory team and staff at CHSTM for ideas and support, including Mick Worboys, Ian Burney, Jeff Hughes, John Pickstone and Duncan Wilson. I would also like to thank my fellow PhD students for their advice, support, and teabags. Many librarians and archivists were extremely helpful in assisting my research, including the staff at the National Archives, the Royal Geographical Society, the Smithsonian Institution, University of Oxford, University of Glasgow, and the University of East Anglia. I would particularly like to thank the staff at the Royal Society Centre for the History of Science, especially Keith Moore for taking the time to introduce me to the archives and assist with resources, and Peter Collins for his warm encouragement and propensity to share ideas, insight and research methods.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • BMC Systems Biology Biomed Central
    BMC Systems Biology BioMed Central Commentary Open Access The long journey to a Systems Biology of neuronal function Nicolas Le Novère* Address: EMBL-EBI, Wellcome-Trust Genome Campus, CB10 1SD Hinxton, UK Email: Nicolas Le Novère* - [email protected] * Corresponding author Published: 13 June 2007 Received: 13 April 2007 Accepted: 13 June 2007 BMC Systems Biology 2007, 1:28 doi:10.1186/1752-0509-1-28 This article is available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1752-0509/1/28 © 2007 Le Novère; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Computational neurobiology was born over half a century ago, and has since been consistently at the forefront of modelling in biology. The recent progress of computing power and distributed computing allows the building of models spanning several scales, from the synapse to the brain. Initially focused on electrical processes, the simulation of neuronal function now encompasses signalling pathways and ion diffusion. The flow of quantitative data generated by the "omics" approaches, alongside the progress of live imaging, allows the development of models that will also include gene regulatory networks, protein movements and cellular remodelling. A systems biology of brain functions and disorders can now be envisioned. As it did for the last half century, neuroscience can drive forward the field of systems biology. 1 Modelling nervous function, an ancient quest To accurately model neuronal function presents many Neurosciences have a long and successful tradition of challenges, and stretches the techniques and resources of quantitative modelling, where theory and experiment computational biology to their limits.
    [Show full text]
  • The Creation of Neuroscience
    The Creation of Neuroscience The Society for Neuroscience and the Quest for Disciplinary Unity 1969-1995 Introduction rom the molecular biology of a single neuron to the breathtakingly complex circuitry of the entire human nervous system, our understanding of the brain and how it works has undergone radical F changes over the past century. These advances have brought us tantalizingly closer to genu- inely mechanistic and scientifically rigorous explanations of how the brain’s roughly 100 billion neurons, interacting through trillions of synaptic connections, function both as single units and as larger ensem- bles. The professional field of neuroscience, in keeping pace with these important scientific develop- ments, has dramatically reshaped the organization of biological sciences across the globe over the last 50 years. Much like physics during its dominant era in the 1950s and 1960s, neuroscience has become the leading scientific discipline with regard to funding, numbers of scientists, and numbers of trainees. Furthermore, neuroscience as fact, explanation, and myth has just as dramatically redrawn our cultural landscape and redefined how Western popular culture understands who we are as individuals. In the 1950s, especially in the United States, Freud and his successors stood at the center of all cultural expla- nations for psychological suffering. In the new millennium, we perceive such suffering as erupting no longer from a repressed unconscious but, instead, from a pathophysiology rooted in and caused by brain abnormalities and dysfunctions. Indeed, the normal as well as the pathological have become thoroughly neurobiological in the last several decades. In the process, entirely new vistas have opened up in fields ranging from neuroeconomics and neurophilosophy to consumer products, as exemplified by an entire line of soft drinks advertised as offering “neuro” benefits.
    [Show full text]
  • 書 名 等 発行年 出版社 受賞年 備考 N1 Ueber Das Zustandekommen Der
    書 名 等 発行年 出版社 受賞年 備考 Ueber das Zustandekommen der Diphtherie-immunitat und der Tetanus-Immunitat bei thieren / Emil Adolf N1 1890 Georg thieme 1901 von Behring N2 Diphtherie und tetanus immunitaet / Emil Adolf von Behring und Kitasato 19-- [Akitomo Matsuki] 1901 Malarial fever its cause, prevention and treatment containing full details for the use of travellers, University press of N3 1902 1902 sportsmen, soldiers, and residents in malarious places / by Ronald Ross liverpool Ueber die Anwendung von concentrirten chemischen Lichtstrahlen in der Medicin / von Prof. Dr. Niels N4 1899 F.C.W.Vogel 1903 Ryberg Finsen Mit 4 Abbildungen und 2 Tafeln Twenty-five years of objective study of the higher nervous activity (behaviour) of animals / Ivan N5 Petrovitch Pavlov ; translated and edited by W. Horsley Gantt ; with the collaboration of G. Volborth ; and c1928 International Publishing 1904 an introduction by Walter B. Cannon Conditioned reflexes : an investigation of the physiological activity of the cerebral cortex / by Ivan Oxford University N6 1927 1904 Petrovitch Pavlov ; translated and edited by G.V. Anrep Press N7 Die Ätiologie und die Bekämpfung der Tuberkulose / Robert Koch ; eingeleitet von M. Kirchner 1912 J.A.Barth 1905 N8 Neue Darstellung vom histologischen Bau des Centralnervensystems / von Santiago Ramón y Cajal 1893 Veit 1906 Traité des fiévres palustres : avec la description des microbes du paludisme / par Charles Louis Alphonse N9 1884 Octave Doin 1907 Laveran N10 Embryologie des Scorpions / von Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov 1870 Wilhelm Engelmann 1908 Immunität bei Infektionskrankheiten / Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov ; einzig autorisierte übersetzung von Julius N11 1902 Gustav Fischer 1908 Meyer Die experimentelle Chemotherapie der Spirillosen : Syphilis, Rückfallfieber, Hühnerspirillose, Frambösie / N12 1910 J.Springer 1908 von Paul Ehrlich und S.
    [Show full text]
  • Fleming Vs. Florey: It All Comes Down to the Mold Kristin Hess La Salle University
    The Histories Volume 2 | Issue 1 Article 3 Fleming vs. Florey: It All Comes Down to the Mold Kristin Hess La Salle University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lasalle.edu/the_histories Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Hess, Kristin () "Fleming vs. Florey: It All Comes Down to the Mold," The Histories: Vol. 2 : Iss. 1 , Article 3. Available at: https://digitalcommons.lasalle.edu/the_histories/vol2/iss1/3 This Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Scholarship at La Salle University Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in The iH stories by an authorized editor of La Salle University Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Histories, Vol 2, No. 1 Page 3 Fleming vs. Florey: It All Comes Down to the Mold Kristen Hess Without penicillin, the world as it is known today would not exist. Simple infections, earaches, menial operations, and diseases, like syphilis and pneumonia, would possibly all end fatally, shortening the life expectancy of the population, affecting everything from family-size and marriage to retirement plans and insurance policies. So how did this “wonder drug” come into existence and who is behind the development of penicillin? The majority of the population has heard the “Eureka!” story of Alexander Fleming and his famous petri dish with the unusual mold growth, Penicillium notatum. Very few realize that there are not only different variations of the Fleming discovery but that there are also other people who were vitally important to the development of penicillin as an effective drug.
    [Show full text]
  • Drama and the Politics of Professionalism in England C. 1600
    Drama and the Politics of Professionalism in England c.1600-1640 Martin Steward Ph.D. University College London University of London “And Pharaoh said unto Joseph, Forasmuch as God hath shewed thee all this, there is none so discreet and wise as thou art: Thou shalt be over my house, and according unto thy word shall all my people be ruled: only in the throne shall I be greater than thou.” Genesis 41:39-40 ProQuest Number: U642701 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest U642701 Published by ProQuest LLC(2015). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Abstract The project was conceived as a cultural-studies contribution to the debate around the “causes of the English Civil War”. The “silences of conciliation” emphasized by “revisionist” historians concealed an unwillingness to entertain a theory of sovereignty, despite Tudor administrative centralization. Understanding this unwilhngness helps explain how conciliation could be a preface to civil war. The answer lies partly in the way professional constituencies divided up the action of government. This did not prevent dissension, because these competing claims upon power perpetuated precisely those divisions which concepts of sovereignty were designed to overcome.
    [Show full text]
  • Prvních Deset Abelových Cen Za Matematiku
    Prvních deset Abelových cen za matematiku The first ten Abel Prizes for mathematics [English summary] In: Michal Křížek (author); Lawrence Somer (author); Martin Markl (author); Oldřich Kowalski (author); Pavel Pudlák (author); Ivo Vrkoč (author); Hana Bílková (other): Prvních deset Abelových cen za matematiku. (English). Praha: Jednota českých matematiků a fyziků, 2013. pp. 87–88. Persistent URL: http://dml.cz/dmlcz/402234 Terms of use: © M. Křížek © L. Somer © M. Markl © O. Kowalski © P. Pudlák © I. Vrkoč Institute of Mathematics of the Czech Academy of Sciences provides access to digitized documents strictly for personal use. Each copy of any part of this document must contain these Terms of use. This document has been digitized, optimized for electronic delivery and stamped with digital signature within the project DML-CZ: The Czech Digital Mathematics Library http://dml.cz Summary The First Ten Abel Prizes for Mathematics Michal Křížek, Lawrence Somer, Martin Markl, Oldřich Kowalski, Pavel Pudlák, Ivo Vrkoč The Abel Prize for mathematics is an international prize presented by the King of Norway for outstanding results in mathematics. It is named after the Norwegian mathematician Niels Henrik Abel (1802–1829) who found that there is no explicit formula for the roots of a general polynomial of degree five. The financial support of the Abel Prize is comparable with the Nobel Prize, i.e., about one million American dollars. Niels Henrik Abel (1802–1829) M. Křížek a kol.: Prvních deset Abelových cen za matematiku, JČMF, Praha, 2013 87 Already in 1899, another famous Norwegian mathematician Sophus Lie proposed to establish an Abel Prize, when he learned that Alfred Nobel would not include a prize in mathematics among his five proposed Nobel Prizes.
    [Show full text]
  • Warburg Effect(S)—A Biographical Sketch of Otto Warburg and His Impacts on Tumor Metabolism Angela M
    Otto Cancer & Metabolism (2016) 4:5 DOI 10.1186/s40170-016-0145-9 REVIEW Open Access Warburg effect(s)—a biographical sketch of Otto Warburg and his impacts on tumor metabolism Angela M. Otto Abstract Virtually everyone working in cancer research is familiar with the “Warburg effect”, i.e., anaerobic glycolysis in the presence of oxygen in tumor cells. However, few people nowadays are aware of what lead Otto Warburg to the discovery of this observation and how his other scientific contributions are seminal to our present knowledge of metabolic and energetic processes in cells. Since science is a human endeavor, and a scientist is imbedded in a network of social and academic contacts, it is worth taking a glimpse into the biography of Otto Warburg to illustrate some of these influences and the historical landmarks in his life. His creative and innovative thinking and his experimental virtuosity set the framework for his scientific achievements, which were pioneering not only for cancer research. Here, I shall allude to the prestigious family background in imperial Germany; his relationships to Einstein, Meyerhof, Krebs, and other Nobel and notable scientists; his innovative technical developments and their applications in the advancement of biomedical sciences, including the manometer, tissue slicing, and cell cultivation. The latter were experimental prerequisites for the first metabolic measurements with tumor cells in the 1920s. In the 1930s–1940s, he improved spectrophotometry for chemical analysis and developed the optical tests for measuring activities of glycolytic enzymes. Warburg’s reputation brought him invitations to the USA and contacts with the Rockefeller Foundation; he received the Nobel Prize in 1931.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Getting a Knighthood
    Getting a knighthood (Bristol, June 1996) It's unreal, isn't it? I've always had a strong sense of the ridiculous, of the absurd, and this is working overtime now. Many of you must have been thinking, ‘Why Berry?’ Well, since I am the least knightly person I know, I have been asking the same question, and although I haven't come up with an answer I can offer a few thoughts. How does a scientist get this sort of national recognition? One way is to do something useful to the nation, that everyone agrees is important to the national well- being or even survival. Our home-grown example is of course Sir Charles Frank's war work. Or, one can sacrifice several years of one's life doing high-level scientific administration, not always received with gratitude by the scientific hoi polloi but important to the smooth running of the enterprise. Sir John Kingman is in this category. Another way – at least according to vulgar mythology – is to have the right family background. Well, my father drove a cab in London and my mother ruined her eyes as a dressmaker. Another way is to win the Nobel Prize or one of the other huge awards like the Wolf or King Faisal prizes, like Sir George Porter as he then was, or Sir Michael Atiyah. The principle here I suppose is, to those that have, more shall be given. I don't qualify on any of these grounds. The nearest I come is to have have won an fairly large number of smaller awards.
    [Show full text]
  • Solidarity Hypocracy in Perspective (1992)
    “ r *§ Jr “I- "\- L Va in ‘I'D %.h If-I I'f'lI* --. ...._. .:..a--- '--Ffiq-‘ 0 J '1' 1 ‘ _| in J\ "' 1}; *+1-ix?»012'-‘ill _, ... \ J I ,5: Q. tr‘ ._ ,-'l ‘ n '- ~1 -4- i gh --Qnni tiK. -.; '1 an-..,..~ M Iqfl ¢-,4 7'11 1 "1‘-I '-“an U 9 Q I -Ir" l'|‘ | 1. John Plckel 1cu-n-1| Miner (NUM) 4- l_-at 6 Months IV Q 1 "1- I SOILIHDARIITY HYIPUMCIRACY l=-&I==:s:='|r-I=l=__:c-:-..fi-|\/‘=5-_ ii —I_,-_ P -1 F-I i.'1‘Q, q 1?-?"":.;' ¢ Q: u ‘H! i-In =*"*i‘~\>~ ‘Q K Finqil’ ‘i ,<*' commaswwmmmwomas| ‘.1 '1'-'1 0“ "t vmummsmwumen ‘LifPi?‘,1 msxmanrmsownmv H-tifi-I MESOWEWESHUWEBNS4 nil! In ‘ fl1ECOVEHNkENTWSTNOIE -u IQII MOWEDIO PRIV/Uljf IOUR PRISONS! I J‘ I -_ ‘.3’ g a» W“.-.- n-.1: I ‘1--‘J c?'%3'**"",,,',-;- .. ‘I’ +1 1% X I‘ .s;r_ “ I u _‘91.‘l""“-“I';l"'‘Ir{'5" wi "3"-u. '\,-ROQ . v6 Q. —Iu-I——un-- ‘_ a%V@ Jcgjs 1992 $“5"-JA\(°‘ , 5% _.l-in|i__ - THE PRIVATISATION OF PRISONS — A STEP FORWARD OR BACKWARD IN THE STRUGGLE? . Many prisoners have welcomed the idea of privatisation. Not from the Tory government ‘market values are best’ perspective, but because they think that it will bring improvements in conditions and destroy the reign of terror of the Prison Officers’ Associa- tion (POA). The issue has been debated by prisoners and ex- prisoners in the pages of Fight Racism! Fight Imperialisml.
    [Show full text]
  • Cambridge's 92 Nobel Prize Winners Part 2 - 1951 to 1974: from Crick and Watson to Dorothy Hodgkin
    Cambridge's 92 Nobel Prize winners part 2 - 1951 to 1974: from Crick and Watson to Dorothy Hodgkin By Cambridge News | Posted: January 18, 2016 By Adam Care The News has been rounding up all of Cambridge's 92 Nobel Laureates, celebrating over 100 years of scientific and social innovation. ADVERTISING In this installment we move from 1951 to 1974, a period which saw a host of dramatic breakthroughs, in biology, atomic science, the discovery of pulsars and theories of global trade. It's also a period which saw The Eagle pub come to national prominence and the appearance of the first female name in Cambridge University's long Nobel history. The Gender Pay Gap Sale! Shop Online to get 13.9% off From 8 - 11 March, get 13.9% off 1,000s of items, it highlights the pay gap between men & women in the UK. Shop the Gender Pay Gap Sale – now. Promoted by Oxfam 1. 1951 Ernest Walton, Trinity College: Nobel Prize in Physics, for using accelerated particles to study atomic nuclei 2. 1951 John Cockcroft, St John's / Churchill Colleges: Nobel Prize in Physics, for using accelerated particles to study atomic nuclei Walton and Cockcroft shared the 1951 physics prize after they famously 'split the atom' in Cambridge 1932, ushering in the nuclear age with their particle accelerator, the Cockcroft-Walton generator. In later years Walton returned to his native Ireland, as a fellow of Trinity College Dublin, while in 1951 Cockcroft became the first master of Churchill College, where he died 16 years later. 3. 1952 Archer Martin, Peterhouse: Nobel Prize in Chemistry, for developing partition chromatography 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Radio 4 Listings for 2 – 8 May 2020 Page 1 of 14
    Radio 4 Listings for 2 – 8 May 2020 Page 1 of 14 SATURDAY 02 MAY 2020 Professor Martin Ashley, Consultant in Restorative Dentistry at panel of culinary experts from their kitchens at home - Tim the University Dental Hospital of Manchester, is on hand to Anderson, Andi Oliver, Jeremy Pang and Dr Zoe Laughlin SAT 00:00 Midnight News (m000hq2x) separate the science fact from the science fiction. answer questions sent in via email and social media. The latest news and weather forecast from BBC Radio 4. Presenter: Greg Foot This week, the panellists discuss the perfect fry-up, including Producer: Beth Eastwood whether or not the tomato has a place on the plate, and SAT 00:30 Intrigue (m0009t2b) recommend uses for tinned tuna (that aren't a pasta bake). Tunnel 29 SAT 06:00 News and Papers (m000htmx) Producer: Hannah Newton 10: The Shoes The latest news headlines. Including the weather and a look at Assistant Producer: Rosie Merotra the papers. “I started dancing with Eveline.” A final twist in the final A Somethin' Else production for BBC Radio 4 chapter. SAT 06:07 Open Country (m000hpdg) Thirty years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, Helena Merriman Closed Country: A Spring Audio-Diary with Brett Westwood SAT 11:00 The Week in Westminster (m000j0kg) tells the extraordinary true story of a man who dug a tunnel into Radio 4's assessment of developments at Westminster the East, right under the feet of border guards, to help friends, It seems hard to believe, when so many of us are coping with family and strangers escape.
    [Show full text]
  • New Labour, Old Morality
    New Labour, Old Morality. In The IdeasThat Shaped Post-War Britain (1996), David Marquand suggests that a useful way of mapping the „ebbs and flows in the struggle for moral and intellectual hegemony in post-war Britain‟ is to see them as a dialectic not between Left and Right, nor between individualism and collectivism, but between hedonism and moralism which cuts across party boundaries. As Jeffrey Weeks puts it in his contribution to Blairism and the War of Persuasion (2004): „Whatever its progressive pretensions, the Labour Party has rarely been in the vanguard of sexual reform throughout its hundred-year history. Since its formation at the beginning of the twentieth century the Labour Party has always been an uneasy amalgam of the progressive intelligentsia and a largely morally conservative working class, especially as represented through the trade union movement‟ (68-9). In The Future of Socialism (1956) Anthony Crosland wrote that: 'in the blood of the socialist there should always run a trace of the anarchist and the libertarian, and not to much of the prig or the prude‟. And in 1959 Roy Jenkins, in his book The Labour Case, argued that 'there is a need for the state to do less to restrict personal freedom'. And indeed when Jenkins became Home Secretary in 1965 he put in a train a series of reforms which damned him in they eyes of Labour and Tory traditionalists as one of the chief architects of the 'permissive society': the partial decriminalisation of homosexuality, reform of the abortion and obscenity laws, the abolition of theatre censorship, making it slightly easier to get divorced.
    [Show full text]