Innual /Wel 50 Year90f the Wellcome Trust

Home , Andrew Huxley, Fiona Watt, Henry Wellcome, John Skehel, Marianne Winder, Tilli Tansey

INNUAL /WEL 50 YEAR90F THE WELLCOME TRUST

1936 -1986

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Sixteenth Report ••• 1984 - 1986

1 Park Square West, London NWI 4LJ First published 1987

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Wellcome Trust.

Cover designed by Valin Pollen Ltd., London.

Printed by Cranford Press Limited, Croydon, Surrey

ISBN 1-869835--D1-8 Sir Ilcnry Solomon Wcllcomc (I SS3·I '}J(,) Oil p aintin ~ by Sir Hugh Goldwi n Riviere. 19(1(, (We llcornc Institute Library. Lond on) On Wedn esday, ISth February 19i1 7, a serv ice was held in the Crypt of St. Paul's Cathedral to honour the memor y of Sir Henry Wcllcorne ( lil53-1936), patron of medical research and history and fou nder of the Wcll corne Tr ust.

A memo rial tablet was un ve iled by Sir David Steel. C hai rma n o f th e Wc llcum c Trustees, FOREWORD

In this memorable Jubilee Year, I feel justified in adding, for the first time, a short foreword to this special Sixteenth Biennial Report. It not only covers the work of the Trust during the past two years 1984-1986, but also reports on some of the Fiftieth Anniversary celebrations, of which the highlight was the visit by Her Majesty The Queen and His Royal Highness The Duke of Edinburgh. An excellent history of the Trust has also been written jointly by Professor A.R. Hall and Dr. B.A. Bembridge to mark the Jubilee. It is entitled Physic and Philanthropy and describes the Trust's activities since its inception in 1936.

The last two years have been exciting ones for us. Not only has the Trust attained its fiftieth year, but the Trustees have put on the open market twenty-one per cent of their shareholding in Wellcome pic.

I would like to express my own personal tribute to the work done by the Director, his staff and everyone associated with the Trust in achieving these important milestones.

Chairman Sir David Steel

BOARD OF TRUSTEES

Chairman: Sir David Steel, DSO, MC, TO

Deputy Chairman: C.E. Gordon Smith, CB, MD, FRCP, FRCPath

Trustees: The Rt. Hon. the Lord Swann, FRS Professor Sir Stanley Peart, MD, FRCP, FRS Professor Sir William Paton, CBE, OM, FRCP, FRS I. Helen Muir, CBE, MA, DPhil, DSc, FRS Roger G. Gibbs

Secretary to the Trustees: P.O. Williams, MA, MB, FRCP

CONTENTS

I INTRODUCTION AND POLICY 1

II THE TRUSTEES AND THEIR STAFF 11

III DIVERSIFICATION AND THE FLOTATION 19

IV 50 YEARS OF THE WELLCOME TRUST 25

A. Physic and Philanthropy 27

B. Thoughts on the Wellcome Trust 1963 - 1982 by Lord Franks 35

C. Fifty Years of the Administration of the Trust 41

D. 50th Anniversary Celebrations 49

V SUPPORT OF MEDICAL RESEARCH, SPECIAL FELLOWSHIPS AND SENIOR LECTURESHIPS IN THE U.K. 59

A. Senior Research Fellowships in Clinical Science 63

B. Senior Basic Biomedical Fellowships 71

C. Wellcome Senior Lectureships 75

D. Wellcome Lectureships 89

E. Research Training Fellowships in Clinical Epidemiology 97

F. Research Training Fellowships for Medical and Dental Graduates 101 VI SUPPORT FOR SELECTED SUBJECT AREAS 107

A. Mental Health and Neurosciences 109

B. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases 121

C. Veterinary Medicine 145

D. Vision Research 157

E. Clinical Research 165

F. Biochemistry and Cell Biology 177

G. Physiology and Pharmacology 199

H. Major Equipment 221

VII SUPPORT OF NON· TROPICAL MEDICAL RESEARCH OVERSEAS 227

A. European Programme 229

B. Other Overseas Awards 243

C. Travel Grants 251

VIII HISTORY OF MEDICINE 253

A. Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine 255

B. Units in the History of Medicine 263

C. Grants for the support of the History of Medicine 269

IX WELLCOME TROPICAL INSTITUTE 277

X MEDALS AND PRIZES 285

XI INDEXES 289 INTRODUCTION AND POLICY

INTRODUCTION AND POLICY

The central event in the past two years was the flotation of the Wellcome Foundation Ltd., (as Wellcome pIc) as a public company. This development was of such significance to the entirety of Wellcome's creations, that it is described in some detail in a separate section (see pp. 19-23). Here it is sufficient to say that in one jump it will raise the Trust's income from £20 to £35 million and therefore lead to many major changes in the programme, organisation and staff and accommodation requirements of the Trust. In order to make the process of change less sudden, the Trustees anticipated the growth by one year by using a considerable proportion of their reserves in the first year of this biennium. The budget for the two years was in 1984/85 £22.75 million, and in 1985/86 £30.4 million. The total of £53.5 million can be compared with £29.5 million over the previous two years.

This scale of activity in Britain, where the Trust allocates most of its income, makes it the largest general medical research charity in Britain and com parable in size with the funds available to the Medical Research Council (M.R.C.) for support of research in the universities. While it is difficult to measure the actual contribution of various sections of the community to medical research, the figures from the Association of Medical Research Charities (A.M.R.e.) indicate that the charitable contribution is compa rable to that of the M.R.e. overall and about twice as much as the M.R.C. provides for grants to the universities. This is a change in balance which has begun to affect the whole organisation of medical research in Britain. While the government has failed to expand its contribution, the charities have grown and with it their significance.

Whereas previously the charities could be classed as alternative sources of funding for university research, now they have become of such significance that some institutions are in the position of receiving the majority of their support from private sources and the balance from the government. Our universities and medical schools can be seen to be gearing themselves to this new situation and hence their attitude to donors has evolved. A report from the Advisory Board of Research Councils (A.B.R.C.) on the private sector funding of scientific research said: "Our conclusion is that there wouldappear to be somegroundfor looking to the majorfoundations for increasedcollaborative funding in the medical field but only in certain circumstances and, overall, to only a limited extent. It is clear above all that the foundations would need reassurance that Government was not looking to them to assume responsibility for meeting basicresearchneedsand wasnot seeking to enticethe foundations

3 into the formal Governmental funding mechanisms for such research. We respect the determination of the foundations to retain their independence, flexibility and diversity." On the other hand, the central role of the National Health Service on the clinical side limits the opportunity for developing academic clinical re search. The example of the Senior Registrar quota system in which the Department of Health and Social Security failed to recognise the level of input of the charities to academic medical training, forced the A.M.R.e. to develop into a charitable company in order to safeguard its members' interests which, of course, means the interest of the medical research com munity. What is apparent is that the long established system of negotiation between the universities, research councils and government, is now not enough as the government fails to provide the level of support necessary to maintain Britain in the front-line of medical research. This brings one to consider the overall turmoil that has continued to affect the academic medical world in the past few years. In medicine, this has led for example to the amalgamation of medical schools in London, Middlesex and Uni versity College, Charing Cross and Westminster, and the exploration of the future of the Clinical Research Centre and the Royal Postgraduate Medical School.

The Royal College of Physicians feels the problem of academic medicine to be of such significance that it is preparing a report on the subject. In the report it draws attention to a variety of factors including levels of salary and career prospects.

In the veterinary world this has also been a time of scrutiny and intros pection. There is a general opinion that farming has become so efficient that the need for more government investment in research is not apparent. As a consequence, there have been enormous cuts in the establishments of the Agriculture and Food Research Council and the veterinary schools are being examined to see how they may be cut down in number or amal gamated. Overall, a scene which has not augured well for veterinary re search morale and which is possibly reflected in the difficulty in spending the funds allocated to this field by the Trustees.

While the flotation of Wellcome pic and the general political scene for academic human and animal medicine has been at the forefront of our minds during the past two years as we have sought to develop new policies for the use of our extra income, not far from the surface was the 50th anniversary of Sir Henry Wellcome's death on July 25th 1936. The cele bration of a golden jubilee is, inevitably, a time for reflection· on the

4 achievement of an organisation and so the Trustees were very pleased when Professor A. Rupert Hall, together with Dr. B.A. Bembridge, un dertook to prepare a history of the Trust. This history, Physic and Phi lanthropy: A History of the Wellcome Trust, was published by the Cambridge University Press on 21st November 1986 and gives a very in teresting account of the first 50 years derived from an analysis of the Trust's records. It can be summed up as the tale of how a board of Trustees disentangled the will in which Sir Henry Wellcome had so interwoven the affairs of his pharmaceutical company with his philanthropic activities as to make management very difficult. Their achievement has been the sep aration of the charity, the Wellcome Trust, with its Institutes of the History of Medicine and Tropical Medicine, from the public pharmaceutical com pany in which the Trustees continue to hold a 75% shareholding. In ad dition, the history also describes some of the many medical research projects that have been supported by the Trust through the expenditure of £168,000,000. (See pages 27-33.)

The celebration of the 50th year of the Trust has led to a number of other accounts being written about it. Thus there was a very interesting remi niscence by Lord Franks on his 17 years as chairman from 1965 to 1982 (reproduced on pages 35 to 39) and a Focus report in The Times which concentrated on the special role of the Trust in the medical research scene. The opportunity has also been taken to publish a brochure describing the Trust and to prepare a poster exhibition.

The central event of the 50th year, which is being celebrated during 1986 87, was a Soiree in the Wellcome Building, which Her Majesty The Queen and HRH Prince Philip The Duke of Edinburgh graciously attended. At this Soiree there were demonstrations of the activities of the Trust for the 450 guests. In addition, during the year there are exhibitions, seminars etc., at universities and scientific societies all over the country to dem onstrate the way in which the Wellcome Trust supports medical research (see special report on pages 49 to 57).

The result of the flotation has not only been to make more funds available, but also to make the Trust better known. This inevitable raising of our profile, now compounded by the 50th Anniversary celebrations and placed against the background of the shortage of funds available from government sources, has resulted in an almost overwhelming increase in the number of applications that have been submitted to the Trust. Faced with this pressure, the Trust had to expand its system for assessing applications and increase its staff and accommodation.

5 The first step was to turn the top floor of 1 Park Square West into offices and to recruit staff to run the new panels of advisers that were added to those already in being. Thus, new panels were created in Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Physiology and Pharmacology, and Clinical Medicine, and a Working Party on Vision was also started. These added to the Tropical, Veterinary, Mental- Health, and History of Medicine panels, mean that the Trustees now have a large number of advisers to help them in the development of their policy for the various fields they support. These panels are under the chairmanship of individual Trustees with Assistant Directors of the Trust responsible for the programmes.

The Trust is thus organised and ready to take on the new tasks that have evolved as a result of the increased funds that have become available.

In order to explore the policy options and decide how the funds could be most suitably used to develop the strength and potential of British medical research, the Trustees first sought the comments of their advisory panels and held conversations with various organisations in the medical research field such as the M.R.C., University Vice-Chancellors, heads of various organisations and societies.

At a meeting the Trustees and their senior staff then explored the various options open to them. This wide-ranging meeting led to the main conclusion that the Trust would continue to concentrate its resources on the interface between biomedical science and clinical medicine although it might also explore the needs of health services research.

No new specific neglected topics were identified for special attention and the main policy theme that emerged was that the Trust could now, with its larger and more predictable income, spend one-third of its overall budget on the longer-term support of individuals and create research units around them. There was special concern that the overall research morale of the country was low and that the attractions of the better-funded opportunities of the U.S.A. and Europe were seducing some of the country's most talented graduates and that part of the policy should therefore be aimed at attracting some of these individuals to return to this country.

This general policy will take time to implement as the identification of suitable individuals is a slow process and creation of units takes time and negotiation. However, one unit in the Veterinary Parasitology field, to be directed by Dr. Tait in Glasgow and based on his expertise and that of Dr. Barry, another Trust Senior Lecturer, is an illustration of the type of

6 pattern that may be appropriate for other subjects.

While making the necessary preliminary moves towards this longer-term programme, the Trust decided to advertise a scheme for the provision of major items of equipment. A ceiling of £1.5 million was projected, but in the event over £11 million was requested by 112applicants and the Trustees decided to pre-empt some of their budget from the following year and award £3 million to 32 applicants. The process of screening the many applications submitted was monumental and the panels and staff had to work very hard. Inevitably, many applicants were disappointed. The overall result was to show the great need for equipment and the lack of resources to meet the demand. (Further details on pages 221 to 226.)

Two areas of medical research have caused the Trust considerable concern during the past two years - Clinical Medicine and Clinical Tropical Med icine. The former is a major national problem. The report of the Royal College of Physicians, which has already been mentioned, draws attention to the damaging factors. What is obviously needed is a more efficient education system which selects, at an early stage, the likely candidates and ensures that they receive the requisite basic science and clinical experience as quickly as possible so as to equip them for a career in clinical research. These individuals must then be fostered and given the necessary support so that they can act as the interface between the basic sciences and medicine and their clinical application. Such a development will necessitate the co operation of university and medical authorities who have been, unfortu nately, too preoccupied with day-to-day economies to plan imaginatively for the future. One gap that the Trust has attempted to bridge is that between basic science and clinical medicine, by making awards - following advertisement - in support of the application of molecular biology to clinical problems. The long-standing schemes of the Trust, such as the Senior Clinical Research Fellowships, continue and it has been pleasing during the past two years to note that nine more of our fellows have gone on to chairs and other senior appointments. (See pages 63 to 70.)

Tropical Medicine continues to be a major programme of the Trust and £8 million has been allocated to this field during the past two years. There are many sources of short-term grants. However, the stability of this field and its future is affected by the increasing difficulty of getting training, let alone a career in clinical tropical medicine. This problem has been fre quently raised by the Trust for many years, and the Director is Chairman of a Committee of Interested Parties in Tropical Medicine which decided to set up a working party to report on future requirements for this field.

7 An initiative was also taken in conjunction with Sir Kenneth Stuart, former medical adviser to the Commonwealth Secretariat, to encourage the Com monwealth to create a Commonwealth Health Plan. The Director and Sir Kenneth visited the Secretary General and with his encouragement a pro posal was made to the Ministers of Health. This led to a meeting of officials sponsored by the Trust in September 1986, which reported to the Ministers meeting in the Bahamas in October. Their communique indicated that this initiative may lead to the re-establishment, inter alia, of a cadre of expe rienced clinical tropical research workers.

The other development is the appointment of Professor E.H.O. Parry as Director of the Wellcome Tropical Institute (W.T.I.). In his first year he has been planning the future of the Institute based on a reappraisal of the function of its museum (formerly the Wellcome Museum of Medical Sci ence) and the development of a distance learning programme for Africa. The methodology for these activities has needed considerable thought, but the W.T.I. is now well founded and should soon be showing its new aspect.

The History of Medicine occupies a special place in the Trust's programme. These two years have demonstrated its viability and progressiveness. The most significant event has been the purchase by the Trust of the Wellcome Building from the Wellcome Foundation Ltd. While no arrangements have yet been made for the Company to vacate the building, planning has begun, nevertheless, to see how that building should be used in the future to house the Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine (W.I.H.M.), its stores, and the W.T.I. A Working Party of the Trust was established and is de liberating the Trust's future policy for the History of Medicine, based on a strategic plan prepared for the W.I.H.M. and suggestions of steps to encourage further interest and coverage of the subject. During the two years, two new units have been established in Glasgow and Manchester, but the group in Edinburgh has been discontinued. The others have con tinued their very full programmes. The Institute itself has been very active, both academically and in the automation of its library. The field now thrives as it has never done before, but unfortunately, the present financial climate does not give much hope for any further involvement of the universities in the subject supported based on their own funds. (Further details on pages 255 to 275.)

The following publications are available:

8 The Wellcome Trust - Grants and Support for Research Published by Wellcome Trust

The Wellcome Trust and its Work 1936 -1986 Published by Wellcome Trust

Physic and Philanthropy - A History of the Wellcome Trust 1936 -1986 A.R. Hall and B.A. Bembridge Published by Cambridge University Press

Acknowledgements

As has been described elsewhere, the Trustees decided to enlist the help of three new Panels to help them develop their policy and assess applications. These, added to the four Panels in Mental Health, Tropical medicine, Veterinary Medicine and the History of Medicine, make seven in all. The members of the panels are shown in other sections of the report.

The Trustees are most grateful to all the Panel Members and the many expert referees who are so important in helping them to assess applications in the numerous fields in which they have an interest.

The staff of the Trust have continued to give unstinting interest to its affairs during the past year. The Trustees are grateful for their loyalty and wish to record their appreciation of their efforts.

The Trustees also wish to record their thanks to all those who have contributed to this Report, particularly to Mr. D.G. Metcalfe who took over the responsibility for the compilation of this report at short notice, Miss Lesley Gillman and Miss Sue Parkes for their perseverence and devotion in processing the innumerable revisions to text, and to Mrs. Jean Runciman for her assistance with the indexing.

THE TRUSTEES AND THEIR STAFF

STAFF OF THE TRUST

Director: P.O. Williams, MA, MB, FRCP

Director's Assistant: Elizabeth F. McGowan

Scientific Staff: Bridget M. Ogilvie, SeD, PhD, FIBiol, Deputy Director (Science)

K.B. Sinclair, DYSc, PhD, FRCYS, Senior Assistant Director P.A.J. Ball, MD, FRCP, Assistant Director (from May 1985) D. Gordon, MA, MB, MRCP, Assistant Director J.G. Howard, MD, PhD, FIBiol, FRS, Assistant Director (from September 1986) M.J. Morgan, BA (Mod), PhD, Assistant Director

History of Medicine: Co-ordinator of History of Medicine Programme: A. Rupert Hall, LittD, FBA (to February, 1986) W.D.F. Anderson, MA (February to October, 1986) D.E. Allen, BA (from February 1987)

Finance and Administration Staff: I. Macgregor, FCA, Deputy Director, (Finance and Administration)

Administration and Grants: D.G. Metcalfe, Chief Administrative Officer Linda Arter, Administrative Officer (Grants) D.G. Hooker, Administrative Officer Sandra Carpenter Laura Chambers Anne Edwards Alison Grove, BA S.A. Herst, BSc S. McDonagh, BSc C.D.J. Sainty, BA (Econ) Jill Saunders, MA Sian Spry Rosemary Tilden Joan Wright

13 Accounts: D.L. Freeman, Accountant Christine Evans Betty Hardy (to October 1986) Sylvia Ling (from August 1986)

Information Systems: H. Gleave, BA, Manager (from September, 1986)

Property: D.C. Richardson, CEng, M.I.Prod.E, Manager (from November 1986)

External Relations: W.D.F. Anderson, MA, Head, (February to October 1986) Rebecca Cheeseman, BA Caroline Kay, MA

14 THE TRUSTEES AND THEIR STAFF

The membership of the board of Trustees has not changed during the past two years, but discussions are being held about the appointment of a successor to Sir William Paton who retires in 1987. Several honours and appointments have been received by Trustees including an Honorary Doc torate to Sir William Paton from London University.

The senior scientific staff of the Trust have also changed little except for the appointment of Dr. James Howard F.R.S., formerly Director of Biomedical Research with the Wellcome Foundation, to take over re sponsibilitiesfor Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases from Dr. B.M. Ogilvie so as to free her to take more responsibilities as Deputy Director (Science).

On the administrative side, Mr. Ian Macgregor took up his appointment as Deputy Director (Finance and Administration) on 1st January, 1985 following the retirement of Mr. K.C. Stephenson as Financial Controller and Mr. M.A.F. Barren as Chief Administrative Officer. Within a short time he became deeply involved in the plans for the flotation and during the period May 1985 to February 1986, he worked extremely hard on this development. Nevertheless, he found time to reorganise the administration of the Finance and Personnel departments and initiate a staff grading systemfor the various employees of the Trust. In this he was greatly helped by Mrs. Iris Sargeant of the staff of the Wellcome Foundation Ltd. Mr. Macgregor more recently took charge of the administrative arrangements for the Soiree and chaired the Soiree Committee. As part of the reorgan isation and to help in the management of the large buildings now owned by the Trust, Mr. D.G. Metcalfe was promoted to Chief Administrative Officer and Mrs. Linda Arter was promoted from Assistant Administrative Officer to Administrative Officer especially to assist with the grants pro gramme. Mr. D.C. Richardson was appointed as Property Manager and Mr. H. Gleave joined the Trust on 1st September, 1986 as Information SystemsManager to set up computerised systems for the Trust. Miss Betty Hardy retired as Accounts Officer on 6th October, 1986. She had been the right hand of Mr. Stephenson during his tenure as Financial Controller and served the Trust for nearly nine years with great devotion. The Trust's staff overall increased from 38 to 50 during the past two years.

Professor A.R. Hall retired from his part-time post as Co-ordinator of the History of Medicine Programme, but returned to be joint secretary of a Working Party on the History of Medicine. A dinner was held in Professor

15 Hall's honour on 30th October, 1986 to thank him for serving the Trust in so many ways as a member, then chairman of the History of Medicine Panel, Co-ordinator of the History of Medicine Programme and Honorary Chairman of the Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine.

Mr. William Anderson joined the staff of the Trust in February 1986 to take charge of the External Relations of the Trust and the History of Medicine programme. He brought stimulus and energy to this new de partment and recruited excellent staff. When he left in October 1986, his assistants, Rebecca Cheeseman and Caroline Kay helped by Mrs. Janet Campbell (recruited temporarily for the Soiree) did sterling work for the Soiree and the year-long celebrations of the Golden Jubilee of the Trust.

Honours

The Trustees learned with much pleasure of the following honours con ferred by Her Majesty the Queen:

Knight Bachelor Professor David John Weatherall, Nuffield Professor of Medicine. University of Oxford. (Former member of the Tropical Medicine Panel)

C.B.E. Professor P.M. Biggs. Director of Houghton Poultry Research Station. (Former member of the Veterinary Medicine Panel)

The Trustees noted with pleasure that the following had been made a Fellow of the Royal Society:

Professor R.M. Anderson Imperial College of Science and Technology. (Member of the Tropical Medicine Panel)

The Trustees have noted the following awards:-

Professor R.M. Anderson (Member of the Tropical Medicine Panel) The David Starr Jordan Prize in 1986 and the C.A Wright Medal.

16 Dr. J. Cohen (Wellcome Senior Lecturer) Was elected Overseas Guest Lecturer for the Australian Society of Microbiology.

Dr. S. Griffin (Wellcome Senior Lecturer) Appointed as Secretary of the Medical Research Society.

Dr. M.H.N. Golden (Wellcome Senior Lecturer) Murgatroyd Prize of the Royal College of Physicians in 1985.

Dr. M. Miles (Wellcome Senior Lecturer) Chalmers Medal, Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

Dr. Anne Warner (Wellcome grant holder) Foulerton Research Professor of the Royal Society.

Dr. H. Wheal (Wellcome Senior Lecturer) Selected by Design Council for outstanding research innovation.

Dr. B.K. Park (Wellcome Senior Lecturer) Awarded the Sandoz Prize by the British Pharmacology Society.

Dr. R. Hess (Wellcome Senior Lecturer) Founder member and Distributing Editor of new Journal of Clinical Vision Sciences.

III

DIVERSIFICATION AND THE FLOTATION

It had long been a matter of concern to the Trustees that the Trust's assets were comprised almost totally of a holding of shares in a single company.

During the 1970s the experience of the Nuffield Foundation and the phi losophy of the Trustee Investment Act 1961 ensured that the importance of diversification of investments was never far from the minds of the Trust ees. In the 1980sthe appointment of a new Chairman and of a new Trustee, each experienced in the world of business and finance (Sir David Steel and Mr. Roger Gibbs) created an opportunity for further reconsideration of the nature of the Trust's investments. At the end of 1984 the Trustees unanimously agreed that the time had arrived when urgent consideration should be given to ways and means for diversifying the Trust's assets. After taking leading Counsel's opinion, Sir David Steel and Dr. Williams made an approach to the Chief Charity Commissioner. This met with a favourable response. The Trustees selected Robert Fleming & Co. Limited to act as financial advisers to the Trust and instructed the Trust's solicitors Cameron Markby (led by Russell Denoon Duncan) to deal with the legal aspects.

Following discussions with the Foundation, whose co-operation would be an important element in a successful exercise, proposals for sale of part of the Trust's holding were announced in May 1985 and, in July 1985, the Charity Commissioners' Scheme was sealed. The Scheme permitted the Trustees, with the consent of the Charity Commission, to dispose of part of its interest in the Foundation provided that the Trustees retained control.

In announcing the proposals Sir David Steel said:

'The Trustees have for some time been concerned about the wisdom of having all their eggs in one basket notwithstanding the excellence of that basket. They have taken professional advice and have now decided on this course of action. This will enable the Trust to diversify its investments and increase its aid to medical research at a time when funds are badly needed. At the same time the integrity and independence of the Foun dation will be preserved and the close links between the Trust and the Foundation will be maintained. Those who work in the Foundation have, over the generations, built a fine and substantial business of which they are rightly proud, and I am glad to say that it is the intention of the Trustees to retain control of this enterprise. The Trust's primary duty is to pursue its charitable objects, but it is also mindful of the welfare of the Foundation's employees and of the Foundation's long established traditions. '

21 The flotation was planned for early 1986 and was to comprise an offer for sale by the Trustees to the public of just over twenty per cent of the share capital of the Foundation and in addition a direct issue to the public by the Foundation of a further five per cent of its share capital. The flotation involved a great deal of detailed technical work. The Trust was advised by Robert Fleming & Co. Limited and the brokers to the issue, Hoare Govett.

As part of the arrangements for the flotation a new public holding company, Wellcome pic, was incorporated and it was the shares of this Company that were listed on the Stock Exchange, the Wellcome Foundation Limited continuing to be the main operating company.

After a careful review by the financial advisers a price of 120 pence per share was fixed, valuing the Company at just over £1 billion, the offer for sale closing on 7th February 1986. The issue, the largest ever made by a private company in the United Kingdom, was exceptionally well received and applications exceeded the number of shares on offer by 18 times. More than 430,000 applications for shares were received, that number itself al most a record, totalling some £4.5 billion in value.

The proceeds of the sale payable to the Trust were of the order of £200 million and the Trust has been able to diversify its investments accordingly under the management of four leading financial institutions.

By the end of September 1986 (the new accounting year end) those funds were invested in more than 300 individual holdings in U.K. gilts, and U.K. and U.S. listed equities and the mid-market value of these investments was approaching £210 million. The remaining 632 million shares in Well come continue to be held and the middle market quotation for Wellcome pic shares at that date was £1.92. Ifthis value was applied to the 632 million shares, the holding would be worth £1.21 billion.

Turning to the effects of the flotation of Wellcome on the Trust's income, the financial year 1985/86can best be described as transitional. The pattern for timing of payments of dividends by Wellcome pic means that the final dividend for their 1985/86 year will not be paid until January 1987 (the Trust's 1986/87 year). Thus the income received from Wellcome fell from £25.3 million in the Trust's 1984/85 year to £12.7 million in the 1985/86 year. However, the 1985/86 year income is enhanced by the income earned and profits made by the investment managers in the seven and a half months that they held the money (£10.5 million). So, in spite of the change, the Trust's income in 1985/86 shows no major move forward compared with

22 the previous year. However. in the coming year this position will be re solved and there will be a considerable increase from the previous levels of income.

At the time of the flotation the Trustees bought the Wellcome Building from the Wellcome Foundation Limited (although they leased back to the Foundation a part of the building for a period of seven years) . The WeIl come Building had been built in the llJ30s by Sir Henry to house his collections. In IlJX5 the Company expressed the view that it wished to decentralise from London. and the Trustees felt it necessary to buy the building in order that it may continue to house the Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine library and the Wellcome Museum for Medical Science. It is the Trustees' present intention to utilise the entire building when the Foundation moves out and outline planning to this end has already commenced.

The Trust staff during the two years. IlJX4 to 1986. has had to increase considerably to cope with the expanded work load and by the end of September IlJ86 totalled 50 . It is hoped that very little further increase of staff will be necessary in the immediate future.

Sir David Stee l signing the formal documents allowing the notati on of Wcllcomc pic to proceed.

SUPPRT OF MEDICAL RESEARCH, SPECIAL FELLOWSHIPS AND SENIOR LECTURESHIPS IN THE UK

A. Senior Research Fellowships in Clinical Science

B. Senior Basic Biomedical Fellowships

C. Wellcome Senior Lectureships

D. Wellcome Lectureships

E. Research Training Fellowships in Clinical Epide miology

F. Research Training Fellowships for Medical and Dental Graduates

A PHYSIC AND PHILANTHROPY FIFTY YEARS OF THE WELLCOME TRUST

PHYSIC AND PHILANTHROPY

Duringthe year 1986-87 the Wellcome Trust hascelebratedthecompletion of a first half-century since its foundation under the Will of Sir Henrr Wellcome. Many events have been planned to indicate the scope of the Trustees' work as it has developed over the years and the nature of their contributionsto science and scholarship. The culmination of allwasa visit by Her Majesty The Queen and H.R.H. The Duke of Edinburgh to the Wellcome Buildingon 4th December, 1986, when they examined an ex hibition displaying the activities of the Trust. There follows a brief summary of the evolution of the Trust. A fuller accountis given in the Trustees' publication, Physic and Philanthropy: A History of the Wellcome Trust, 1936-86, by A.R. Hall and B.A. Bem bridge.

Immediately after the death of Sir Henry Wellcome on 25th July 1936, his solicitors, G.H.H. Lyall and L'C, Bullock, whom his Will had named as Trustees of his estate, along with Martin Price (an accountant), Sir Henry Dale, FRS, and T.R. Elliott, FRS, initiated the necessary measures to make possible the fulfilment of Wellcome's charitable intentions. The Well come Foundation (1924), with its many overseas branches of which that in the United States was the chief, was even then an extremely valuable organisation manufacturing and marketing pharmaceuticals. The Trustees could look forward in due time to having at their disposal large sums for the support of research in the medical sciences, clinical medicine and the history of medicine. As Wellcome had explained in some detail, such research might be carried out internationally, in laboratories, hospitals or in libraries and museums. The laboratories, museums and libraries founded by Wellcome, however, were left to the care of his business organisation, the Foundation; it was only in 1960 that the first of these was taken over by the Trustees; the last was transferred to them in 1985.

For the first half of its life, the Trust's affairs were modest: by 1950 less than a quarter of a million pounds had been granted for research support of all kinds. By the quarter century the Trustees were spending about one million sterling a year, but growth thereafter was rapid owing to the in creasing profitability of the Foundation. The start was very slow. Death duties on Sir Henry Wellcome's estate forced an immediate cash payment of something like half the capital value of the Foundation. Then came the War, government direction of the pharmaceutical industry and the Excess Profits Tax. The Trustees, under the forceful direction of Sir Henry Dale

28 (who had assumed the Chairmanship after the early death of G .H.H. Lyall) had replaced Wellcome's Governing Director of the Foundation, but after the War the Company ran into difficulties necessitating a huge bank loan. Again the Trustees had to act; in the able hands of their new appointee, Mr. H.E. Sier, the Foundation came out of the red, the debt was paid off and the Trustees again received a dividend. The American branch, Bur roughs Wellcome (U.S.A.) Inc., contributed largely to this recovery.

THE TRUSTEES 1936-86

George Henry Hudson Lyall, 1936-8, Chairman Sir Henry Hallett Dale, 1936-60, Chairman (from 1938) Lancelot Claude Bullock, 1936-61 Thomas Renton Elliott, 1937-55 Martin Price, 1936-66 Lord Piercy of Burford, 1949-65, Chairman (from 1960) Sir John Smith Knox Boyd, 1955-66 Sir John McMichael, 1960-77 Robert Malleson Nesbitt, 1961-74 Lord Franks of Headington, 1963-82, Chairman (from 1965) Robert Henry Steward Thompson, 1963-82 Lord Murray of Newhaven, 1965-73 Henry Barcroft, 1966-74 Charles Edward Gordon Smith, 1972 Lord Swann of Coin St Denys, 1973 Lord Armstrong of Sanderstead, 1974-80 Sir William Stanley Peart, 1975- Sir William Drummond MacDonald Paton, 1978- Sir David Edward Charles Steel, 1981-, Chairman (from 1982) Isabella Helen Mary Muir, 1982- Roger Geoffrey Gibbs, 1983-

The Trustees had already given some small aid to military medicine, for example, putting a freeze-drying plant for blood plasma and serum at the disposition of the Medical Research Council, and with the War over and certain tax refunds available, they were able to assist a few individual young scientists with grants, and help finance the post-war building reconstruction of such institutions as the Royal College of Surgeons (£80,000 in 1945). The first Wellcome Chair was for the benefit of the late Sir N. Hamilton Fairley, F.R.S., at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. A few grants were also made to medical historians, but Wellcome's His torical Library was not yet accessible and his Historical Museum occupied a few rooms at 28 Portman Square, where Sir Henry Dale set up his office. Not until 1956 did the Trust acquire a property of its own: 52 Queen Anne Street.

29 After 20 years of a Trusteeship of four, Lord Piercy of Burford was ap pointed a Trustee in 1949, succeeding Sir Henry Dale as Chairman in 1960. Sir Henry continued as Scientific Adviser to the Trustees, however, until his death in 1968. The early scientific policy of the Trustees, supporting the physical reconstruction of British medicine by financing buildings and instruments such as electron microscopes, was of his making. After Sir John Boyd succeeded T.R. Elliott as a Trustee in 1955, and Sir John McMichael took Sir Henry Dale's place from 1960, tropical medicine and clinical research attracted more of the Trustees' funds. Notably, Sir John McMichael proposed the scheme for Senior Clinical Research Fellows (1962). With Lord Piercy at the Trust and Sir Michael Perrin at the Foun dation, organisationally and financially the Trust began to move ahead rapidly. By 1962 the pre-tax profits of the Company were put at £3.8 million. A Scientific Secretary to the Trustees, Dr. F.H.K. Green, had been appointed in 1955, and an Assistant Scientific Secretary from 1958 (the present Director, Dr. P.O. Williams took this post in 1960). Sir Henry Wellcome's bequests for the benefit of his home town, Garden City, Min nesota, were generously supplemented. Various new fellowship schemes and exchange agreements were begun. The Historical Museum and Library were united and properly established so as to be usable by the public. Though still under the shadow of the Medical Research Council - all the Scientific Trustees and the Secretaries had served the national body - the Trust was acquiring a character and lines of action of its own.

During the long Chairmanship of Lord Franks (1965-82) the Wellcome Trust attained independence and maturity. The funds devoted to medical and veterinary research multiplied ten-fold. Following a new policy from 1964 onwards, the Trustees greatly reduced their expenditure on physical plant in favour of the new Fellowship and grant programmes that they initiated, and a more generous response to spontaneous requests for re search support, especially in selected topics. The expansion of the work, and the more positive policy of the Trustees in determining the nature of research, combined to render necessary an increase in administrative staff, and an expert committee system was introduced to monitor award-making. As the euphoric academic mood of the early 1960s passed and university research was threatened by increasing impoverishment, the Trustees have endeavoured to foster those individuals and those lines of research that seemed to promise most for the well-being of men and animals. On the historical side, the Trustees have created (in fulfilment of Sir Henry Well come's desires) a great Institute for the History of Medicine in London, with perhaps the world's largest medical historical library, founded units for similar studies in four universities, and given large sums to aid individual

30 scholars and institutions. Furthermore. they made possible the creation of three large medical galleries in our National Museum of Science and In dustry. where a vast number of objects collected by Wellcome are preserved and displayed.

The Trust in 1'162 . From left to riuht: Sir Ilcnrv Dale (Scientific Adviser) . Sir J'ohn Bovd. Sir John Mclvlichacl, Lord Picrcv (Chnirman). Mr. Price . Mr . Nesbitt . Mr. Clarke (Secretary). Standing. Dr . Green . Dr. Williams (Scientific Secretaries)

It is impossible to characterise in a few sentences the considerable amount of medical research recorded in fifteen previous Reports. of which the first two were prepared by Sir Henry Dale himself. Something of the power of Dale's mind. and of the diversity of the Trustees' benefactions may be gathered from his reply to Lord Piercy when asked in 1l)5~ what the Trust had done for Hashimoto's Disease:

'"I think we can properly say that we have already done more to promote the investigation of this one rather rare disease. than any other organi sation which would be in a position to support it. " Dale pointed to the fact that one researcher on this disease worked in the Wellcorne Extension to the Middlesex Hospital. that a special centrifuge had been provided for another at University College Hospital Medical School and that three relevant Travel Grants had been made enabling scientists to work in the U.S .A . Rarely has the total effect of disparate Wellcorne grants been so swiftly integrated. but in the new History of the Trust Dr. Bembridge has summed up Wcllcorne-supported work in a va riety of special topics . such as the study of parathyroid and vitamin D. coeliac and liver diseases. and haemoglobin. to impressive effect. In

31 bro ad er specia l fie lds . suc h as tropical medicin e a nd ve te rina ry medi cin e. th e history of th e T rus tees' int ervention is lon g and massive . It has worked in Ken ya since !lJ4lJ. in India since IlJ56. in Brazil since IlJ66. in T hai land since 1979. th rough well -found research U nits which are staffed partly by Br itish and partly by indi gen ous scientists . Ex pe nditure o n veterina ry re search has recently been of th e o rde r of £750.000 per annum , while ea rlier co nside rable building gra nts were mad e . As Lord Swa nn noted . in 19XI. more th an half o f th e funds for ve te rina ry research free of subject res tr ic tion s give n to British uni ve rsiti es th en ca me fro m th e Well come Trust.

Lord Frank s. who loo k ove r the Chairma nship or the Trustcc-, trorn Lord Pier cy in 1% 5.

32 The Trus tees' procedural objectives . for man y yea rs. might be identified as follows: the preserva tion of flexibility, so that suppo rt ca n be ada pte d to cha nging research needs; the recogn ition of neglected subjects. whe re the application of scientific research might be ex pec ted to yield grea t be n efits; the enco urageme nt of high talent and provision of mean s to enable careers in research to develop fru itfully; and the application of the best know ledge and techniqu es of resear ch to the pro blem of health in the tropics (o n the one hand) and of the anima l kin gdom (o n the ot he r). In a sense , it might be said that they have used the fru its of comme rcial and scientific acumen to mitigat e . as far as may be. the effects of the erosion of Brit ain's reputati on and authority in the wo rld within the areas of the Trust's conce rn as defined by Sir Henry Wellcorne , including medi cal schol ars hip and hum ani sm as we ll as clin ical and scie ntific medicine . ••- \..

Dr. Minnie Mathan and a Wellcome Electro n Microscope, Vellore Unit, Southern India.

B. THOUGHTS ON THE WELLCOME TRUST 1963-82

LORD FRANKS, OM

This article by Lord Franks was published in Medical History Vol. 30: No. 4 October 1986 pages 379 - 382.

It is reprinted here to give it wider circulation. THOUGHTS ON THE WELLCOME TRUST 1963-82

LORD FRANKS, OM

I became a Wellcome Trustee in 1963and Chairman of the Trust two years later: I served as Chairman until I retired in 1982. By coincidence, I arrived on the scene at a time of major change. The Old Guard among the Trustees and the Secretariat were retiring and new faces were appearing. Above all, for the first time, the Trust's annual income from the Wellcome Foun dation had reached £1,000,000 or more, with every prospect of an income of this size being maintained or increased. All this indicated that the mo ment had come to look at how the activities of the Trust should be organised and what policies should be followed.

The years from 1936, when the Trust was set up after the death of Sir Henry Wellcome, had been full of difficulties. Before the war, payment of death duties on Sir Henry's estate had absorbed the attention of the Trustees and all the money that might have come to the Trust. The years of the war were necessarily an interregnum, but even after it the Trustees continued to face problems with the Wellcome Foundation, for which, as the owners, they had responsibilities. Three times the Trustees had to replace the Chairman (of the Foundation. It was not until 1953, when Michael Perrin became Chairman, that steady improvement began, but in his earlier YErs the capital needs of the Foundation were so great that the Trustees ag eed to accept less income than they could have had so that the Founda ion could finance its expansion. It was for these causes that only about the time I became a Trustee had the Trust a sizeable income to spend.

Throughout this period, Sir Henry Dale was the leading figure among the Trustees. He took the decisions, both scientific and administrative: indeed, with only mild exaggeration it could be said he was the Trust. His successors must be for ever indebted to him. It was he who insisted that the intentions of Sir Henry Wellcome on scientific medical research should be honoured, and who navigated the ship skilfully and safely through the troubled waters of the time. He served as Chairman till 1960, when he was eighty-five, and thereafter, with Lord Piercy as Chairman, sat on his right hand as Chief Scientific Adviser. Sir Henry Dale was active in the office when I arrived.

36 It was only in 1965 when he had the misfortune to break a hip that he retired to Cambridge. Almost simultaneously, Sir John Boyd retired: as a Trustee, he had worked closely with Dale on the scientific activities of the Trust.

In the mid-sixties, therefore, with the chief navigators gone, the Trustees had to chart a new future. John McMichael and Robert Nesbitt were already in place. Robert Thompson joined with me in 1963. In 1965 came Lord Murray of Newhaven and in 1966 Henry Barcroft. We were a new team.

Early on, we appointed Peter Williams, who had recently come to us from the M.R.C., to be Secretary to the Trust. He was soon joined by Dr. Edda Hanington and later by Dr. Hopwood and Dr. Bembridge. Peter Williams became Director and Secretary of the Trust in 1969 with the others as Assistant Directors. A new administration had been created, staffed by experienced and medically qualified people.

A new administrative staff and a new team of Trustees. I believe something has evolved from the inter-relationship and co-operation between these two groups which is novel, at least in my experience, among charitable trusts. They have been able to treat each other as equals in the origination of ideas and policies while observing their difference of function. The final responsibility on all applications for grants lies with the Trustees, but they have been happy to listen to and discuss possible projects and policies put forward by the administrative staff without feeling in any way that their position was challenged, something hard to imagine in earlier eras of the Trust's history. The medical trustees are busy men and women, eminent in their profession and possessed of a wide knowledge of pre-clinical and clinical research, but their main jobs lie outside the Trust. They give a great deal of time, hard work and enthusiasm to their work for the Trust, going into applications for grants with great care, evaluating them, and deciding whether help should be given and, if so, how much. But their task would be impossible unless underpinned and complemented by that of the administrative staff. Peter Williams himself has been a perpetual fountain of new ideas about policy, and so in her time was Edda Hanington, and so have been the other and succeeding members of the administration. It is out of the interchanges between the two groups, open, vigorous, friendly argument based upon mutual trust, that the characteristic outlook of the Trust has been formed.

The first result of this new state of affairs was the institution of annual

37 policy meetings of the Trust, the first in 1966, when the Trust meets outside London for two whole days to have time to think what it should be doing, debate priorities, and so decide upon policies and budgets to match, instead of simply responding to the stream of specific requests for grants. The value of these annual meetings, at the heart of the Trust's activity, is proved by the fact that they have gone on now for twenty years.

From the first of these policy meetings two important decisions emerged. It was decided that the Trust should no longer, as it had been doing, give up to half its total income in capital grants for buildings and equipment to support medical research. Its function was not to act as a substitute for the government in providing funds for normal university building. At one blow a considerable sum of money was released for use in other ways. The Trustees gained a new freedom of flexibility and choice. The second de cision was equally important. The Trustees asked themselves whether it was adequate, as had been the practice, simply to respond to ad hoc requests, and decided that it was not. They were now prepared to take a positive line and suggest subjects for research: they would finance those qualified and willing to respond to their suggestions. This in its way was a revolution. There existed a built-in belief that it was for scientists them selves to think and propose projects, while the role of institutions such as the Wellcome Trust was to provide support for them. This tradition was abandoned, and in the first instance the Trustees identified four 'neglected' or underdeveloped subjects, that is subjects where the interdisciplinary combination of pre-clinical and clinical research was inadequate: derma tology, neurology, mental health and tropical medicine. They determined to seek out professors and university departments where research of high calibre could be successfully carried out: they would then finance the men and equipment needed. The Trustees did not abandon their traditional support for topics emanating from researchers in universities, but they added their new dimensions of policy and action.

As a result the Trustees, according to their perception of changing circum stances and changing needs, have been able to modify the thrust of their programmes from time to time. There has been over the years a stream of new initiatives. I mention by way of illustration the setting up of Research Fellowships in Surgery in 1972 and similar action in Pathology in 1976, the offering of major competitive awards in the same year for research in selected subjects which combined interdisciplinary approaches to the prob lems, and in 1979 the institution of the Senior Lectureship Programme to strengthen the manpower and research capacity of medical departments in universities, to offset in part the squeeze on resources for research from

38 which they were suffering. I suppose that, if the relationship of the ad ministrative staff and medical trustees has formed the characteristic quality of the Wellcome Trust, then this positive approach to the identification and promotion of research topics has been its second hallmark. Besides medical research, the Trustees all through my time had a second preoccupation, the History of Medicine. Sir Henry Wellcome in his will had made provision for the support of research into the history of medicine and he had formed his great collections for this purpose, a Library con taining a magnificent collection of books, manuscripts and paintings and a Museum collection which comprised far more objects, medical and nonmedical, than could ever be exhibited in one place at one time. In 1960, uncertainties between the Trust and the Wellcome Foundation were resolved and the Museum and Library became the sole responsibility of the Trustees. Through the 1960s and the 1970s, the Trustees progressively formulated their policies for the future of the History of Medicine. There was a con straint upon them: they should not divert too great a proportion of the funds available to them from scientific medical research to the history of medicine, and yet the latter must be properly developed. They took three decisions. The first was that the quality of the collection in the Library was so high and its direct relevance to the history of medicine so great that its needs must be given priority over those of the Museum. In the second place, the Library became the Wellcome Institute, a place for graduate studies in the history of medicine, staffed by scholars expert in the main fields of the collection. By a happy arrangement with University College and the University of London, suitable members of the academic staff of the Institute are recognised as teachers by the University of London and can therefore take on university responsibilities, including the supervision of students for higher degrees. The Institute has become a centre for professional historians of medicine and medical science. Third, these de velopments limited what could be done for the Museum and its vast un sorted collections of objects in the store at Enfield, Middlesex. In the end, the right course seemed to be to transfer the museum collections to the ScienceMuseum, which created two great new galleries in which the wealth of the collections could be displayed. The Trustees continued to have ultimate responsibility for the collections but their indefinite loan to the Science Museum ensured that the richness and range of objects could now be displayed to the public. In reaching these successful solutions of their problems in the history of medicine, the Trustees devoted time, effort, energy and skill to get things right and at the same time win public ac ceptance for the changes.

39 c. FIFTY YEARS OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE TRUST FIFfY YEARS OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE TRUST There is a tendency for the achievement of a charitable Trust to be credited to its Trustees. It is obvious, however, that Trustees busy with their prin cipal careers give only limited time to the organisation and management of their Trust and must therefore rely on others to suggest policy, create the organisation and carry out the activities agreed by them. Indeed, an organisation like the Trust can only function effectively if it has staff capable of challenging the Trustees with new ideas which they can accept, modify or reject. During the first 24 years the administration of the Trust was largely a matter for the lawyers and accountants. The general supervision was undertaken by Sir Henry Dale as Chairman with the able support of Mr. J.E.K. Clarke, (an accountant from Viney Price and Goodyear) who acted as secretary to the Trustees from the first meeting until 1966 when he became Financial Secretary. Sir Henry Dale ran the affairs of the Trust from various temporary offices with the assistance of his able secretary Mrs. Cutts. The activities during this time are reported in Physic and Philanthropy. (See pages 27-33) In 1955 Sir John Boyd was appointed a Trustee and Dr. F.H.K. Green was recruited to the staff to assist Sir Henry Dale as Scientific Secretary to the Trust. Dale was still in full vigour and he and Green were old colleagues. Green, with his long experience at the Head Office of the Medical Research Council, continued the natural liaison between the Trust and that organisation and many of the early grants of the Trust emanated from old associations with the M.R.C. and its Secretary Sir Harold Him sworth. These were early days in the grant-giving of the Trust and the number of proposals to consider were sufficiently few that they could be approved on the basis of the wisdom and experience of Dale, Boyd and Green who met regularly. Green introduced methods for considering grant applications and stimulated the production of the first report of the Trust describing its first 20 years. He also initiated and carried out the move of the office of the Trust to 52 Queen Anne Street. He proposed and started the Travel Grant Scheme which has continued to the present day and has helped many scientists to broaden and extend their contacts. Later Green recruited Dr. Edwin Clarke as Assistant Scientific Secretary. Clarke, who was interested in medical history, had enquired whether the Trust could help him to take up the subject professionally instead of his post as Neu rologist at the Royal Postgraduate Medical School. It was agreed that he should be recruited as Assistant Scientific Secretary to the Trust to assist Dale and Green. The post had minimal duties and so Clarke was able to develop his historical interests. After two years of this arrangement it

42 became apparent that his real interest was in medical history, and so the Trustees provided him with a fellowship to go to Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, to become trained in the subject. Clarke subsequently became a Medical Historian at the Wellcome Institute, then Head of the first History of Medicine Unit established by the Trust at University College London, and the Director of the Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine from 1973 - 1979.

In the meanwhile, Col. Harold Benstead, on retirement from the Public Health Laboratory Service, had been recruited on a part-time basis to help in the Trust's office.

When Edwin Clarke left for America, the Trustees decided to seek a successor as Assistant Scientific Secretary and following consultation with Sir Harold Himsworth, Dr. Peter o. Williams was approached by Dr. Green. He had experience with the grants and tropical programmes of the Medical Research Council, both of which would grow to be very important for the future development of the programme of the Trust.

At about this stage, it had become apparent that the Trust would have to develop an administration if it was to use its growing income on the basis of soundly based knowledge of the medical research field. Its Trustees had become elderly and its function had transferred from one "requiring lawyers and accountants to one requiring scientific guidance. Henry Dale was 85 and Frank Green was subject to frequent illnesses. Sir John Boyd was busy with his personal research in the Wellcome Laboratories at Euston Road, but very much in touch with the tropical scene. It was at this point that Henry Dale decided to retire from the Chairmanship of the Trust, but as he remained in his office as Chief Scientific Adviser for the next five years there was very little evolution in the scientific policy of the Trust. Sir John McMichael replaced him as a Trustee and brought into the Trust for the first time the clinical aspect of medical research. Gradually, the breadth of the Trust's activities expanded, stimulated by the new scheme of Senior Research Fellowships in Clinical Science, but still very much related to the advice of the M.R.C. on many matters. Frank Green had become pro gressively less well and finally retired in 1963. Dale had had a fall and broken his hip and subsequently retired to the Evelina Nursing Home in Cambridge with Lady Dale who was also very infirm.

Thus a new era opened up for the administration of the Trust. Sir John Boyd moved into the office as resident Trustee. Dr. Williams, with a secretary, took charge of the administration. Around this time, Lord

43 Franks joined the Trust in succession to Lord Piercy and as Chairman created the fundamental change in the Trust whereby Dr. Williams became its Secretary based at 52 Queen Anne Street, and Jack Clarke, who had been the Secretary based in his office in the City, limited himself to the financial affairs as Financial Secretary.

This change recognised that the phase of establishing the financial and legal basis of the Trust was over and that the central aim was now to dispense the growing funds available to the Trust in the most appropriate way to fulfil the purposes of the will. For the first few years, this was undertaken with the help of Mr. M.A.F. Barren, who had also been recruited from the M.R.C., but it soon became obvious that more support was needed in the office. By this stage, although Sir John Boyd was resident as a Trustee and available for advice and consultation, an unwritten rule had developed among the Trustees that they would divert any personal approaches to the secretariat of the Trust to handle so that they could form unbiased judge ments. Based on this rule, it was possible to build up a relationship and confidence of mutual respect between the Trustees and scientific staff of the Trust and between the staff and the research community that augured well for the future. It was at about this time that first Dr. Edda Hanington and then Dr. B.E.C. Hopwood and Dr. B.A. Bembridge joined the Trust and took charge respectively between them of the Clinical, Veterinary, Tropical and Basic Sciences programmes. There was much overlap and interchange and they each had a very wide range of subjects to cover, but nevertheless they showed great enthusiasm for ami gave great impetus to the programmes they administered. Especially notable was Dr. Haning ton's contribution in developing the Veterinary programme from its in ception with the help of Mr. Sam Hignett (late of the Wellcome Foundation Ltd.) and the establishment of the Dermatology and Mental Health pro grammes. She was of great value always as a stimulus as well as a responder to others' ideas and the Trust owes her a greater debt than it may have recognised because of her modest approach to all her duties. During her last few years at the Trust she developed her own research on migraine which was very successful. It was a sad day for the Trust when the illness of her husband forced her early retirement. Dr. Hopwood was also a great stimulus to the Tropical field. Having long experience in Africa and else where he was able to bring an intimate knowledge of tropical administration to the office and guide its development. He subsequently left the Trust to take up advisory work on medical management in developing countries, only to return a few years later to become the Director of the Wellcome Trust's Laboratories in Nairobi. Dr. Bembridge especially initiated work in the ophthalmology field and in connection with the European pro-

44 gramme and the surgical and pathology fellowships, but his principal con tribution was in his care for the basic sciences of medicine. His devotion to the scholarship of medical science led to many arguments about the balance between the ad hoc approach to grantgiving versus the promotion of neglected subjects in which, as in all good arguments, the result was a compromise, both being continued in parallel. Nevertheless, under the stimulus of this group, the Trustees were persuaded to take a more positive line than before and the competitive awards in selected subjects and the concentration on neglected subjects prospered.

Towards the end of this phase, it became apparent that more emphasis needed to be placed on the problems of university staffing and the Senior Lectureship and Lectureship schemes came into being. Dr. Harold Ed wards, on his retirement as Dean of St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, joined the staff to take charge of the programme. This new scheme under his guidance did much to show the Trust's identification with the current plight of the universities and greatly enhanced its reputation. In developing all these new ideas there was a need for close links between the Trustees and the scientific staff of the Trust. This was greatly assisted when, for a few years, Sir John McMichael and Professor Robert Thompson took up offices in the Trust's new premises and were available for day-to-day con sultation. In fact, as Lord Franks has written, a remarkable situation de veloped whereby the Trustees were in the driving seat of an organisation which was essentially feeding them with new ideas and programmes on the basis of a well-found knowledge of the research climate of the country. Through this, they could add their own experience in deciding what should be supported.

Growth and the subsequent change were nevertheless bound to occur and this coincided with the departure of Drs. Hanington, Bembridge and Hop wood and the retirement of Sir John McMichael and Professor Thompson. It was apparent that the time for the generalist was over and that the Trust had to have a more intimate experience of basic medical science available in the office. The new staff had to have specialist experience in a wide range of subjects and were encouraged to travel and visit the people and projects supported by the Trust to gain personal experience and show interest in the work of grant-holders.

This new policyled to the appointment as Assistant Directors of Dr. Bridget Ogilvie, a parasitologist from the National Institute for Medical Research at Mill Hill, to take charge of the tropical programme, Dr. Keith Sinclair, a veterinary surgeon from University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, to

45 look after the veterinary programme, Dr. Michael Morgan, a biochemist cell biologist from Leicester University and Dr. David Gordon, a consultant clinician from the Medical Unit at St. Mary's Hospital Medical School. Subsequently, as the Trust grew even further and Dr. Edwards retired, Dr. P.A.J. Ball, a consultant physician from the Middlesex Hospital, and Dr. James Howard, an immunologist from the Wellcome Research Lab oratories at Beckenham, also joined the staff. During this period the new pattern of specialist panels was developed to handle the very large number of applications being received. Each of these is chaired by a Trustee with an Assistant Director as secretary. This new system, which replaced the regular grant-giving meetings of the scientifically qualified Trustees led to a strong linkage between each Trustee and a specialist section of the office, as well as their general policy role. The evolution of this system is recent, but has been very beneficial in making available to the Trust a much wider range of expert opinion than was possible before.

Behind this evolution of the Scientific administration of the office, lies the administrative developments that made it possible. The management of a programme for the support of research entails meticulous processing of many proposals. A system has to be developed for receipt of the necessary data in an acceptable form for its refereeing, adjudication, and the man agement of the grants.

This task entails time and understanding between the scientists and the administrators. To bring all this about is no mean task and the highest praise must go to Mr. Derek Metcalfe who came to the Trust from the Medical Research Council in 1968 to assist Mr. Barren and was soon to take over from him charge of the grants administration. He has developed an excellent and flexible system and trained the now several Assistant Administrative Officers to continue the precepts which he developed. Mr. Metcalfe has now become the Chief Administrative Officer in succession to Mr. Barren who for many years headed the administration of the Trust and whose major accomplishment for the Trust was in finding and devel oping its new offices and managing all the many aspects of property and personnel work that such a growing institution requires.

When Mr. Clarke retired as Financial Adviser, the Trust decided to appoint its own Financial Controller. For this post they selected Mr. K.C. Ste phenson. Mr. Stephenson introduced and developed an efficient and strong financial administration for the Trust and did many things to set the pattern for the future so that the office was ready to.Iaunch into the next phase of the flotation and the new responsibilities that led therefrom. This task

46 was Mr. Ian Macgregor's, who joined the Trust in 1985 and soon grasped the mammoth task of the flotation led by Sir David Steel and Mr. Gibbs.

There are many others who have played an important role in the evolution of the Trust. No attempt has been made here to describe the management of the History of Medicine Programme, which Dr. Williams ran for some time before Professor Rupert Hall joined the staff to act as Co-ordinator of the History of Medicine Programmes. Before him, Pamela Bradburne, Dr. Williams' personal assistant, had done stalwart work for this subject.

This essay illustrates a pattern of development that has been appropriate at each stage of the development of the Trust, evolving from the direct Trustee action to the gradual devolution to the staff first in general and then in more specialist support of the Trustees. This pattern of adminis tration has been of great help to the scientific community who feel they can turn to the Trust for sympathetic understanding of their problems, as wellas for funds, and provides a way in which busy Trustees can concentrate to maximum effect on the problems that necessitate their attention.

The future quality of the Trust will depend on this strong linkage between the Trustees and the staff and on respect for each other's roles. The or ganisation and pattern that has been developed should stand it in good stead.

D. 50TH ANNIVERSARY CELEBRATIONS 50TH ANNIVERSARY CE LEBRATIONS

Although the 50th Anniversary ofthe Trust falls outside the period ofthis Report. because of its significa nce it is proposed to refer to so me of the celebrations here.

Th e highlight of th e year's ce lebra tio ns was th e Soi ree held on Thursday, 4th December 1986, at which Her Maj esty Th e Q ueen '.ind His Royal Highness Prince Philip The Duke of Edinburgh. a tte nde d a reception at the Wellc ome Building at E usto n Road to mark the 50th A nniversary of the T rust.

Th ere were some 450 gues ts awa iting th e royal party's a rriva l. T he Du ke of Edinburgh a rriv ed ten minutes before the Queen who was slightly de layed . O n arrival. Her Maj esty was greete d by th e Lord Mayor o f Ca mde n and the Lady Ma yores s. Sir David and Lad y Steel and Dr . and Mrs. Will iam s were th en pr esented to her.

He r Majesty T he Q ueen esco rted by Sir Dav id Steel and Dr. P.O . Williams

50 The royal party then proceede d to th e Dale room where the Trustees a nd for mer Trustees a nd th eir wives. th e Cha irma n of the Fo unda tio n. Mr. and Mrs . Ian Macgregor a nd Dr. B. M. Ogi lvie were presente d to th e Q ueen and Prince Philip. Sir David Steel and Dr. William s th en we lco med th e royal visitors and descri bed th e plan s for the eve ning . T he Q ueen a nd Duke were taken on a tou r of th e Well come Tropica l Inst itute Mu seum and viewed a special exhibitio n on Ma laria. af ter which th e Q ueen un vei led a plaq ue which co mme morate d he r visit in th e main hall of th e bu ilding.

Her Majesty The Quee n unveiling a plaque com memora ting her visit

A to ur of the Library followed, when se nio r members of th e Trust's staff and their wives we re presented to th e Queen a nd Duke of Edinburgh, and where exhibitio ns of th e work of th e Trust and scientific ex hibitions by gra nt hold ers we re on show. T hey pau sed for a description of research on Alzhei mer's disease by Professor Bro ok s. Dr. McCulloch and Dr. Jenkin so n. T hey co ntinue d th e tour to see th e special ex hibition 'A Vision of History' pr epar ed by th e Wellcorn e Institute for th e History of Medicine. Sir David Steel th cn int roduced Mr. A .J . She ppe rd and so me of his di rec tors at th e e ntr a nce to th e boardroom of th e Wellcom c Fo undatio n Ltd.

51 Th e Queen met guests a nd exhibito rs and before she left signe d visitors' book s of th e Trust and Foundati on and a ph ot ograph .She was given a lith ograph of Edwa rd Jenner and a leathe r-b ound copy of the Histor y of the Trust written by Professor Hall and D r. Bembridge . who we re pre se nted .

Her Majesty T he Q ueen and H is Royal High ness Prince Philip sign ing the visito rs' hook in the p rese nce of Sir David Steel and Mr. A .J. Shepperd

Elizabe th McG ow an pr esented a bouquet of white roses. and the royal visito rs left at approxima te ly 7.45 p.m . T he So iree th en co ntinue d unt il midnight with dan cin g in the library.

T he Trustees would like to exte nd th eir sincere tha nks to the numerous peopl e who co ntributed to a highl y successful eve ning. Especial cre dit must go to [an Macgrego r. Cha irma n of th e So iree Committee. Re becca Cheese man . Caroline Kay and Jan et Ca mpbell fo r their num erous ro les in ma king preparati on s fo r the evening .

52 The exhibits on show were: Trust Exhibits Contributors

Henry Wellcome and his Trustees

The Growth of the Trust in the Mr. A.I. Macgregor past 50 years and the distribution of funds today

Organisation of the Trust Dr. P.O. Williams

Basic Science: Biochemistry and Cell Biology Dr. M.J. Morgan

Basic Science: Physiology and Pharmacology Dr. D. Gordon

Clinical Science Dr. P.A.J. Ball

Mental Health Dr. D. Gordon

Tropical Medicine Dr. B.M. Ogilvie

Veterinary Science Dr. K.B. Sinclair

Senior Appointments Mr. D. G. Metcalfe

History of Medicine Dr. P.O. Williams

European Programme Dr. M.J. Morgan

Scientific Exhibits Hereditary Disorders: Dr. Marcus Pembrey, The Need for Genetic Prediction Institute of Child Health. The Importance of Communication Professor Anne Warner, Between Cells for Development Department of Anatomy and Embryology, University College London. Ferritin, the Iron Storage Molecule Professor Pauline Harrison and Dr. G. Ford, Department of Biochemistry, University of Sheffield. A New Approach to Combat Viral Professor W. Jarrett and Dr. Infection I. McCandlish, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Glasgow University

53 Scientific Exhibits Contributors

Senile Dementia (Alzheimer's Professor N. Brooks and Dr. Disease): J. McCulloch, Its Nature, Progression and Wellcome Neuroscience Treatment Group, Glasgow University

The Electrophysiological Properties Dr. Peter Mobbs and Dr. D. of the Retina Attwell, Department of Physiology, University College London.

Trypanosoma Cruzi: Dr. M. Miles, Causative Agent for Chagas' London School of Hygiene Disease and Tropical Medicine.

The Metabolism of Drugs: Wellcome Senior Lecturers Its Immediate and Remote from various Departments of Consequences Pharmacology: Dr. B. Burchall, University of Dundee, Dr. B.K. Park, University of Liverpool, Dr. Edith Sim, University of Oxford, Dr. D.J. Harvey, University of Oxford, Dr. P.H. Dean, University of Cambridge, Dr. J.M. Neuberger, King's College Hospital Medical School.

The First Wellcome Equipment Sir Andrew Huxley Grant Investigations on Muscle

The History of African Sleeping Dr. B.I. Williams Sickness

54 50TH ANNIVERSARY COMMEMORAnON EVENTS

During the year July 1986- July 1987 a series of events is taking place to commemorate the founding of the Wellcome Trust by the will of Sir Henry Wellcome on his death in 1936.

These events began with an exhibition 'Backing the Future: The Wellcome Trust 1936-1986', at the Science Museum. The exhibition 'A Vision of History: The Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine' opened on 1st September 1986at the Wellcome Building, 183 Euston Road, London, and runs until April 1987 as previously reported. Her Majesty The Queen and His Royal Highness The Duke of Edinburgh visited the Wellcome Building in December as part of a 50th Anniversary Soiree.

Some eleven universities and medical schools will be holding symposia and giving exhibitions of research work conducted at their institutions under the auspices of the Trust; these will include exhibitions in the Divinity School of the Bodleian Library, Oxford, and in the Hunterian Museum, Glasgow, both opening March 1987, as well as exhibitions in Cambridge, Manchester and Newcastle. Many learned societies - medical and veteri nary - will also be participating in or marking the celebrations. The events of the year come to a close with a symposium at the University of Edinburgh in July 1987.

The following is a list of the planned events: 1986

2nd July Science Museum Exhibition - 'Backing the Future'.

1st September 'A Vision of History': at the Wellcome Insti tute for the History of Medicine.

1st - 5th September Bristol University's exhibition of Wellcorne funded work during the meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science.

12th & 13th September The Physiological Society Meeting, Oxford, commemorated the 50th Anniversary of the Trust, together with the same anniversary of Dale and Loewi's Nobel prize.

14th - 15th September Molecular Biological Society Symposium in Edinburgh.

55 22nd October Wellcome-funded work at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine was exhib ited and the Wellcome Professor of Clinical Tropical Medicine gave his Inaugural Lecture (Professor Keith McAdam).

29th October Times Special Report on the Wellcome Trust.

21st November Launch of Physic and Philanthropy: A History of the Wellcome Trust by A.R. Hall and B. Bembridge.

26th November Royal Postgraduate Medical School - poster display, staff round and seminar presentation of Wellcome-funded work.

4th December Soiree in the gracious presence of H.M. The Queen and H.R.H. The Duke of Edinburgh.

17th - 19th December Biochemical Society dinner and Joint Sym posium to celebrate the 50th Anniversary of the Trust and the 75th Anniversary of the Bio chemical Society.

1987

8th - 9th January Medical Research Society Meeting at the Charing Cross and Westminster Medical School, including Wellcome Lecture by Pro fessor Howard Thomas.

21st January Afternoon Symposium at St. Mary's Hospital Medical School on Wellcome-funded work.

27th January Dinner in the Langliniepavillonen, Copen hagen, to mark the special relationship be tween the Trust and various Scandinavian institutions in the past 50 years.

26th March Exhibition on Trust-funded work at the Hun terian Museum, Glasgow.

30th March - 11th April Oxford exhibition in the Divinity School of the Bodleian Library, hosted by the Vice-Chan cellor.

8th April Scientific meeting and dinner at the Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London.

56 14th April Meeting of Association of Veterinary Teach ers and Research Workers in Scarborough.

16th April Seminar and reopening of Oxford Exhibition at the John Radcliffe Hospital.

29th April Manchester University Medical School: poster session of Wellcome-funded work and lecture by Sir Christopher Booth.

Early May Exhibition of Wellcome-funded work at New castle University.

7th - 8th May Meeting of Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, sponsored by the Trust.

27th May Exhibition of Wellcome-funded work at Uni versity College London.

June Exhibition on Trust-funded work at Cam bridge University.

9th July Surgical Research Society Meeting in Leeds.

6th - 18th July Edinburgh University Exhibition of Well come-funded work, in the Adam House.

13th July Soiree, Edinburgh.

14th July One-day seminar, Edinburgh University, with papers by eight Wellcome-funded scientists.

FIFTYYEARS OF THE WELL COME TRUST

A. Physic and Philanthropy

B. Thoughts on the Wellcome Trust 1963 - 1982 by Lord Franks

SUPPORT OF MEDICAL RESEARCH IN THE U.K.

During the period under review, the Trust has allocated £45.9 million for the support of research in human and animal medicine and the history of medicine. This represents a 46.17 per cent increase over the preceding two year period.

The following diagram shows how these funds were allocated and also a comparison with the previous two year period 1982-84.

The following chapters of the Report describe each of the areas of the Trustees' support, and all grants over £2,000 are listed.

61 14 0- N

11 I//r! Funds allocated for proj ect s 1984- 1986 (Totalling £45 9m ) 10 II Compared with 1982-19 84 (Tota lling £31.4m) 9

Basic Clinical Special Senior Univer sity Selected Tropical Veterinary Europe . History of salary sc iences scienc es fell ow ship s lecture ship s lectur eships Subjects medicine medicine Other medicine increases (Mental Health ~ developed for grant s Neurosciences co untries previously Ad hoc applications Vis ion) & travel grants awarded A. SENIOR RESEARCH FELLOWSHIPS IN CLINICAL SCIENCE

WELLCOME SENIOR RESEARCH FELLOWSHIPS IN CLINICAL SCIENCE

The purpose of these Senior Fellowships is to give young clinical scientists of high promise the opportunity to carry out research on problems related to clinical medicine for a period of up to five years. The Trustees have been delighted with the success of Senior Clinical Fellows.

Since the inception of this scheme in 1962, 73 Fellowships have been awarded. During the period of this Report, nine Fellows have obtained senior academic or consultant positions. Two of these have been appointed as Professors, one in the Department of Clinical Endocrinology at St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, and one in the Department of Medicine at King's College Hospital Medical School. Another Fellow will shortly be taking up the Chair in Clinical Pharmacology at the University of Bir mingham. The Trustees maintain an interest in the work of former Fellows, and are always prepared to consider applications for funds to conduct research projects.

There are currently 19 Senior Clinical Fellows in post, eight of whom were appointed during the last two years. An annual meeting for all the Fellows continues to be held at the Trust's offices, and it is a valuable opportunity for the presentation and discussion of work in progress.

In May 1985, under the Chairmanship of Dr. P.O. Williams, some 25 fellows and members of the Trust's staff met and the following papers were presented:

Dr. x.c, Chu Department of Medicine, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London.

'Langerhans and Lutzner - Cells of Cutaneous Concern'

Dr. P.W. Jones The Middlesex Hospital, London.

'Cardiac Output as a Controller of Ventilation During Exercise'

65 Dr. J.A. Summerfield Department of Medicine, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London.

'Factors Influencing the Uptake of Glycoproteins by the Hepatic Mannose System'

Dr. J. MacDermot Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London.

'Prostacyclin Receptor Function'

In May 1986, Dr. Gordon Smith was in the chair, and the followingspeakers were:-

Dr. R.D.G. Leslie Diabetic Department, King's College Hospital Medical School, London.

'Escaping Diabetes'

Dr. P.F. Home Department of Medicine, The Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne.

'Insulin Delivery and Metabolic Disturbances in Diabetes'

Dr. P.e. Rubin Department of Materia Medica, University of Glasgow.

'Clinical Pharmacology in Pregnancy: From Folklore to Fact'

Dr. J.M. Neuberger Liver Unit, King's College Hospital Medical School, London.

'Immune Mediated Drug Hepatotoxicity' The Senior Clinical Fellowship Scheme has proved so valuable to the ca reers of promising young clinical scientists, that the Trustees have doubled the funds available for the forthcoming year, in order that up to eight Fellows can be appointed in 1987. The funds allocated for these awards during the period of this Report was £1,980,000.

66 The following are current recipients of these prestigious fellowship awards:-

Dr. R.D.G. Leslie Diabetic Department, King's College Hospital Medical School, London.

Dr. A.C. Chu Department of Medicine, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London.

Dr. J.M. Neuberger Liver Unit, King's College Hospital Medical School, London.

Dr. P.C. Rubin Department of Materia Medica, University of Glasgow.

Dr. J.A. Summerfield Department of Medicine, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London.

Dr. J. Macdermot Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London.

Dr. P.J. Ciclitira Department of Gastroenterology, St. Thomas' Hospital Medical School, London.

Dr. G.E. Francis Department of Haematology, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London.

Dr. H.M.D. Gurling Genetics Section, Institute of Psychiatry, London. Dr. K.C. Gatter Nuffield Department of Pathology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford. Dr. C.D. Pusey Department of Medicine, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London. Dr. D.J. Nutt Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford. Dr. J.R. Stradling Osler Chest Unit, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford.

67 Dr. R.J. Unwin Medical Unit, St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, London.

Dr. A.P. Wheetman Department of Medicine, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London.

Dr. G.T.E. Kealey Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford.

Dr. J.I. Bell Nuffield Department of Medicine and Nuffield Department of Surgery, University of Oxford.

Dr. S.L. Thein Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford.

Dr. K-L.A. So Department of Medicine, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London.

68 SPECIAL FELLOWSHIPS AND SENIOR LECTURERS

Awards of Wellcome Senior Research Fellowships in Clinical Science

Dr. J.I. Bell, Nutlield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford: for five years, for a study of the association between HLA DR3 and autoimmune disease, under Professor A.J. McMichael and Professor P.J. Morris.

Dr. P.J. Ciclitira, The Rayne Institute, St. Thomas's Hospital, London: for three years for additional expenses during his study of the characteristics of the cereal protein fraction and the pathogenetic mechanism involved in the aetiology of coeliac disease, under Dr. B. Creamer.

Dr. K.C. Gatter, Nutlield Department of Pathology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Uni versity of Oxford: additional expenses for his study of the immunohistological analysis of human tissue, under Professor J. O'D McGee.

Dr. D.G. Johnston, Department of Medicine, University of Newcastle upon Tyne: for a six month extension of his study of growth hormone secretion and action in normal and disease states in man, under Professor K.G.M. Alberti.

Dr. G.T.E. Kealey, Nutlield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford: for five years, for a study of the characterisation of luminal membrane chloride channels in cystic fibrosis, under Professor Sir Philip Randle.

Dr. R.J.M. Lane, Associated Unit of Neurological Science, University of Liverpool: for a two year extension of his studies of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, under Dr. L.D. Blumhardt.

Dr. J. MacDermot, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Royal Postgraduate Med ical School, London: for a twelve month extension of his pharmacology studies of pulmonary mast cell mediators, under Professor C.T. Dollery.

Dr. A.M. McGregor, Department of Medicine, University of Wales Collegeof Med icine, Cardiff: for a six month extension of his study of the human thyroid micro somal antigen, under Professor A.R. Hall.

Dr. J.M. Neuberger, The Liver Unit, King's College Hospital Medical School, Lon don: for a two year extension of his investigations of immune mediated hepatoxicity induced by xenobiotics, under Dr. R. Williams.

Dr. D.J. Nutt, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford: for three years, for a study of the pharmacology of anxiety, under Professor M.G. Gelder.

Dr. P.C. Rubin, Department of Materia Media, University of Glasgow: for a three year extension of his investigation of the optimisation of drug use in pregnancy and the management of pregnancy-associated hypertension, under Professor J.L. Reid.

69 Dr. K-L. A. So, Department of Medicine, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London: for three years, for a study ofthe molecular genetics ofrheumatoid disease, under Professor D. K. Peters.

Dr. J .R. Stradling, Osler Chest Unit, The Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford: for three years, for a study of sleep and disordered breathing, under Dr. D.J. Lane.

Dr. Swee Lay Thein, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Ox ford: for five years for an analysis of the genetic factors involved in the regulation of the switch from foetal to adult haemoglobin production, under Professor D.J. Weatherall.

Dr. R.J. Unwin, The Medical Unit, St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, London: for five years, for a study of aspects of renal sodium and water regulation in health and disease, with particular reference to the influence of gut neuropeptides, under Professor Sir Stanley Peart.

Dr. A.P. Weetman, Department of Medicine, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London: for five years, for a study of the immunoregulation of remission in Graves' disease, under Professor D.K. Peters.

70 B. SENIOR BASIC BIOMEDICAL FELLOWSHIPS SENIOR BASIC BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE FELLOWSHIPS

During 1985 the Trustees became aware of the need to provide further substantive positions for young investigators in the basic sciences. Rep resentations had been made from the universities that the number of re search posts available had declined leading to a resultant shift to careers outside of science, or to science careers outside the United Kingdom. The Trustees decided to re-introduce their previous fellowship scheme, to sup port outstanding young basic scientists with an established research record, who have shown special promise in their initial studies of biomedical prob lems.

An advertisement calling for applications was circulated to the universities and advertised in learned journals during October 1985. 59 applications were received: 49 from applicants already in the laboratory in which they wished to hold the fellowship, and six from abroad. Seven fellowshipswere awarded following successful interviews and are detailed below.

The Trustees were pleased by the response to their advertisement and encouraged by the quality of the fellows whom they appointed. They were concerned, however, that so few applications had been received from can didates overseas wishing to return to Britain, or from candidates wishing to move laboratories. They have decided to continue the scheme and to encourage applications, especially, from candidates presently working overseas or wishing to move to a new laboratory.

The fellowships are tenable for five years in the first instance, with an extension to eight years following a successful review. The Trust provides the fellows' salaries and substantial funds to cover the cost of an associated research programme. The cost of these awards came to £900,000.

The following are current holders of these awards:

Dr. C.D.A. Brown Department of Medicine, University of Manchester.

Dr. I.M. Crampton Department of Medical Entomology, University of Liverpool.

Dr. T.R. Hirst Department of Genetics, University of Leicester.

Dr. Lynne Mayne Department of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex.

72 Dr. V. Hugh Perry Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford.

Dr. M. Rowe Department of Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham.

Dr. Roddan Williamson Laboratory of the Marine Biological Association.

Awards of Wellcome Senior Research Fellowships in the Basic Sciences

Dr. C.D.A. Brown, Department of Medicine, University of Manchester: for five years, for a study of the regulatory mechanisms of bicarbonate secretion across duodenal epithelial membranes, under Professor L.A. Turnberg.

Dr. J.M. Crampton, Department of Medical Entomology, Liverpool Schoolof Trop ical Medicine: for five years, for a study of the mobile genetic elements in mos quitoes of medical significance, under Professor W. W. Macdonald.

Dr. T.R. Hirst, Department of Genetics, University of Leicester: for five years, for a study of the production and secretion of diarrhoeogenic toxins by Vibrio cholerae and by other Gram-negative bacteria, under Professor I.B. Holland.

Dr. Lynne V. Mayne, School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex: for five years, for a study of cloning of human DNA repair genes by phenotypic comple mentation of human mutant cells with exogenous DNA, under Dr. D. Streeter.

Dr. V.H. Perry, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford: for five years, for a study of the interactions between neurons and neurons and glia, under Professor L. Weiskrantz.

Dr. M. Rowe, Department of Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham: for five years, for an investigation of T cell recognition of Epstein-Barr viral antigens, under Professor A.B. Rickinson.

Dr. R. Williamson, Laboratory of the Marine BiologicalAssociation, Plymouth: for five years, for a study of the equilibrium system of Cephalopods, under Professor E.J. Denton.

C. WELLCOME SENIOR LECTURESHIPS WELLCOME SENIOR LECTURESHIPS

A further round of appointments was made in 1985. Since there are now 51 Senior Lecturers in post (a considerable contribution to academic med ical science) the Trustees decided not to advertise a round for 1986, so giving them the opportunity to clarify their intentions, both about their long-term financial commitment to the scheme and the effect on it of their evolving ideas about support for senior posts in general.

The Trustees were pleased to learn that Dr. Michael C. Sheppard had been appointed to the Chair of Endocrinology at Birmingham University, Dr. S. Tomlinson to the Chair of Medicine at Manchester University and Dr. C.A. Marsden promoted to a personal Chair at Nottingham University.

Of the 51 Senior Lecturers, eleven have clinical responsibilities. The sub jects of 'research of the Senior Lecturers - by very broad categories - are as follows:-

Human Physiology, with an emphasis on Neurophysiology 18 Tropical Disease and Infections 12 Molecular Biology and Immunology 11 Pharmacology 7 Mental Health 2 Epidemiology 1

These appointments, which are on the basis of a rolling contract which entails review every third year, should not normally be held for more than eight years by which time the fellow should either take up a university appointment or be eligible for consideration for one of the Trust's new senior appointments. A new scheme of senior research appointments is being established to create a logical progression for those who have estab lished themselves as of the calibre to be research professors.

It has been said that this scheme, initiated in 1979, has been very significant in retaining the strength of universities during the present financial strin gency. However, the Wellcome Trust cannot in the long-term become a basic funding agency for the universities. It is therefore essential that the universities examine how they can relate the use of this scheme to their future planning. Failure to do this will eliminate this valuable type of support.

76 Since this scheme was started in 1979 these appointments and renewals have cost:- £

1979/80 1,505,000 1980/81 701,000 1981/82 968,000 1982/83 1,354,000 1983/84 1,664,000 1984/85 515,000 1985/86 2,062,000 Total £8,769,000

In addition, £2,550,000 has been provided for core support during the past four years.

Annual meetings continue to be held at which selected Senior Lecturers are invited to give a paper on their work.

In June 1985, the following papers were presented:

Dr. Robert Hess The Physiology Laboratory, University of Cambridge.

'The Visual Deficit in Amblyopia'

Dr. Stuart Cull-Candy Department of Pharmacology, University College London.

'Studies on Nicotinic and Amino Acid Receptor-Operated Channels in Neurons and Muscle'

Dr. David Thompson Academic Department of Medicine, The London Hospital Medical College.

'Human Gastrointestinal Motor Function and Dysfunction'

Dr. Jean Golding Department of Child Health, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Bristol.

'The Benefits and Hazards of Pertussis Immunisation - Analysis of Information on a National Cohort of Children'

77 Dr. Edith Sim Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford.

'Drug Induced Immune Complex Disease A Molecular Approach'

Dr. Jenefer Blackwell Ross Institute of Tropical Hygiene, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.

'Macrophage Lectin-like and Complement Receptors Bind Leishmania in the Absence of Serum'

Dr. Kevin Park Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool.

'Drug Protein Conjugation and its Immunological Consequences'

In 1986 the following Senior Lecturers were speakers:

Dr. John Tooke Department of Physiology, Charing Cross and Westminster Medical School, London.

'The Study of Human Microvascular Function with particular reference to Diabetic Microangiopathy'

Dr. Terence Wilkin Professorial Medical Unit, Southampton General Hospital.

'Autoantibodies to Insulin'

Dr. Jeffrey Idle Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, London.

'Metabolic Pharmacogenetic Markers of Human Diseases'

Dr. Michael Farthing Department of Gastroenterology, St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College, London.

'Giardiasis: Diagnosis, Pathogenesis and Host Immune Response'

78 Dr. George Griffin Department of Communicable Diseases, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London.

'Inflammatory Response in Acute Gastroenteritis'

Current Wellcome Senior Lecturers:-

Dr. Jeffrey K. Aronson Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford.

Dr. James D. Barry Institute of Genetics, University of Glasgow.

Dr. Jenefer M. Blackwell Ross Institute of Tropical Hygiene, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London.

Dr. B. Burchell Department of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Institute, University of Dundee.

Dr. D.C.A. Candy Institute of Child Health, University of Birmingham.

Dr. J.M. Connor Duncan Guthrie Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Glasgow.

Dr. Anne Cooke Department of Immunology, Middlesex Hospital Medical School, London.

Dr. T.M. Cox Department of Medicine, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London.

Dr. S.G. Cull-Candy Department of Pharmacology, University College London.

Dr. P.M. Dean Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge.

Dr. Madeleine E. Devey Department of Medical Microbiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.

79 Dr. M.J. Doenhoff Department of Medical Helminthology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.

Dr. D.A. Eisner Department of Physiology, University College London.

Dr. D.J. Ewing Department of Medicine, University of Edinburgh.

Dr. C.G. Fairburn Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford.

Dr. M.J.G. Farthing Department of Gastroenterology, St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College, London.

Dr. Sandra E. File Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, London.

Dr. G.c. Ford Department of Biochemistry, University of Sheffield.

Dr. M.H.N. Golden Department of Medicine, University of Aberdeen.

Dr. M.Jean Golding Department of Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Bristol.

Dr. G.E. Griffin Department of Communicable Diseases, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London.

Dr. M.A. Hanson Department of Physiology and Biochemistry,

University of Reading.

Dr. D.J. Harvey Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford.

Dr. R.F. Hess The Physiological Laboratory, University of Cambridge.

Dr. J.R. Idle Department of Pharmacology, St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, London.

80 Dr. J.G.R. Jefferys Department of Physiology and Biophysics, St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, London.

Dr. Hazel C. Jones Department of Zoology, University of Hull.

Dr. C.M. Lockwood Department of Medicine, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London.

Dr. T.T. Macdonald Paediatric Gastroenterology Laboratory, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London.

Dr. G.M. MacGregor Department of Medicine, Charing Cross Hospital Medical School, London.

Dr. Jana S. McBride Department of Zoology, University of Edinburgh.

Professor C.A. Marsden Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham.

Dr. C.J. Mathias The Medical Unit, St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, London.

Dr. R.W. Meech Department of Physiology, University of Bristol.

Dr. M.A. Miles Department of Medical Protozoology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.

Dr. P.C.G. Nye Department of Physiology, University of Oxford.

Dr. B.K. Park Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool.

Dr. G. Pasvol Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford.

81 Dr. J.J. Shaw Department of Medical Protozoology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.

Dr. K. Siddle Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge.

Dr. R.E. Silman Department of Reproductive Physiology, St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College, London.

Dr. Edith Sim Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford.

Dr. J.G. Patrick Department of Renal Medicine/Virology, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London.

Dr. A. Tait Department of Genetics, University of Edinburgh.

Dr. D.G. Thompson Academic Department of Medicine, London Hospital Medical College.

Dr. J.E. Tooke Department of Physiology, Charing Cross Hospital Medical School, London.

Dr. F.S. Walsh Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Neurology, London.

Dr. R.D. Ward Department of Medical Entomology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine.

Dr. H.V. Wheal Department of Neurophysiology, School of Biochemical and Physiological Sciences. University of Southampton.

Dr. T.J. Wilkin Professorial Medical Unit, Southampton General Hospital.

Dr. C. Woolf Department of Anatomy and Embryology, University College London.

82 Awards of Wellcome Senior Lectureships

Dr. J.D. Barry, Institute of Genetics, University of Glasgow: for five years, for a genotypic and phenotypic analysis of parasitic life cycles, under Professor D.J. Sherratt.

Dr. Jenefer M. BlackweU, Ross Institute of Tropical Medicine, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine: for a three year extension of her study of mech anisms of genetically controlled resistance to infection, under Professor D.J. Brad ley. Dr. T.M. Cox, Department of Medicine, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Lon don: for five years, for structural and functional studies on the human transferrin receptor, under Professor D.K. Peters.

Dr. S.G. Cull-Candy, Department of Pharmacology, University College London: for a three year extension of his analysis of neurotransmitter receptors and synaptic function in the vertebrate central nervous system, under Professor D.H. Jenkinson. Dr. P.M. Dean, Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge: for a three year extension of his study of molecular interactions and drug design, under Pro fessor A. W. Cuthbert.

Dr. Madeleine E. Devey, Immunology Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine: for a two year extension of her studies on antibody affinity and disease in man and animals, under Professor A.J. Zuckerman. Dr. D.A. Eisner, Department of Physiology, University College London: for five years, to study the regulation of intracellular Ca concentration in cardiac muscle, under Professor T.J. Biscoe.

Dr. M.J.G. Farthing, Department of Gastroenterology, St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College, London: for a three year extension of his study of Giardiasis: pathogenesis, pathophysiology, host immune response and its impact on child health, under Dr. A.M. Dawson.

Dr. Jean M. Golding, Department of Child Health, University of Bristol: for a three year extension of her prospective study of pregnancy, infancy and childhood in Avon, under Professor N.R. Butler.

Dr. G.E. Grimn, Department of Medicine, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London: for a three year extension of his study of the pathophysiology of C. difficile toxins, under Professor H.P. Lambert.

Dr. M.A. Hanson, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Read ing: for five years, for a study of peripheral and central components of the responses of the foetus and neonate to hypoxia, under Professor R.R. Dils.

Dr. D.J. Harvey, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford: for a three year extension of his study of drug toxicity and their investigation by mass spec trometry, under Professor A.D. Smith.

83 Dr. R.F. Hess, The Physiological Laboratory, University of Cambridge: for a three year extension of his study of extra-foveal and subcortical visual processing in man, under Professor R. D. Keynes.

Dr. J.G.R. Jefferys, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, St. Mary's Hos pital Medical School, London: for five years, for a study of neuronal mechanisms in experimental epilepsies in the rat, under Professor C.C. Michel.

Dr. Hazel C. Jones, Department of Zoology, University of Hull: for a three year extension of her study of the morphology and physiology of the developing cere brospinal fluid system in rodents with congenital hydrocephalus, under Dr. l.H. Sudd.

Dr. C.M. Lockwood, Department of Medicine, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London: for five years, for a study of autoimmunity and glomerulonephritis, under Professor D.K. Peters.

Dr. T.T. MacDonald, Department of Child Health, St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College, London: for five years, for a study of Iymphokine production by human intestinal lymphocytes, under Professor l.A. Walker-Smith.

Dr. C.J. Mathias, The Medical Unit, St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, London: for a two year extension of his study of nervous system control of the circulation, under Professor Sir Stanley Peart and Sir Roger Bannister.

Dr. R.W. Meech, Department of Physiology, University of Bristol Medical School: for a three year extension of his study of Ca" ", Ca'<-activated and H+ selective channels in excitable cells, under Professor B. Matthews.

Dr. B.K. Park, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liv erpool: for a three year extension of his study of the mechanisms in biochemical pharmacology, under Professor A.M. Breckenridge.

Dr. A.M.C. Sheppard, Department of Medicine, University of Birmingham: for a three year extension of his study of the regulation of thyroid stimulating hormone secretion, under Professor R. Hoffenberg.

Dr. Edith Sim, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford: for a three year extension of her study of drug-induced systemic lupus erythematosus, under Pro fessor A.D. Smith.

Dr. N.B. Standen, Department of Physiology, University of Leicester: for five years, for a study of ionic channels in excitable cell membranes, under Professor A. G.H. Blakeley.

Dr. J .E. Tooke, Department of Physiology, Charing Cross and Westminster Medical School, London: for a three year extension of his study of human microvascular function in health and disease, under Professor L.H. Smaje.

84 Dr. F.S. Walsh, Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Neurology, London: for five years, for a cellular analysis of skeletal muscle development, under Professor A.N. Davison.

Dr. H.V. Wheal, Department of Neurophysiology, University of Southampton: for a three year extension of his study of the mechanisms of epileptic form activity and its relationship to the physiology and pharmacology of the hippocampus, under Professor G.A. Kerkut.

Dr. T.J. Wilkin, Professorial Medical Unit, University of Southampton: for a three year extension of his study of the immunogenetics of autoantibodies to insulin, under Professor R. Wright.

Additional Grants Awarded to Holders of Wellcome Senior Lectureships

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Dr. Jenefer M. Blackwell, Department of Tropical Hygiene, London School of Hy giene and Tropical Medicine: for four years, for a study of the interactions between leishmanial parasites and their vertebrate hosts studied at molecular, cellular and population levels.

Dr. B. Burchell, Department of Biochemistry, University of Dundee: for additional expenses during his senior lectureship for his study of prediction and prevention of drug-induced illness and carcinogenesis.

Dr. B. Burchell, Department of Biochemistry, University of Dundee: for three years, for a study of gene transfer and expression of UDP-glucoronyltransferase in ge netically deficient cells and genetically deficient rats, with Dr. F.D. Ledley, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, U.S.A.

Dr. T.M. Cox, Department of Medicine, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Lon don: for three years, for structural and functional studies in the human transferrin receptor.

Dr. S.G. Cull-Candy, Department of Pharmacology, University College London: for additional equipment for use during his analysis of neurotransmitter reception and synaptic function in the vertebrate central nervous system.

Dr. S.G. Cull-Candy, Department of Pharmacology, University College London: for three years, for an investigation into patch-clamp analysis of neurotransmitter receptor channels activated by amino acids in mammalian central neurons.

Dr. Madeleine E. Devey, Immunology Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine: for a twenty-six month extension of her studies on antibody affinity and disease in man and animals.

85 Dr. M.J. Doenhoff, Department of Medical Helminthology, London School of Hy giene and Tropical Medicine, Winches Farm Field Station, St. Albans: for a further three months to evaluate the serodiagnostic potential of Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens under field conditions in Kenya, with Dr. A.E. Butterworth, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge.

Dr. M.J. Doenhoff, Department of Medical Helminthology, Winches Farm Field Station, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London: for a five month extension of his study of the development of monospecific sera for the identification and purification of schistosome antigens.

Dr. D.A. Eisner, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University College London: for five years, for a study of the regulation of intracellular Ca concentration in cardiac muscle. Dr. D.J. Ewing, Department of Medicine, University of Edinburgh: for a two year extension of his investigation of vasopressin control and diabetic autonomic neu ropathy, with Dr. S.L. Lightman, Department of Medicine, Westminster Hospital Medical School.

Dr. C.G. Fairburn, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford: for three years and six months, for studies on bulimia nervosa: aspects of its aetiology, maintenance and treatment.

Dr. M.J.G. Farthing, Department of Gastroenterology, St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College, London: for a twelve month extension of his study of giardiasis: pathogenesis of intestinal disease and humoral immune response.

Dr. Sandra E. File, Department of Pharmacology, The Schoolof Pharmacy, London: for three years, for a study entitled "Are There Different Drug-Induced States of Anxiety?".

Dr. Jean M. Golding, Department of Child Health, University of Bristol: for five years, for a prospective study of pregnancy, infancy and childhood in Avon.

Dr. D.J. Harvey, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford: for three years to investigate the mechanisms of drug toxicity and their study by mass spec trometry.

Dr. J.G.R. Jefferys, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, London: for five years, for a study of neuronal mechanisms in experimental epilepsies in rat.

Dr. Hazel C. Jones, Department of Zoology, University of Hull: for thirty months, for a study of the pathogenesis of congenital hydrocephalus in the rat.

86 Dr. C.M. Lockwood, Department of Medicine, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London: for five years, for a study of autoimmunity and glomerulonephritis.

Dr. Jana S. McBride, Department of Zoology, University of Edinburgh: for three years, for a study of the immunobiology of antigenic polymorphism in human malaria.

Dr. T.T. MacDonald, Department of Child Health, St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College, London: for five years, for a study of Iymphokine production by human intestinal lymphocytes.

Dr. C.J. Mathias, The Medical Unit, St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, London: for two years and four months, for a study of nervous system control of the cir culation.

Dr. P.C.G. Nye, Laboratory of Physiology, University of Oxford: for two years, for his study on oscillations of arterial chemoreceptor discharge - causal stimuli and reflex effects.

Dr. G. Pasvol, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford: for three years, for a study of thalassaemia and the pathogenesis of falciparum malaria.

Dr. K. Siddle, Department of Chemical Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cam bridge: for three years, for a study of the structure, function and turnover of the insulin receptor of rat liver plasma "membrane", with Professor e. N. Hales.

Dr. A. Tait, Department of Genetics, University of Edinburgh: for three years, for a study of the molecular basis of host parasite interaction and transformation in Theileria infected lymphocytes, with Mr. e.G.D. Brown, Centre for Tropical Vet erinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh.

Dr. A. Tait, Department of Genetics, University of Edinburgh: for a study of mating and genetic analysis of trypanosomes.

Dr. J.E. Tooke, Department of Physiology, Charing Cross Hospital and Medical School, London: additional support for his study of the micro-circulation in clinical medicine.

Dr. J.E. Tooke, Department of Physiology, Charing Cross and Westminster Medical School, London: for three years, for a study of dynamic capillary pressure meas urement in man in health and disease, with Dr. S.A. Williams .

Dr. F.S. Walsh, Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Neurology, London: for five years, for a study of cellular analysis of skeletal muscle development.

Dr. R.D. Ward, Department of Medical Entomology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine: for three years, for a study of the structure and vector status of the Lutzomyia longipalpis complex.

87 Dr. H.V. Wheal, Departmentof Neurophysiology, University of Southampton: for equipment and additional expenses for his study of the mechanisms of epilepto genesis in the hippocampus and their control.

Dr. T.J. Wilkin, Professorial Medical Unit, University of Southampton: for a thirty month extension of his study of autoantibodies to human insulin.

Dr. C.J. Woolf, Department of Anatomy and Embryology, University College Lon don: for three years, for an investigation of plasticity in the spinal cord, with Professor P.D. Wall and Dr. Maria Fitzgerald.

88 D. WELLCOME LECTURESHIPS WELLCOME LECTURESHIPS

Under the terms of this scheme, universities and schools with departments of biomedical or clinical science are each invited to nominate one depart ment in which they would wish to make a Wellcome Lectureship appoint ment. During the period under review, nominations have been invited on two occasions; a total of 105 nominations was received and details of the 25 awards made are given on pages 95-96.

The Trustees have recently decided to review their lectureship programme and the scheme will not be offered in 1986-87 during which period, how ever, the number of fellowship awards will be increased. Since the intro duction of the Wellcome Lectureship scheme in 1983,46 awards have been made at a total cost of about £4.6 million. The Trustees also responded positively to three other nominations, but candidates suitable for appoint ment could not be found. The Lectureships which are tenable for up to five years, have been provided in the subject fields and institutions shown in the following tables:

Subject Areas of Wellcome Lectureships

Subject Area No. of Awards

Biomedical Sciences 19 Clinical Sciences (including Pathology) 9 Dental Science 2 Epidemiology, 2 Molecular Biology, 5 Neurosciences 4 Veterinary Sciences 5

90 Institutional Location of Wellcome Lectureships

No. of Awards Bath 1 Birmingham 1 Bristol 3 Dublin 1 East Anglia 1 Essex 1 Keele 1 Leeds 1 Leicester 2 London 12 Newcastle 1 Nottingham 1 Reading 2

Scotland: Aberdeen 2 Edinburgh 3 Dundee 1 Glasgow 2 St. Andrews 1 Strathclyde 2

Southampton 1 Sheffield 1 Sussex 1

Wales: Cardiff 3 Swansea 1 46

If the Trust's lectureship and senior lectureship schemes are considered together, it is apparent that they have provided more than 100 additional academic posts in the biomedical establishment of British universities. The Trustees are considering whether in future years, these lectureship schemes should be replaced by others providing for longer-term research appoint ments for individual workers at different levels of seniority. Since Trust funded appointments are made on a fixed term basis, it seems likely that the university establishment will have to absorb, at least, some of the current ones before many new appointments could be made.

91 The following are current holders of these awards:-

Dr. P.I. Aaronson Department of Pharmacology, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London.

Dr J. Alexander Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, University of Strathclyde.

Dr. R. Barclay Department of Microbiology, University of Reading.

Dr. F. Bowser-Riley Department of Physiology, University of Aberdeen.

Dr. Jane Calver Department of Medicine, University of Newcastle upon Tyne.

Dr. R.A.J. Challis Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Leicester.

Dr. Isabel Crane Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Surgery, . University of Bristol.

Dr. M.e. Dean Hard Tissue Unit, Department of Anatomy, University College London. .

Dr. M.N. East Department of Biochemistry, University of Southampton.

Dr. R.G. Feacham Department of Tropical Hygiene, London School of Hygiene.

Dr. D.N. Furness Department of Communication and Neuroscience, University of Keele ..

.r», R.B. Gallagher Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College, .' University of Dublin, Eire.

Dr. M. Helen Grant Department of Tropical and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Aberdeen.

92 Dr. S.A. Greene Department of Paediatrics and Department of Medicine, Guy's Hospital Medical School. London.

Dr. S. Guild Department of Pharmacology, University of Glasgow.

Dr. M. Hunter Department of Physiology, University of Leeds.

Dr. A.S. Jack Department of Pathology, University of Glasgow.

Dr. M.D. Jones Department of Virology, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London.

Dr. M.W. Kilpatrick Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Birmingham.

Dr. M. Lackie Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of St. Andrews.

Dr. M.S. Lennard Department of Therapeutics, University of Sheffield.

Dr. T.M. MacDonald Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Edinburgh.

Dr. N.M. MacKenzie Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Royal Veterinary College, London.

Dr. S.S. Nussey Department of Medicine II, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London.

Dr. D.C. Parish Department of Biochemistry. University of Sussex.

Dr. M.J. Parkes Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Reading.

Dr. S.J. Perkins Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London.

93 Dr. Judith Pratt Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Strathclyde.

Dr. Margaret K. Pratten Department of Anatomy, University of Leicester.

Dr. Christine M. Preston Department of Microbiology, University College, Cardiff.

Dr. D. Rassi Department of Medical Physics, University College Swansea.

Dr. G.P. Reynolds Department of Pathology, University of Nottingham.

Dr. A. Shiels School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia.

Dr. R. Surtees Department of Child Health, Institute of Child Health, London.

Dr. A.M. Thomson Department of Physiology, University College, Cardiff.

Dr. J.R. Weinberg Department of Medicine, Charing Cross Hospital and Medical School, London.

Dr. P.W. Watt Department of Physiology, University of Dundee.

Dr. J.O. White Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of London.

Dr. C-Y Yiu Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University College London.

94 Awards of Wellcome Lectureships

Dr. R. Barclay, Department of Microbiology, University of Reading: for five years to undertake a study of cell surface proteins of pathogenic mycobacteria, under Professor J.W. Almond.

Dr. F. Bowser-Riley, Department of Physiology, University of Aberdeen: for five years, to undertake an investigation of cardiovascular and neurophysiological changes associated with high pressure conditions in mammals with particular ref erence to man, under Professor C. Kidd.

Dr. R.A.J. Challis, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Leicester: for five years, for an investigation into the role of adenosine in phys iological processes in skeletal muscle, and related topics, under Professor D. B. Barnett.

Dr. Isabel Crane, Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Surgery, University of Bristol: for five years, to study epithelial-lymphocyte interactions in oral mucosal disorders, under Professor C.M. Scully.

Dr. R.G. Feacham, Department of Tropical Hygiene, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine: for five years for a study of AIDS in Africa.

Dr. D.N. Furness, Department of Communication and Neurosciences, University of Keele: for five years, to undertake studies of the cytoarchitecture, elemental com position and innervation of the cochlea in relation to frequency selectivity, under Professor E.F. Evans.

Dr. R.B. Gallagher, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin: for five years, for an investigation into immune mechanism in coeliac disease, under Professor D. Weir.

Dr. S. Guild, Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, University of Glas gow: for five years, to undertake an investigation of the molecular mechanisms mediating control of arterior pituitary hormone secretion, under Professor B. Jen nett.

Dr. M. Hunter, Department of Physiology, University of Leeds: for five years, to undertake studies of potassium transport in the nephron, under Professor B.R. Jewell.

Dr. M. Lackie, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of St. Andrews: for five years, to undertake an investigation into the role of short and long term thixotrophy in the stabilisation of the human postural system, under Professor J.F. Lamb.

Professor A.M. McGregor, Department of Medicine, King's CollegeSchoolof Med icine, London: for five years (appointment pending).

95 Dr. D.C. Parish, Department of Biochemistry, University of Sussex: for five years, for a study of the isolation of prohorrnone processing enzymes, under Dr. R. C. Bray.

Dr. S.J. Perkins, Department of Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital School of Med icine, London: for five years, to undertake structural studies in the solution state on plasma prot~ins and glycoproteins, under Professor J.A~ Lucy.

Dr. J.A. Pratt, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Strath clyde: for f.h',e years, to undertake research into the mechanisms of action of ben zodiazepines, under Professor W. C. Bowman.

Dr. Christine Preston, Department of Microbiology, University College, Cardiff: for five years, to undertake a study into the dynamic properties and surface turnover of the nematode cuticle, under Professor D. Lloyd.

Dr. A. Shiels, School of BiologicalSciences, University of East Anglia: for five years, to undertake a study of the molecular biology of lens cells, under Professor D.R. Davies.

Professor .J.G.M. Shine, Department of Biology, University of Essex: for five years in developmental biology (appointment pending).

Dr. R. Surtees, Department of Child Ikalth, Institute of Child Health, London: for five years, to undertake research into mechanisms of demylination, under Professor June K. Lloyd.

Dr. A.M. Thomson, Department of Physiology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff: for five years, to undertake an analysis of synaptic transmission in cerebral cortex and super chiasmatic nucleus, under Professor A.M. Sillito,

Professor D.D.J. Weitzman, Department of Biochemistry, University of Bath: for five years in genetic engineering (appointment pending).

96 E. RESEARCH TRAINING FELLOWSHIPS IN CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY WELLCOME RESEARCH TRAINING FELLOWSHIPS IN CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY

These awards are intended to provide support for medical graduates in the age range 28 to 32 who wish to undertake a programme of research in volving the application of epidemiological principles and techniques to problems of clinical medicine. A formal course of training in epidemiology is generally a prerequisite to the research programme, which forms part of the fellowship award.

Since the introduction of the scheme in 1979, the Trustees have provided 19 awards at a total cost of £1.05 million. Of the nine Fellows whose awards have terminated, eight have taken up academic or research appointments. Three have been appointed to Senior Lectureships, and two to Lectureships in United Kingdom medical schools; two have taken up university research posts and one has been appointed to a post at the M.R.C. Laboratories in The Gambia.

During the period under review, the Trustees allocated £425,000 for Fel lowships in Clinical Epidemiology. Although eighteen nominations were received only seven awards were made at a cost of £335,000.

98 Awards of Wellcome Research Fellowships in Clinical Epidemiology

Dr. J.M. Cruickshank, Diabetic Unit, Northwick Park Hospital, Middlesex: for three years, for a study of the genetic basis of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus; its validation in populations of different ethnic groups and assessment with possible gene markers, under Dr. R. Mahler.

Dr. G.S. Logan, Department of Paediatric Epidemiology. Institute ofChild Health, London: for three years, for a longitudinal study of the sequelae of congenital cytomegalovirus infection. under Professor C.S. Peckham.

Dr. A.J. Pelosi, General Practice Research Unit, Institute of Psychiatry, London: for one year, to pursue the postgraduate course at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, under Professor M. Shepherd.

Dr. N. Qizilbash, Department of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford: for two years, to investigate possible risk factors for transient ischaemic attacks - a case control study, under Dr. c.P. Warlow.

Dr. T.D. Spector, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, The London Hospital Med ical College: for two years, for a study of the hormonal and reproductive factors in rheumatoid arthritis, under Dr. A.J. Silman.

Dr. D.P. Strachan, Department of Community Medicine, University of Edinburgh: for three years, for a study of childhood asthma and the home environment. under Professor W.M. Garraway.

Dr. P.H. Whincup, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and General Practice, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London: for three years, for a study of regional variations in blood pressure in children, under Professor A. G. Shapero

F. RESEARCH TRAINING FELLOWSHIPS FOR MEDICAL AND DENTAL GRADUATES RESEARCH TRAINING FELLOWSHIPS FOR MEDICAL AND DENTAL GRADUATES

Until 1986, the Trustees offered annual competitive awards in Surgery, Pathology, Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases, but the number of can didates of the right calibre who have applied in these subjects in recent years has been disappointing. It has therefore been decided that these schemes as separate entities should be discontinued. These have been replaced by fellowships for all clinical disciplines which are now awarded without advertisement and approximately quarterly. The awards are in tended for medical graduates of high promise who are able to devote up to three years to a project which calls for a thorough understanding of a basic scientific discipline. Applications may be made at any time, but in tending sponsors are encouraged to write to the Trust in the first instance.

Training fellowships in epidemiology and infectious diseases will continue to be advertised as before.

During the two years under review, eleven new fellowship awards were made in Surgery and six in Pathology. The cost of these awards including fellowship extensions was £359,000 and £310,000 respectively.

Awards of Wellcome Research Fellowships in Surgery

Mr. M.C. Aldridge, Academic Surgical Unit, St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, London: for one year, for a study of blood clearance and organ uptake of Tech netium tin colloid in an animal model of surgical trauma and sepsis, and in critically ill surgical patients, under Professor H.A.F. Dudley.

Mr. H. Barr, Department of Surgery and Gastroenterology, University College London: for two years, for a study of photodynamic therapy for gastrointestinal cancer, under Mr. P.B. Boulos.

Mr. J.M. Britton, Charles Salt Research Centre, Shropshire Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry: for one year, for a study of the mechanical and chemical properties of bone in osteoporosis, under Dr. M.W.l. Davie.

Mr. M.W. Brown, Department of Surgery, University of Glasgow: for two years, for a study of pancreatic islet transplantation - the effect of culture and tissue immunogenicity, under Mr. l.A. Bradley.

Mr. S. Courtney, Department of Surgery, University of Wales Collegeof Medicine, Cardiff: for two years, for a study of the use of monoclonal antibodies in the identification of high-risk benign breast pathology, under Mr. R.E. Mansel.

102 Mr. A.R. Dennison, Nuffield Department of Surgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, Ox ford: for a three month extension to complete studies of small intestinal transplant function and allograft rejection, under Professor P.J. Morris.

Mr. R.J.H. Emery, Department of Orthopaedics, Northwick Park Hospital, Mid dlesex:for one year, for a study of cellular metabolic activities of osteoporotic bone relevant to bone formation, under Mr. L. Klenerman.

Mr. B.D. Ferris, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Clinical Research Centre, Harrow: for one year, for an investigation of the quality of bone in patients with fractures of the neck of the femur, under Mr. L. Klenerman.

Mr. A.G.T.W. Fiennes, Department of Surgery, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London: for an extension for three months, to continue his study of the generation of dominant malignant mutants and human cancer cell hybrids and an investigation of their competitive interactions with other human cancer cells, under Professor J. Hermon Taylor.

Mr. K.P. HanreUy, Department of Materia Medica, University of Glasgow: for two years, for clinical pharmacological studies on feto-placental and uteroplacental blood velocity, under Dr. P.C. Rubin and Dr. M.J. Whittle, University Department of Midwifery, Queen Mother's Hospital, Glasgow.

Dr. J.B. Murdoch, Departments of Midwifery and Virology, Universityof Glasgow: for two years, for a study of the prevalence of certain genomes of human papilloma virus in patients with abnormal cervical cytology, under Dr. J. W. Cordiner and Dr. J.C.M. Macnab.

Dr. H.S. Rigby, Department of Anatomy, University of Bristol: for a five month extension of his study of the influence of mechanical environment on fracture non union, under Dr. A.E. Goodship.

Mr. G. Urwin, Departments of Surgery and Human Metabolism and Clinical Bio chemistry, University of Sheffield Medical School: for two years, for a study of skeletal metabolism in prostatic disorders, under Professor A. Johnson and Dr. J.A. Kanis.

Mr. J.S. Varma, Department of SurgerylUrology, University of Edinburgh: for a three month extension for his investigation of pelvic floor function in health and disease, under Mr. A.N. Smith.

Mr. J.G. Williams, Department ofSurgery, Universityof WalesCollegeof Medicine, Cardiff: for two years, for a study of the role of mucosal phagocytes in the aetiology of inflammatory bowel disease, under Professor L.E. Hughes and Dr. M.B. Hallett

103 Awards of Wellcome Research Fellowships in Pathology

Dr. M.R. Barer, Department of Medical Microbiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine: for a three month extension for a study of clostridia in malnutrition and diarrhoea, under Dr. B.S. Drasar.

'Dr. B.J. Cottrell, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge: for three years, for a histological and ultrastructural investigation of the mechanisms of cellular immunity in Schistosoma rnansoni infections, under Dr. M. Mitchinson. nr.'G.A.A. Ferns, Department of Diabetes/Lipids, St. Bartholomew's Hospital Med ical College, London: for two years, for a study of DNA polymorphisms flanking the human insulin gene in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, under Dr. D.J. Galton.

Dr. C.N. Gutteridge, Department of Haematology, London Hospital Medical Col lege: for two years, for studies of factors controlling the expression of complement and Fe receptors on phagocytic cells, under Dr. A.C. Newland.

Mr. G.L. Howells, Immunology Unit, Charing Cross and Westminster Medical School, London: for three years for a study of antigen binding to T cells, under Dr. M. Feldmann.

Dr. lona J.M.JetTrey, Department of Pathology, University of Manchester: for a .three month extension for a study of the spontaneously occurring ovarian tubular .adenorna and granulosa cell tumour in W' W' mice, under Professor H. Fox.

Dr. J .M. Parkin, Department of Immunology, St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, London: for three 'years, for a study of serum-dependent defects of neutrophil phagocytosis and killing of Candida albicans found in patients prone to infection, under Dr. A.i. Pinching.

'Dr. Caroline R. Smith, Department of Chemical Pathology, King's CollegeHospital Schoolof Medicine and Dentistry, London: for three years, for a study ofthe clinical relevance of the molecular heterogeneity of prolactin, under Dr. M. Norman.

Awards of Wellcome Medical Graduate Fellowships

;Dr. P.G. Davey, Department of Medicine, University of Dundee: for a six month extension of a study of the influence of the biochemical factors upon the relative efficacy of antimicrobials in vitro and in vivo, under Professor I.A.D. Bouchier with Professor S. L. Gorbach, Department of Medicine. Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass., U.S.A.

104 Mr. M.J. Dixon, Department of Basic Dental Sciences, University of Manchester: for two years, for a study of the role of the extracellular matrix and growth factors in signalling epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during palatal development, under Professor M. w.J. Ferguson.

Dr. A.J. Frew, Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Cardiothoracic Institute, London: for two years, for a study of leucocyte activation, mediators and bronchial hyper-reactivity in late-phase asthmatic reactions, under Professor A.B. Kay.

Dr. C.E.M. Griffiths, Department of Dermatology, St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, London: for two years, for comparative immunological studies of dermatitis herpetiformis and coeliac disease, under Dr. L. Fry.

Mr. D. Marsh, Physiology Laboratory, University of Cambridge: for one year, for an assessment of peripheral nerve function in the upper limb under Dr. A.L.R. Findlay and Dr. N. Rushton, Department of Orthopaedics.

Dr. P.D. Mason, Department of Medicine, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London: for two years, for a study of the role of natural killer cells in suppression and their induction by herpes virus infections, under Dr. J.G.P Sissons.

Dr. D.L. Maxwell, Department of Medicine, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London: for a one year extension for a study of pharmacological agents as mod ulators of ventilatory response to hypoxia. using new techniques. under Dr. J. B. M. Hughes.

Dr. W.L. Morrison, Department of Physiology, University of Dundee: for one year, for metabolic studies in diabetes and in patients with muscle wasting, under Pro fessor M.J. Rennie.

Dr. M.D. Page, Department of Medicine, University of Wales ~ollege of Medicine: for three years, for a study of the relationship between GRF and GH in health and disease, under Dr. M.F. Scanlon.

Dr. A.H.V. Schapira, Institute of Neurology, The National Hospital, London: fOT: two years. for a study of the molecular characterisation of respiratory chain defi> ciencies in man, under Dr. J.A. Morgan-Hughes. '

Dr. G.R. Sharpe, Department of Dermatology, University of Newcastle upon Tyne: for two years. for a study of the mechanism of action of retinoid-induced changes in the human epidermal cell. under Dr. C. P. F. Redfern.

Mr. R. Shelton, Department of Anatomy, University of Birmingham: for two years, for an investigation into the effects of charge of a substrate, on the migration membrane activity and metabolism of osteoblasts, under Dr. J. E. Davies.

105

SUPPORT FOR SELECTED SUBJECT AREAS

A. Mental Health and Neurosciences

B. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases

C. Veterinary Medicine

D. Vision Research

E. Clinical Research

F. Biochemistry and Cell Biology

G. Physiology and Pharmacology

H. Major Equipment

A. MENTAL HEALTH AND NEUROSCIENCES MENTAL HEALTH PANEL

Professor Sir Stanley Peart, MD, FRCP, FRS (Chairman) (Wellcome Trustee) ** Professor Sir William Paton, CBE, OM, FRCP, FRS (Wellcome Trustee) Professor G. Fink, MD, DPhil (M.R.e. Brain Metabolism Unit, Edinburgh) Professor M.G. Gelder, OM, FRCP, FRCPsych (University of Oxford) Professor S.R. Nahorski, PhD (University of Leicester) ** Professor 1.S. Kelly, MA, MB, PhD (University of Edinburgh) Professor E.S. Paykel, MD, FRCP, FRCPsych (University of Cambridge) ** Professor K. Rawnsley, CBE, MB, FRCP, FRCPsych (University of Wales College of Medicine) Dr. r.w. Robbins, PhD (University of Cambridge) ** Professor M.L. Rutter, CBE, MD, FRCP, FRCPsych (Institute of Psychiatry, London)

Staff members responsible: Dr. D. Gordon, MB, MRCP, (ScientificSecretary) Anne Edwards (Administrative Secretary)

'until October 1985 *from October 1985 "until October 1986 * * from October 1986

110 MENTAL HEALTH AND THE RELATED NEUROSCIENCES

The Trustees' Mental Health Panel advises them on all aspects of research in clinical neuroscience, especially psychiatry, and on those basic science subjects directly relevant to these clinical problems. The Panel not only adjudicates on applications for grants, but also advises the Trustees on their policy in this rapidly developing area. As well as providing support for research projects and programmes, an important aspect of the Panel's work is in making grants for research training and for the academic de velopment of departments of psychiatry and the cognate sciences.

The Panel recommended awards totalling £2,966,000 during 1985and 1986.

Research Support

A large number of applications for ad hoc project grants are received, and although many of these are of high quality, during the academic year 1985 - 1986, the Panel expressed disappointment that that they were only able to recommend a few of the grants requested due to deficiencies in many of the applications received. A number of the applications for which the Panel recommended support extended their activities into areas where the Trust has previously provided little support. For example, a number of interesting proposals in child psychiatry have been received. The Panel agreed support for a study of the cognitive and behavioural abnormalities in the syndrome of pervasive hyperactivity in girls, by a team under the leadership of Dr. Eric Taylor from the Department of Child Psychiatry at the Institute of Psychiatry. Many of the applications receiving support show the developing importance of molecular approaches to neuroscience: for example, Dr. A.R. Lieberman and Dr. J.G. Parnavelas, ofthe Department of Anatomy, University College London, are relating expression of specific genes to defined developmental changes in the brain using in situ hybridization, and Dr. Jean Thomas and Dr. R.J. Thompson, of the Department of Bio chemistry in Cambridge, are studying the structure of brain chromatin in relation to brain-specific genes.

Research Programmes

The Trustees advertised for award in 1985 a substantial programme grant, up to £1,250,000over ten years, for support of research in the neurosciences

111 related to Mental Health. Twentyeight applications were received for this award, and after interview of the short-listed groups, the Trustees made an award to Dr. James McCulloch and Professor Neil Brooks, of the University of Glasgow, Dr. McCulloch is a neuropharmacologist particu larly interested in functional studies of neurotransmitters in the brain and Professor Brooks is best known for his work on the cognitive sequelae of head injury. Their programme combines their expertise in a study of the neurotransmitter defects, and cognitive, behavioural and structural ab normalities in Alzheimer's disease .. This will be the largest longitudinal study of the disease. in the United Kingdom, and the award of long-term support will allow Dr. McCulloch and Professor Brooks to test a number of specific hypotheses in a large cohort of patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. As mentioned in our last report, the Trust is also supporting two other large groups working on Alzheimer's disease: one led by Professor J.A. Gray of the Department of Psychology in the Institute of Psychiatry and the other by Dr. T.W. Robbins of the Department of Experimental Psychology in Cambridge. The support of three different programmes on the" same condition is a reflection of the high quality of scientific effort that can now be devoted to defined mental health problems. In particularvexperts in cognitive psychology are making detailed study of the disordered thought processes found in Alzheimer's disease and many of those active in the field, .including the three groups mentioned above, recently met at, the offices. of the Trust with the aim of stimulating com munication and collaboration between the various groups.

A number of approaches.have been made to the Trustees about the need for additional support for studies using the new methods of non-invasive study of the brain, including positron emission tomography, nuclear mag netic resonance, and magnetoencephalography. The Trustees advertised an award of up to three million pounds for studies using such methods. However, they were not able to select an application of sufficient merit for this award. It is hoped to offer support for non-invasive brain studies at some time in the near future.

Research Training and Academic Development

Increasing numbers of excellent candidates continue to apply for the Trust ees' Mental Health Fellowships. The Panel have beep encouraged by the good response to their annual advertisement for these awards, and for the increasing attention paid by sponsors of fellows to the training component of the research programme. A number of fellows in recent years have

112 studied in the United States' of America. Dr. Janet M. Allen, working in the Department of Neurology at Harvard, has recently combined molecular genetic and structural methods to define the three-dimensional structure of neuropeptide Y, allowing her to formulate hypotheses on the active sites on this molecule.

Inthe last report', the Trustees commented'on the disappointing standard of applications for lectureships and senior lectureships in Mental Health. There has been a good response to recent advertisements for these awards, and (in addition to a number of basic neuroscientists) the Trust is now supporting five psychiatrists in lectureship and senior lectureship posts. Dr. e.G. Fairburn leads the Oxford Eating Disorders Group, particularly con centrating on studies of cognitive therapy in these sometimes intractable conditions. Dr. David Skuse is a Wellcome Senior Lecturer in Mental Health at the Department of Child Psychiatry in the Institute of Child Health. He is conducting a longitudinal study on the environmental con straints upon physical and psychological development in children. The Trustees are particularly pleased that two of the three lectureships in Men tal Health that they now support are held by former Mental Health fellows.

113 MENTAL HEALTH AND NEUROSCIENCES

List of Grants Awarded Over £2,000

EQUIPMENT

Dr. I.C. Kilpatrick, Department of Pharmacology, Universityof Bristol: for a further investigation of thalamic control of dopaminergic functions.

MAJOR AWARDS

Professor E.S. Paykel, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge: addi tional expenses for his study of depression, antidepressants and receptor plasticity, with Professor I.S. Kelly and Dr. R. W. Horton.

Professor A. Wakeling, Department of Psychiatry, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London: for an eight month extension for an epidemiological enquiry into the onset and prevalence of eating disorders in hospital patients and schoolgirls.

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Dr. J.F. Aiton, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of St. Andrews: for one year for a study to determine the characterisation and genetic control of transmembrane cation transport in manic depressive psychosis.

Dr. B.H. Anderton, Department of Immunology, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London: for two years, for the isolation of Alzheimer's disease paired helical filament proteins: a feasibility study.

Dr. B.H. Anderton, Department of Immunology, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London: for three years, for a study of the differential expression of mRNA and its contribution to neurofibrillary pathology in Alzheimer's disease.

Dr. Jacqueline de Belleroche, Department of Biochemistry, Charing Cross Hospital Medical School, London: for a one year extension of support for a study of the cholinergic innervations of cerebral cortex and hippocampus: their relevance to dementia.

Dr. R.S.J. Briggs, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Southampton: for an extension for eight months for a study of the role of established and ex perimental investigative techniques in senile dementia: a clinical, pathological and neurochemical follow-up study, with Dr. P.J. Roberts.

Professor G. Burnstock, Department of Anatomy and Embryology, UniversityCol lege, London: for a three year extension of his ultrastructural and experimental studies of Alzheimer brain, with Professor E. Gray.

114 Dr. S.A. Checkley, Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, London: for two years, for a study of the effects of jet lag and bright light on melatonin and depression, with Dr. Josephine Arendt.

Professor B.T. Donovan, Department of Physiology, Institute of Psychiatry, London: for two years, for a study of oestrogen feedback and sexual orientation in twins concordant and discordant for homosexuality.

Dr. P.B.C. Fenwick, Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, London: for a two year extension to study the neurophysiology of epilepsy.

Dr. C.P. Freeman, Department of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh: for seven months for a study of the treatment of binge eating (bulimia).

Dr. P.R. Gard, Department of Pharmacy, Brighton Polytechnic: for eighteen months for an investigation of the effects of anti-depressant drugs and hormones on the characteristics of central and peripheral ~-adrenoceptors.

Professor M.G. Gelder, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford: for three years, for studies of the neuropharmacology of anxiety and anxiolytic agents.

Professor M.G. Gelder, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford: for a three month extension to study the effects of female sex steroids on monamine receptors.

Professor D.P. Goldberg, Department of Psychiatry, University of Manchester: for three years, for the development in academic psychiatry.

Dr. B.B. Harris, Department of Psychological Medicine, University Hospital of Wales: for one year, for a study of salivary cortisol, progesterone and oestradiol in maternity blues and postnatal depression.

Dr. G. Hibbert, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford: for two years, for a study of ambulatory monitoring of transcutaneous carbon dioxide and respiratory movement.

Dr. Rachel Jenkins, Department of PsychologicalMedicine, St. Bartholomew's Hos pital Medical College, London: for two years, for an investigation of alcohol con sumption in white collar employees - a five year follow-up study of the relationship with psychological symptoms and sickness absence.

Dr. A.J. Kenny, Department of Biochemistry, University of Leeds: for two years, for his study of the role of eNS membrane peptidases in neuropeptide metabolism in collaboration with Dr. A.J. Turner.

Dr. J.T. Knowler, Department of Biochemistry, University of Glasgow: for three years, for a study of the role of ribonuclease and ribonuclease inhibitor activities in Alzheimer's disease.

115 Dr. M. Landon, Department of Biochemistry, University of Nottingham Medical School: for three years, for the isolation and characterisation of DNA sequences encoding the amyloid protein of Alzheimer's disease, with Dr. R.E. Glass and Dr. M.A. Billett.

Dr. L. Lim, Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Neurology, London: for three years, for a study of the molecular biology of Down's syndrome: the effects of Trisomy-21 on the genetic expression of a specifically affected microtubule associated protein. Professor A.M. Mathews, Department of Psychology, St. George's Hospital Medical 'School, London: for 18 months, for a study of the cognitive characteristics of anxiety state neurosis, with Dr. M. W. Eysenck, Department of Psychology, Birkbeck Col lege. Dr. R.M. Murray, Institute of Psychiatry, London: for five years, for the devel opment of academic psychiatry.

Professor I. Oswald, Department of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh: for three years, for the development of academic psychiatry.

Dr. C.R. Paterson, Department of Biochemical Medicine, University of Dundee: for three years, for a study of the psychiatric assessment of patients with primary hyper parathyroidism. Dr. O.T. Phillipson, Department of Anatomy, University of Bristol, Bristol: for equipment to study the mapping of subcortical inputs to the mediodorsal thalamus of the rat. .,

Dr. O.E. Pratt, Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Psychiatry, London: for three years, for a study of the transport of B-group vitamins and related sub stances across the blood-brain barrier. Dr. P.D. Redfern, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath: for a three month extension of his study on the effect of anti-depressant drugs on diurnal variation in tryptophan uptake and metabolism in the rat brain. Dr. M.D. Rugg, Department of Psychology, University of St. Andrews: for three years, for electrophysiological investigations of language and related processes in normal subjects and cases of language impairment.

Professor G. Russell, 'Department of Psychiatry, Institute~r.. sychiatry, London: for four years, to study puberty in girls: interaction of p J I and psychosocial development; effects of body weight on timing of puberty. l " Dr. E. Taylor, Department of.Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psy chiatry, London: for three years, for a study of pervasive hyperactivity in girls, with Dr. S.T. Sandberg.

Dr. Jean Thomas, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge: for three years, for a study of the brain chromatin structure and brain specific genes, with Dr. R.J. Thompson.

1'16 Dr. D.C. Watt, Department of Medical Genetics, University of Oxford: for additional research assistance, for a study of carrier detection and the delineation of 'func tional' psychiatric syndromes in Huntington's chorea, with Professor J.H. Edwards.

UNITS

Dr. J. McCulloch, Wellcome Surgical Institute, University of Glasgow: for Unit support for five years in the first instance for the study of the pathogenesis of senile dementia and senile dementia of Alzheimer type, with Professor a.N. Brooks. Department of Psychological Medicine, University. of Glasgow.

'ft r Mental Health Fe1lrowships

FELLOWSHIPS

Dr. R.H. Ashley, The Cardiothoracic Institute, London: for three years, for studies of voltage-activated calcium channels from the mammalian brian synapse and car diac sarcolemma in planar lipid bilayers and proteoliposomes, under Dr. A.J. Williams.

Dr. Janet M. Allen, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital', Boston, U.S.A.: for two years, for continued studies on the functions of neuro peptides in healthy and diseased brains, under Professor J.B. Martin.

Dr. A.J. Balmforth, Department of Biochemistry, University of Glasgow: for three years, for a study of the effects of catecholamines and neuropeptides on cAMP formation and protein phosphorylation in clones derived from a human astrocytoma, under Dr. P.F. T. Vaughan and Dr. S.G. Ball.

Dr. B.G. Charlton, Department of Psychiatry, University of Newcastle upon Tyne: for two years. for a study of endocrine and neurochemical correlates of major depression, under Dr. J.N. Ferrier.

Dr. T.G. Dinan, Department of Psychiatry, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London: for an extension of six months for an electrophysiological investigation into an animal model of tardive dyskinesia, under Professor E.S. Paykel.

Dr. D.W. Ellison, Ashurst Clinic, Littlemore Hospital, Oxford: for two years, for a study of the molecular biology of psychiatric medicine. under Dr. J. B. Martin, Neurology Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, U.S.A.

Dr. R.A. Hope, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford: for two years, for a study of eating, and other non-cognitive aspects of dementia, under Dr. C. G. Fairburn.

Dr. Susan A. lies, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford: for additional expenses for eighteen months, for a study of the psychiatric complications of ter mination of pregnancy for foetal abnormality, under Dr. D. Gath.

117 Dr. R.R. Jacobson, Institute of Psychiatry, London: for two years. for clinincal, CT scan and psychometric studies in Korsakoff's Psychosis, under Professor W.A. Lishman.

Dr. K.F. Martin, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Not tingham: for a one year extension of support for his study of the role of indoleamine innervation of the SCN in the pharmacology of antidepressant drugs, under Dr. C.A. Marsden.

Dr. R.C.A. Pearson, Department of Human Anatomy, University of Oxford: for three years, for experimental and pathological studies related to Alzheimer's dis ease, under Dr. T.P.S. Powell.

Dr. R.D. Pinnock, Department of Pharmacology, University of Edinburgh: for three years, for a study of the electrophysiological and pharmacological changes induced by acute and long-term administration of psychotropic drugs, under Professor1.S. Kelly.

Dr. S.A. Stansfeld, General Practice Research Unit, Institute of Psychiatry, London: for a two month extension of his study of noise sensitivity and depressive illness, under Professor M. Shepherd.

Dr. S.R. White, Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, London: for two years for an investigation into the neuropsychiatric sequelae of subarachnoid hae morrhage, under Dr. P.B.C. Fenwick.

RESEARCH TRAINING SCHOLARSHIPS

Mr. M.P. Coleman, Department of Immunology, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London: for three .years, for a study of neurofilament phosphorylation in Alzheimer's disease, under Dr. B.K. Anderton.

Mr. J. Murphy, Department of Biology, University of York: for three years, for in vitro studies using brain cell cultures to define the factors which influence myelin synthesis by oligodendrocytes, under Dr. M.G. Rumsby.

SENIOR LECTURERS - MENTAL HEALTH

Dr. D.H. Skuse, Department of Child Psychiatry, Institute of Child Health, London: for three years, for a study of the limits to growth: new perspectives on the en vironmental constraints upon physical and psychological development. under Pro fessor P.l. Graham.

118 LECTURESHIPS - MENTAL HEALTH

Dr. Eileen M. Joyce, Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, London: for three years, for a study of the role of brain noradrenaline in human cognition: Korsakoff's syndrome as a model of noradrenergic dysfunction, under Professor W.A. Lishman.

Dr. M.D. Kopelman, Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, London: for three years, for investigations of the memory deficits in Alzheimer-type de mentia and Korsakoffs syndrome: (i) a study of the role of the cholinergic system in human memory; (ii) a study of the remote memory (retrograde) impairment, under Professor W.A. Lishman.

Dr. P.H. Robinson, Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, London: for three years, for a study of the role of gastric physiology and peptides in the me diation of satiety in eating disorders, controls and laboratory animals, under Pro fessor G.F.M.Russell.

PSYCHOLOGY

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE

Dr. J.R. Krebs, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford: for nine months, for a comparative study of spatial memory.

RESEARCH TRAINING SCHOLARSHIP

Miss Jane Powell, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, London: for three years, for a combined behavioural and pharmacological approach to the treatment of relapse from opiate withdrawal, under Professor l.A. Gray.

RESEARCH LEAVE FELLOWSHIP

Miss Karin Mogg, Department of Clinical Psychology, Guy's Hospital, London: for one year, for a study of selective processing of threat-related information in clinical anxiety states.

NEUROLOGY

EQUIPMENT

Dr. D.R. Bowsher, Associated Unit of Neurological Sciences, University of Liverpool: for a study of the role of spinothalmic tract in somatosensory evoked potentials.

119 MAJOR AWARD

Dr. B.S. Meldrum, Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry, London: for a six month extension of his basic studies in epilepsy: causes and prevention of epileptic brain damage: the role of neurotransmitters in seizure threshold and in anti-convulsant drug action.

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Dr. A.R. Crossman, Department of Anatomy, University of Manchester: for two years, for studies on experimental dyskinesia elicited by regional GABA antago nism in the basal ganglia of the monkey.

Dr. R. Harrison, Department of Biochemistry, University of Bath: for a one month extension of his study of immunological involvement in motor neurone disease, with Dr. G.G. Lunt.

Dr. C. Kennard, Department of Neurology, London Hospital Medical College: for three years, for a study of postural mechanisms in the elderly prone to falls.

Professor J.W. Thompson, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Newcastleupon Tyne: for two years, for a study of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) for the objective measurement and differential diagnosis of chronic pain and its modification.

SYMPOSIUM

Dr. J.M. O'Keefe, Deaprtment of Anatomy and Embryology, University College London: for three years, for meetings of the Brain Research Association.

NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Dr. H.M. Charlton, Department of Human Anatomy, University of Oxford: for twenty-nine months, for a study of the brain pituitary interactions in mutant rodents.

Dr. J.F. Morris, Department of Human Anatomy, University of Oxford: for three years, for a study of heterogeneity among gonadotrophs; an analysis of its control and functional role, with Professor G. Fink, MRC Brain Metabolism Unit, Edin burgh.

120 B. TROPICAL MEDICINE AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES TROPICAL MEDICINE AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES PANEL

Dr. CE. Gordon Smith, CB, MD, FRCP, FRCPath (Chairman) Wellcome Trustee ** Professor R.M. Anderson, PhD, FRS, Imperial College of Science and Technology Professor 0.1. Bradley, MA, OM, FRCPath, FIBiol, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Professor A.M.Breckenridge, MD, MSc, FRCP, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine * Professor R.E. Howells, PhD, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine * Professor M.S.R. Hutt, MD, FRCP, FRCPath (retired) ** Professor H.P. Lambert, MD, FRCP, St. George's Hospital ** Dr. R.P. Lane, PhD, ARCS, DIC, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine **, Professor K.P.W.l. McAdam, MB, MRCP, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine ** Professor D.H. Molyneux, PhD, MIBiol, University of Salford Professor E.R. Moxon, MB, FRCP, University of Oxford * Professor G.S Nelson, MD, DSc, FRCP, FRCPath, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine ** Professor E.H.O. Parry, OBE, MD, FRCP, Wellcome Tropical Institute Dr. D.A.J. Tyrrell, CBE, MD, DSc, FRCP, FRCPath, FRS, M.R.C Common Cold Unit

Staff members responsible: Dr. B.M. Ogilvie, SeD, PhD, FIBiol (Scientific Secret<}ry) ** Dr. J.G. Howard, MD, PhD, FIBiol, FRS (Scientific Secretary Mr. CD.l. Sainty, BA (Econ), (Administrative Secretary) Alison Grove, BA, (Administrative Secretary)

*from October 1985 *until September 1985 ** from October 1986 * *until September 1986

122 TROPICAL MEDICINE AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Whilst the state of laboratory based science in tropical medicine in Britain is relatively strong, the situation concerning clinical science and career prospects for clinicians interested in this field remains grave. Dr. P.O. Williams has set up a Committee of Interested Parties to provide a focus of discussion concerning needs of the various U.K. bodies which require this expertise. It is clear that the government as represented by the De partment of Health and Social Security and the Overseas Development Administration, does not feel itself to be responsible for the state of the subject. The Royal College of Physicians had decided to link tropical med icine and infectious diseases under a joint committee concerned with ac creditation in these subjects. The most positive development has come from the Commonwealth Secretariat which held a meeting of represen tatives of various countries with Trust support and put forward a strong recommendation to the meeting of Commonwealth Health Ministers in October 1986. Sir Raymond Hoffenberg, President of the Royal College of Physicians, has agreed to chair a working party on this subject.

Government funds for research in tropical medicine in the U.K. are pro vided by the Tropical Medicine Research Board of the Medical Research Council and the Trust. Whilst no formal links exist with the M.R.C., Dr. P.O. Williams and Dr. B.M. Ogilvie spoke to a meeting of the Tropical Medicine Research Board on 13th March 1986 and visited the Medical Research Council's Gambia laboratories from 15th - 22nd February 1985 with Professor K.P.W.J. McAdam and Dr. S.J. Oppenheimer. The rela tively small size and coherence of this research community ensures that links are strong between funding bodies and research workers.

123 Units

A meeting of Unit Directors was held at 1 Park Square West on the 17th! 18th December 1984 as the final phase of the triennial assessment of the work of the Units.

Unidade de Estudos Especiais da Wellcome, Belem, Brazil

This Unit, directed by Professor R. Lainson in close collaboration with Dr. J.J. Shaw, has continued to study the ecology of leishmaniasis in the Amazon region. Dr. L. Ryan, the entomologist to the Unit, completed his term and was replaced by a member of the staff of the Instituto Evandro Chagas. Studies of visceral leishmaniasis (caused by Leishmania chagasi) have been a major activity of the Unit in the past two years. Following the identification of sporadic human cases in the town of Santarem, in vestigation showed a very high level of infection in the dogs and in the suspected vector Lutzomyia longipalpis. This led the Unit to predict the occurrence of a major outbreak of the disease in Santarem, a prediction soon fulfilled. Studies have continued on the sandfly vector(s) of Leish mania braziliensis to determine if Psychodopygus wellcomei is the sole vector, and the use of a panel of monoclonal antibodies has proved in valuable in differentiating strains of Leishmania. It was decided to appoint a scientist for three years to develop monoclonal antibodies to aid in iden tification of the many strains of Leishmania collected by the Unit. Dr. Catherine A. Hanham was appointed to work for a year with Dr. D. McMahon-Pratt at Yale University and then to work partly in the Unit and partly at her home base, the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, developing and testing these reagents.

The extensive databases of strains, results of blood examinations, mono clonal antibody results and the cryobank have now been computerised, which will enable the Unit to study the interaction of clinical and epide miological factors, previously not feasible. Sir David and Lady Steel and Dr. and Mrs. P.O. Williams visited the Unit in September 1985.

Wellcome/Mahidol University/Oxford Tropical Research Programme, Bangkok.

Drs. D.A. and M.J. Warrell returned to Oxford in August 1986after seven

124 years in Bangkok. Dr. D.A. Warrell has been succeeded as Director by Dr. N.J. White who rejoined the Unit in October 1985 after a year in the U.S.A. Cases of severe malaria have been much fewer in Thailand in the past two years and, in consequence, Dr. D.A. Warrell placed more em phasis on studies of rabies and snake-bite. He also worked in Burma and Sri Lanka, mainly studying snake-bite. Dr. N.J. White will continue to study the management of severe malaria in man, focusing on the disease in pregnant women initially and will also work on melioidosis which is a problem in North East Thailand.

After working in the Unit for a time, Dr. J. Karbwang was awarded a fellowship in October 1984for two and a half years to work with Professor A. Breckenridge in the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics in Liverpool.

The Wellcome Trust/Kenya/St. Mary's Hospital Medical School Collaborative Research Programme

This programme began in April 1980 and was completed in August 1985. Dr. N.R. Poulter, who was responsible for the studies in collaboration with Professor P. Sever and Professor Sir Stanley Peart, reports that this study has, for the first time, demonstrated the rapid rise in blood pressure consequent upon migration, and it has permitted the authors to construct a hypothesis of the factors responsible for the blood pressure changes and by inference for the pathogenesis of essential hypertension. Dr. Poulter also says that the study has provided a unique model which may form the basisfor primary intervention studies which would have major public health implications for the management of cardiovascular problems in the third world.

Wellcome Trust Unit, Kenya

The Kenyan Medical Research Institute invited the Trust to set up a Unit on the coast to study health problems of the communities there. Following preliminary visits by Dr. P.O. Williams and Dr. B.M. Ogilvie in March 1984 and Dr. B.M. Ogilvie and Dr. S.J. Oppenheimer in May 1985, Dr. Oppenheimer agreed to undertake a feasibility study based on the district hospital at Kilifi. This was begun in October 1985 and successfully com pleted in March 1986. A visiting group consisting of Dr. P.O. Williams, Professor E.R. Moxon, Dr. P.A.J. Ball and Dr. B.M. Ogilvie, went out

125 in March 1986 to assess the situation, but they were unable to recommend to the Trustees that they should set up a coastal Unit because they con sidered a hospital-based community study to be essential and the facilities for such a study could not be guaranteed. Dr. W.M. Watkins is in charge of the Trust's interests in Kenya whilst continuing his Trust-funded studies on the biochemistry and pharmacokinetics of anti-malarial drugs, based in the laboratories in Nairobi at KEMRI and using facilities at Kilifi. Some of the space in the Trust's Nairobi laboratories is being used by the Well come Tropical Institute to exhibit its educational posters.

Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Vellore

The Unit, directed by Professor V.1. Mathan, studies chronic and acute diarrhoeas from a number of angles, pathological, physiological, micro biological and biochemical. The Unit surveys villages in the area for out breaks of diarrhoea, and arising from this it has been shown that the rate of isolation of pathogens is not significantly different between patients and controls. In this area, bacterial enteric pathogens are more important in the aetiology of acute diarrhoea than rotaviruses. Adults with acute diar rhoea were shown to exhibit a marked vascular lesion in the lamina propria of the rectal mucosal. This phenomenon was studied in a rodent model by Professor V.1. Mathan during his sabbatical leave and the results obtained suggest that in animals presensitised by a bacterial infection, the intro duction of lipopolysaccharide may result in a vascular lesion comparable to that seen in man in endemic acute diarrhoea. Dr. K.A. Balasubramanian found an inhibitor of peroxidation in the intestinal mucosa and this has been identified as monoenoic fatty acids in studies with Professor A.T. Diplock and Dr. D.S. Ashton in London.

Professor V.I. Mathan and Professor M. Mathan were both awarded fel lowships to spend a sabbatical year from April 1985 in Adelaide, South Australia. Professor V.1. Mathan worked in Professor D. Rowley's De partment of Microbiology and Immunology in the University of Adelaide on immunity to gut infections in animal models whilst Professor M.M. Mathan investigated Paneth cell morphology and function in the Depart ment of Pathology, Flinders University (head: Professor R.G. Whitehead). The studies initiated by Dr. K.A. Balasubramanian on a novel lipid per oxidase inhibitor in the gut were continued by Mr. M. Manohar working with Professor A.T. Diplock at Guy's Hospital.

Dr. C.E. Gordon Smith visited the Unit in January 1985, Dr. D.A.J. Tyrrell in October 1985.

126 Trace Element Research Group, Tropical Metabolism Research Unit, Jamaica

Following the resignation of Dr. A.A. Jackson as Director of the Tropical Metabolism Research Unit on his appointment as Professor of Human Nutrition at the University of Southampton, Dr. M.H.N. Golden became Acting Director of the Tropical Metabolism Research Unit in September 1985, whilst continuing to run his Trust-funded Trace Element Research Group (T.E.R.G). The T.E.R.G. is testing the hypothesis that defective antioxidant defence is involved in the genesis of the signs of malnutrition. A number of components of this defence system are being examined and the most striking result to date is the demonstration that children with marasmus have a normal level of red cell glutathione, but those with oed ematous malnutrition have a reduced level.

Because of the severe and progressively declining financial situation in the University of the West Indies, the Trust agreed to supplement the salaries of two staff members of the T.M.R.U., Dr. S. Grantham-McGregor who studies the effect of nutritional supplementation and stimulation on the development of malnourished children, and Dr. T.E. Forrester who studies metabolic aberrations in the malnourished child. The Trust has also pro vided funds for urgent maintenance and equipment for the T.M.R.U. and has agreed to help the University of the West Indies to find a new Director to be funded jointly.

Dr. M.H.N. Golden was awarded the Murgatroyd Prize of the Royal College of Physicians in 1985. Sir David and Lady Steel and Dr. and Mrs. P.O. Williams visited Jamaica in September 1985, Dr. B.M. Ogilvie and Dr. M.J. Morgan in September 1984.

127 Awards to Individuals

Two University Awards were made. In October 1984 Dr. R.E. Randall was funded to join the staff of the Department of Biochemistry and Mi crobiology at the University of St. Andrews to undertake an analysis of paramyxovirus persistence and in October 1985 Dr. c.J. Leake was awarded support to join the staff of the Department of Medical Microbi ology at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine to study virus-vector interaction.

A Senior Lectureship in Infectious Diseases was awarded in June 1985 to Dr. J. Cohen, Department of Medicine, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, for five years to undertake studies on the role of endotoxin in septic shock and graft versus host disease. Dr. D. Isaacs was awarded a Senior Lectureship in Infectious Diseases for three years to study interferon and immunity to respiratory viruses in the Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford. Dr. B.G. Spratt, ofthe School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, was awarded a three year Research Leave Fellowship to allow him to investigate the molecular basis of intrinsic resistance to 13 lactam antibiotics in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Fellowships in infectious dis eases were awarded to Dr. K. Marsh to study the identification and char acterisation of neoantigens on Plasmodium [alciparum infected erythrocytes for three years under Professor D.J. Weatherall at the Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine in Oxford, to Dr. J.N. Weber for two years to study the pathogenesis of infection by the human T-Iymphotropic retrovirus type III under Professor R.A. Weiss at the Chester Beatty Re search Institute, to Dr. M. Levin to spend 18 months studying paediatric infectious disease in the U.S.A. and Gambia whilst on leave from the Department of Paediatric Nephrology at the Institute of Child Health, London, and a one year fellowship was given to Dr. D.W.K. Acheson to study antimicrobial properties of the G.G. strain of Lactobacillus acido phi/us under Professor L.A. Turnberg, with Dr. B.K. Mandai in Manch ester.

Despite the expressed enthusiasm of Panel members for the Advanced Training Fellowship Scheme, few applications are received and only two new awards were made in 1984/86, to enable Dr. R.A. Harrison of the Department of Medical Helminthology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, to work with Professor N. Agabian at the Naval Bios ciences Laboratory, Oakland, California on the molecular cloning of Schis tosoma haematobium antigens; and to Dr. M. Foley from the Department

128 of Biochemistry, University of Glasgow, to enable him to work on the molecular biology of Plasmodium falciparum antigens with Dr. R. Anders at Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne. Awards made previously to Dr. W.e. Gibson, Dr. H.A. Flockhart, Dr. P.C. Tai and Dr. E. De vaney, were extended for periods of up to a year.

Grants and Panel Business

Recommendations for awards in tropical medicine and infectious diseases are made to the Trustees by an advisory Panel consisting of eight scientists, representing the many and diverse subjects covered by this section of the Trust. In addition to their essential role in the assessment of the increasing numbers of grant requests, Panel members are most helpful as a source of advice on many aspects of this subject and this constructive help is greatly appreciated. The number of grant requests in Tropical Medicine remained at a constant level over the five year period 1980 - 1985, but in common with the rest of the Trust, applications increased considerably in 1985/86. Another change noted in 1985/86 was a decrease in awards made for the study of non-infectious tropical conditions compared with the number made for the study of infections. Analysis of the fate of grant applications shows that about 60% receive support at least in part and that 30% of the available support is awarded to the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Med icine, 10% to the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, 10% to the Trust's Units and the remainder, about 50%, goes elsewhere, mainly within Brit ain.

The list of projects funded during this two-year period shows that studies of infections using the techniques of molecular biology are now well es tablished in the U.K. In making awards of this type, Panel members felt strongly that both the biological aspects and the molecular biological ap proach outlined needed to be equally strong and unsuccessful applications frequently failed because one or other aspect was weak. The unbalanced emphasis on the use of molecular biological methods to detect antigens as possible vaccine candidates led to the decision to try to attract applications to study the basic biochemistry and cell biology of parasites, and in 1985/ 86 a Major Award of £250,000 for studies of this type was advertised. This competition was won by Dr. A.H. Fairlamb, currently working with Dr. A. Cerami in the Department of Medical Chemistry at the Rockefeller

129 University of New York, to enable him to return to the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine to continue his studies on parasite specific biochemical pathways with Professor D.l. Bradley and Professor W. Pe ters. Subsequently, Drs. M.A.l. Ferguson, Dr. R.A. Dwek and Dr. T.W. Rademacher, whose application to study the glycoconjugates of parasites was short-listed for this award, have also been awarded £120,000 to set up a dedicated facility for those studies at the University of Oxford. The high standard of both these awards was more impressive as both concern aspects of parasite biochemistry that have been neglected, thus fulfilling the pur pose of this advertised competition in a most satisfactory way.

During the period under review, awards were made totalling £7,214,000.

The diversity of subjects covered by the Panel is well illustrated by the topics of talks given at meetings:

October 1984, C.B. Modell, "Developing Methods to Control the Haemaglobinopathies".

January 1985, D.C.A. Candy, J. Stephen, M.P. Osborne, "The Pathophysiology of Rotaviruses and Salmonella Experimental Gas troenteritis".

March 1985, c.J. Leake, "Field and Laboratory Studies on the Vector Competence of Wild and Colonised Mosquitoes for Japanese Encephalitis (JE) in South East Asia".

June 1985, V. Mohan "Diabetes in Indians and Europeans".

October 1985, K.P.W.J. McAdam, "The Acute Phase Response in Chronic and Acute Conditions".

March 1986, A.E. Bianco, "Molecular Analysis of Malaria Antigens".

June 1986, N.J. White, "Proposed Research in Bangkok Unit: chemotherapy of severe malaria, management of melioidosis and sexually transmitted diseases"

130 A highly successful meeting on Leishmaniasis, funded jointly by the Trust and a number of other agencies, was organised by two Senior Lecturers, Dr. 1. Blackwell and Dr. 1.1. Shaw, and Dr. D. McMahon-Pratt from Yale University at the Dormy House Hotel, 3rd-5th December 1985.

Wellcome Tropical Institute

The Trustees became responsible for the Wellcome Museum of Medical Science in September 1983 and decided to incorporate it into the newly founded Wellcome Tropical Institute. The museum is now the Museum of the Wellcome Tropical Institute, under the direction of Professor E.H.O. Parry who has been in post since September 1985. The Institute will develop a series of distance learning courses, at first for use in East Africa, and has also set up a library of the history of tropical medicine, in addition to its responsibility for managing and modernising the museum. The Direc tor's report appears on page 277-283.

131 TROPICAL MEDICINE

List of Grants Awarded Over £2,000

BUILDING

Professor R.M. Anderson, Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Imperial Col legeof Scienceand Technology, London: for the integration of molecular and cellular parasitology in the Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Imperial College.

EQUIPMENT

Dr. J. Chernin, Department of Biological Sciences, North East Surrey College of Technology: for one year, for a study of rat mast cells and the histopathology of mouse liver infected with Schistosoma mansoni and Mesocestoides corti.

MAJOR AWARD

Professor D.J. Bradley, Department of Tropical Hygiene, London Schoolof Hygiene and Tropical Medicine: for five years to support Dr. A.H. Fairlamb, for an inves tigation of parasite-specific biochemical pathways, with Professor W. Peters, De partment ofMedical Protozoology.

Dr. J.R. Kusel, Department of Biochemistry, University of Glasgow: for additional equipment for an investigation into the mobility and macromolecules in the surface membrane of Schistosoma mansoni and other parasites, with Dr. D.I. Stott, De partment ofBacteriology and Immunology and Professor P.B. Garland, Department of Biochemistry, University of Dundee.

Professor D.J. Weatherall, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford: for a one year extension of his study of the pathophysiology of the anaemia of infection.

PUBLICAnONS

Professor P.C.C. Garnham, Farnham Common, Buckinghamshire: for the costs of the publication of a catalogue on Haemosporidia.

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Dr. S.G.B. Amyes, Department of Bacteriology, University of Edinburgh: for three months, for a study of the identification and spread of trimethoprim resistance in commensal and pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria in tropical countries.

Professor R.M. Anderson, Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Imperial Col lege of Science and Technology, London: for three years, for a genetic analysis of the antigenic basis for cross immunity between Schistosoma bovis and Schistosoma haematobium.

132 Professor R.M. Anderson, Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Imperial Col lege of Science and Technology, London: for two years, for horizontal and longi tudinal sero-epidemiological studies of herd immunity to measles, mumps and rubella viruses in St. Lucia and Jamaica, with Professor G.R. Serjeant, MRC Lab oratories, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica.

Professor R.M. Anderson, Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Imperial Col lege of Science & Technology, London: for two years, for a study of the spatial heterogeneity and the transmission of Schistosoma haematobium.

Dr. P.W. Andrew, Department of Microbiology, University of Leicester: for three years, for a study of macrophage antimycobacterial mechanisms.

Dr. N.H. Antia, The Foundation for Medical Research, Bombay, India: for two years, for a study of the role of cell mediated immunity in nerve damage in leprosy.

Dr. R.W. Ashford, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Med icine:for a six month extension of his study of the patterns of infection and morbidity in Strongyloides infection in Papua New Guinea, with Dr. G.B. Wyatt, Department of Tropical Medicine

Dr. J.D. Baum, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford: for a further six months for a study of the relationship between the nutritional intake of breast fed babies and their growth and development in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand.

Dr. J.M. Behnke, Department of Zoology, University of Nottingham: for six months for a study of the biology and immunology of Necator americanus in laboratory rodents and man.

Dr. Q.D. Bickle, Department of Medical Helminthology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, St. Albans: for three years for studies on the schistosomular specific antigen of Schistosoma mansoni.

Dr, M.H. Birley, Department of Medical Entomology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine: for an extension of five months, for further studies on the estimation of vector survival.

Dr. Cecilia C. Blackwell, Department of Bacteriology, University of Edinburgh: for two years, for a study of human immune responses to lectin-like antigens of Vibrio cholerae, under Professor D.M. Weir.

Dr. Jenefer M. Blackwell, Department of Tropical Hygiene, London School of Hy giene and Tropical Medicine: for a one year extension of her study of macrophage function in patients suffering from acute visceral leishmaniasis.

Professor F.J. Bourne, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bristol: for one year, for an investigation of the factors regulating Trypanosoma brucei maturation in the tsetse fly, with Dr. A.M. Jordan.

133 Professor F.J. Bourne, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bristol: for additional expenses during his study of the improvement of traps for tsetse fly control in West Africa, with Dr. A.M. Jordan.

Professor D.J. Bradley, Department of Tropical Hygiene, London Schoolof Hygiene and Tropical Medicine: for three years, for the preparation of leishmanial mono clonal antibodies for the Belem Unit, with Dr. J.J. Shaw, Unidade de Estudos Especiais da Wellcome, Belem, Brazil and Dr. Diane McMahon-Pratt, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Ha ven, USA.

Dr. D.A.P. Bundy, Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Imperial College of Science and Technology, London: for three years, for the population dynamics of trichuriasis; a study of factors predisposing individuals to intense infection, with Professor R.M. Anderson and Dr. A.E. Bianco.

Dr. A.M. Dawson, Department of Gastroenterology, St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College, London: for three years, for a study of acetate and citrate transport by mammalian small intestine.

Dr. B.S. Drasar, Department of Tropical Hygiene, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine: for two years, for a study of zoological microhabitats for the inter-epidemic maintenance of Vibrio cholerae 01 in aquatic environments, with Dr. R. G. Feacham.

Dr. Christine A. Facer, Department of Haematology, The London Hospital Medical College: for three years, for an in vitro and in vivo study of the interaction between malaria, lymphocytes and the Epstein-Barr virus.

Dr. M.J.G. Farthing, Department of Gastroenterology, St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College, London: for three months, for a field evaluation of Giardia faecal antigen ELISA for diagnosis of giardiasis, with Dr. A.J.K. Goka and Professor V.I. Mathan, Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Christian Medical College and Hos pital, Vellore, India.

Dr. T.H. Flewett, Regional Virus Laboratory, East Birmingham Hospital: for ad ditional research assistance to undertake a search for, and characterisation of new diarrhoea viruses in man.

Dr. E.A. Gould, Arbovirus Research Unit, London School of Hygiene and, Tropical Medicine, Winches Farm Field Station, St. Albans: for two years, for an investi gation into the development of monoclonal antibodies against Japanese encephalitis and West Nile virus for use in diagnosis, molecular analysis and to study virus neurovirulence.

Professor P.J.S. Hamilton, Department of Community Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine: for six months, for genetic studies in relation to haemoglobinopathy prevention.

134 Dr. R.T. Hay, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of St. Andrews: for three years, for the collaborative development of modern virological techniques applicable to laboratories with moderate resources using the enteric adenovirus model systems, with Dr. Helio G. Pereira, Institut Oswaldo Cruz, Brazil.

Dr. R.E. Howells, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Med icine: for a two and a half year extension of his study of the nature of resistance to antifolate agents in Plasmodium falciparum in Kenya.

Professor L. Hudson, Department of Immunology, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London: for three years, for an investigation into the isolation of the 160kDa glycoprotein from viable Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes by recombinant DNA technology.

Dr. R.A. Hutton, The Katherine Dormandy Haemophilia Centre and, Haemostasis Unit, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London: for one year, for a study of the haemostatic defect in patients bitten by Russell's viper or Malayan pit viper before and after therapy with Dr. D.A. Warrell, Wellcome!Mahidol University! Oxford Tropical Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand.

Professor G. Janossy, Department of Immunology, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London: for three months, for an assessment of immune response in homozygous sickle cell disease - the role of splenic function, with Professor G.R. Serjeant, MRC Laboratories, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica.

Professor B.R. Jones, Department of Preventive Ophthalmology, Institute of Oph thalmology, London: for four months, for an analysis of results of a localised onchocerciasis vector control programme in S.W. Sudan.

Dr. F.P. Kelly, Department of Pure Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics, Uni versity of Cambridge: for eighteen months, for a study of the dispersal of Chagas disease vectors in Latin America, with Dr. c.J. Schofield, Parasitology Today.

Dr. P.A. Langley, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bristol: for three months, for a rapid assessment of age, nutritional state and mated status of female tsetse; its application to the study of mating behaviour in the field, with Professor F.J. Bourne.

Professor G.C. Laylor, Department of Chemistry, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica: for three years, for research into the effects of malnutrition on the development and metabolism of children.

Dr. R.W.F. Le Page, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge: for nine months, for a study of the genetics of Trypanosoma brucei.

Dr. C.J. Leake, Department of Entomology, London Schoolof Hygiene and Tropical Medicine: for a six month extension of his study of virus-vector interaction, under Professor A.N. Clements.

135 Professor L. Luzzatto, Department of Haematology, Royal Postgraduate Medicaf School, London: for three years, for a study of the cloning and expression of the glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase gene from Plasmodium [alciparum.

Dr. B.R. Martin, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge: for three years, for a study of the role of adenylate cyclase and cyclic 3'5' AMP in Trypa nosoma brucei.

Dr. G.H. Mitchell, Department of Chemical Pathology, Guy's Hospital Medical School, London: for two years, for an analysis of protective mechanisms in Plas modium vivax infection of the common marmoset Callithrixjacchus, with Dr. Nina Wedderburn, Department of Pathology, Royal College of Surgeons of England, London.

Dr. M.S. Patton, Department of Medicine, Umtata General Hospital, Transkei, South Africa: for two years, for a Transkei pericarditis study, with Dr. J.I. G. Strang, Dr. D.H. Shennan, Professor W. Fox, MRC Tuberculosis and Chest Diseases Unit, Brompton Hospital, London, and Dr. D.J. Girting.

Professor W. Peters, Department of Medical Protozoology, London School of Hy giene and Tropical Medicine: for a one year extension of his study of the chemo therapy of protozoan disease, with Dr. R.A. Neal.

Dr. P.A. Phillips, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea: for one year, for a study of donovanosis in Goroka, Papua New Guinea, with Dr. J.E. Richens, Goroka Base Hospital.

Dr. D.I. Pritchard, Department of Zoology, University of Nottingham: for three years, for a study of the biochemistry and molecular biology of the antigens of Necator americanus.

Dr. J. Pritchard, Department of Haematology, Institute of Child Health, London: for two months, for a study of the genetics, etiology and epidemiology of retinob lastoma in Malawi, with Dr. J. K. Cowell, Dr. Elizabeth M. Molyneux, Department of Oncology, Aldemay Children's Hospital, Liverpool.

Dr. H.H. Rees, Department of Biochemistry, University of Liverpool: for three years, for a study of developmental hormones in helminths.

Dr. C.E. Gordon Smith, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine: for one month, for a study of AIDS in Zambia.

Dr. Deborah F. Smith, Department of Biochemistry, Imperial College of Science and Technology, London: for two years, for a study of the molecular genetics of the transformation of Leishmania major promastigotes to the infective stage.

Dr. P.G. Smith, Department of Epidemiology, London School ofHygiene and Trop ical Medicine: for one month, for a longitudinal study of child development in the Gambia.

136 Dr. Soad Tabaqchali, Department of Medical Microbiology, St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College, London: for three years, for a study of molecular cloning and physical characterisation of toxin A from Clostridium difficile.

Dr. M.J.A. Tanner, Department of Biocbemistry, University of Bristol: for a further three months, to study the structure of the human erythrocyte receptors for Plas modium falciparum malaria with Dr. D.J. Anstee, Department ofImmunochemistry, South Western Regional Blood Transfusion Centre, Bristol.

Professor G.A.T. Targett, Department of Medical Protozoology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine: for three years, for a study of transmission blocking immunity in Plasmodium falciparum malaria: antigen characterisation and media tors of immunity.

Dr. A.M. Tomkins, Department of Human Nutrition, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London: for six months, for a study of the epidemiology of Giardia lamblia in protracted diarrhoea and growth faltering among young children in rural Bangladesh and the impact of chemotherapy and improved water supplies.

Professor D. Wakelin, Department of Zoology, University of Nottingham: for three years, for a study of genetic influences on host - and parasite protective responses in filariasis, with Dr. 1.M. Behnke and Dr. S. T.O. Alghali, Department ofBiological Sciences, University ofSierra Leone.

Dr. M.F.R. Waters, Department ofPathology, University College London: for three years, for a study of histopathogenic mechanisms of reactions and their relation to nerve damage in borderline leprosy.

Professor D.J. WeatheraU, Nuflield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford: for six months, for a study of the identification and characterisation of neoantigens on Plasmodium falciparum infected red blood cells.

Professor G. Webbe, Department of Medical Helminthology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Winches Farm Field Station, St. Albans: for three years, for studies on West African Simulium damnosum cytospecies for suscepti bility to Onchocerca volvulus and for colonisation.

Dr. G.T. Williams, Department of Anatomy, University of Birmingham: for three years, for an investigation of the role of ADP ribosyl transferase in the differen tiation of kinetoplastid protozoa.

Dr. R.A. Wilson, Department of Biology, University of York: for three years, for a study of Schistosoma mansoni : the relationship between inflammation and re sistance in vaccinated mice, with Dr. S.M. Phillips, Department ofMedicine, Uni versity of Pennsylvania, Philodelphia, U.S.A., and Dr. Q.D. Bickle, Department of Medical Helminthology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Winches Farm Field Station, St. Albans.

137 RESEARCH TRAINING SCHOLARSHIPS

Miss Suganya Viriyakosol, Department of Pathobiology, Mahidol University, Bang kok, Thailand: for two years, for studies on antigenic and structural diversity in the 250 Kd antigen of Plasmodium chabaudi, under Dr. K.N. Brown, Division of Parasitology, National Institute for Medical Research, London.

SYMPOSIA

Dr. Jenefer M. Blackwell, Department of Tropical Hygiene, London Schoolof Hy giene and Tropical Medicine: for a symposium on the relevance of recent devel opments in leishmaniasis research to the disease in man, with Dr. Diane McMahon Pratt, Yale Medical School, USA and Dr. J.J. Shaw, Unidade de Estudos Especiais da Wellcome, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belem, Brazil.

Dr. K.W. Edmondson, The Commonwealth Secretariat, London: towards the cost of a meeting on research in the Commonwealth.

Professor H.M. Gilles, Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, London: for the Sixth International Congress of Parasitology, to be held in Brisbane, Aus tralia, from 24th - 30th August, 1986.

Dr. Diane J. McLaren, Division of Parasitology, National Institute for Medical Research, London: towards the costs of the British Societyfor Parasitology symposia for 1986, 1987 and 1988.

Dr. A. Sher, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A: for a contribution towards the costs of the 1985 Woods Hole Course on "The Biology of Parasitism"

LECTURESHIPS

Dr. S.B.J. Ebrahim, Department of Clinical Epidemiologyand SocialMedicine, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London: for one year, for a study of the causes and natural history of chronic lung disease and asthma in Papua New Guinea, under Professor H.R. Anderson with Dr. M.P. Alpers, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea.

Dr. Patricia M. Graves, Ross Institute of Tropical Hygiene, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine: for a one year extension of her study of the immunity and infectivity in the human population during malaria transmission, under Professor D.J. Bradley.

UNIVERSITY AWARD

Dr. C.J. Leake, Department of Entomology, London Schoolof Hygieneand Tropical Medicine: for four and a half years, for a study of virus-vector interaction under Professor A.N. Clements.

138 RESEARCH LEAVE FELLOWSHIPS

Professor Minnie M. Mathan, Wellcome Research Unit, Christian Medical College Hospital, Vellore, India: for one year, for a study of Paneth cell morphology and function, under Professor R. Whitehead, Department of Pathology, Flinders Uni versity of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia .

Professor V.1. Mathan, Wellcome Research Unit, Christian Medical College Hos pital, Vellore, India: for one year, for a study of the immunology of bacterial infections of the gut, under Professor D. Rowley, Department ofMicrobiology and Immunology, University ofAdelaide, Australia.

FELLOWSHIPS

Dr. A.E. Bianco, Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Imperial College of Science and Technology, London: for additional research expenses for his studies on the immunology and molecular biology of Plasmodium falciparum, under Pro fessor R.M. Anderson.

Dr. SylviaM. Le Blancq, Department of Pure and Applied Biology,Imperial College Field Station, SilwoodPark, Berkshire: for one year, for a study of the organisation of the metacyclic repertoire of variant surface glycoprotein genes in Trypanosoma brucei, under Professor Elizabeth U. Canning working with Professor P. Borst, Het Nederlands Krankerinstituut, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Dr. Eileen Devaney, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool Schoolof Tropical Med icine: for a one year extension of a study on the synthesis of cuticular surface membranes in filarial nematodes, under Dr. R.E. Howells.

Professor C.O. Enwonwu, MRC Dunn Nutrition Unit, University of Cambridge: for one year, for an evaluation of the role of non-shivering thermogenesis in met abolic adaptation to low protein diet, under Dr. W.A. Coward.

Dr. Hilary A. Flockhart, Department of Medical Helminthology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine: for a five month extension of her investigation into the enzymic character isation of nematodes of medical and veterinary impor tance, under Professor G. Webbe.

Dr. M. Foley, Department of Biochemistry, University of Glasgow: for three years, for a study of the protein chemistry and molecular biology of rhoptry proteins of Plasmodium falciparum, under Dr. l.R. Kusel.

Dr. Wendy C. Gibson, Department of Medical Protozoology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London: for a further year, for a study of the biochemical identification of trypanosomes causing human trypanosomiasis in Af rica, under Professor W. Peters .

139 Dr. R.A. Harrison, Department of Medical Helminthology, London School of, Hy. giene and Tropic:al Medicine, Winches Farm Field Station, St. Albans: for three years, for a study of the molecular cloning of Schistosoma haematobium antigens, under Professor G. Webbe with Professor Nina Agabian, Naval Biosciences Lab oratory, Oakland, California, U.S.A.

Dr. Juntra Karbwang, Faculty of Tropic:alMedicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand: for two years, for studies in clinical pharmacology, under Professor A.M. Breckenridge, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liv erpool.

Mr. M. Manohar, Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Christian Medical College Hos pital, Vellore, India: for six months, for studies on a lipid peroxidation inhibitor from intestinal mucosa, under Professor A. T. Diplock, Department ofBiochemistry, Guy's Hospital Medical School, London.

Dr. A.A. Miroli, Division of Immunological Medicine, M.R.C. Clinical Research Centre, Northwick Park, London: for one year, for a study of monoclonal antibodies against South American snake venoms, under Dr. G.L. Asherson .

Dr. N.R. Poulter, Medical Unit, St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, London: for one year, for studies in mechanisms of action of various hypotensive agents and optimal therapy for black hypertensives, under Professor Sir Stanley Peart.

Dr. L. Ryan, Department of Biology, University of Salford: for a one year extension of his study on the ecology and toxonomy of neotropical sandflies - Diptera: Psy chodidae, under Professor D.H. Molyneux and with Professor R. Lainson, Unidade de Estudos Especiais da WeI/come, Belem, Brazil.

Dr. Poh-Chun Tai, Department of Immunology, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London: for a two month extension of her study of human eosinophil toxicity and membrane biochemistry, under Dr. C.J.F. Spry.

INFECTIOUS DISEASES

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Dr. L.C. Archard, Department of Biochemistry, Charing Cross Hospital Medical School, London: for three years, for an analysis of campylobacter DNA: structure and expression of toxin genes, with Professor C.S.F. Easmon, Department ofMed ical Microbiology, St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, London.

Professor J.S. Beck, Department of Pathology, University of Dundee: for eighteen months, for microcirculatory and immunocytochemical studies on the tuberculin test responses in patients with untreated pulmonary tuberculosis, with Dr. I.M. Grange, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Cardiothoracic Institute, London, and Dr. T. Kardjito, Immunology Unit, Airlangga University, Indonesia.

140 Dr. Ailsa M. Campbell, Department of Biochemistry, University of Glasgow: for one year, for an analysis of the human immune response to cholera vaccine by hybridoma technology.

Dr. Maureen B. Duggan, Department of Paediatrics, University of Sheffield: for eight months, for a study of ethnic and dietary influences on the pattern of energy balance and growth in early childhood, under Professor R.D.G. Milner with Dr. G. Tobin, Department of Physiology, University of Leeds.

Dr. P.D. Griffiths, Department of Microbiology, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London: for three years, for studies to define the relationship between cytomegalovirus, beta-2-microglobulin and the host immune system, with Dr. Jane E. Grundy.

Professor G. Janossy, Department of Immunology, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London: for three years, for a study of the prognostic and functional significance of tissue interactions between T.B. and macrophage subpopulations of immunoregulatory disorders including AIDS.

Professor C.A. Mims, Department of Microbiology, Guy's Hospital Medical School, London: for two years, for studies of lactic dehydrogenase virus in antigen-pre senting cells.

Dr. T.A.E. Peto, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford: for four months, for studies in infectious and communicable disease with Professor D.J. Weatherall.

Dr. K.L. Powell, Department of Microbiology (Virology), University of Leeds: for two years, for a study of the role of herpes simplex virus tegument proteins in the entry and exit of the virus from host cells.

Dr. G.A. W. Rook, Department of Microbiology, Middlesex Hospital Medical School, London: for three years, for a study of T cell clones and tuberculosis, with Dr. B.R. Champion, Department of Immunology.

Dr. P.G. Sanders, Department of Microbiology, University of Surrey: for three years, for a study of the cloning and expression of rubella structural proteins, with Professor R. E. Spier and Dr. Jennifer M. Best, Department ofVirology, St. Thom as's Hospital Medical School, London.

UNIVERSITY AWARDS

Dr. Maureen B. Duggan, Department of Paediatrics, University of Sheffield: for thirty-nine months, for a study of certain determinants of the pattern of energy balance and growth in children, under Professor R.D.G. Milner and with Dr. G. Tobin, Department of Physiology, University of Leeds.

Dr. R.E. Randall, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of St. Andrews: for five years, for a molecular analysis of paramyxovirus persistence, under Professor w. C. Russell.

141 LECTURESHIPS - INFECfIOUS DISEASES

Dr. M. Levin, Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Institute of Child Health, London: for eighteen months, for a study of paediatric infectious diseases in the U.S.A. and Gambia, under Professor O.H. Wolff

Dr. Mary E. Penny, Department of Paediatrics, Universityof Oxford: for additional support for three years, to undertake a prospective study of duodenal microflora during and following acute infantile gastroenteritis, under Professor E.R. Moxon.

TRAINING FELLOWSHIP

Dr. D.W.K. Acheson, Department of Medicine, University of Manchester: for one year, for studies of the antimicrobial properties of the GG strain of Lactobacillus acidophilus, under Professor L.A. Turnberg, with Dr. B.K. Mandai, Department of Infectious Disease, Monsall Hospital, Manchester.

Dr. J.N. Weber, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Institute ofCancer Research, London: for two years, for studies on the antigenic and genetic polymorphism of the virus causing AIDS, under Professor R.A. Weiss.

SENIOR LECTURERS

Dr. J.Cohen, Department of Medicine, Royal Postgraduate MedicalSchool,London: for five years, for studies on the role of endotoxin in septic shock and graft versus host disease, under Professor D.K. Peters.

Dr. D. Isaacs, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford: for three years, for a study of interferon and immunity to respiratory virus infections, under Professor E.R. Moxon.

BACTERIOLOGY

EQUIPMENT

Professor B.I. Duerden, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Shef field: for two years, for a study of the metabolic products of anaerobes in the pathogenesis of bacterial (anaerobic) vaginosis, with Mr. B.M. Jones.

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Dr. Shirley J. Richmond, Department of Bacteriology and Virology, University of Manchester: for a one year extension of her study of the further characterisation of a phage recovered from an avian strain of Chlamydia psittaci and an investigation of its use as an epidemiological marker.

142 MICROBIOLOGY

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Dr. T.J. Foster, Department of Microbiology, Trinity College, Dublin: for an eight een month extension of his molecular genetic analysis of virulence determinants of Staphylococcus aureus, with Professor J.P. Arbuthnott.

Dr. M.J. Hill, Bacterial Metabolism Research Laboratory, P.H.L.S. Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research, London: for a study of models of the human colonic microbial ecology.

Dr. R. James, School of BiologicalSciences, University of East Anglia: for one year, for the development of a klebicin typing scheme.

Dr. P.H. Williams, Department of Genetics, University of Leicester: for two years, for molecular characterisation and epidemiology of plasmidencoded fimbrial an tigens of uropathogenic Escherichia coli.

VIROLOGY

EQUIPMENT

Dr. P. Cash, Department of Bacteriology, University of Aberdeen: for three years, for a protein analysis of poliovirus and human respiratory syncytial virus by high resolution 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Dr. Dorothy H. Crawford, Department of Virology, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London: for three years, for an analysis of Epstein-Barr virus infection of B lymphocytes and the immune response to infected cells.

Dr. C.R. Howard, Department of Medical Microbiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine: for three years, for a study of hepatitis B: the development of a synthetic peptide vaccine.

Dr. G.D. Kemp, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of St. Andrews: for three years, for a characterisation of the adenovirus proteinase with Professor W. C. Russell.

Dr. J.G.P. Sissons, Department of Medicine, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London: for three years, for a study of the role of human cytomegalovirus in suppression and modulation of immunity.

Dr. C. Sweet, Department of Microbiology, University of Birmingham: for three years, for a study of the derivation of genetically stable attenuated mutants of mouse cytomegalovirus.

143 Dr. K.N. Tsiquaye, Department of Medical Microbiology, London Schoolof Hygiene and Tropical Medicine: for three years, for an evaluation of antiviral drugs for liver diseases caused by Hepatitis B, with Professor A.J. Zuckerman.

Dr. H.E. Webb, Neurovirology Research Unit, St. Thomas's Hospital Medical School, London: for two years, for an investigation into the possibility that ence phalitogenic budding viruses through their glycolipid coats may provide a CNS auto-immune disturbance, with Dr. N.A. Gregson, Department of Anatomy and Professor S. Leibowitz, Department of Pathology.

Dr. J.D. Williamson, Department of Medical Microbiology, St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, London: for three years, for a study of the biological character isation of recombinant vaccinia virus, with Dr. M. Macken, PatersonLaboratories, Christie Hospital and Holt Radium Institute, Manchester.

PROTOZOOLOGY

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Professor D. Lloyd, Department of Microbiology, University College, Cardiff: for three years, for a study of the biochemistry of "anaerobic" protozoal parasites: electron transport, oxygen and chemotherapy.

HELMINTHOLOGY

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Professor W.A. Gibbons, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The School of Pharmacy, London: for two years, for a study of in vivo and in vitro metabolism of model and parasitic worms.

Dr. Anne E. Keymer, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford: for two years, for a study of gastrointestinal nematode infection: the epidemiology of acquired immunity.

RESEARCH TRAINING SCHOLARSHIP

Mr. A.C. McGuigan, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Moredun Research Institute, University of Edinburgh: for three years, for a study of the mucous barrier and rapid expulsion of intestinal nematodes, under Dr. H.R.P. Miller.

144 C. VETERINARY MEDICINE VETERINARY MEDICINE PANEL

Lord Swann, FRS (Chairman) (Wellcome Trustee) * Professor J.O. Jarrett, PhD, BVMS, MRCVS (University of Glasgow) ** Professor D. Lodge, BVSc, MRCVS (Royal Veterinary College, London) Dr. W.B. Martin, PhD, DVSM, FRSE, MRCVS (Moredun Institute, Edin burgh) ** Dr. W.J.B. Morgan, Dip.Bact, DSc, PhD, BVSc, MRCVS (Central Vet- erinary Laboratory Weybridge) Professor P.M. Biggs, DSc, PhD, DVM, FRCVS, FRCPath, FIBiol, FRS * (Houghton Poultry Research Centre) ***Professor D.G. Porter, PhD, BVetMed, FIBiol, MRCVS (University of Bristol) * Professor I.M. Smith, PhD, MRCVS, (Royal Veterinary College, London) ** N. Snodgrass Esq., CBE, BSc, FRCVS, (Private Practice) Staff members responsible: K.B. Sinclair, DVSc, PhD, FRCVS (Scientific Secretary) Sandra Carpenter, (Administrative Secretary)

'from October 1985 *until September 1985 "from January 1987 * *until September 1986 ***until December 1986

146 VETERINARY MEDICINE

During the period 1984-86, the Trustees allocated some £2.9 million for the support of research in veterinary medicine. This allocation, which in cludes provision for two Wellcome Lectureships in United Kingdom vet erinary schools, brings the total support provided by the Trustees for their veterinary medicine programmes since 1968 to about £10.5 million.

Following the pattern of recent years, some 89% of the expenditure during the biennium comprised grants and awards to universities in the United Kingdom. But, when compared to the two previous biennia (84% and 74%), there has been a further decline in the proportion awarded to the Veterinary Schools (61%). This trend probably reflects the continuing stringencies and uncertainties in the schools, but also there is evidence of a growing awareness amongst the staff of other universities and institutes of the availability of Trust funding for veterinary research. Analysis of the distribution of expenditure according to the type of support provided shows that, compared with earlier years there was an increase in the proportion awarded as project grants (60%), reflecting the upward trend in the size of individual grants. However, there has been a decrease in the proportion awarded as Fellowships and Scholarships (17%), essentially due to a poor response to our Fellowship scheme and a particularly disappointing field of candidates for the Research Training Scholarship awards in 1986. It is tempting to speculate that the disappointing field of candidates for the Trust's Fellowships and Scholarships reflects the widely publicised shedding of research and academic appointments in institutes and universities, and the perceived deleterious effects on career opportunities. On the other hand, the Major Award scheme, which provides more substantial research grants for up to five years, continues to attract substantial interest, and several good proposals were received in 1985 and 1986. Competition was keen and in 1985 the Trustees decided to provide a grant of up to £218,607 to enable Professor G.E. Goldspink to be appointed to a recently estab lished Chair of Veterinary Molecular and Cellular Biology at the Royal Veterinary College, London, and for a study of the molecular regulation of gene expression in skeletal muscle; and in 1986, a grant of up to £300,000 provided support for a study of the molecular pathology of ruminant len tivirus infections under the direction of Professor I. McConnell, Depart ment of Veterinary Pathology, University of Edinburgh. These more substantial grants provide the much sought after longer-term support for research in the universities, and help in the building up of the critical mass of personnel and resources which is so essential in many fields of modern biomedical research. For research in veterinary medicine, the Trustees

147 have so far provided seven major awards and, for the period under review, the expenditure amounted to some 17% of the budget.

In the previous report, reference was made to a decision of the Trustees, in respect of research on exotic viruses only, to vary their long-standing policy, and accept project grant applications from members of staff of government and research council laboratories. The first award under this dispensation was made in 1985with a grant of £152,448 for the molecular characterisation of the rinderpest virus to be carried out under the direction of Dr. B.W.J. Mahy at the Animal Virus Research Institute, Pirbright, Surrey.

148 VETERINARY AND COMPARATIVE MEDICINE

List of Grants Awarded over £2,000

EQUIPMENT

Professor D.W. Brocklesby, Department of Tropical Animal Health, University of Edinburgh: for studies of parasite physiology and immunology.

Mr. J.E. Cooper, Department of Pathology, Royal College of Surgeons: for a study of the natural history and pathology of spontaneous bladder disease in the dog.

Dr. P.D. Eckersall, Department of Veterinary Clinical Biochemistry, University of Glasgow: for a fast protein liquid chromatography system for protein and peptide isolation.

Dr. O.T. Phillipson, Department of Anatomy, University of Bristol: for studies of high affinity uptake sites for neurotransmitters in CNS, and a study of the control of luteal development and oxytocin production in the ewe.

Professor B.J. Sheahan, Department of Veterinary Pathology, University College, Dublin: for ultrastructural studies on the mechanisms of virus-induced demyeli nation.

MAJOR AWARD

Professor I. McConnell, Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Edin burgh: for five years, for a study of the molecular pathology of ruminant lentivirus infections, with Dr. D. Sargan, and Dr. N. Wan.

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Dr. R.F. Barnes, Physiological Laboratory, University of Cambridge: for 6 months, for a study of the mechanisms of splanchnic blood flow regulation in sheep, with Professor A. Dobson, Cornell University .

Dr. J.D. Barry, Institute of Genetics, University of Glasgow: for three years, for an investigation of antigen expression by metacyclic Trypanosoma congo/ense.

Dr. R.M. Batt, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Uliiversity of Liverpool: for a one year extension of his investigation ofthe pathogenesis of a naturally occurring enteropathy in the dog.

Dr. D. Bennett, Department of Small Animal Studies, University of Liverpool: for three years, for an investigation of the role of autoantibodies in the pathogenesis of canine inflammatory joint disorders, with Dr. S. Carter.

149 Dr. W.F. Blakemore, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge: for three years, for a study of the repair of lesions in the CNS by the transplantation of embryonic glial cells.

Dr. K.P. Bland, Department of Veterinary Physiology, University of Edinburgh: for two years, for a study of the control of prostaglandin output into uterine lymph in relation to luteal function in sheep, with Dr. N.L. Poyser.

Professor F.J. Bourne, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bristol: for three years, for immune investigations into Glomerulonephritis in the cat.

Professor R.H. Burdon, Division of Biology, University of Strathclyde: for three years, for a study of the surface antigen genes of Toxoplasma gondii.

Dr. J.G. Coote, Department of Microbiology, University of Glasgow: for two years, for the genetic analysis of virulence in Pasteurella haemolytica.

Dr. R. Curtis, Small Animals Centre, Animal Health Trust: for an eight month extension of his studies of retinal degeneration in small animals, with Dr. K. C. Barnett.

Dr. P.O. Eckersall, Department of Veterinary Clinical Biochemistry, University of Glasgow: for two years, for an investigation of acute phase proteins in bovine and canine species.

Dr. R.W. Else, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Royal (Dick) School of Vet erinary Studies, Edinburgh: for a one year extension of his study of the antigenicity and receptor status of normal and neoplastic canine mammary cells, with Dr. Mary Norval, Department of Bacteriology.

Dr. P.A. Flecknell, Comparative BiologyCentre, University of Newcastleupon Tyne: for three years, for the assessment of pain and the development and evaluation of methods for its alleviation in laboratory animals.

Dr. I.R. Griffiths, Department of Veterinary Surgery, University of Glasgow: for a two year extension of his study of progressive axonopathy: an inherited neuro pathy of Boxer dogs.

Professor D.A. Heath, Department of Pathology, University of Liverpool: for one month for a study of the .genetic factors modifying pulmonary hypertension at high altitude, with Professor P. Harris.

Dr. R. Hill, Department of Animal Health and Production, The Royal Veterinary College: for two years, for a study of the influence of the iron compounds added to the diet and of species of animal on the absorption of iron.

Dr. E. Hoey, Department of Biochemistry & N.I. Centre for Genetic Engineering, Medical BiologyCentre, Queen's University, Belfast: for three years, for molecular and evolutionary studies on bovine enteroviruses, with Professor S.J. Martin.

150 Dr. D. McE. Jenkinson, Department of Physiology, University of Glasgow: for one year, for a study of the role of dermal connective tissue components in the host response to cutaneous challenge.

Dr. F.T.W. Jordan, Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Liverpool: for two years, for studies on the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the recognition of antibodies to avian mycoplasmas.

Dr. P. Keen, Department of Pharmacology, University of Bristol: for three years, for a study of genes for the tachykinin neuropeptides in the central and peripheral nervous systems of domesticated animals in health and disease.

Dr. M. Kehoe, Department of Microbiology, University of Newcastle upon Tyne: for three years, for a study of the structural relationship between streptococcal M and M-like proteins.

Dr. LB. Kingston, Department of Parasitology, University of Cambridge: for three years, for a study of the genetic control of cuticular collagen in Ascaris lumbricoides.

Professor D.L. Lee, Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, University of Leeds: for one year, for a pilot study of peptide hormones in parasitic helminths, with Dr. R.E. Issac.

Dr. A. Livingston, Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Bristol: for three years, for an assessment of clinical pain in farm animals, with Dr. A.E. Waterman. Dr. D.H. Lloyd, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Royal Veterinary CoUege, London: for two years, for an investigation of factors influencing staph ylococcal colonisation and infection of the skin of pigs.

Dr. M.A. McCrae, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick: for three years, for a study of the molecular characterisation of the Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD) virus.

Dr. D.P. McManus, Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Imperial College of Science and Technology, London: for three years, for a study of the development of cloned DNA and monoclonal antibody probes for the differentiation of the hydatid organism, Echinococcus granulosus.

Dr. B.W.J. Mahy, Division of Molecular Biology, AFRC Animal Virus Research Institute, Pirbright, Surrey: for three years, for a study of the molecular charac terisation of rinderpest virus.

Dr. J. Mason, Department of Biochemistry, Trinity College, Dublin: for one year, for an extension of his study of thiomolybdate metabolism and its effects in normal and hypocupraemic cattle.

Dr. A.R. Michell, Department of Physiology, Royal Veterinary College: for an additional year for his study of renal and non-renal aspects of electrolyte physiology in sheep.

151 Dr. I.R. Poxton, Department of Bacteriology, University of Edinburgh Medical School: for three years, for a study of the Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria and spirochaetes in developing broken mquth of sheep, with Mr. 1.A. Spence, Moredun Institute, Edinburgh.

Dr. Shirley J. Richmond, Department of Bacteriology and Virology, University of Manchester: for two years, for a study of the pathogenesis and natural history of disease due to Chlamydia psittaci (feline pneumonitis agent) in the cat.

Mrs. Nora Rozengurt, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Royal Vet· erinary College, London: for three years, for a study of the role of regulatory peptides and other growth factors in the pathogenesis of hyperplastic and meta plastic changes induced by Sendai-virus.

Dr. Carol A. Seymour, PhysiologicalLaboratory, Universityof Cambridge: for three years, for a study of the mechanism of copper-induced hepatic organelle damage in the Bedlington terrier, with special reference to alteration in lysosomal and mitochondrial integrity and function.

Dr. G.R. Smith, Comparative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Zoology, Lon don: for two years, for a study of the diagnostic complications in botulism and Clostridium botulinum type C as a frequent cause of animal but not human botulism.

Dr. N.C. Stickland, Department of Anatomy, Royal Veterinary College, London: for one year, for an extension of his study of the cell kinetics of myogenesis in relation to factors affecting body size.

Dr. A. Tait, Department of Genetics, University of Edinburgh: for additional support for the characterisation of the surface and stage specific proteins of Theileria an nulata and their interactions with the host immune system.

Dr. R.J. Thomas, Department of Agriculture, University of Newcastle: for three years, for a study of parasitism in the control of food intake in sheep, with Professor D.G. Armstrong, Department ofAgricultural Biochemistry and Nutrition, University ofNewcastle.

Dr. A.J. Trees, Department of Veterinary Parasitology, London School of Tropical Medicine: for one year, for an extension of his study of onchocerciasis in British cattle.

Dr. R.J. Turner, Department of Zoology, University Collegeof Wales, Aberystwyth: for two years, for an investigation of the influence of selenium and vitamin E on immune responses in lambs.

Dr. P.F. Watson, Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Royal Veterinary College, London: for eighteen months, for a study of the relationship between calcium binding and membrane fusion during the acrosome reaction using ram spermatozoa as a model, with Dr. 1.M. Plummer.

152 UNIVERSITY AWARDS

Professor G.E. Goldspink, Divisionof Preclinical Studies, Royal Veterinary CoUege, London: for five years, for the use of recombinant DNA methodology to study molecular regulation of gene expression in skeletal muscle, under Dr. A.D. Betts.

Dr. N.C. Sangster, Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Sydney, Australia: for five years, for an investigation of biochemical mechanisms of an thelmintic resistance in sheep nematodes, under Professor J.M. Ward.

RESEARCH TRAINING SCHOLARSHIPS

Miss Alison Blaxter, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bristol: for two years, for a study of diabetes mellitus in the dog, under Dr. T.I. Gruffydd Jones.

Mr. J. EUiott, Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge: for three years, for a study of the role of semicarbazide sensitive amine oxidase in membrane function of vascular and brown adipose tissue, under Dr. B.A. Callingham.

Mr. D.J. Fawthrop, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge: for three years, for the application of CNS tissue and organ culture to in vitro target organ toxicology: a study of cellular oedema and vacuolation, under Dr. R.I. Evans.

Mr. M.A. Holmes, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Cam bridge: for three years, for the characterisation of cell surface antigens of canine lymphocytes, under Dr. N. T. Gorman.

Mr. J.O. Knowles, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, University of Liv erpool: for three years, for studies on the role of feline calcivirus in chronic gingivitis/ stomatitis in cats, under Professor C.I. Gaskell.

Mr. J. Lida, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge: for a three month extension for studies on the mechanisms of lymphocyte killing of virus-infected cells, under Professor P.I. Lachmann.

Mr. J.F. Pycock, Department of Surgery and Obstetrics, Royal Veterinary CoUege, London: for three years, for an investigation on the speed of chemotactic and cellular responses of the equine uterus to micro-organisms.

Miss Jill L. Rankine, Department of Veterinary Physiology, University of Edin burgh: for three years, for an investigation of the mechanism causing membrane channel opening in mammalian eggs during fertilisation, under Professor CR. House and Dr. R.I. Martin.

Mr. M.A. Rigby, Wolfson Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow: for three years, for a study of the role of feline leukaemia viruses in anemia, under Dr. J.C Neil.

153 Mr. T. Skerry, Department of Anatomy, Royal Veterinary CoUege, London: for three years, for a study of the cellular basis for mechanically adaptive bone re modelling, under Professor L. E. Lanyon.

INTERCALATED SCHOLARSHIPS

Mr. A.J. Agnew, Department of Pre-Clinical Veterinary Studies, Universityof Edin burgh: for one year, for studies for an Honours degree in Physiology, under Pro fessor C.R. House.

Mr. D.C. Barrett, Department of Pre-Clinical Veterinary Studies, University of Bristol: for one year, for studies for an Honours degree in Physiology, under Professor D.G. Porter.

Mr. M. Fosbery, Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, University of Glasgow: for a further year, to complete his studies for an Honours degree in Physiology, under Professor T.A. Douglas.

Miss Fiona M. Houston, Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Edin burgh: for one year, for studies for an Honours degree in Pathological Sciences, under Professor I. McConnell.

Mr. M.C. 1I0tt, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Liv erpool: for one year, for studies for an Honours degree in Physiology, under Professor G.J. Dockray.

Mr. S. Pollard, Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Edinburgh: for one year, for studies for an Honours degree in Pathological Science, under Professor I. McConnell.

Mr. R.F. Smith, Department of Biochemistry, University of Liverpool: for one year, for studies for an Honours degree in Biochemistry, under Dr. M. McC. Barnes.

Miss Angela Tempest, Department of Anatomy, University of Bristol: for one year, for studies for an Honours degree in Anatomical Science, under Professor D.G. Porter.

Miss Marie Woodman, Department of Veterinary Physiology, University of Edin burgh: for one year, for studies for an Honours degree in Physiological Science, under Professor A. Iggo.

VETERINARY RESEARCH TRAINING FELLOWSHIPS

Dr. P.W. Bland, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bristol: for three years, for an investigation of the immune function of enterocytes, under Dr. C.R. Stokes.

154 Dr. A.F. Clarke, Department of Animal Husbandry, University of Bristol: for three years, for a study of the kinetics of airborne diseases, under Professor A.1.F. Webster. "

Dr. Mary E. Holt, Department of Immunology, AFRC Institute of Animal Physi ology, Babraham, Cambridge: for three years, for an investigation into the clas sification, behaviour, inter-relationship and functional role of mucosa associated lymphoreticular cell subpopulations in the young pig, under Dr. R.M. Binns.

FELLOWSHIP

Professor E.A. Wijewanta, Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Glas gow: for one year, for studies of clostridial and other bacterial toxins in enteric diseases of animals, under Dr. D.J. Taylor.

LECTURESHIPS

Dr. T.S. Mair, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bristol: for five years, in equine medicine and research on respiratory disease, under Professor F.l. Bourne.

Dr. R. Dalzeil, Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Edinburgh: for five years, in molecular biology and research on Pestivirus infection, under Pro fessor I. McConnell.

155

D. VISION RESEARCH VISION RESEARCH WORKING PARTY

Professor F.W. Campbell, PhD, MD, FRS (Chairman) (University of Cambridge) Professor Sir Stanley Peart, MD, FRCP, FRS (Wellcome Trustee) Professor N. Ashton, CBE, DSc, FRCP, FRCS, FRCPath, FRS (Royal College of Surgeons) Professor A.C. Bird, MD, FRCS (Institute of Ophthalmology, London) Professor W.S. Foulds, MD, FRCS, FRCSGlas (University of Glasgow) Professor J.S. Kelly, MB, PhD (University of Edinburgh) Professor M. Millodot, OD, PhD, FAAO, FBCO (University of Wales, Institute of Science and Technology) Professor S. Zeki, PhD (University College, London)

Staff members responsible: Dr. D. Gordon, MB, MRCP (Scientific Secretary) Anne Edwards (Administrative Secretary)

158 Vision Research

The Trustees have had a special interest in supporting research in oph thalmology since 1977. At the time of their last report they were under taking a critical review of their support for this subject, and other subjects relating to the eye. They agreed to establish a Vision Research Working Party to advise them on all aspects of their support for research on the eye and visual pathways, and to consider all applications for grants relating to these structures. The Working Party's remit includes both ophthalmol ogy and the basic sciences relevant to vision.

The Trustees particularly hope that this new Working Party will be able to stimulate fruitful interactions between the clinical and basic sciences. In deciding to establish this group, the Trustees looked to the example of their Mental Health Panel which, over the last ten years, has considered psychiatry in relation to the relevant basic sciences, to the mutual benefit of all these subjects. The Vision Research Working Party, on the example of the Mental Health Panel, willactively encourage applications for support from subjects and areas of vision research that are under-represented at present, as well as undertaking new initiatives to promote the research career development of the most able young men and women working in the field.

The Trustees were particularly fortunate that Professor Fergus Campbell agreed to act as Chairman of the Working Party. Professor Campbell began his career in clinical ophthalmology, but is, of course, best known for his contributions to the knowledge of the physiology and psychologyof vision. He is Professor of Neurosensory Physiology in the University of Cam bridge. The other members of the Working Party are from a wide range of clinical and basic disciplines.

Research Career Development

The Trustees have provided a number of research training fellowships for young ophthalmologists, and four of these fellows were in post at the time that the Working Party first met. At their first meeting, the Working Party heard a seminar from Dr. Paul Meyer, working with Mr. P.G. Watson in Cambridge. Dr. Meyer has refined anterior segment fluoroscein angiog raphy and is now able to demonstrate features of the normal vascular anatomy of the episclera and conjunctiva, as well as features of any micro-

159 vascular pathology not visible in vivo using methods previously available. His new methods are likely to be a powerful research and diagnostic tool for many other studies.

The Working Party have agreed to establish a new scheme ofvision research fellowships to be advertised annually. These awards are particularly in tended for young ophthalmologists or neuro-ophthalmologists, and for op tometrists with a doctorate who wish to extend their research experience. Support will also be available for post-doctoral science graduates working on the eye and visual pathways. Through these fellowships, the Trustees hope to stimulate the development of a cadre of research workers who will be able to take senior academic and research appointments and lead the subject forward.

160 VISION

List of Grants Awarded Over £2,000

BUILDINGS

Dr. G.R. Serjeant, M.R.C. Laboratories" University ofthe West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica,: for a study of ophthalmological problems associated with sickle cell disease in Jamaica.

Professor S. Zeki, Department of Anatomy, University College London: for his investigation of the organisation of the visual cortex in the monkey.

EQUIPMENT

Mr. A.J. Bron, Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, University of Oxford: for a photographic evaluation of cataract, with Mr. N. Phelps Brown.

Dr. T.D. Lamb, Physiological Laboratory, University of Cambridge: for one year, for a study of the role of light-induced changes of calcium concentration in pho toreceptor adaptation.

Dr. Helen R. Saibil, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford: for a study of the biochemistry of visual transduction enzymes in mammalian photoreceptors and their role in autoimmune uveoretinitis.

Professor S. Zeki, Department of Anatomy, University College London: for an investigation of the structure and function of the visual cortex.

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Dr. D.1. Attwell, Department of Physiology, University College London: for three years, for a study of electrical properties of retinal Muller cells.

Dr. J .L. Barbur, Department of Optometry and Visual Science, The City University, London: for three years, to investigate the function of the pupil response in human vision.

Professor C. Blakemore, Department of Physiology, University of Oxford: for three years, to study the role of association projections in the organisation and devel opment of the visual cortex.

Professor C. Blakemore, Department of Physiology, University of Oxford: for three years, for an analysis of synaptic connectivity in the primary visual cortex of the cat studied in the in vitro slice preparation, with Dr. J.J.B. Jack.

161 Mr. A.J. Bron, Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, University of Oxford: for one year, for studies on the detection and management of visual defect in patients with ocular hypertension.

Professor F.W. Campbell, Department of Physiology, University of Cambridge: for a fifteen month extension for his study of visual evoked responses in optic neuritis.

Professor D. Chapman, Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London: for a one year extension of his biophysical studies of rhodopsin and effects due to bleaching in rod outer segments, with Dr. C. Kemp, Institute of Ophthalmology, London.

Dr. V. CruneIH, Department of Pharmacology, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London: for three years, for an analysis of passive and active membrane properties of X,Y and W cells of the cat lateral geniculate nucleus in vitro.

Professor I.M.L. Donaldson, Department of Zoology, University of Hull: for a one year extension of his study of the effects of extraocular and neck muscle propri oceptors on vestibular control of eye and head movement.

Dr. G. Duncan, School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia: for three years, for a study of mechanisms of calcium-induced cataracts in the human lens.

Mr. A.R. Fielder, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Leicester: for three years, for a study of vision in the premature infant.

Dr. A.R. Hipkiss, Department of Biochemistry, King's College London: for three years, for a study of age-related changes in catabolism of crystallin fragments in lens tissue.

Dr. C. Kennard, Department of Neurology, London Hospital Medical College, Lon don: for five years, for a study of ocular motor and visual sensory defects in patients with cortical lesions, with Dr. K.H. Ruddock, Department ofPhysics and Pure and Applied Biology, Imperial College ofScience and Technology.

Dr. J.J. Kulikowski, Department of Ophthalmic Optics, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology: for two years, for a study of the deficiencies in colour vision following lesions in prestriate visual cortical areas in macaques, with Mr. D. Carden and Dr. S.R. Butler.

Dr. J.M. Lackie, Department of Cell Biology, University of Glasgow: for a one year extension of his study of cellular infiltration and proliferation in the vitreous of the eye, with Professor J.V. Forrester, Tennent Institute of Ophthalmology.

Dr. A.R. Lieberman, Department of Anatomy, University College London: for ten weeks, for anatomical studies of rabbit lateral geniculate nucleus.

162 Mr. LA. Mackie, Eye Department, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London: for two years, for an investigation into the allergic response of the corneal and conjunctival epithelia; 1) the production of cytokines and 2) the local action of cytokines on their target cells, with Dr. T.C. Jacob, Department ofPharmacology.

Professor B.E.H. Maden, Department of Biochemistry, University of Liverpool: for an exploratory study on the use of recombinant DNA for characterizing proteins of the retina.

Dr. N.N. Osborne, Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, University of Oxford: for three years, for a study of amines and other neurotransmitter-like substances in the intact rabbit retina and in cultures of retinas from rabbit and human foetuses.

Mr. P.G. Watson, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cambridge: for three years, for an investigation into the improvement of clinical methods of cry opreservation of the cornea.

Professor S. Zeki, Department of Anatomy, University College London: for one year, for a study of segregated visual pathway in macaque monkey cortex.

FELLOWSHIPS

Mr. M.R.C. Capon, Department of Clinical Ophthalmology, Institute of Ophthal mology, London: for one year, for a study of Nd: Yag Laser Photodisruption: damage and healing in ocular tissue, under Professor J. Marshall.

Dr. C.M.P. Claoue, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bristol: for an extension of his Fellowship to study the immunology of Herpes Simplex infection in the eye, under Professor D.L. Easty, Dr. W. Blyth and Dr. T. Hill.

Dr. P.A.R. Meyer, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cambridge: for a fellowship for two years for a study of the immune aggregate deposition in the eye in vivo, under Mr. P.G. Watson.

RESEARCH TRAINING SCHOLARSHIPS

Miss Karen E. Everett, Department of Physiology, University College, London: for three years, for a study of the electrical properties of retinal neurones, under Dr. D.l. Attwell.

Miss Helen E. Jones, Department of Physiology, University College, Cardiff: for three years, for a study of the mechanisms underlying length preference in the central visual system under Professor A.M. Sillito.

Mr. S. Malin, The Physiological Laboratory, University of Cambridge: for three years, for a study of supora threshold processing in normal and amblyopic vision, under Dr. R.F. Hess.

163 MissJocelyn C. Smith, Department of Experimental Psychology, Universityof Cam bridge: for three years, for the development and assessment of infant binocular function, under Dr. 0.1. Braddick and Dr. JanetteAtkinson.

Mr. A.B. Tobin, Numeld Laboratory of Ophthalmology, University of Oxford: for three years, for a study ofreceptor processes in IRSI ciliary body complex and the localisation and functional role(s) of different transmitter-like substances, under Dr. N.N. Osborne.

164 E. CLINICAL RESEARCH CLINICAL RESEARCH PANEL

Professor Sir Stanley Peart, MD, FRCP, FRS (Chairman) (Wellcome Trustee), Professor Lesley H. Rees, MSc, MD, FRCP (St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College) Professor D.T. Baird, DSc, FRCPEd, FRCOG (University of Edinburgh) Professor J.D. Swales, MD, FRCP (University of London) Professor L. Luzzato, MD, FRCPath (Royal Postgraduate Medical School) Professor E.O.R. Reynolds, MD, FRCP (University College London) Professor A.J. McMichael, MB, PhD, FRCP (University of Oxford) Professor J. Hermon-Taylor, MChir, FRCS (St. George's Hospital MedicalSchool)

Staff members responsible: Dr. P.A.J. Ball, MD, FRCP (Scientific Secretary) Laura Chambers (Administrative Secretary)

166 CLINICAL RESEARCH

The Wellcome Trust has for many years identified clinical research as an aspect of medical research to which it pays special attention. Since 1960 it has had a clinically experienced Trustee - first Sir John McMichael FRS and, more recently, Sir Stanley Peart FRS. In the past year, with the expansion of support available from extra funds, it has established a Clinical Panel under the Chairmanship of Professor Peart. This Panel oversees the wide range of clinical subjects which the Trust supports with the exception of Mental Health and Infectious Diseases which are catered for by other panels. Probably the most significant scheme run over the past 25 years has been the Senior Research Fellowships in Clinical Science. These fellowships described elsewhere (see pp. 6~70) have played a major role in the training and maturation of the future academic cadre of our universities. Also the Surgical and Pathology Fellowships have been important although these have now been included in a general medicine graduate training scheme (see pp. 101-105). The main use for the funds has been in response to ad hoc requests, and grants totalling £2,742,000 have been made during during the past two years. Initiatives have also been taken from time to time to support lecturers and senior lecturers and schemes which would make a bridge between the clinical and laboratory sciences. In particular, the scheme for linking clinical medicine and molecular biology should be noted (see pp. 179-180). The Trustees are now considering what would be their wisest policy for the future. They believe that the greatest need is to have medical units of larger size so that there is sufficient time for research to be undertaken alongside clinical work, a state of affairs which has become more difficult to attain with the economies being made in the National Health Service and the University Grants Committee budgets. The proposed arrangements for amalgamation of the Clinical Research Centre at Northwick Park and the Royal Postgraduate Medical School, while adding to the strength of each establishment, may well have an adverse affect on the clinical research strength in the rest of the country. The Wellcome Trust is therefore ex amining seriously the need for more career posts and programme type grants in clinical research rather than the provision of relative small short term grants for limited projects. They may therefore have to restrict their project support in favour of the greater good for fewer more expensive ventures. Full decisions have not yet been made and the opinions of the research community are being canvassed both through the panel as well as from more casual contacts.

167 CLINICAL SCIENCES

List of Grants Awarded Over £2,000

ANAESTHESIA

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Dr. C.D. Richards, Department of Physiology, Royal Free School of Medicine, London: for two years, for a study of the action of anaesthetics on neurosecretion, with Dr. Gillian Pocock.

CARDIOLOGY

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Dr. J.V. Jones, Department of CanIioIogy, Bristol Royal Infirmary: for two years, for an investigation into the contribution of raised afterload to the pathogenesis of ventricular arrhythmia.

DENTISTRY

EQUIPMENT

Professor M.W.J. Ferguson, Department of Basic Dental Sciences, University of Manchester: for two years, for high resolution scanning electron microscopy of: cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions during craniofacial development and differ entiation; and thyroid follicular cell surface differention and function, with Pro fessor S. Tomlinson, Department ofMedicine, ManchesterRoyal Infirmary.

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Professor F.P. Ashley, Department of Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Guy's Hospital Dental School, London: for two years, for an investigation of specific subgingival organisms and their association with the onset of periodontitis in 14 16 year old subjects.

Dr. R.R.B. Russell, Dental Research Unit, Royal College of Surgeons of England, London: for three years, for a genetic analysis of degradative enzymes of oral spirochaetes.

DERMATOLOGY

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

168 Dr. S.M. Breathnacb, Department of Medicine, Cbaring Cress and Westminster Medical School, London: for three years, for a study of antigen presentation in human allergic contact dermatitis and its modulation by therapy.

Dr. R.D.R. Camp, Wellcome Laboratories for Skin Pharmacology, Institute of Dermatology, London: for three years, for a study of the role of lymphocyte che moattractants in inflammatory skin disease.

Dr. L. Fry, Department of Dermatology, St. Mary's Hospital, London: for three years, for an investigation of the role of T cell factors in psoriasis, with Professor Lesley Brent.

ENDOCRINOLOGY

EQUIPMENT

Professor C.N. Hales, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cam bridge: for an investigation of the properties and tissue distribution of an ATP sensitive plasma membrane potassium channel.

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Dr. L.W. Haynes, Department of Zoology, University of Bristol: for three years, for a study of the regulation of the expression of an identified gene with neuro trophic functions in the developing nervous system.

Dr. R.D.G. Leslie, DepartmentofDiabetes, King's College Hospital Medical School, London: for one year, for an identification of antigens in human pancreatic insulin secreting cells (B cells).

Dr. S.L. Ligbtman, The Medical Unit, Cbaring Cruss and Wesbninster Medical Scbool, London: for one year, for a study of central nervous system control of posterior pituitary secretion.

EPIDEMIOLOGY

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Professor D.J.P. Barker, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, University of Son thampton: for one year, for a case-control study of fracture of proximal femur in Hong Kong, with Professor S.P.R. Donnan, Department ofCommunity Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong.

Dr. J.M. Best, Department of Virology, St. Thomas's Hospital Medical School, London: for one year, for a seroepidemiological study to assess the prevalence of antibodies to herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 in pregnant women, with Dr. Catherine S. Peckham, Department ofCommunity Medicine and General Practice, Churing Cross and Westminster Medical School, London.

169 Professor G.A. Rose, Division of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine: for additional expenses during his in ternational collaborative study of electrolytes and blood pressure ("INTER SALT"), with Professor M.G. Marmot, Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology, University College London.

RESEARCH TRAINING SCHOLARSHIP

Dr. Li Ting Ming, Department of CUnicalEpidemiology, London Hospital Medical College: for one year, for a study of the epidemiology of motor neurone disease, under Professor Eva A/berman.

UNIVERSITY AWARD

Dr. P. Skrabanek, Department of Community Health, University of Dublin: for eighteen months, to study the preventative value of screening, under Professor J.M. McCormack.

GASTROENTEROLOGY

EQUIPMENT

Professor M.R.B. Keighley, Department of Surgery, University of Birmingham: for a dynamic assessment of normal and disordered defaecation.

Professor M.S. Losowsky, Department of Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Uni versity of Leeds: for three years, for a study of: (a) amino acid metabolism in gastrointestinal disease, and (b) the detection of body odours in man, with Professor D.J. Gee.

Professor K.P.W.J. McAdam, Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, London Schoolof Hygiene and Tropical Medicine: for two years, for a study of acute phase proteins and intestinal function in systemic and intestinal infections, with Dr. R.M. Behrens and Dr. A.M. Tomkins, Department of Human Nutrition.

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Dr. R.E. Barry, Department of Medicine, University of Bristol: for two years, for a study of the pathogenesis of acute alcoholic liver disease.

Dr. Joan H. Braganza, Department of Gastroenterology, University of Manchester: for two years, for an evaluation of the therapeutic potential of antioxidants in patients with pancreatitis.

Dr. P.J. Ciclitira, The Rayne Institute, St. Thomas' Hospital Medical School, Lon don: for three years, for a study of the characterisation of activated T cells prop agated from jejunal biopsies from patients with coeliac disease.

170 Dr. Anne Ferguson, Gastrointestinal Unit, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh: for additional expenses during her study of the characterisation of mucosal mast cells and their relevance to intestinal inflammation, with Dr. H.R.P. Miller, Department of Pathology, Moredun Institute, Edinburgh.

Dr. J.M. Neuberger, Liver Unit, King's CoUege Hospital and Medical Unit, London: for a two year extension of his investigation into drug induced immune-mediated liver damage.

HAEMATOLOGY

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Dr. C.C. BlackweU,Department of Bacteriology, University of Edinburgh Medical School: for two years, for a study of the non-secretion of blood group antigens and susceptibility to infection by Candida albieans, with Professor D.M. Weir.

Professor A.L. Bloom, Department of Haematology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff: for three years, for a study of gene analysis in Haemophilia A, with Dr. I.R. Peake.

Professor D.V.I. Fairweather, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Univer sity CoUege London: for a six month extension of his study of the development of first trimester ante-natal diagnosis for the haemoglobinopathies.

Dr. D.C. Linch, Department of Haematology, Schoolof Medicine, University CoUege London: for three years, for a study of the regulation of erythropoietic progenitor cells.

Professor D.J. WeatheraU, Nuffield Department of COnical Medicine, University of Oxford: for three years, for studies of the clinical importance and population genetics of the alpha thalassaemias of the Pacific island populations, with Dr. M. Alpers, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea.

Dr. M. Worwood, Department of Haematology, Welsh National School of Medicine, Cardiff: for a seven month extension of his investigation of the biochemical genetics of human ferritin, with Dr. J.W. Drysdale, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, U.S.A.

IMMUNOLOGY (CLINICAL)

EQUIPMENT

Dr. B.M. Austen, Department of Surgery, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London: for a study of the identification of allergenic and antigenic determinants in mild proteins.

171 Dr. A.M. McGregor, Department of Medicine, King's College School of Medicine and Dentistry, London: for a study of the regulation of the thyroid cell in human autoimmune thyroid disease.

Dr. J.G.P. Sissons, Department of Medicine, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London: for an analysis of specificity of CMV specific T cells and functional effects of CMV protein and an analysis of expression of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and its T-cell control, with Professor B.E. Griffin, Department of Virology.

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Dr. Elizabeth M. Andrew, Division of Clinical Immunology, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, London: for three years, for a study of the function of Ly-l B cells in autoimmune mice.

Dr. A.K. Bhalla, Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Middlesex Hospital, London: for two years, for a study of modulation of immune cell function by 1, 25dihydroxyvitamin D" with Dr. P.M. Lydyard.

Dr. M.K. Brenner, Department of Haematology, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London: for three years, for a study of immune reconstitution after matched and mismatched T-depleted marrow transplantation, with ProfessorA. V. Hoffbrand, Dr. D.G. Prentice and Professor G. Janossy, Department of Immu nology.

Dr. J.H. Brock, Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Glas gow: for one year, for a study of the role of cachectinltumour necrosis factor in the development of the hypoferraemia during the inflammatory disease.

Dr. M. Feldmann, Cbaring Cross Medical Research Centre, Charing Cross Hospital Medical School, London: for three years, for a study of the role of cloned lunar autoreactive T cells in development of thyroid autoimmunity, with Professor G.S. Dawes.

Dr. S.T. Holgate, Department of Medicine, University of Southampton: for two years, for a study of the immunohistochemical and functional heterogeneity of human lung mast cells.

Dr. P. Hughes, Department of Medicine, University of Sheffield: for three years, for a study of vascular endothelium dysfunction in systemic sclerosis.

Professor P.J. Morris, Nuffield Department of Surgery, University of Oxford: for three years, for a study of the suppression of transplant rejection by hybridoma derived suppressor T cell factors, in collaboration, with Dr. I.V. Hutchinson.

Dr. F.L. Pearce, Department of Chemistry, University College London: for one year, for a study of the isolation and properties of mast cells from human gut, lung and skin.

172 Professor J .H.L. Playfair, Department of Immunology, Middlesex Hospital Medical School, London: for three years, for a study of the adjuvant properties of interferon and other physiological mediators of immunity.

Professor W.H. Stimson, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Strathclyde: for three years, for a study of the production of B lymphocyte active lymphokines employing human T-cell hybrids and the role of these factors in autoimmunity.

Professor G.M. Stirratt, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Bristol: for three years, for a study of maternal immune reactions to the placental villous stroma using pemphigoid gestations as a model.

SYMPOSIUM

Professor A.J. McMichael, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford: towards the cost of the Third International Human Leucocyte Differen tiation Antigen Workshop, 1985.

FELLOWSHIPS

Dr. R.Y. Ball, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge: for one year, for a study of the role of macrophages in atherosclerosis, under Professor P. Wildy.

Dr. D.R. Kwiatkowski, Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine: for six months, for a study of interleukin-l, under Professor K.P. W.J. McAdam and with Dr. C. Dinarello, Division of Ex perimental Medicine, Tufts - New England Medical Center, Boston, Mass. U.S.A.

Dr. M.J. Raftery, Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, The Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London: for a three month extension to continue his study of the diagnosis and therapy of acute rejection episodes in human renal allografts using selected monoclonal antibodies, under Dr. P.J. Moorhead and Professor G. Janossy, Department ofImmunology.

Dr. A.J. Wardlow, Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Cardiothoracic Institute, London: for two years, for a study of bronchoalveolar lavage in asthma, under Professor A.B. Kay.

METABOLIC DISORDERS

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Professor J.E. Banatvala, Department of Virology, St. Thomas's Hospital Medical School, London: for two years, for a study of the role of coxsackie B virus in the pathogenesis of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.

173 Dr. D.A. York, Department of Nutrition, University of Southampton: for a thirty month extension of his study of impairment of sympathetic nervous system by corticosteroids in genetic obesity.

UNIVERSITY AWARD

Dr. A.J.M. Boulton, Department of Medicine, University of Manchester: for three years, for studies into the aetiology of peripheral diabetic neuropathy, under Pro fessor S. Tomlinson.

ORTHOPAEDICS

EQUIPMENT

Professor R.A. StockweD, Department of Anatomy, University of Edinburgh: for three years, for a study of (i) crystal deposition in articular cartilage and (ii) the role of Merkel cells in cutaneous sensation, with Dr. G.S. Findlater.

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Professor L.H. Blumgart, Department of Surgery, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London: for one year, for an investigation into femoral head blood flow and aseptic necrosis.

PAEDIATRICS

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Dr. J.M. Hopkin, Osler Chest Unit, Universityof Oxford: for three years, for DNA, antibody and antigen studies in Pneumocystis carinii infection: applications in bi ology, epidemiology and diagnosis, with Professor E.R. Moxon, Department of Paediatrics, and Dr. W. Hughes, St. Jude's Institute, Memphis, Tennessee, U.S.A.

Dr. J.K. Stothers, Joint Department of Health, London Hospital Medical CoDege, London: for additional expenses and a two year extension of his investigation into the effects of hypoxia on metabolism and ventilation in newborn infants, with Professor K. w. Cross and Dr. M.K.S. Hathorn.

SYMPOSIUM

Professor R.D.H. Boyd, Department of Child Health, Universityof Manchester: for the Physiological Society Meeting, 18th - 20th December 1986 "The control of placental transfer".

174 RADIOLOGY

EQUIPMENT

Dr. S. Leeman, Department of Medical Engineering and Physics, King's College Schoolof Medicine and Dentistry, London: for two years, for a study of quantitative ultrasound information mapping, with Professor R.C. Roberts.

RENAL DISORDERS

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Dr. M.F. Laker, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolic Medicine, University of Newcastle upon Tyne: for three years, for a study of oxalate metab olism in chronic renal failure.

Dr. S. Reeders, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford: for three years, for mapping the adult polycystic kidney disease mutation.

Dr. M.L. Watson, Department of Medicine, University of Edinburgh: for three years, for a study of genetic markers for adult polycystic kidney disease in collab oration with Dr. A. F. Wright.

RESPIRATORY DISORDERS

EQUIPMENT

Professor S.J.G. Semple, Department of Medicine, Middlesex Hospital Medical

School, London: for a study of the role of the oscillations in arterial CO 2 oxygen tensions in the chemical control of breathing, with Dr. Brenda A. Cross.

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Professor D.C. Flenley, Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Edin burgh: for three years, to investigate whether variability in the hypoxic drive to breathing predicts the future clinical picture in chronic bronchitis and emphysema, with Dr. P.M. Warren.

RHEUMATOLOGY

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Dr. Carol M. Black, Rheumatology Unit, West Middlesex University Hospital: for three years, for a study of the regulation of collagen synthesis in scleroderma.

Dr. M.L. Snaith, Department of Rheumatology, University CollegeLondon: for two years, for a study of immune response to specific antigenic challenge in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

175 SURGERY

EQUIPMENT

Mr. N.J. McC Mortensen, Department of Surgery, University of Bristol: for two years, for dynamic studies in disorders of defaecation.

VASCULAR DISORDERS

EQUIPMENT

Dr. D.S. Leake, Department of Pharmacology, King's College London: for a study of enhanced uptake by macrophages of lipoproteins modified by arterial cells and its relationship to atherosclerosis.

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Dr. J.G. Jones, Department of Biochemistry, University College Cardiff: for one year, for a study of the role of impaired red blood cell deformability in contributing to circulatory impairment and ischaemia in peripheral vascular disease, with Dr. C.A.I. Wardrop.

VENEREAL DISEASE

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Dr. D.J. Jeffries, Department of Virology, St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, London: for a two year extension of his collaborative study to seek evidence of immunocompromise in homosexuals with particular reference to viral infections and drug abuse.

Professor H. Smith, Department of Microbiology, University of Birmingham: for one year, for a study ofthe relation oflipopolysaccharide constitution to gonococcal resistance to complement - mediated killing by human serum induced by factors from human red blood cells, with Dr. E.L. Tan, Department of Genetics and Cellular Biology, University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

RESEARCH LEAVE FELLOWSHIP

Dr. B.G. Spratt, School of BiologicalSciences, University of Sussex: for three years, for a study of the molecular basis of intrinsic resistance to B-Iactam antibiotics in Neisseria gonorrhoeae, under Dr. R.C. Bray.

176 F. BIOCHEMISTRY AND CELL BIOLOGY BIOCHEMISTRY AND CELL BIOLOGY PANEL

Dr. I. Helen Muir, CBE, PhD, DSc, FRS (Chairman) (Wellcome Trustee) Professor E.M. Southern, FRS, PhD (University of Oxford) Professor J.N. Hawthorne, PhD, DSc, FIBiol (University of Nottingham) Dr. P.B. Garland, MB, PhD, FRSE (Unilever Research) Professor J.J.T. Owen, BSc, MD (University of Birmingham) Dr. C. Milstein, PhD, FRS (M.R.C. Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge) Professor G. Warren, PhD (University of Dundee) Professor T.F. Slater, PhD, DSc, FRSChem, FIBiol (Brunei University)

Staff members responsible: Dr. M.J. Morgan, PhD (Scientific Secretary) Sian Spry (Administrative Secretary)

178 BIOCHEMISTRY AND CELL BIOLOGY

The Trustees continue to set aside a substantial proportion of their funds to support ad hoc requests in the basic biomedical sciences; they remain convinced that the best way to support the basic sciences is to provide sufficient funds to meet the demand from first-class, ad hoc, project grant applications. The most notable development in the Trustees' basic science programme has been the establishment of their advisory panels. The Bio chemistry and Cell Biology Panel, whose members are listed on p. 170, considers all applications in Biochemistry, Cell Biology, Genetics, Molec ular Biology, Basic Immunology, and Recombinant DNA and thus con siders all applications in the molecular sciences. The Panel's initial budget during the first year of its operation was £1.7 million, but this was sub sequently increased to £2.68 million. It is still too early to discern any major patterns developing in these subject areas, but the trend appears to be for the Trust to receive an increasing number of requests for support of cell and molecular biology, genetics and developmental biology.

It is clear, overall that the number of requests for support are increasing dramatically and present trends suggest that grant applications will be up by over 100% in the year 1986-87 compared to the year 1985-86. So far the Panel has been able to make awards in response to all applications that they judged to be worthy of receiving support. However, this situation may not be sustainable. There is no doubt that in this division, as in the other divisions of the Trust, demand is outstripping funds available and this condition will only be alleviated if support from central government funds is substantially increased. In its first year of operation the Panel recommended 70 awards totalling £2,687,000. Molecular Biology Applied To Clinical Medicine In May 1984an informal meeting was held at the Wellcome Trust to discuss whether there was a need for the Trustees to take a special interest in promoting the application of recombinant DNA techniques to human dis ease. The participants included eminent members of University basic and clinicalscience departments who have an interest in the topic. Comparison was made with presentations at clinical meetings in the U.K. and the U.S.A. and there was agreement that the United Kingdom had fallen behind in the application of recombinant DNA to clinical research. There was a general welcome for the Trust taking an initiative in this area and

179 a recommendation that the Trustees should establish a scheme which would be responsive, in a sensitive and flexible way, to the particular needs of an institution and the proposed research.

The Trustees agreed to support such an initiative and emphasised their belief that it was particularly important for the development of this initiative to stimulate collaboration between existing departments or individuals who could bridge the interlace between basic and clinical science. The Trustees agreed to make £500,000 available to support this development in 1984 85. The scheme was advertised in the autumn of 1984 and three awards were made to support a variety of research programmes. Details of these awards may be found on page 193.

The Trustees were encouraged by the initial success of these awards and decided that there was still a need to encourage the application of the new developments in cell and molecular biology to the study of human disease. They have therefore agreed that a further sum of £1 million willbe allocated for a second round of this award to be made during 1986-87.

180 BIOCHEMISTRY AND CELL BIOLOGY

List of Grants Awarded Over £2,000

ANATOMY'

EQUIPMENT

Professor J.P. Fraher, Department of Anatomy, University CoUege, Cork: for ex perimental studies related to spinal nerve root trauma, and a study of the fate of isolated Schwarmcells close to the CNS-PNS transitional zone.

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Professor M. Berry, Department of Anatomy, Guy's Hospital Medical School, Lon don: for three years, for a study of the conditions for regeneration of retinal ganglion cell axons into a peripheral nerve graft.

Professor Ruth E.M. Bowden, Department of Anatomy, Royal CoUege of Surgeons, London: for two years, to establish an embryonic collection for the Wellcome Museum of Anatomy at the Royal College of Surgeons of England, with Dr. Marjorie A. England, Department ofAnatomy, University of Leicester.

Dr. G. GabeUa,Department of Anatomy, University CoUege London: for two years, for a study of the formation and growth of gap junctions in developing smooth muscles.

Dr. P. Thorogood, Department of Biology, University of Southampton: for two years, for a study of the expression of Type II collagen during early craniofacial development of the mammalian embryo.

RESEARCH TRAINING SCHOLARSHIP

Mr. A.A. Rogers, Department of Basic Dental Sciences, University of Manchester: for three years, for a study of cellular interactions during embryonic wound healing, under Professor M.W.J. Ferguson, and Dr. S.L. Schor.

SYMPOSIUM

Professor J.W.S. Harris, Department of Anatomy, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine~ London: contribution towards the cost of the 12th International Ana tomical Congress held at the Barbican Centre, London, in August 1985.

181 UNIVERSITY AWARD

Dr. K.R. Jessen, Department of Zoology, University CollegeLondon: for additional equipment for use during his neurobiological studies of the enteric nervous system, under Professor G. Burnstock.

BIOCHEMISTRY - ENZYME

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Professor H. Baum, Department of Biochemistry, King's College, London: for three years, for a study of the isolation and purification of vascular adenosine diphos phatase with studies of its physiological role.

Dr. R.C. Bray, School of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, University of Sussex: for three months, for a study of the interaction of substrates with fatty acyl CoA dehydrogenase.

Dr. A.P. Johnstone, Department of Immunology, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London: for three years, for a study of the effect of inhibitors of ADP ribosyl transferase on the immune system in vitro and in vivo.

Professor D.N. Kirk, Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary College, London: for three years, for a study of the site-specific hydroxylation of steroids by micro organisms, with Dr. K.E. Smith, School of Biological Sciences.

Dr. M.J. North, Department of Biological Science, University of Stirling: for one year, for a study of the characterisation of dictysin, a developmentally regulated cysteine proteinase of Dictyostelium discoideum.

Dr. T.A. Partridge, Department of Histopathology and Experimental Pathology, Charing Cross Hospital Medical School, London: for a one year extension of his ultrastructural studies of lysosomal enzyme transfer by direct lymphocyte-fibroblast interaction, with Dr. I. Olsen, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, London.

BIOCHEMISTRY - CARBOHYDRATE

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Dr. A.G. Lowe, Department of Biochemistry, University of Manchester: for a one year extension of his study of glucose transportation in human erythrocytes.

Dr. M.J. Morgan, Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester: for a six month extension of his study of the molecular genetics of carbohydrate metabolism in cultured animal cells.

Dr. LA. Nieduszynski, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lancaster: for a study of unsulphated iduronate conformation in heparan sulphate and der matan sulphate.

182 BIOCHEMISTRY - GENERAL

EQUIPMENT

Professor M. Akhtar, Department of Biochemistry, University of Southampton: for three years, for a study of enzyme mechanisms and investigation of human me tabolism using mass spectrometry.

Dr. I.D. Campbell, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford: for one year, for studies of enzyme and cells using a flexible multinuclear NMR spectrometer, with Professor R.F. Williams, Department of Inorganic Chemistry.

Dr. B. Henderson, Department of Chemical Pathology, King's College Hospital Medical School, London: for a study of the influence of eicosanoids on chondrocyte metabolism.

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Professor H.R.V. Arnstein, Department of Biochemistry, King's College London: for a one year extension of his study of the action of haem in rabbit bone marrow erythroid cell differentiation.

Professor A.T. Diplock, Department of Biochemistry, Guy's Hospital Medical School: for a two year extension of his tissue vitamin E measurement by HPLC and the influence of selenium and unsaturated fatty acids on cellular uptake of (X tocopherol.

Dr. B. Halliwell, Department of Biochemistry, King's CollegeLondon: for one year, for a study to identify and quantify hydroxylated products of free radical attack using HPLC.

Dr. M.C. Scott, Department of Physics, University of Birmingham: for a one month collaborative study of bone lead levels and their effect on an occupationally exposed Swedish population, with Dr. D.R. Chettle and Dr. Lillian J. Somervaille and members ofthe Department of Occupational Health, University of Lund, Sweden.

Dr. M.A. Titheradge, School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex: for two years, for a study of the effects of opioid peptides on hepatic carbohydrate me tabolism.

183 BIOCHEMISTRY - HORMONE

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Dr. Josephine Arendt, Department of Biochemistry, University of Surrey: for three years, for her study of 6-sulphatoxy melatonin (aMT6s) as an index of pineal function in physiology and pathology, in collaboration with Professor V. Marks.

Dr. S.G. Hillier, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Edin burgh Centre for Reproductive Biology: for two years, for a study of the hormonal control of granulosa cell 'nursecell' function in the mammalian ovary.

Dr. P.J. Lowry, Department of CUnical Pathology, St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College, London: for three years, for his investigation of corticotropin releasing factor complex using cell culture.

Dr. H.L.J. Makin, Department of Chemical Pathology, The London Hospital Med ical College: for three months, for his study of the synthesis of deuterated and nondeuterated standards for the mass fragmentographic assay of vitamin D and its metabolites.

Dr. J~ Mowbray, Department of Biochemistry, University CollegeLondon: for three years, for a study of the control of mitochondrial energy production by tri-iodoth yronine.

Dr. E.A. Newsholme, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford: for three years, for studies on the role of adenosine in changing insulin sensitivity in muscle, to be carried out in collaboration with Dr. L. Budohoski, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw.

SYMPOSIUM

Dr. A.J. Harmar, MRC Brain Metabolism Unit, University Department of Phar macology, Edinburgh: contribution towards the 13th International Foundation for Biochemical Endocrinology Neuroendocrine Molecular Biology, to be held in Edin burgh, 16th-20th September 1985.

UNIVERSITY AWARD

Dr. Sheila MacNeil, Department of Medicine, University of Sheffield: for five years, for a study of the intracellular regulation of hormone sensitive adenylate cyclase, under Professor D.S. Munro.

184 BIOCHEMISTRY LIPID

EQUIPMENT

Professor D. Chapman, Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London: for one year, for studies of lipid phase tran sitions in model biomembrane systems.

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Professor D. Chapman, Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London: for two years, for a study of polymerised model and natural membranes derived from diacetylenic phospholipids.

Dr. A.H. Drummond, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, London: for three years, for a study of inositol phosphate isomers in cultured cells.

Mr. P.A. Mayes, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Royal Veterinary CoUege, London: for an extension for one year of his studies of the metabolism of chylomicron remnants, and the lipo-protein precursors, of biliary steroids.

Professor T.F. Slater, Department of Biochemistry, Brunei University, Uxbridge: for three years, for a study of free radical mechanisms in tissue injury and regen eration.

BIOCHEMISTRY - METABOLISM

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Dr. D.J. Millward, Nutrition Research Unit, London Schoolof Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London: for three years, for a study of the mechanisms of endotoxin induced growth suppression.

Professor R.G.G. Russell, Department of Human Metabolism and Clinical Bio chemistry, University of Sheffield: for three years, for a study of the cellular reg ulation of phosphate metabolism with Dr. B.L. Brown.

RESEARCH TRAINING SCHOLARSHIP

Mr. C.E.P. Goldring, Division of Biochemistry, United Medical & Dental Schools of Guy's & St. Thomas' Hospitals, London: for three years, for a study of human g1utathione-S-transferases and selenium deficiency, under Professor A. T. Diplock.

185 BIOCHEMISTRY - MEMBRANE

EQUIPMENT

Professor N. Crawford, Department of Biochemistry, Royal College of Surgeons of England, London: for a study of mechanisms involved in maintaining Ca2+ ho meostasis in human platelets.

Dr. B.D. Gomperts, Department of Experimental Pathology, University College London: for one year, for fluorescence microscopy in the investigation of stimulus secretion coupling.

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Dr. P.H. Cobbold, Department of Zoology, University of Liverpool: over three years" for an analysis of the mechanisms underlying repetitive free Ca transients in single hormone stimulated hepatocytes.

Dr. A. Colman, Department of BiologicalSciences, University of Warwick: for three years, for a study of the expression and mutagenesis of bovine rotavirus glycopro teins in eukaryotic cells, with Dr. M.A. McCrae.

Professor N. Crawford, Department of Biochemistry, Royal College of Surgeons of England, London: for two years, for a study of mechanisms involved in maintaining Ca2+ homeostasis in human platelets.

Dr. A.P. Dawson, School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia: over three years, for a study of the mechanism of Inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate-stimulated Ca2+ release from endoplasmic reticulum of liver.

Dr. A.H. Drummond, Department of Pharmacology, University of Glasgow: for three years, for his study of inositol lipid metabolism and signal transduction in cultured pituitary cells.

Dr. B.D. Gomperts, Department of Experimental Pathology, University College London: for three years, for a study of the role of GTP in stimulus - secretion coupling.

Dr. M.J.A. Tanner, Department of Biochemistry, University of Bristol: for two years, for his project on monoclonal antibodies in the study of erythrocyte anion transport.

Dr. S. Van Heyningen, Department of Biochemistry, University of Edinburgh: for three months, for a study of the possible effects of tetanus toxin on chromaffin cells, with Dr. JJl. Phillips.

186 RESEARCH TRAINING SCHOLARSHIPS

Mr. M. Jackson, Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London: for three years, for biophysical studies of biological membranes and model systems, under Professor D. Chapman.

Mr. J.W.N. Hodgson, Division of Virology, The National Institute for Medical Research, London: for three years, for a study of the role of influenza virus hae maglutinin in membrane fusion, under Dr. J.J. Skehel.

Mr. I. Crossley, Department of Physiology, University College London: for three years, for a study of polyphosphoinositide metabolism and the calcium store at fertilisation and during the cell cycle, under Dr. M.J. Whitaker.

BIOCHEMISTRY· NUCLEIC ACIDS

MAJOR EQUIPMENT

Dr. A.C. Minson, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge: for three years, for a study of the automated synthesis of oligonucleotides and oligopeptides, with Dr. G. L. Smith, Department of Pathology, Drs. P.J. Henderson and P.F. Leadlay, Department of Biochemistry.

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Dr. P.H.W. Butterworth, Department of Biochemistry, University College London: for three years, for a novel probe in the study of development and differentiation in erythroid tissues.

Professor LB. Holland, Department of Genetics, University of Leicester: for two years, for a genetical and biochemical analysis of the cell division on cycle in E.coli.

Dr. R.K. Patient, Department of Biophysics, King's College, London: for two years, to study the chromatin structure of the active B globin gene of xenopus laevis and its induction.

Dr. J. Rosamond, Department of Biochemistry, University of Manchester: for three years, for his study of the nucleotide sequence regulating cell cycle gene expression in yeast.

Dr. R.T. Walker, Department of Chemistry, University of Birmingham: for three years, for a study of thymidine kinase inhibitors and nucleotide prodrugs, with Professor E. de Clercq, University of Leuven, Belgium.

187 BIOCHEMISTRY - PROTEIN

EQUIPMENT

Dr. R.D. Ambler, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Edinburgh: to wards the setting-up of a central facility at Edinburgh for oligonucleotide and peptide synthesis and for protein microsequencing.

Dr. A.G. Booth, Department of Biochemistry, University of Leeds: for a study of Elisa immunoassays of placental microvillar cytoskeletal proteins.

Professor P. Coben, Department of Biochemistry, University of Dundee: for one year, for an elucidation of the role of protein phosphorylation in hormone and neurotransmitter action by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, with Dr. D.G. Hardie.

Professor D.T. Elmore, Department of Biochemistry, The Queen's University, Bel fast: for one year, for a study of the chemical synthesis of peptides and character isation of protein fragments, with Drs. R.F. Murphy, G.B. Irvine, C.H. Williams, N.L. Blumson, D.J. Guthrie.

Dr. J.B.C. Findlay, Department of Biochemistry, University of Leeds: for one year, for studies on the structure and activity of proteins in the visual and olfactory systems and of membrane-bound receptors.

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Dr. B.M. Austen, Department of Surgery, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London: for three years, for a study of the role of polypeptides of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane in segregating and processing secretory proteins.

Professor Anne Beloff-Chain, Department of Biochemistry, Imperial College, Lon don: for an extension for 21 months of her studies of the activities of B-cell tropin, ACTH and related peptides, on insulin secretion and lipid metabolism.

Dr. R.C. Bray, School of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, University of Sussex: for three years, for a study of the structure of the molybdenum cofactor.

Dr. A.J.P. Brown, Institute of Genetics, University of Glasgow: over two years, for a study of a possible relationship between mRNA translation and protein folding.

Professor R.J. Cherry, Department of Chemistry, University of Essex: for two years, to carry out spectroscopic investigations of pH-induced self-association, confor mational change and fusogenic activity of haemagglutinin of influenza virus.

Dr. Patricia T.W. Cohen, Department of Biochemistry, University of Dundee: for three years, for a study of the elucidation of the structures of protein phosphatase catalytic subunits using recombinant DNA technology.

188 Dr. E. CundlifTe, Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester: for three years, for an investigation into the cloning of resistance determinants from ami noglycoside-producing organisms and characterisation of resistance mechanisms.

Dr. W. Cushley, Department of Biochemistry, University of Glasgow: for eighteen months, for a study of the use of ricin B chain as a vehicle for the delivery of specific antibody to the interior of intact cells.

Dr. K.T. Douglas, Department of Chemistry, University of Essex: for a one year extension of his study of receptor sites for immunoactive molecules-photoaffinity labelling.

Dr. P.J. Evans, Department of Applied Biology, University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology, CardifT: for two years, for a study of the mechanism(s) of mitochondrial protein turnover in cultured hepatocytes.

Professor M.E. Grant, Department of Biochemistry, University of Manchester Med ical School: for three years, for a study of the molecular perspectives of vascular wall structure in health and disease: the microfibrillar components, with Dr. C.A. Shuttleworth.

Professor C.N. Hales, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cam bridge: for three years, for a study of the proteinases involved in proinsulin proc essing, with Dr. J.C. Hutton.

Professor J.B. Harris, Muscular Dystrophy Group Laboratories, Universityof New castle upon Tyne: over three years, for a study of the regulation of myosin isoen zymes in rat regenerating skeletal muscle, with Dr. R.G. Whalen, Institut Pasteur, France.

Dr. D.S. Latchman, Department of Zoology, University College London: for one year, for molecular genetic studies of a virally induced cellular protein.

Dr. P.F. Leadlay, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge: for three years, for a study of the structure and function of a prokaryotic calcium-binding protein.

Dr. Virginia M. Pain, Biochemistry Laboratory, University of Sussex: for three years, for a study of the regulation of protein synthesis and breakdown in chick embryo fibroblasts by insulin and insulin-like growth factors.

Dr. C.I. Ragan, Department of Biochemistry, University of Southampton: for three years, for studies on the biogenesis and assembly of mitochondrial NADH dehy drogenase.

Dr. Amyra TrefTry,Department of Biochemistry, University of Sheffield:over three years, for studies of the role of ferritin in iron balance.

189 UNIVERSITY AWARD

Dr. Linda A. Fntherghl-Gilmore, Department of Biochemistry, University of Edm burgh Medical School: over five years, for a molecular biological study of glycolytic enzymes, under Professor A. Miller.

BIOPHYSICS

EQUIPMENT

Professor D. Chapman, Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London: for a study of biomembranes, proteins, li poprotein structures and blood polymer.

Dr. D.T. Delpy, Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, University College London: for one year, for an investigation of non-invasive physiological monitoring using near infra-red transillumination.

Dr. D.G. Gadian, Department of Physics in Relation to Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons, London: for 'H and 31p NMR studies of metabolism in vivo.

Dr. C.D. Reynolds, Department of Physics, Liverpool Polytechnic: for equipment for his x-ray and neutron studies of biological macromolecules.

Dr. F. Watt, Department of Nuclear Physics, University of Oxford: for one year, for a study of neurodegenerative disorders, with Professor D.H. Perkins, and Dr. R.B. Perry, Department of Neuropathology, University of Newcastle upon Tyne.

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Dr. Judith P. Armitage, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford: for three years, for an investigation into the mechanism by which the electrochemical proton gradient drives bacterial flagellar rotation and its role in behavioural re sponses.

Professor M.C.R. Symons, Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester: for three years, for a study of the construction and application of a low frequency ESR spectrometer suitable for use in whole body non-invasive scanning.

UNIVERSITY AWARD

Dr. G.C.K. Roberts, Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester: for five years, for studies in biomedical NMR spectroscopy, under Professor W.V. Shaw.

190 CELL BIOLOGY

EQUIPMENT

Professor C.R. Hopkins, Department of Biochemistry, Imperial College of Science and Technology, London: for one year, for a study of the uptake and intracellular processing of cell surface receptor molecules.

Dr. P.C. Newell, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford: for his study of monoclonal antibodies to cell surface components of dictyostelium.

Professor G. Warren, Department of Biochemistry, University of Dundee: for three years, for a morphological study of a cell-free fusion event.

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Professor J. W. Bridges, Robens Institute of Environmental Health and Safety, Uni versity of Surrey: for two years, for a study of the development of novel cyto chemical reagents for cell biology and pathology research, with Dr. J. Chayen, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, London.

Dr. B.M. Chain, Department of Zoology, University CollegeLondon: for one year, for a study of the growth and characterisation of TNP-insulin specific murine T cell clones.

Professor T.J. Chambers, Department of Histopathology, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London: for three years, for an investigation of the mechanisms and mediators by which cells of the osteoblastic lineage regulate the initiation of osteoclastic bone resorption.

Dr. J.M. Edwardson, Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge: for three years, for his study of the transport of a membrane glycoprotein from post Golgi vesicles to the plasma membrane in a cell-free extract of epithelial cells.

Dr. Janet Heasman, Department of Anatomy, St. George's Hospital MedicalSchool, London: for three years, for a study of the mechanism of determination of cells at the vegetal pole of the amphibian embryo.

Dr. S.L. Howell, Department of Physiology, Queen Elizabeth College, London: for three years, for a study of the role of myosin in the insulin secretory process.

Professor J.D. Judah, Department of Experimental Pathology, University College London: for three years, for a study of the role of potassium in the intracellular transport of proteins, in collaboration with Dr. P. S. Quinn.

Dr. D.S. Leake, Department of Pharmacology, King's College, London: for three years, for a study of the delivery of lowdensity lipoproteins to an unknown organelle in arterial smooth muscle cells.

191 Dr. R.M. Mason, Department of Biochemistry, Charing Cross and Westminster Medical School, London: for three years, for a study of the action of chemically modified heparin and heparin sulphate on smooth muscle cells, with reference to their potential use of the treatment of scleroderma.

Dr. I. HelenMuir, Department of Biochemistry, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, London: for three years, for a study of the lymphocyte plasma membrane proteins involved in cell adhesion and lysosomal enzyme transfer, with Dr. l. Olsen, Cell Enzymology Unit, Kennedy Institute ofRheumatology.

Dr. R.F. Oliver, Department of Biological Science, University of Dundee: for one year, for a study of dermal papilla cell properties and hair growth control mech anisms, with Dr. CA.B. Jahoda.

Dr. R.G. Price, Department of Biochemistry, King's College,London: for two years, for a comparison of renal tubular basement membrane abnormalities in diabetes and polycystic disease.

Dr. Jenny A. Tyler, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge: for three years, for a study of the role of lymphokines in tissue remodelling during repair.

Dr. Fiona Watt, Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Kennedy Institute of Rheu matology, London: for two years, for a study of the relationship between cell shape and gene expression in cultures of human articular chondrocytes.

Dr. M.J. Whitaker, Department of Physiology, University CollegeLondon: for two years, for a study of the control of the cell division cycleby cytoplasmic messengers.

UNIVERSITY AWARD

Dr. D. Lawson, Department of Zoology, University CollegeLondon: for four years, for an investigation of cytoskeletal structure and function by rapid freezing, anti bodies, microinjection and gene cloning, under Professor N.A. Mitchison.

ENTOMOLOGY

PUBLICAnON

Dr. D.J. Lewis, Department of Entomology, British National History Museum, London: towards the publication costs of "The Boris Joblings' Drawings of Biting Flies: Five species of Phlebotomus, Aedes, Simulium, Chrysops and Stomoxys".

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Dr. M.J. Lehane, School of Animal Biology, University College of North Wales, Bangor: for three years, for a study of peritrophic membrane function in haema tophagous insects.

192 GENETICS

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Dr. I.E. Lush, Department of Genetics and Biometry, University CoUege London: for three years, for a study of the genetics of chemoreception in mice.

Dr. Millicent Masters, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Edinburgh: over one year, for a study of the partitioning functions of the Escherichia coli chromosome.

Professor Ursula Mittwoch, Department of Genetics and Biometry, University Col lege London: for two years, for a study of the effects on oogenesis of factors which impair spermatogenesis.

Professor Ursula Mittwoch, Department of Genetics and Biometry, University Col· lege London: for a three month extension of her study of the effects of male-sterile chromosome rearrangements in the mouse on the gonads and germ cells in males and females, with Professor M.J. Moses.

Professor D. Wakelin, Department of Zoology, University of Nottingham: for one year, for an in vitro analysis of the genetic control of mucosal mast cell responses, with Professor N.D. Reed, Department ofMicrobiology, Montana State University, U.S.A.

RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY

EQUIPMENT

Professor J.W. Almond, Department of Microbiology, University of Reading: for three years, for a study of the construction of novel picomaviruses using oligon ucleotide synthesis.

Dr. D.M.J. Lilley, Department of Biochemistry, University of Dundee: for three years, for automated synthesis of oligonucleotides for studies of DNA structure and UDP-g1ucuronyltransferase genes.

MAJOR AWARDS

Professor R.K. Craig, Department of Biochemistry, Middlesex Hospital Medical School, London: towards the establishment of a Medical Molecular Biology Unit.

Professor A.D.B. Malcolm, Department of Biochemistry, Charing Cross and West minster Medical School, London: for equipment for the development of oligonu cleotide probes to characterise gene defects.

Dr. M.E. Pembrey, Mothercare Unit of Paediatric Genetics, Institute of Child Health, London: for five years, for molecular genetic studies of selected x-linked diseases and other immunodeficiencies, with Professor R. Levinsky, Department ofImmunology.

193 RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Dr. D.S. Bailey, Department of Surgery, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London: for a one year extension for studies on the isolation of partial nucleotide sequences of sucrase-isomaltase and enterokinase.

Professor Pauline M. Harrison, Department of Biochemistry, Universityof Sheffield: over two years, for molecular genetic studies of bacterioferritin, in collaboration with Professor J.R. Guest.

Dr. C.P.F. Redfern, Department of Dermatology, University of Newcastle upon Tyne: for three years, for a study of the structure and expression of the gene for cellular retinoic acid binding protein in differentiating epidermal cells.

Dr. J.A. Sachs, Bone and Joint Research Unit, London Hospital Medical College: for a study of the molecular biology of coeliac disease associated HLA class II genes and their products.

Dr. S. Salmons, Department of Anatomy, University of Birmingham: for three years, for a study of co-ordinated regulation of myosin genes in adult mammalian muscle.

Dr. K.I. Welsh, Tissue Typing Department, Guy's Hospital Medical School, London: for one year, for an investigation of renal failure using DNA recombinant tech nology with emphasis on immunoglobulin DNA probes.

Professor R. Williamson, Department of Biochemistry, St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, London: for three years, for inter-laboratory collaborative studies on Duch enne and Becker muscular dystrophy, with Dr. Kay E. Davies, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford and Dr. C. Coutelie, The Academy of Sciences, East Berlin, The German Democratic Republic.

IMMUNOLOGY

EQUIPMENT

Dr. Jane E. Calvert, Department of Medicine, University of Newcastle upon Tyne: for a study of the regulation of isotype diversity during the maturation of mouse B lymphocytes in vitro.

Dr. H.S. Micklem, Department of Zoology, University of Edinburgh: for a study of multiparameter flow cytometry.

Professor C.J.F. Spry, B.H.F. Cardiovascular Immunology Group, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London: for one year for a study of eosinophils in disease.

194 RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Dr. S. Marshall-Clarke, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Liver pool: for three years, for a study of the identification and characterisation of B lymphocyte surface receptors for growth and differentiation factors.

Professor N.A. Mitchison, Department of Zoology, University College London: for two years, for a study of the role of Ia induction in immunogenicity.

Mr. J .R. Pepper, Department of Immunology, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London: for one year, for an immunological investigation in unilateral lung trans plantation in the rat, with Dr. L. Hudson and Dr. 1.A. Kirby.

Dr.·Edith Sim, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford: for three years, for a study of the metabolism of procainamide a drug which induces systemic lupus erythematosus.

Dr. D.R. Stanworth, Rheumatology and Allergy Research Unit, Department of Immunology, University of Birmingham: for a three year extension of his study on the development of anti immunoglobulin peptide antibodies with immuno-regu latory and immuno-diagnostic potential.

Dr. R.B. Taylor, Department of Pathology, University of Bristol: for three years, for a study of the mode of action and in vitro significance of alpha-foetoprotein in the selective control of T lymphocyte proliferative responses.

RESEARCH TRAINING SCHOLARSHIPS

Mr. D.P. Andrew, Department of Zoology, University College London: for three years, for a study of surface glycoproteins transducing signals into murine B-cells, under Professor N.A. Mitchison.

Mr. R. Buchta, Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, London Schoolof Hygiene and Tropical Medicine: for three years, for a study of the function of C-reactive protein in relation to protein structure, under Professor K.P. W. I. McAdam.

Mr. K. Rigley, Division of Immunology, National Institute for Medical Research, London: for three years, for a study of biochemical events in T lymphocyte acti vation, under Dr. G.G.B. Klaus.

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

EQUIPMENT

Dr. J.M. Squire, Biophysics Section, Imperial College of Science & Technology, London: for studies on muscle, connective tissue, microtubules and protein crystals.

195 RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Dr. R.K. Dudley, Department of Biochemistry, King's CoUege, London: for three years, for a study of cloning Tcp-3, a gene mapping to the mouse t-Iocus.

Dr. M.L. Fenwick, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford: for two years, for an investigation of the stability of viral and cellular messenger RNA's in cell infected with Herpes Simplex virus.

Dr. R.E. Glass, Department of Biochemistry, University of Nottingham: for a one year extension of his investigation of ligand binding sites on a multivalent bacterial receptor.

Professor C.R. Pringle, Biological Sciences Department, University of Warwick: for three years, for a study ofthe molecular cloning of the genome of murine pneumonia virus.

Dr. C.F. Roberts, Department of Genetics, University of Leicester: for two years, for a molecular analysis of the functions of two interacting eukaryotic DNA reg ulatory proteins, with Dr. A.R. Hawkins, Department of Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne.

RESEARCH TRAINING SCHOLARSHIP

Mrs. Johanna E. Gemmell, Department of Microbiology, University of Glasgow: for three years, for a study ofthe molecular biology of plasmid-determined virulence factors in Salmonella spp., under Dr. A.N. Rycroft and Professor W.F.H. Jarrett.

MYCOLOGY

EQUIPMENT

Dr. DJ. Adams, Department of Microbiology, University of Leeds: for three years, for a study of chitinase as a target for antifungal compounds and an analysis of sites of insertion of TnI in a cryptic plasmid, with Dr. P.M. Hawkey.

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Dr. L. Julia Douglas, Department of Microbiology, University of Glasgow: for two years, for a study of iron and virulence in Candida albicans.

Dr. F.C. Odds, Department of Microbiology, University of Leicester: for three years, for strain biotyping and the epidemiology of Candida albicans infections.

Dr. G.A.W. Rook, DepartmentofMicrobiology, Middlesex Hospital Medical School, London: for two years, for a study of cross reactive epitopes and incomplete gly cosylation of IgG in mycobacteria and arthritis.

196 NUTRITION

BUILDING

Dr. F. Monckeberg, Institution of Nutrition, University of Chile: for building ex penses.

PARASITOLOGY

EQUIPMENT

Professor K. Vickerman, Department of Zoology, University of Glasgow: for one year, for a study of the electron cytochemistry and immunocytochemistry of par asites.

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Professor C. Anne, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Keele: for a fourteen month extension of studies on the permeability of larval Echinococcus granulosus.

RESEARCH TRAINING SCHOLARSHIP

Mr. P.A.C. Miles, Department of Pathology, University of Bristol: for three years, for an analysis of histone genes and proteins in Trypanosoma brucei, under Dr. Wendy Gibson.

PATHOLOGY

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Dr. K. Bradbury, Department of Pathology, University of Leeds: for two years, for immunological studies of multiple sclerosis peripheral and CSF lymphocytes in vitro.

Professor J.S. Cameron, Department of Renal Medicine, Guy's Hospital Medical School, London: for two years, for a study of renal interstitial and glomerular infiltrating cells using monoclonal antibodies, with Dr. R.B. Hartley, Department ofHistopathology.

Professor T.J. Chambers, Department of Histopathology, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London: for a study of the normal and abnormal function of osteoclasts and their haematogenous precursors.

197 Dr. P.M. Collins, Department of Chemistry, Birkbeck College, London: for two years, to study the synthesis and application of modified galactose pyruvate acetals as ligands for serum amyloid P component.

Professor G. Slavin, Department of Histopathology, St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College, London: for two years, for a study of immunolocalisation of MSH.

Dr. C.B. Taylor, Department of Biochemistry, University of Sheffield: for a one year extension of his immunospecific determination of enolase isoenzymes and other markers in normal and pathological tissues with special reference to the nervous system, with Dr. WR. Timperley, Department of Neuropathology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield.

Dr. W.D. Thompson, Department of Pathology, University of Aberdeen: for a study of the factors present in atherosclerotic lesions that stimulate cell proliferation and collagen synthesis.

Professor J.L. Turk, Department ~f Pathology, Royal Collegeof Surgeons, London: for three years, for studies on the induction of industrial dermatitis and its pre vention.

198 G. PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY PANEL

Professor Sir William Paton, CBE, DM, FRCP, FRS (Chairman) (Wellcome Trustee) Professor T.B. Bolton, BVetMed, PhD, MRCVS (St. George's Hospital Medical School) Professor A.W. Cuthbert, BPharm, PhD, FRS (University of Cambridge) Professor D.S. Davies, PhD, CChem, FRSC (Royal Postgraduate Medical School) Professor G.J. Dockray, PhD (University of Liverpool) Dr. J.J.B. Jack, MMedSc, PhD, BM, (University of Oxford) Professor C.C. Michel, BM, DPhil (St. Mary's Hospital Medical School)

Staff members responsible: Dr. D. Gordon, MH, MRCP, (Scientific Secretary) Jill Saunders, MA, (Administrative Secretary)

200 PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY

Physiology and Pharmacology have always been among the subjects re ceiving the greatest volume of support from the Trust. Sir Henry Well come's own interests included these subjects and Wellcome founded the first-ever physiological research laboratory within a pharmaceutical com pany. One of his staff, Sir Henry Dale, was one of the first Trustees and did much to promote support of these subjects by the Wellcome Trust. The Trustees are now advised by a panel of expert physiologists and phar macologists which was set up in October 1985. During the first year of its existence the Panel recommended grants totalling £2,389,000. They are conscious that historical precedent is an inadequate reason for continuing high levels of support, which are better justified by the many excellent applications received in these subjects.

These applications range from human physiology, for example, the studies of Dr. P.A. Robbins at the University Laboratory of Physiologyin Oxford, on the control of respiration in man, to molecular and biophysical ap proaches to physiological problems, such as the studies on early embryonic development conducted by Professor Anne Warner, Foulerton Research Professor of the Royal Society at University College London.

The Trustees have for some years wished to stimulate the academic de velopment of research in toxicology, and this subject falls within the remit of the Physiology and Pharmacology Panel. The Trustees have agreed to advertise a new scheme of advanced training fellowships in toxicology to strengthen this subject. One aim of these fellowships will be to attract men and women whose previous experience has not been in toxicology, but who now wish to develop a career in the subject followingprevious training in one of the related scientific disciplines such as pharmacology or physi ology.

201 PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY

List of Grants Awarded Over £2,000

PHARMACOLOGY

EQUIPMENT

Professor S.S. Davis, Department of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham: for a study of the design and evaluation of novel delivery systems for drug delivery and drug targeting.

Professor S.S. Davis, Department of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham: for stud ies on (A) colloidal particles as drug delivery systems and (B) phenotypic abnor malities in mononuclear phagocytes, with Dr. R.G.Q. Leslie, Department of Immunology.

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Dr. Y.S. Bakhle, Department of Pharmacology, Royal College of Surgeons of Eng land, London: for a one year extension of a study of phospholipases in lung capable of liberating arachidonic acid.

Dr. I.G. Marshall, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Strathclyde: for two years, for a development of computer software for analysis of data obtained from electrophysiological investigations of synaptic transmission, with Professor G.A. Cottrell, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Uni versity ofSt. Andrews, Dr. J.J. Lambert, Department ofPharmacology, University of Dundee and Professor J.S. Kelly, Department of Pharmacology, University of Edinburgh.

Dr. P.K. Moore, Department of Pharmacology, Chelsea College, University of Lon don: for two years, for a study of the role of eicosanoids in blood clot dissolution; effect of products of fibrinolysis on eicosanoid metabolism.

Dr. R.G. Pertwee, Department of Pharmacology, University of Aberdeen: for an eight month extension of his study on the changes in the functioning of the brain associated with the effects of 6 9-tetrahydro-eannabinol (L:~9-THC) on thermo-reg ulation.

Professor A.D. Smith, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford: for three years, for a study of the molecular mechanism of human platelet activation by thrombin, collagen, thromboxanes, ADP and adrenaline in collaboration with Dr. S.P. Watson.

Professor R.L. Smith, Department of Pharmacology, St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, London: for additional equipment for his study of the genetic regulation of human drug oxidation and its implications, with Dr. J. Idle.

202 Professor S.N. Wickramasinghe, Department of Haematology, St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, London: for three years, for investigations into the role of mac rophages in the pathogenesis of ethanol-induced tissue damage.

PHYSIOLOGY

EQUIPMENT

Dr. F.M. Ashcroft, Laboratory of Physiology, University of Oxford: for patchclamp studies of calcium and potassium currents in isolated pancreatic betacells.

Professor P.F. Baker, Department of Physiology, King's CollegeLondon: for a study of visualisation of secretory processes.

Dr. J.A. Bangham, Department of Biology, University of East Anglia: for an in vestigation into the biphasic release of insulin from single islets of Langerhans.

Dr. S.R. Bolsover, Department of Physiology, University College London: for a study of localised calcium changes within cells, with Drs. M.J. Whitaker, D.I. Attwell, D.A. Allen, and D.A. Eisner.

Dr. G.L. Collingridge, Department of Pharmacology, University of Bristol Medical School:for a study of the regulation of cytosolic free calcium in mammalian anterior pituitary cells and hippocampal neurones, with Dr. J.G. Scholfield, Department of Biochemistry.

Professor D. Colquhoun, Department of Pharmacology, University College London: for studies on peripheral and central neurotransmitters and ion channels.

Professor G.J. Dockray, Department of Physiology, University of Liverpool: for a radioimmunoassay and HPLC analysis of the biosynthetic pathways of preprogas trin, preproVIP and preproenkephalin.

Professor G.J. Dockray, Department of Physiology, University of Liverpool: to study the application of radioimmunoassay to characterise brain-gut peptides.

Dr. C.R. Green, Department of Anatomy and Embryology, University CollegeLon don: for a study of the role of intercellular junctions in animal tissues, with Dr. Anne Warner.

Dr. J.I. Gillespie, Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne: for studies on the control of neural crest cell migration.

Dr. W.J. Hall, Department of Physiology, University CollegeCork, Eire: for a study of plasma vasopressin levels in man following the drinking of isotonic solutions of NaCl and mannitol.

203 Professor R. llinchdifl'e, Department of Audiology, Imtitute of Laryngology and Otology, London: for a comparative investigation of oto-acoustic emissions.

Professor I.A. Johnstone, Gatty Marine Laboratory, Universityof St. Andrews: for a seawater system and aquarium, in support of physiological research, with Drs. F.W. Flitney, W.J. Heitler, and N. Hazon.

Dr. Kathleen A. Kane, Department of Physiologyand Pharmacology, University of Strathclyde: for a study of ischaemia-induced modification of the electrophysio logical effects of endogenously released substances and of anti-arrhythmic drugs on both multicellular and single cell cardiac preparations.

Dr. M.J. Lewis, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Universityof Wales CoDege of Medicine: for a study of the measurement of vascular smooth muscle free cytosolic calcium and the effects of endothelium-derived relaxing factor.

Dr. T.C. Muir, Department of Pharmacology, University of Glasgow: for a com parative study of the response of smooth muscle to stimulation of non-adrenergic non-cholinergic nerves and to putative transmitters using microelectrode and si multaneous mechanical recording.

Dr. A.J. Parker, Laboratory of Physiology, University of Oxford: for one year, for a computer-aided analysis of physiological systems, with Professor C. Blakemore and Professor D. Noble.

Professor M.J. Rennie, Department of Physiology,Universityof Dundee: for a study of transport processes in muscle, viscera, blood cells and lung, by use of radiola belled tracers, with Dr. A.R. Chipperfield and Dr. M.R. Ward.

Dr. P.A. Robbins, Laboratory of Physiology, University of Oxford: for the study of estimation of chemoreceptor gain and hypoxic depression in the control system regulating breathing in man.

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Dr. D.K. Apps, Department of Biochemistry, University of Edinburgh Medical School: for one year, for a study of the regulation of calcium ion concentration in the adrenal medulla, with Dr. J.H. Phillips.

Dr. C.C. Ashley, Department of Physiology, University of Oxford: for three years, for a study of the regulation of contraction in isolated smooth muscle cells, with Dr.Y. Maeda, EMBL, Hamburg.

Dr. R.H. Ashley, The Cardiothoracic Institute, London: for three years, for studies of voltage-activated calcium channels from the mammalian brain synapse and car diac sarcolemma in planar lipid bilayers and proteoliposomes, under Dr. A.J. Williams.

204 Dr. R.J. Barnes, Physiology Laboratory, University of Cambridge: for two years, for a study of the hormonal effects on lung maturation and the cardiopulmonary consequences of ventilatory changes in RDS in sheep, with Dr. C. Hill and Dr. M.F. Heath, University of Cambridge Veterinary School.

Dr. D.J. Begley, Department of Physiology, King's College, London: for two years, for a study of the permeability of the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barriers to insulin and other neuroactive peptides.

Dr. Alison F. Brading, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford: for ten months, for a study of the physiology and pharmacology of smooth muscle from unstable human and pig bladder.

Dr. AlisonF. Brading, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford: for two years, for an assessment of the involvement of nervous pathways in detrusor inst ability in an experimental pig model and in humans and of the mechanisms of action of drugs.

Dr. A.R. Bradwell, Department of Immunology, University of Birmingham: for one year, for a study of the effect of acetazolamide on altitude acclimatisation.

Dr. A.R. Chippertield, Department of Physiology, University of Dundee: for three years, for a study of the transport of ions and nutrients across microvillous mem branes from human placenta, with Dr. J.E. Langridge-Smith, Department of Zo ology, University of Edinburgh.

Dr. S.F. Contractor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Charing Cross and Westminster Medical School, London: for three years, for an ultrastructural study of the mechanisms by which the placenta transports immunoglobulin and Fe+++ via its transferrin complex from mother to foetus.

Professor J .H. Coote, Department of Physiology, University of Birmingham Mediall School: for three years, to study the functional role of oxytocin and vasopressin in the mammalian spinal cord.

Dr. A.V. Edwards, Physiological Laboratory, University of Cambridge: for two years, for a study of adrenal function in the calf, with Dr. C. T. Jones, Laboratory of Developmental Physiology, University of Oxford.

Dr. F.W. F1itney, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of St. Andrews: for an extension of three months, to continue his laser optical studies of contracting frog's muscle.

Dr. W.N. Gardner, The Chest Unit, King's CoDege Hospital Medical School, Lon don: for two years, for a study of respiratory control mechanisms in hypocapnic man.

Dr. N. Hazon, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of St. An drews: for two years, for a study of the hormonal control of osmoregulation in teleost and elasmobranch fish.

205 Dr. J.V. Howarth, The Laboratory, The Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Plymouth: for a one year extension of his study of the energetics of muscular contraction.

Professor A. Howe, Department of Physiology, Chelsea College, London: for two years, for a study of chemoreceptor reflexes from the abdomen.

Dr. Olga Hudlicka, Department of Physiology, University of Birmingham Medical School: for two years, for a study of the adaptation of the vascular bed to anaerobic metabolism and fibre hypertrophy in skeletal muscles.

Professor A. Iggo, Department of Veterinary Physiology, University of Edinburgh: for a one year extension of his intracellular studies on identified neurones in the superficial dorsal horn to define the organisation of the inputs from the skin and the mechanisms of their interaction at the neurone.

Professor J.F. Lamb, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of St. Andrews: for two years, for a study of long-term regulation of sodium pump density in vivo: effects of internal cell sodium concentration and plasma factors.

Dr. V.L. Lew, Physiological Laboratory, University of Cambridge: for additional assistance during his studies on concealed inside-out vesiclesin red cellsfrom normal subjects and sickle cell anaemia patients.

Dr. V.L. Lew, Physiological Laboratory, University of Cambridge: for three years, for studies on the physiopathology of sickle cell anaemia and on the mechanisms of spontaneous and induced red cell vesiculation, with Dr. Bookchin, Albert Ein stein College of Medicine, New York, U.S.A.

Dr. I.A. MacDonald, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Nottingham: for three years, for a study of the effects of nutritional state on thermogenesis and thermoregulation in man, to be carried out in collaboration, with Dr. S.P. Allison, University Hospital, Queen's Medical Centre.

Dr. N.G. McHale, Department of Physiology, Queen's University of Belfast: for two years, for a study of the control of lymphatic pumping.

Professor N.A. Mitchison, Department of Zoology, University CollegeLondon: for six months, for a study of the biological effects of a putative neurotrophic factor in skeletal muscle, with Dr. Ann W. Mudge.

Dr. R.J. Naftalin, Department of Physiology,King's College,London: for two years, for a determination of the routes and mechanism of fluid transport in rabbit colon.

Professor D. Noble, Laboratory of Physiology,Universityof Oxford: for three years, for a study of the function and nature of calcium and calcium-dependent currents in isolated heart cells.

206 Professor O.H. Petersen, Department of Physiology, University of Liverpool: for three years, for a study of the control of K+ conductance in pancreatic acinar cells from pig and man, with Dr. K. Suzuki.

Dr. M.W. Rampling, Department of Physiologyand Biophysics, St. Mary's Hospital MedicalSchool, London: for a three month extension of his studies of the interaction of fibrinogen with the erythrocyte membrane and its haemorrheological conse quences.

Dr. R.M.A.P. Ridge, Department of Physiology, University of Bristol Medical School: for a one year extension to continue a study of neuromuscular synapse elimination at the motor unit level in postnatal development of skeletal muscle in the rat.

Dr. Nancy J. Rothwell, Department of Physiology, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London: for two years, for a study of hypothalamic activation of brown adipose tissue, with Dr. M.J. Stock.

Professor K.B. Saunders, Department of Medicine, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London: for three years, for a study of the time-dependence of the gains of ventilatory responses to carbon dioxide and hypoxia.

Dr. N.R. Saunders, Department of Physiology, University College London: for two years, for a study of the molecular biology of fetuin and other plasma proteins in relation to development of the nervous system, with Dr. K. Mellgard, Institute of Anatomy, University ofCopenhagen and Dr. H. Tyndale-Biscoe, CSIRO, Canberra, Australia.

Dr. N.R. Saunders, Department of Physiology, University College London: for a three month extension of his study of plasma proteins in embryonic development.

Dr. M.B. Segal, The Sherrington School of Physiology, St. Thomas's Hospital Med ical School, London: for two years, for a study of the role of the choroid plexus in the amino acid homeostatis of the brain.

Professor A.M. Sillito, Department of Physiology, University College Cardiff: for three years, for a study of the mechanism of platelet induced constriction in cerebral arteries.

Dr. T.J.B. Simons, Department of Physiology, King's CollegeLondon: for two years, for a study of lead-calcium analogies and calcium antagonism at the cellular level.

Dr. J. Singh, School of Applied Biology, Lancaster Polytechnic, Preston: for three years, for a study of cellular mechanism of action of phorbol ester (T.P.A.) on secretagogue-evoked secretory responses in pancreatic acinar cells.

Dr. P. Sneddon, Department of Physiologyand Pharmacology, University of Strath clyde: for three years, for an investigation into factors influencing arterial tone in vitro and in vivo.

207 Professor K.M. Spyer, Department of Physiology, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London: for three years, for a collaborative study on the central nervous regulation of sympathetic efferent activity, with Professor A. Trzebski, Department of Physiology, The Medical Academy, Warsaw, Poland.

Dr. C.D. Stem, Department of Human Anatomy, University of Oxford: for three years, for a study of the mechanisms of formation of the embryonic axis.

Dr. Ann G. Taylor, Laboratory of Physiology, University of Oxford: for one year, for a study of the role of cytoskeleton in action of vasopressin on water permeability of renal collecting tubules.

Dr. Ann G. Taylor, Laboratory of Physiology, University of Oxford: for three years, for a study of the role of cytoskeleton in action of vasopressin on water permeability of mammalian collecting tubules.

Dr. M.R. Ward, Department of Physiology, University of Dundee: for three years, for a study of mechanisms required for the normal development of ion and fluid transport across airway epithelia, with Professor R.E. Olver, Department ofChild Health" Ninewells Hospital, Dundee.

Dr. Anne E. Warner, Department of Anatomy and Embryology, University College London: for eighteen months, for a study of the distribution of small ions during early development of the mammalian embryo.

Dr. Anne E. Warner, Department of Anatomy and Embryology, University College London: for additional support for a study of the role of gap junctional commu nication in development.

Dr. Anne E. Warner, Department of Anatomy and Embryology, University College London: for three years, for a study of the role of direct cell communication during development, with Dr. N.B. Gilula, Department of Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, U.S.A.

Dr. Alison C. Webb, Department of Anatomy, University of Newcastleupon Tyne: for a three month extension of her study of the neurophysiology of behaviour arousal and selective attention in the unrestrained cat, with Professor B. Delisle Burns.

Dr. M.J. Whitaker, Department of Physiology, University College London: for two years, for a study of cell cycle calcium transients.

Professor O.M. Wrong, Department of Medicine, University College London: for two years, for a study of the factors influencing renal excretion of ammonium in man.

Professor D.L. Yudilevich, Department of Physiology, King's College London: for three years and three months, for a study of nucleoside transport and metabolism in placental and foetal nutrition.

208 RESEARCH TRAINING SCHOLARSHIPS

Mr. M. Dickson, Institute of Physiology, University of Glasgow: for three years, for a study of the mechanical properties of intrafusal muscle fibres in mammalian muscle spindles, under Professor LA. Boyd.

MissJ. O'Donnell, Laboratory of Physiology, University of Oxford: for three years, for a study of the mechanism of excitation of chemoreceptive cells, under Dr. P.c.G. Nye and Dr. H.E. Brown.

Mr. A.N. Pickering, Department of Physiology,Universityof Bristol MedicalSchool: for three years, for a study of intracellular buffering and mobility of H+ ions in skeletal muscle, under Dr. R.C. Thomas.

Miss M.E. Solly, Department of Physiology, University of Dundee: for three years, for an investigation on the influence of the small intestine and liver on the fate of protein absorbed in a meal, under Professor M.J. Rennie.

SYMPOSIUM

Professor R.J. Linden, The Physiological Society: contribution towards the 30th International Congress of Physiological Sciences held in Vancouver in July 1986.

UNIVERSITY AWARD

Dr. A.J. Levi, Department of Physiology, University of Bristol: for three years, for a study of the electrical and contractile properties and intracellular ion activity of both single heart muscle cells and multicellular heart muscle preparations.

RESEARCH LEAVE FELLOWSHIP

Dr. M.R. Boyett, Department of Physiology, University of Leeds: for one year, for a study of the electrical and mechanical activity of single myocytes from the hearts of humans and small mammals.

REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Dr. J.D. Aplin, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Manch ester: for two years, for a study of the control of trophoblast invasion and estab lishment and maintenance of pregnancy.

Professor G. Chamberlain, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology,St. George's Hospital Medical School, London: for two years, for a study of oviduct secretions and fertility.

ProfessorB.T. Donovan, Department of Physiology,Institute of Psychiatry, London: for one year, for a study of growth hormone and ovarian function in the ferret.

209 Dr. R.G. Gosden, Department of Physiology, University of Edinburgh: for three years, for experimental studies in growth, morphogenesis and differentiation in the ovarian follicular epithelium.

RESEARCH TRAINING SCHOLARSHIPS

Miss Tracy Curds, Developmental Biology Unit, Institute of Zoology, London: for three years, for a study of the development of cell diversity in the preimplantation marmoset monkey embryo, under Professor J.P. Hearn and Dr. P.N. Summers.

Mr. M.J. Sims, Department of Physiology, AFRC Institute of Animal Physiology, Cambridge: for three years, for a study of the anti-fertility properties of proges terone monoclonal antibody, under Dr. R.B. Heap.

NEUROPHARMACOLOGY

EQUIPMENT

Dr. S.J. Hill, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Not tingham: for the identification of inositol phosphates and their isomers, with Dr. D.A. Kendall.

Professor S.R. Nahorski, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Leicester: for an analysis of receptor-mediated phosphoinositol metabolism in brain using high performance liquid chromatrography.

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Dr. S. Barasi, Department of Physiology, University College Cardiff: for two years, for an investigation of the significance of multiple descending spinal systems me diating antinociception in the rat.

Professor G.A. Cottrell, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of St. Andrews: for three years, for a study of the role of phosphorylation dephosphorylation in the transmitter action of 5-HT which results in suppression of a potassium current, with Professor P. Cohen, Department of Biochemistry, University of Dundee.

Dr. S.J. Hill, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Not tingham Medical School: for three years, for a study of the role of calcium ions and inositol phospholipid hydrolysis in receptor-mediated potentiation of cyclic AMP accumulation in the mammalian central nervous system, with Dr. A.M. Brown.

Dr. R.W. Horton, Department of Pharmacology, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London: for three years, for a study of GAB A modulation of monoamine release: role in antidepressant action.

210 Dr. H.B. Jones, Department of Pathology, B.I.B.R.A., Carshalton: for an inves tigation of a model to study predegenerative lesions of peripheral nerves.

Dr. D.A. Kendall, Department of Physiologyand Pharmacology, University of Not tingham: for one year, for an investigation of the potentiation of histamine-stim ulated inositol phospholipid hydrolysis by adenosine, with Dr. S.J. Hill .

Dr. D.A. Kendall, Department of Physiologyand Pharmacology, University of Not tingham: for three years, for functional studies of the effects of lithium on calcium mobilising receptors in the brain.

Dr. I. Kitchen, Department of Biochemistry, University of Surrey: for additional research expenses for a study of developmental neurotoxicity of lead: disruption of opioid systems in the brain and its behavioural consequences.

Dr. Z.L. Kruk, Department of Pharmacology, London Hospital Medical College, London: for three years, for a study of the effects of drugs acting at dopamine receptors on release of dopamine at different sites within the central nervous system of the rat. Dr. J.M. Littleton, Department of Pharmacology, King's College, London: for two years, for a study of peripheral catecholamine release in relation to alcohol-induced hypertension. Professor J.F. Mitchell, Department of Pharmacology, University of Bristol: for two years, for a study of the synthesis of new excitatory amino acid agonists and antagonists of potential value in the treatment of neurological and psychiatric conditions, with Dr. J.e. Watkins .

ProfessorS.R. Nahorski, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Leicester: for two years, for a study of the characterisation and regulation of cell surface Beta-adrenoceptors in brain slices.

Dr. A. Nistri, Department of Pharmacology, St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical School,London: for two years, for an intracellular recording of electrophysiological effects of thyrotropin releasing hormone on in vitro spinal motoneurones.

Dr. R.G. Pertwee, Department of Pharmacology, University of Aberdeen: for three years, for a study of the therapeutic implications and mechanisms underlying in teractions between cannabinoids and benzodiazepines.

Dr. M.H.T. Roberts, Department of Physiology, University College, Cardiff: for two years, for an investigation into pretectal modulation of sensory processing in the rat. Dr. C.N. Scholfield, Department of Physiology, Queen's University of Belfast: for two years, for a study of the pharmacology of Ca-spikes in presynaptic axons of guinea-pig brain.

Dr. C.N. Scholfield, Department of Physiology, Queen's University of Belfast: for two years, for studies on adenosine at central nerve terminals.

211 Dr. M.A. Simmonds, Department of Pharmacology, London School of Pbannacy: for three years, for a study of the mechanisms of the anticonvulsant action of barbiturates and related drugs on in vitro models of epileptiform activity.

Dr. P. Slater, Department of Physiology, University of Manchester: for a study of tritium-film autoradiographyofreceptors for amino acid neurotransmittersin brain.

Professor A.D. Smith, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford: for a two year extension to continue an investigation of the biochemical and pharma cological effects of chronic treatment with the benzodiazepine receptor ligand, FG:7142.

Dr. T.W. Stone, Department of Physiology, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London: for two years, for a collaborative study of the interactions of purines with cholinergic neurotransmission at central and peripheral synapses, with Dr. 1.A. Ribeiro, The Gulbenkian Institute, Portugal.

Dr. T. W. Stone, Department of Physiology, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London: for additional equipment for a study of the role of quinolinic and kynurenic acids in synaptic transmission in the cerebral cortex.

Dr. P.F.T. Vaughan, Department of Biochemistry, University of Glasgow: for three years, to study the control of cAMP formation, by receptors, in cultures of human atrocytes, with Dr. R.I. Freshney, Department of Clinical Oncology.

Professor 0.1. Wallis, Department of Physiology, University College Cardiff: for three years, for a comparison of the neuronal actions of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5 HT) to establish similarities and differences between receptor types.

Dr. P. Wino, Physiological Laboratory, University of St. Andrews: for three years, to investigate whether foetal tissue grafting restores stimulus-dependent dopamine release in denervated striatum, with Dr. S. B. Dunnett, Department ofExperimental Psychology, University of Cambridge.

RESEARCH TRAINING SCHOLARSHIPS

Miss Sabrina Davis, Department of Pharmacology, University of Edinburgh: for three years, for a investigation of the possible role of Nemethyl-Daspartate receptors in behavioural learning and memory, under Dr. R.G.M. Morris.

Miss Sarah Jordan, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, London: for three years, for a study of the regulation of neuronal excitability by neuroactive compounds, under Dr. I.G.R. lefferys.

SYMPOSIUM

Dr. C.A. Marsden, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Nottingham: for a contribution to an in vivo electrochemical workshop to be held in London in March 1987.

212 NEUROCHEMISTRY

EQUIPMENT

Dr. J.0. Thomas, Departmentof Biochemistry, University of Cambridge: for protein and peptide purification by high pressure liquid chromatography in studies of chro matin structure and organisation.

NEUROPHYSIOLOGY

EQUIPMENT

Professor T.J. Biscoe, Department of Physiology, University College London: for a study of inhibitory amino acid receptors of the mouse spinal cord, with Dr. M.R. Duchen.

Dr. J.V. Priestley, Sherriugton School of Physiology, St. Thomas's Hospital Medical School, London: for a study of immunocytochemical localisation of putative trans mitters in nociceptive pathways.

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Professor D.M. Armstrong, Department of Physiology, University of Bristol: for three years, for a study of topographical localisation in neural pathways to and from the intracerebellar nuclei, with Dr. Julie R. Trott.

Professor H.S. Bachelard, Department of Biochemistry, St. Thomas's Hospital Med ical School: to study the roles played by tubulins and associated substances in the actions of neurohumours and drugs.

Professor T.J. Biscoe, Department of Physiology, University College London: for three years, for a study of the electrophysiological properties of inhibitory amino acid receptors from the spinal cord of normal and spastic mice.

Professor D.A. Brown, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, London: for three years, for a study of membrane currents determining the excitability of visceral sensory neurones and their pharmacological modification.

Dr. F. Cervero, Department of Physiology, University of Bristol: for three years, for electrophysiological studies of the action of biologically active peptides on visceral afferent neurones.

Dr. C.W. Coen, Department of Anatomy and Human Biology, King's College, London: for three years, for studies on the neuroanatomical systems regulating the release of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone.

Dr. A. Constanti, Department of Pharmacology, The School of Pharmacy, London: for two years, for a study of the general properties and pharmacology of calcium dependent membrane currents in mammalian cortical neurones.

213 Dr. A.C.G. Cuello, Department of Human Anatomy, University of Oxford: for two years, for studies on cholinergic synapses.

Professor H. Davson, Department of Physiology, King's College London: for an eighteen month extension of his study on the exchange of solutes of neurological interest in the central nervous system and the mechanism of secretion of the CSF, with Dr. B. Zlokovic, Department of Physiology, University of Belgrade.

Dr. J.O. Dolly, Department of Biochemistry, Imperial Collegeof Scienceand Tech nology, London: for three years, for a study of the interaction of dendrotoxin with sub-types of voltage sensitive K+ channels in relation to its novel convulsive action, with Dr. D.G. Nicholls, Department of Psychiatry, University of Dundee.

Professor B.T. Donovan, Department of Physiology,Institute of Psychiatry, London: for two years, for a study of oestrogen feedback and sexual orientation in twins concordant and discordant for homosexuality.

Dr. P.A.M. Eagles, Department of Biophysics, King's College London: for two years, for an analysis of organelle motility in axoplasm.

Dr. P.H. Ellaway, Department of Physiology, University College, London: for two years, for a study of the synchrony of motoneurone discharge in Parkinsonism and other neurological disorders.

Dr. R.H. Evans, Department of Pharmacology, University of Bristol Medical School: for three years, for an investigation of the influence of kainate receptors on C fibre primary afferent transmission.

Professor A. Iggo, Department of Veterinary Physiology, University of Edinburgh: for one year, for the processing and control of nociceptive input in dorsal hom.

Dr. J.J. Lambert, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Uni versity of Dundee: for one year, for neuromodulation in the adrenal chromaffin cell - a patch clamp study.

Dr. S.L. Lightman, The Medical Unit, Westminster Medical School, London: for three years, for a study of the structure and function of mammalian intra-neuronal vasopressin-like peptide.

Professor D. Lodge, Department of Physiology, Royal Veterinary College: for one year, for an investigation of the potential value of ketamine in protecting central neurones against ischaemic damage.

Dr. A.G. Macdonald, Department of Physiology, University of Aberdeen: for two years, for a study of the effect of high pressure on interactions of glutamate receptor channel complexes with agonist and tubocurarine and on the influence of nitrous oxide, with Professor P.N.R. Usherwood, Department of Zoology, University of Nottingham.

214 Dr. M.H.T. Roberts, Department of Physiology, University CoUege, CardifT: for a one year extension of his study of long duration antinociception from stimulation of rat forebrain nuclei.

Dr. A.M. Thomson, Department of Physiology, University College, CardifT: for three years, for a study of the physiology and pharmacology of synaptic connections made by morphologically identified neocortical neurones in vitro.

Dr. D.A. Tonge, Department of Physiology,King's College, London: for three years, for a study ofthe development of skeletal muscle and its innervation, to be carried out in collaboration with Dr. N. Holder, Department ofAnatomy.

RESEARCH TRAINING SCHOLARSHIPS

Miss E.J. Fletcher, Department of Physiology, Royal Veterinary College, London: for three years, for a study of the role of calcium and magnesium in the depolarising and neurotoxic effects of excitatory amino acids and hypoxia, under Professor D. Lodge.

Mr. W.A.G. Hill, Physical Chemical Laboratory, University of Oxford: for three years, for a study of synthesis and evaluation of drugs effective against the high pressure neurological syndrome, under Dr. £.B. Smith.

Mrs. S. Phelps, Department of Neurophysiology, University of Southampton: for three years, for an electrophysiological study of the kainic acid lesioned rat hip pocampus following the growth of implants in the CA3 and CAl areas, under Dr. H.V. Wheal.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

EQUIPMENT

Professor C.T. Dollery, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London: for an investigation of adrenergic mechanisms, drug me tabolism and postglandin turnover in human disease.

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Dr. J. MacDermot, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Royal Postgraduate Med ical School, London: for two years and five months for his study of the role of alveolar macrophages in type 1 hypersensitivity.

Dr. S.C. Mitchell, Department of Pharmacology, St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, London: for two years, to investigate human polymorphic S-oxidation clinical and toxicological implications.

215 Dr. P.C. Rubin, Department of Materia Medica, University of Glasgow: for one year, for an evaluation of blood velocity measurement as a means of investigating drug effects on the human foetus, with Dr. M.J. Whittle, University Department of Midwifery, Queen Mother's Hospital, Glasgow.

RESEARCH TRAINING SCHOLARSHIP

Mr. A.!. Jenkins, Department of Chemical Pharmacology, University of Oxford: for three years, for a study of mechanisms whereby sodium-potassium ATPase undergoes adaptive changes in cells, and the relevance of those changes to the pathophysiology of diseases such as essential hypertension and manic depressive psychosis, under Dr. J.K. Aronson.

NEUROANATOMY

EQUIPMENT

Dr. A.J. Bower, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Universityof Sheffield: for one year, for an application for a Leitz fluorescence/autoradiographic micro scope, together with appropriate accessories and a computer, with Dr. J.N. Payne.

Dr. F.W. Flitney, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universityof St. Andrews: to continue his study of the photolysis of nitroprusside in relation to its mechanism of action on cardiovascular tissues.

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Dr. A. Davies, Department of Anatomy, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London: for eighteen months, to study the molecular identity and function of a developmentally regulated neurone-specific surface antigen.

Dr. P.A.M. Eagles, Department of Biophysics, King's College London: for three years, for structural studies on normal and abnormal filamentous proteins in ax oplasm.

Dr. J.W. Fawcett, Department of Physiology, University of Cambridge: for two years, for a study of axonglial interactions, with Dr. R.I. Milner, ResearchInstitute of Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, California, U.S.A.

Dr. P.R. Gordon-Weeks, Department of Anatomy and Human Biology, King's College London: for two years, for a pilot study of the characterisation of laminin receptors on neuronal growth cones.

Dr. A.R. Lieberman, Department of Anatomy and Embryology, UniversityCollege London: for three years, for a study of the neuronal gene expression in the de veloping and adult rat brain: studies using in situ hybridization probes, with Dr. J.G. Parnavelas.

216 Professor N.A. Mitchison, Department of Zoology, University College London: for two years, for a study of the isolation of CDNA clones encoding a putative neu rotrophic factor in skeletal muscle.

Professor A.D. Smith, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford: for two years, for a study of transmitters of identified cortical neurones in relation to output pathways of the neocortex, with Dr. P. Somogyi.

ENDOCRINOLOGY

RESEARCH TRAINING SCHOLARSHIP

Miss GaDPerkins, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge: for three years, for immunological studies of the human insulin receptor, under Dr. K. Siddle.

PHY~OLOGICALPHARMACOLOGY

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Dr. D.E. Burleigh, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The London Hospital Medical College: for three years, for a study of subtypes of muscarinic and tryptaminergic receptor modulating enteric cholinergic neuromuscular trans mission in the human -and guinea pig colon.

Dr. P.D. Dennis, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford: for two years, for a study of pharmacological alternatives to chronic beta-adrenergic blockade, relevant to protection against post-myocardial infarction arrhythmias, with Pro fessor A.D. Smith.

Dr. A.H. Dickenson, Department of Pharmacology, University CollegeLondon: for three years, for a study of the electrophysiology of opiate influences on nociceptive transmission.

Dr. J.M. Elliott, Department of Pharmacology, St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, London: for one year, for a study of the characterisation of the beta-adrenoceptor in human transformed lymphoblast cells.

Professor J.B. Harris, Muscular Dystrophy Group Research Laboratories, Univer sity of Newcastle upon Tyne: for three years, for a study of the neurotoxicity of snake venoms and venom neutralisation, with Dr. D. Theakston, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine.

Dr. A.L. Harvey, Departmentof Physiologyand Pharmacology, UniversityofStrath clyde: for two years, for a study of the control of transmitter release at the neu romuscular junction.

217 Professor J.N. Hawthorne, Department of Biochemistry, University of Nottingham Medical School: for three years, for a study of receptor-linked release of inositol phosphates.

Dr. G.M. Smith, School of Pharmacy, Robert Gordon's Institute of Technology, Aberdeen: for three years, for an investigation of platelet involvement in the patho physiological events that lead to bronchoconstriction.

Dr. S. Thorn, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, London: for a study of the development of culture techniques for adult human vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells, with Dr. M. Schachter.

RESEARCH TRAINING SCHOLARSHIPS

Mr. D.J. Beech, Department of Pharmacology, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London: for three years, for a study of the pharmacology of single ion channels and single smooth muscle cells, under Professor T.E. Bolton.

MissAlisonA. McElwee, Department of Physiology,Universityof Dundee: for three years, for an investigation into the mechanisms of anaesthesia in mammals, under Dr. l.R. Elliott.

UNIVERSITY AWARD

Dr. A.D. Struthers, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Uni versity of Dundee: for four years, for a study of interactions between regulatory mechanisms within the cardiovascular system and their effects on cation flux, under Professor D. G. McDevitt.

DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Dr. J.D. West, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology,UniversityofEdinburgh: for three years, for genetic and molecular studies of mammalian embryos.

TOXIC.OLOGY

EQUIPMENT

Dr. J.A. Craft, Department of BiologicalSciences, Glasgow Collegeof Technology: for three years, for a study of cytochrome P450: xenobiotic toxicity and chemical carcinogenesis.

218 MAJOR AWARDS

Dr. E.S. Harpur, Department of Pharmacy, University of Aston, Birmingham: for a two year extension of his study on the sites and mechanisms of ototoxicity: the role of melanin.

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Professor J.R. Bronk, Department of Biology, University of York: for a one year extension of his investigation into the absorption and actions of cytotoxic purines and pyrimidines in the rat small intestine.

Dr. G.G. Gibson, Department of Biochemistry, University of Surrey: for three years, for a study of the molecular biology of a unique isoenzyme of hepatic cytochrome P-450.

Dr. I.D. Morris, Department of Pharmacology, University of Manchester: for three years, for a study of the mechanisms of the in vivo activity of the specific Leydig cell cytotoxic ethylene dimethanesulphonate.

Dr. I.R. Rowland, Department of Microbiology, B.I.B.R.A., Carshalton, Surrey: for three years, for an evaluation of yeast cells as a test system for the metabolic activation and macromolecular covalent binding of toxic compounds.

Dr. J.A. Timbrell, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, London School of Pharmacy: for two years, for a study of mechanisms of hepatotoxicity, with Dr. J.K. Nicholson, Birkbeck College, London.

219

H. MAJOR EQUIPMENT MAJOR EQUIPMENT

Early in 1985, the Trustees decided to make available £1.5 million to provide major equipment for university biomedical research. They did this because not only were University Grant Committee funds inadequate for the provision of new sophisticated equipment in our universities, but be cause financial difficulties also existed in replacing worn-out apparatus.

In the middle of that year the following announcement appeared:-

The Wellcome Trustees announce the availability in 1985/86 of funds to provide capital grants for the purchase of equipment for research in the basic and clinical sciences in universities and colleges in the United King dom.

The maximum individual award is likely to be of the order of £150,000, but the Trustees wish to retain flexibility in the Scheme and requests for larger grants will be considered. Awards will be made on the basis of the research case and part funding from other sources will not be essential. For equipment likely to be used for more than one project, the case can be based on no more than two different projects.

The awards, which complement the Trustees' existing schemes for the support of research, are not intended to provide the basic equipment of a well-founded department, or to provide for the purchase of equipment required mainly for teaching purposes. In assessingapplications, the Trust ees willattach special importance to the scientific merit and attractiveness of the research project(s) for which the equipment is to be used.

In addition to a capital grant, applications may include provision for the maintenance charges for three years and the cost of technical assistance where this is required for the running of major pieces of equipment.

These awards are in addition to the Trustees' existing funding schemes which may include equipment up to a maximum of about £20,000 in addition to funds for assistance, consumables etc.

Intending applicants should, in the first instance, submit an outline, on not more than two A4 pages, of the research programme and equipment requirements.

The initial response was overwhelming and some 164 initial enquiries were received and of these half were invited to submit formal applications.

The standard of applications was such that the Trustees decided to increase their original £1.5 million to £3 million and 32 awards were made to the following:-

222 Professor M. Akhtar Department of Bicohemistry, University of Southampton.

Mass spectrometer and technician for three years.

Dr. I.D. Campbell Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford.

Flexible multinuclear N.M.R. spectrometer.

Professor D. Chapman Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London.

Differential scanning colorimeter plus software and accessories.

Professor P. Cohen Department of Biochemistry, University of Dundee.

Contribution towards an Analytical High Performance Mass Spectrometer and integrated data system.

Dr. J.B.C. Findlay Department of Biochemistry, University of Leeds.

Auto sampler/autoinjector, gradient solvent delivery system, data handling and system controller.

Dr. D.T. Delpy Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, University College London.

Laser system.

Professor J.W. Almond Department of Microbiology, University of Reading.

DNA oligonucleotide synthesiser and research assistance for three years.

Professor K. Vickerman Department of Zoology, University of Glasgow.

Transmission electron microscope, ultratome and cryoultramicrotomy system.

223 Dr. S.R. Bolsover Department of Physiology, University College, London.

Image processor and video system, computerware, inverted microscope and research assistance for one year.

Professor D. Colquhoun Department of Pharmacology, University College London:

Replacement of old PDP 11-40computer and accessories.

Professor LA. Johnstone Gatty Marine Laboratory, University of St. Andrews.

Seawater system and aquarium.

Professor M.W.J. Department of Basic Dental Sciences, Ferguson University of Manchester.

Scanning electron microscope.

Professor M.S. Losowsky Department of Medicine and Forensic Medicine, University of Leeds.

Gas liquid chromatograph/mass spectrometer, technician for three years.

Professor A.M. McGregor Department of Medicine, King's College School of Medicine and Dentistry, London.

Ultracentrifuge, HPLe system and other equipment. .

Dr. B.D. Gomperts Department of Experimental Pathology, University College London.

Ortholux microscope with fluorescene illumination system and accessories.

Professor D.T. Elmore Department of Biochemistry, The Queen's University, Belfast.

Numerous pieces of equipment

224 Dr. F. Watt Department of Nuclear Physics, University of Oxford. Scanning proton microprobe.

Professor P.F. Baker Department of Physiology, King's College London.

Photonic microscope system.

Dr. A.J. Bower Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Sheffield.

Fluorescene autoradiographic microscope with accessories and computer.

Dr. R.D. Ambler Department of Molecular Biology, University of Edinburgh.

Oligonucleotide synthesiser plus HPLC system and a technician for three years.

Professor c.R. Hopkins Department of Biochemistry, Imperial College of Science and Technology, London.

Imaging and microscope system.

Dr. D.M.J. Lilley Department of Biochemistry, University of Dundee.

DNA synthesiser with accessories.

Dr. A.J. Parker Laboratory of Physiology, University of Oxford.

SUN microsystem with work stations.

Dr. G.L. Collingridge Department of Pharmacology, University of Bristol Medical School.

Flourescence microscope, electrophysiological recording equipment and computing system.

Dr. T.D. Lamb Physiological Laboratory, University of Cambridge.

Image processor and accessories, computer and accessories.

225 Dr. P. Cash Department of Bacteriology, University of Aberdeen.

image analysis system, with accessories.

Professor S. Zeki Department of Anatomy, University College London.

Microvax II with software and workstation, research assistance for two years.

Dr. A.C. Minson Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge.

Oligonucleotide synthesiser plus accessories and three years technical assistance.

Professor R.A. Stockwell Department of Anatomy, University of Edinburgh.

Colour magiscan 2A image analysis system and accessories.

Dr. S. Leeman Department of Medical Engineering and Physics, King's College School of Medicine and Dentistry, London.

Computer graphics system.

Dr. K.P.W.J. McAdam Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.

Multi sample analyser.

Dr. J.G.P. Sissons Department of Medicine, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London.

Peptide synthesiser with accessories, technical assistance for three years.

226 VII

SUPPORT FOR NON-TROPICALRESEARCH OVERSEAS

A. European Programme

B. Other Overseas Awards

C. Travel Grants

A. EUROPEAN PROGRAMME

SUPPORT FOR NON-TROPICAL RESEARCH OVERSEAS EUROPEAN PROGRAMME

The Trustees have reaffirmed their interest in encouraging interchange between biomedical and veterinary research workers in Europe, and during the period of this report awarded £959,771.mainly as fellowships. This was an increase over the previous two years of £263,982.

The distribution of awards by countries for the period September 1984 to August 1986 is shown below and illustrates the continuing trend for the Trustees to award most of their fellowships to Eastern European countries (especially Hungary and Poland) and to Italy. This distribution does not reflect any policy of the Trustees, but rather it reflects the level of demand from the European countries for fellowship support in the United King dom.

SUMMARY OF EUROPEAN FELLOWSHIPS AWARDED 1984-1986

From To

Belgium 1 Bulgaria 1 Czechoslovakia 3 Denmark 1 3 East Germany 2 Finland 1 France 2 2 Greece 2 Hungary 12 Italy 11 Netherlands 1 1 Poland 12 Spain 1 Sweden 1 3 Switzerland 1 West Germany 2 Yugoslavia 2 55 10

231 There is still a great disparity between the number of awards made for fellowships for travel to the continent rather than from it. In the period of the previous report (1982-84) five fellows visited the continent, and in the period of this report ten fellows have received fellowships to travel to Europe.

The Trustees continue to promote collaborations by the award of fellow ships, and especially by provision of European medical research collabo ration grants. These grants are intended to encourage European laboratories to pool resources by establishing closer inter-laboratory links between workers engaged in related fields of research. A number of new links were supported including those between Professor Williamson, St Mary's Hospital Medical School, and Professor Coutelle, East Germany; Dr. E.A. Newsholme, University of Oxford, and Dr. L. Budohoski, Po land; Dr. M.C Scott, University of Birmingham, and the Department of Occupational Health, University of Lund, Sweden; Dr. R.T. Walker, Uni versity of Birmingham and Dr. E. De Clercq, Belgium; Dr. K.M. Spyer, Royal' Free Hospital Medical School and Professor Trzbeski, Poland. The provision of relatively small sums of money through this scheme is an extremely effective means of promoting European collaboration.

Special Arrangements

The special links established by the Trustees with a number of organisations throughout Europe continue to receive support. The level of interest shown for visits between Scandinavian countries and the United Kingdom used to be high but is now a cause for concern, and it is proposed to enter into discussions with the Trust's corresponding organisations in the near future to see if modifications in the programme can be agreed that would en courage the exchange of scientists between the United Kingdom and Scan dinavia. Dr. Morgan and Dr. Ogilvie were guests of the Ministry of Health of the Czechoslovakian Socialist Republic and visited a number of university de partments and research institutes of the Czech and Slovak Academy of Sciences in Prague and Bratislava. During the visit they were encouraged to see that even though conditions were sometimes difficult, good quality research was still possible. Indeed, the level of scientific endeavour, in terms of the number of scientists engaged in it, is probably higher on a per capita basis than in the United Kingdom. As a result of negotiations with the Minister of Health, Professor Prokopec, a draft agreement on scientific exchange was submitted to the Trustees for their approval. It is

232 hoped that the formalities to implement the agreement will be completed in the near future.

Dr. Morgan and Dr. Sinclair visited Hungary to review the exchange pro gramme between the Trust and the Hungarian International Cultural In stitute. They visited a number of universities and institutes of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in Budapest and Debrecen, and also had an oppor tunity to meet a number of ex-fellows and review progress since their fellowship ended. Dr. Sinclair and Dr. Morgan were pleased to report to the Trustees that most former fellows had gone on to reach positions of eminence and influence in Hungarian medical and veterinary sciences.

The special arrangement between the Trust and the Mario Negri Institute, Milan, under which the Institute provided travel grants to enable young Italian scientists to make short working visits to the U.K., ceased in 1986. The Scheme with Italy had been very successful but it is now felt that Italy itself might supply this type of support or Italian scientists should apply direct to the Trust in competition with applicants from other countries. The Trustees' help over the years must mean that there are now many scientists in Italy with experience from working in Britain which will help the continuation of the links between our countries.

The Trustees consider that this special arrangement with the Mario Negri Institute has been a powerful stimulus to develop the relationships between British and Italian medical scientists.

Budget

For the first time in recent years the Trustees' budget for Europe for the year ending 1986 was inadequate to meet all requests made upon it. In part, this reflects the lack of funds available from other agencies to support such visits and hence an increase in demands on Trust funds. It also follows from increased efforts on behalf of the Trustees to publicise the availability of funds to support European research.

233 EUROPEAN PROGRAMME

List of Grants Awarded

Belgium

FELLOWSHIP

Dr. J.P. Brion, Laboratory of Pathology and Electron Microscopy, Free University of Brussels: for one year, for the screening of human brain cDNA libraries with antibodies labelling the neurofibrillary tangles of Alzheimer's disease and in situ hybridization, under Dr. RB. Anderton, Department of Immunology, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London.

Bulgaria

FELLOWSHIP

Dr. N.V. Naoumov, Institute of Internal Medicine, The Medical Academy, Sofia: for one year, for a study of the relationship between HBV-DNA and HBV-antigen expression in hepatocytes and the immune response, under Dr. R. Williams, The Liver Unit, King's College Hospital Medical School, London.

Czechoslovakia

FELLOWSHIPS

Dr. R. Helm, Research Laboratory of Tropical Diseases, Prague: for one year, for a study of the micro-filarial antigens from Brugia malayi, under Dr. R.M. Maize/s, Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Imperial College of Science and Tech nology, London.

Dr. J. Madar, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences: for six months, for an investigation into how IL-2 alters the balance between immunity and unresponsiveness: its relevance to the difference between the intra venous and the subcutaneous routes of exposure to antigen, under Dr. G,L. Ash erson, Division of Immunological Medicine, Clinical Research Centre, London.

Dr. J. Zidkova, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences,Prague: for one year, for studies on the biological activities of C3 fragments, under Professor P.J.Lachmann, Mech anisms in Tumour Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge.

234 Denmark WELLCOME - CARLSBERG FELLOWSHIPS Dr. B.A. Conway, Institute of Physiology, University of Glasgow: for one year, for a study of the role of the plateau depolarisation in naturally evoked postural reflexes, under Professor H. Hultborn, The Panum Institute, University ofCopen hagen.

Dr. S.D. Kristensen, Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, AaI borg Hospital. for one year, for a study on platelet function in heart disease, under Dr. J.F. Martin, Department of Medicine, University ofSheffield.

Dr. M.N. Wallace, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of St. Andrews: for an eight month extension, for an anatomical study of the modular organisation of the rodent superior colliculus and hippocampal region, under Pro fessor A.R. Lieberman, Department ofNeurobiology, University ofAarhus.

East Germany FELLOWSHIPS Dr. T. Arendt, Department of Neurochemistry, Paul Flechsig Institute fer Brain Research, Karl-Marx Universitiit, Leipzig: for one year, for a study of the mor phological, biochemical and psychological sequelae of lesions in the nucleus basalis and other cholinergic areas in rats, under Dr. R.M. Marchbanks, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Psychiatry, London.

Dr. P. Spangenberg, Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Medical Academy of Erfurt: for a study of the separation of cells by free flow electrophoresis, under Professor N. Crawford, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Royal College of Sur geons of England, London.

Finland WELLCOME - FINNISH FELLOWSHIP Dr. Eeva-Marja Rutanen, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Helsinki: for an extension of three months, for comparative studies on biological and clinical aspects of pregnancy associated proteins, under Professor J.G. Grud zinskas, Department ofObstetrics and Gynaecology, The London Hospital Medical College.

France FELLOWSHIPS Dr. T.P.C. Capiod, INSERM, University Paris-Sud: for three months, for a de termination and study of noradrenaline activated Ca-channels in isolated hepato cytes, under Professor D.H. Jenkinson, Department of Pharmacology, University College London.

235 Dr. J.N. Fracchia, Department of Dermatology, Tarnier Hospital, Paris, France: for one year, for an analysis of the immunological mechanisms in situ in atopic dermatitis, under Dr. D.M. MacDonald, Laboratory ofApplied Dermatopathology, United Medical and Dental Schools of Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals, London.

Mr. N.J. Henderson, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Oxford: for one year, for an investigation into the relationship of synovial fluid to bone healing, under Dr. J. Duriez, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies du Sque lette, Institut Calot.

Dr. Sharon Pellow, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, London: for six months, for an investigation of the capacity to wait for a reward in rats: a novel method of investigating the mechanisms of action of benzodiazepines and the underlying role of serotonin systems, under Professor P. Simon, Departement de Pharmacologie, Faculte de Medecine Pitie - Salpetriere, Paris.

Greece

FELLOWSHIPS

Dr. J. Karagiannis, Gastroenterology Unit, Alexandra Hospital, Athens: for one year, for a study of cell-mediated immune responses to gluten fractions and a synthetic peptide sharing sequence identity with gliadin, under Dr. D.P. Jewell, Gastroenterology Unit, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford.

Dr. G. Papadopoulos, Department of Anatomy, University of Thessaloniki School of Veterinary Medicine: for three months, for an investigation of the development of co-existence of neuropeptides in the cerebral cortex, under Dr. J.G. Parnavelas, Department ofAnatomy and Embryology, University College London.

Hungary

WELLCOME - HUNGARIAN FELLOWSHIPS

Dr. Vera Adam-Vizi, 2nd Institute of Biochemistry, SemmelweisUniversity ofMed· icine, Budapest: for one year, for a study of cyclic nucleotide metabolism and excitability of squid axon, under Professor P.F. Baker, Department ofPhysiology, King's College, London.

Dr. B.S. Harrach, Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest: for one year, for a study of the genetics of bovine herpes viruses, under Dr. R. Thompson, Institute of Virology, University of Glasgow.

Dr. G. Jansco, Department of Physiology, University Medical School, Szeged: for one year, for a study of the morphological organisation and plasticity of peptide containing primary sensory neurones in the rat, under Dr. Sally N. Lawson, De partment of Physiology, University of Bristol Medical School.

236 Dr. T. Lakatos, University of Pees: for one year, for an investigation of action mechanism of local anaesthetics, under Professor P.F. Baker, Department ofPhys iology, King's College, London.

Dr. T. Magos, Clinical Psychological Research Laboratory, National Institute for Nervous and Mental Diseases, Budapest: for an extension for six months to study the manifestation of the genetically determined activity of the noradrenergic system in psychophysiological and hormonal indices, under Dr. G.S. Claridge, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford.

Dr. T. Magyar, Veterinary Medical Research Institute of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest: for one year, for studies on the aetiology and pathogenesis of atrophic rhinitis of swine, under Dr. M.J. Rutter, Department of Microbiology, Institute for Research on "Animal Diseases, Newbury.

Dr. G. Petranyi, 1st Department of Medicine, Semmelweis Medical School, Buda pest: for a six month extension to study biochemical markers of diabetes mellitus, under Professor K.G.M.M. Alberti, Department ofClinical Biochemistry and Met abolic Medicine, University of Newcastle upon Tyne.

Dr. J. Tenczer, Semmelweis University Medical School: for one year, for a study of electrophysiologic mechanisms, manifestations and modulations of ventricular arrhythmias, under Dr. E. Sowton, Department of Cardiology, Guy's Hospital Medical School, London.

Dr. K. TOth, lst Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Semmelweis Medical School, Budapest: for a four month extension of his study of the clinical significance of infection in patients with premature rupture of membranes, under Mr. A.D. Noble, Royal Hampshire County Hospital.

FELLOWSHIPS

Dr. G. Kemenes, Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences: for nine months, for an investigation of the neural basis of feeding-related learning in the snail, under Dr. P.R. Benjamin, M.R.C Neurophysiology Research Group, University ofSussex.

Dr. B. Novak, Department of Agricultural Chemical Technology, Technical Uni versity of Budapest: for three months, for a study of CO 2 production and the cell cycle in yeast, under Professor I.M. Mitchison; Department ofZoology, University of Edinburgh.

Dr. L. Urban, Department of Anatomy, University of Debrecen: for four months, for a study of neurotransmission and neuromodulation in the rat spinal cord, under Dr. C.I. Woolf, Department ofAnatomy and Embryology, University College Lon don.

237 Italy

FELLOWSHIPS

Dr. Concetta AJalad, Faculty or Medicine, University or Messina: for one year, for a study of the innervation of cerebral blood vessels in stroke, under Professor G. Burnstock, Department ofAnatomy and Embryology, University College London and Mr. H.A. Crockard, Institute of Neurology, London.

Dr. Maria Ballabio, School or Medicine, University or Milan: for one year, for a study of the functional characterisation of placental and foetal TSH forms: their relationship to pituitary TSH and their role in maintaining maternal thyroid hor mone balance and optimal foetal development in normal pregnancy, under Pro fessor R.P. Ekins, Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Middlesex Hospital Medical School, London.

Dr. Nazzarena Barni, Istituto Internazionale di Genetica e Biofisica, Naples: for one year, for a study of the use of recombinant DNA technology in the analysis of variant apoproteins for APO ell and APO E, under Dr. S.E. Humphries, Department of Biochemistry & Pathology, St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, London.

Dr. A.S. Belfiore, Cattedra d'Endocrinologia, University or Catania: for an exten sion of one year, for a study of the early detection of HLA-DR antigen expression on thyroid cells from autoimmune thyroid patients and euthyroid subjects by means of fine needle aspiration biopsy, under Dr. G.F. Bottazzo and Dr. R.G.C. Russell, DepartmentofImmunology and Thyroid Clinic, Middlesex Hospital MedicalSchool, London.

Dr. R. Bottinelli, Istituto di Fisologia Umana, Universita di Pavia: for one year, for laser spectroscopic studies of isolated muscle fibres, under Dr. F.W. Flitney, De partment of Physiology, University ofSt. Andrews.

Dr. F. Crespi, Mario Negri Institute, Milan: for one year, for a study of in vivo serotoninergic control of dopaminergic activity, under Professor C.A. Marsden, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University ofNottingham.

Dr. V. Di Marzo, Department or Organic Chemistry and Biopsy, University or Naples: for one year, for an investigation of peptidoleukotrines and their putative relationship with neuroendocrine peptides, under Professor H.R. Morris, Depart ment of Biochemistry, Imperial College of Science and Technology, London.

Dr. Chiara Frassineti, Biological-ChemistryInstitute, University or Modena: for six months, for a study of the production of "False Folates" by purified DHPS, under Dr. R. W. King, Physical Biochemistry Division, National Institute for Medical Research, London.

238 Dr. D. Gullo, Department of Endocrinology, University of Catania: for an extension of one year, to study the ontogenesis of thyroid hormone receptors in the foetal brain, under Professor R.P. Ekins, Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Mid dlesex Hospital Medical School, London.

Dr. A. Salvatoni, Paediatric Clinic, University of Pavia: for an extension of six months, to study the role of pituitary insulin secretagogue ;~-cell tropin in clinical obesity and maturity onset diabetes, under Professor Anne Beloff-Chain, Depart ment of Biochemistry, Imperial College of Science and Technology, London.

Dr. F. Tanfani, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Ancona: for one year, for an investigation of biomembrane mimicry for biomaterial design, under Professor D. Chapman, Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Royal Free Hospital School ofMedicine, London.

The Netherlands

FELLOWSHIPS

Dr. M.K. Bijsterbosch, Department of Biochemistry, University of Groningen: for one year, for a study of early biochemical events in the activation of B lymphocytes, under Dr. G.G.B. Klaus, Division of Immunology, National Institute for Medical Research, London.

Dr. T.J. Mitchell, Department of Microbiology, University of Birmingham: for one year, for a study of the purification and properties of a 25.000 M.W. proteolipid in the intestinal brushborder serving as a cosubstrate for cGMP and cAMP-kinases, under Dr. H.R. de Jonge, Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University, Rot terdam.

Poland

FELLOWSHIPS

Dr. W. Biernacki, Department of Medicine, Institute of Tuberculosis, Warsaw: for one year, to study pulmonary haemodynamics in chronic bronchitis and emphy sema, under Professor D.C. Flenley, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Uni versity of Edinburgh.

Mr. L.T. Czerwosz, Department of Neurophysiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw: for three months, for a computer assisted analysis of rhythmic neural activitygenerated by the spinal cord of the lamprey, under Dr. Thelma L. Williams, Department of Physiology, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London.

Dr. Eugenia Herzyk, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw: for one year, for spectroscopic studies of biomembranes and lipoproteins, under Professor D. Chapman, Department ofBiochemistry and Chemistry, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London.

239 Dr. Teresa Jakubowicz, Department of Molecular Biology, M. Curie-Skodowska University, Lublin: for one year, for a study of viral and heat-shock control of ribosomal protein phosphorylation, under Dr. D.P.Leader, Department of Bio chemistry, University of Glasgow.

Dr. Teresa Kukulska·Gosdcka, Institute of Microbiology, University of Lodz: for one year, for an investigation of the morphology of antigen recognition and lym phocyte interaction in humans: a study of presentation of an autoantigen by den dritic cells, under Dr. Brigid M. Balfour, Division of Immunological Medicine, Clinical Research Centre, Harrow.

Dr. Jolanta M. Mysliwska, Department of Histology,The MedicalSchool, Gdansk: for one year, for an analysis of lymphocyte development in mice carrying x chro mosome associated genes that determine differences in immune responsiveness, under Dr. B.S. Micklem, Department of Zoology, University of Edinburgh.

Dr. L. Pempkowiak, Department of Psychiatry, Medical Academy of Gdansk: for one year, for a study of lithium handling by the rat kidney, under Dr. J.C. Atherton, Department of Physiology, University ofManchester.

Dr. P. Popowicz, Department of Pathophysiology, University of Poznan: for three months, for an investigation into the use of mutant epithelial (MDCK) cells in physiologicalstudies of diuretic-sensitive "cotransport", under Dr. N.L. Simmons, Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne.

Dr. P. Radwan, Clinic of Gastroenterology, Medical Academy of Lubin: for one year, for an investigation into the mechanisms of expression of Class II molecules on human colonic epithelium, under Dr. D. Jewell, Gastroenterology Unit, Uni versity of Oxford.

Dr. Jadviga Sawecka, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Haematology,War saw: for one year, for molecular cloning studies on the myelin-associated glyco protein (MAG) of mammalian myelin, under Dr. G.E. Blair, Department of Biochemistry, University of Leeds.

Dr. A.O. Tokarz, Institute of Biopharmacy, Warsaw Medical Academy: for one year, for a study of the aldehyde products of lipid peroxidation using high per formance liquid chromatography, under Professor A. T. Diplock, Division of Bio chemistry, United Medical and Dental School ofGuy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals, London.

Professor M. Zembala, Department of Immunology, University of Cracow: over three years, for a study of the T suppressor circuit which regulates the contact sensitivity reaction: mode of action of the terminal non-specific factor, under Dr. G.L. Asherson, Division of Immunological Medicine, Clinical Research Centre, London.

240 Spain

FELLOWSHIP

Dr. C. Enrich, Facultad de Medicina, University of Barcelona: for one year, for a study of the changes in plasma membrane proteins during hepatocellular prolif eration, under Dr. W.H. Evans, Department of Histology and Cellular Biology, National Institute for Medical Research, London.

Sweden

WELLCOME - SWEDISH FELLOWSHIPS

Dr. Penelope A. Butcher, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Southampton: for an extension of six months for a study of the influence of sympathetic nerves on intestinal transport, under Professor O. Lundgren, De partment of Physiology, University of Gothenburg.

Dr. B.M. Snape, Department of Physiologyand Biochemistry, University of Reading: for one year, for a study of the modulation of endogenous opioid peptides and of the effects of ethanol on cerebral catecholaminergic function, under Professor A. Carlsson, Department of Pharmacology, University of Gothenburg.

Dr. C.R. Thomas, Department of Medicine, St. Thomas's Hospital Medical School, London: for one year, for an investigation of the effects of uterine environment and placental function on foetal development in diabetic pregnancy, with Dr. P. Petersson, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Uppsala.

Dr. Tyra Zetterstrom, Department of Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stock holm: for one year, for a study into the role of ascorbic acid in the brain with reference to the dopamine and glutamate systems, under Dr. Marianne Fillenz, Department of Physiology, University of Oxford.

Switzerland

FELLOWSHIP

Dr. W.A. Jefferies, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford: for one year, for a study of the molecular structures of H-2 antigens recognised by cytolytic T cells, under Dr. S. Kvist, Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Re search, Lausanne.

241 West Germany

FELLOWSHIPS

Dr. K. Osterloh, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Munich: for six months, for an investigation of the role of mucosal transferrin and lactoferrin in the process and regulation of iron absorption by mouse intestinal cells, under Professor T.J. Peters, Division of Clinical Cell Biology, Clinical Research Centre, London.

Dr. H. von Grafenstein, The Max Planck Institute, Martinsried, West Germany: for one year, to study the mechanisms of membrane turnover in adrenal chromaffin cells, under Professor P.F. Baker, Department ofPhysiology, King's College, Lon don.

Yugoslavia

FELLOWSHIPS

Dr. Lidija Petrovic, Institute of Pathology, University of Belgrade School of Med icine: for one year, for a study of specific antibodies in plasma cells in human liver, under Professor P.J. Scheuer, Department ofHistopathology, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London.

Mr. R. Zorec, Institute of Pathophysiology, Ljubljana: for a study of single channel recording in mammalian central neurones, under Dr. R.N. McBurney, M.R.C. Neuroendocrinology Unit, Newcastle upon Tyne.

242 B. OTHER OVERSEAS AWARDS OTHER OVERSEAS AWARDS

Scientists from countries other than Europe and the Tropics may apply for Wellcome Trust support but, in general, the Trustees will consider appli cations from scientists of the developed countries only if they are already in the United Kingdom and wish to extend their stay to complete a research project.

Exceptions to this general rule are the Wellcome-Japanese Fellowships and the arrangements reached with the New Zealand Medical Research Council for a joint fellowship programme and for the provision of major awards.

Details of the New Zealand fellows who have so far received support are listed on page 249. The success of these initial fellowship awards was confirmed by the performance of the fellows at an innovative meeting and dinner party held at 1 Park Square West, under the auspices of the Trust and the New Zealand M.R.C. The New Zealand High Commissioner, Mr. Byrce Harland, was the principal guest at an occasion where the fellows presented short summaries of their research programmes to an audience of Trustees and Trust staff. The evening was a conspicuous success, and the fellows gave outstanding presentations of their research programmes.

The Trustees' scheme to support the award of a major programme of research in a New Zealand university has proved very successful, and receives considerable interest in New Zealand. Awards made to date are detailed on page 250.

The Trustees in 1983 decided to set up a scheme to award two senior fellowships in medical science in Australia each year for four years in the first instance. The scheme is administered in collaboration with the Royal Australasian College of Physicians with Dr. Bryan Hudson, who was Pres ident of the College when the scheme was initiated, responsible for the management of the awards in Australia. The first two awards were made in 1984 and to date six fellowships have been granted.

There is evidence of an increasing demand for the support of scientific visits from many countries overseas, and in particular there has been in creasing demand for the provision of fellowships for Chinese scientists. The Trustees are considering the wisdom of establishing further links be-

244 tween British and Chinese medical and veterinary research workers, but for the present only support such visits on an ad hoc basis.

The total funds made available to support other overseas projects (ex cluding research in the tropics) amounted £576,759.

245 OTHER OVERSEAS AWARDS

List of Grants Awarded

Argentina

FELLOWSHIP

Dr. G.D. Fidelio, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, University of Cordoba, Argentina: for one year, for biophysical studies on interactions between phospholipids, fu sogenic peptides and signal sequence polypeptides, under Professor I.A. Lucy, Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Royal Free Hospital School of Medi cine, London.

Australia

FELLOWSHIP

Dr. Elizabeth M. Thompson, Child Development Centre, West Perth: for a one year extension, to study the recurrence, risks and genetic heterogeneity in osteogenesis imperfecta, under Dr. M.E. Pembrey, Mothercare Unit of Paediatric Genetics, Institute of Child Health, London.

AUSTRALIAN SENIOR CLINICAL FELLOWSHIPS

Dr. M.C. Berndt, Department of Medicine, University of Sydney, Australia: for five years, for a study of platelet membrane glycoproteins: role in haemostasis, under Professor P.A. Castaldi.

Dr. D.J. Handelsman, Department of Medicine, University of Sydney, Australia: for five years, for a study of male fertility and mechanisms of testicular dysfunction, under Professor I.R. Turtle.

Dr. H. Majewski, Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Australia: for five years, for a study of the modulation of noradrenaline release in vitro, under Professor M.J. Rand .

Dr. J. Proietto, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Australia: for five years, for investigations into the aetiology of non-insulin-dependent diabetes, under Professor R. G. Larkins.

Dr. Keryn A. Williams, Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University of South Australia: for additional expenses for a study of the immunological aspects of corneal transplantation, under Professor D.J. Coster.

246 Canada

FELLOWSHIP

Dr. L. Martin, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada: for one year, for a study of the genetic organisation of human thymocyte COl antigens, under Dr. e. Mil stein, M.R.e. Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge.

China

FELLOWSHIPS

Dr. G. Chen, Regional Virus Laboratory, East Birmingham Hospital, Birmingham: for four months, for a study of New Chinese Rotaviruses, under Dr. T.H. Flewett, Regional Virus Laboratory, East Birmingham Hospital, Birmingham.

Dr. L. Gao, Heilongjiang CoUegeof Traditional Medicine, Harbin: for five months, for an investigation of the relative role of T cells and monocytes in the in vitro defects in lymphocyte function in patients with late onset hypogammaglobulinae mia: comparison between patients with and without retrovirus infection, under Dr. G.L. Asherson, Division of Immunological Medicine, Clinical Research Centre, London.

Mrs. Yuede Yang, Shanghai Institute of Physiology, The Chinese Academy of Sci ences: for one year, for computational studies of the perception of visual surfaces, under Dr. A.J. Parker, Department of Physiology, University of Oxford.

Dr. K. You, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing: for six months, for a study of dose response relationship of alpha-adrenergic blocking drugs in congestive heart failure, under Professor e.T. Dollery, Department ofClinical Pharmacology, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London.

India

FELLOWSHIPS

Dr. J.R. Behari, Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, Lucknow: for one year, for a study of liposomes as carriers of chelating agents in biological systems, under Dr. G. Gregoriadis, Academic Department ofMedicine, Royal FreeHospital School of Medicine, London.

Dr. A. Chacko, Department of Gastroenterology, Christian Medical College Hos pital, Vellore: for a one month extension to study protein and nitrogen metabolism in the human large intestine, under Dr. I.H. Cummings, M.R.e. Dunn Clinical Nutrition Centre, Cambridge.

247 Professor B.N. Dhawan, Central Drug Research Unit, Lucknow: for four months, for a study of the central actions of 5-HT binding ligands, under Dr. M.H. T. Roberts, Department of Physiology, University College Cardiff.

Dr. V. Mohan, Diabetes Research Centre, Madras: for eleven months, for clinical and metabolic studies on diabetes in Asian Indians in the United Kingdom, under Dr. Eva Kohner, Diabetic Retinopathy Unit, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London.

Dr. S. Rath, Department of Immunology and Clinical Pathology, Haffkine Institute, Bombay: for one year, for a study of the role of IgG4 antibodies in immuno suppression, under Dr. Madeleine E. Devey, Department ofMedical Microbiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.

Dr. Kavita S. Reddy, St. John's Medical College, Bangalore: for one year, for an analysis of the cell cycle after mitomycin C treatment using replication-banding techniques, under Dr. J.R.K. Savage, Cell and Molecular Biology Division, M.R.C Radiobiology Unit, Oxford.

Israel

FELLOWSHIPS

Dr. C. Hershko, Share Zadek Medical Centre, Jerusalem: for one year, for a study of the effects of iron metabolism on malaria, under Professor D.J. Weatherall, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford.

Dr. S.J.D. Karlish, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot: for three months, for investigations of mechanisms of Na, K-ATPase, under Professor I.M. Glynn, Phys iological Laboratory, University of Cambridge.

Japan

FELLOWSHIPS

Dr. M. Katami, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cambridge: for two years, for a study of the mechanism of corneal allograft rejection and the devel opment of methods of immuno-suppression, under Mr. P.G. Watson, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cambridge.

Dr. S. Yoshida, Department of Physiology, Nagasaki University Schoolof Medicine: for one year, for an investigation of the mechanisms causing membrane channel opening in mammalian eggs during fertilisation, under Professor CR. House, De partment of Veterinary Physiology, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Edinburgh.

248 WELLCOME - JAPANESE FELLOWSHIPS

Dr. Y. Fujii, Department of Surgery, Osaka 'University: for one year, for studies on thymus cells in myasthenia gravis, under Professor J. Newsom-Davis, Depart ment of Neurological Science, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London.

Dr. R. Kakigi, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga Medical School: for an extension of one year, for a study of the component topography of the somato sensory evoked potential in health and disease, under Dr. A.M. Halliday, Institute of Neurology, London.

Dr. A. Sano, Department of Internal Medicine, Sabae National Hospital: for one year, for studies on the relationship between glycoprotein structure and metabolism by the hepatic mannose receptor, under Dr. J.A. Summerfield, Department of Medicine, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London.

Malaysia

FELLOWSHIP

Dr. Chang-Lek Koh, Department of Genetics and Cellular Biology, University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur: for three months, for an analysis of R plasmids in strains of Escherichia coli of bovine origin, under Dr. P.M. Bennett, Department of Mi crobiology, University of Bristol.

New Zealand

WELLCOME - NEW ZEALAND FELLOWSHIPS

Dr. P.N. Black, School of Medicine, University of Auckland: for two years, for a study of the role of leukotrienes and other eicosanoids, under Professor e.T. Dollery, Department ofClinicalPharmacology, Royal PostgraduateMedical School, London.

Dr. P.J. Browett, Department of Haematology, Auckland Hospital: for two years, for a study of the role of activated oncogenes in the pathogenesis of acute leukaemia and myelodysplasia, under Professor A. V. Hoffbrand and Dr. J.D. Norton, De partment of Haematology, Royal Free Hospital Medical School, London.

Dr. A.M. Richards, Department of Endocrinology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Christchurch: for two years, for a study of renin inhibition and converting enzyme inhibition in essential hypertension, under Dr. J.I.S. Robertson, M.R.e. Blood Pressure Unit, The Western Infirmary, Glasgow.

Dr. Margaret L. Wilsher, Chest Medical Unit, University of Auckland: for two years, for a study of the effects of surfactant on human alveolar macrophages, under Dr. PatriciaL. Haslam, Cell Biology Unit, Cardiothoracic Institute, London.

249 FELLOWSHIP

Dr. C.H. Hobson, Palmerston North Hospital: for three years, for a study of bac terial chemotactic peptides and inflammatory bowel disease, under Professor V.S. Chadwick, Wellcome Medical Research Institute, University of Otago Medical School. RESEARCH TRAINING SCHOLARSHIP

Mr. P.A. Pemberton, Auckland: for eighteen months, for a study of the "serpins", structure: function relationships, under Professor P.J. Lachmann, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge. MAJOR AWARDS

Professor G.V. Goddard, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Centre, Uni versity of Otago: for three years, for a study of the use of the kindling model of epilepsy to investigate mechanisms of epileptogenesis and to identify endogenous anticonvulsants.

Dr. A.J. Robinson, M.R.C. Virus Research Unit, University of Otago: for three years, for a study of the orf virus gene vector.

Professor M.G. Shepherd, Experimental Oral Biology Research Unit, Universityof Otago: for three years, for a study of the cell envelope of Candida albicans. Nigeria

FELLOWSHIP

Dr. H.S. Amonoo·Kuotl, Department of Zoology, University of Durham: for six months, for a study of the structure and innervation of receptors in cat jaw muscles, under Professor D.E. Barker, Department of Zoology, University of Durham. U.S.A.

FELLOWSHIP

Dr. W.R. Randall, Department of Avian Sciences, University of California, Davis: for eighteen months, for a study of molecular cloning of acetylcholinesterase, under Professor E.A. Barnard, M.R. C. Molecular Neurobiology Unit, University ofCam bridge. West Indies

FELLOWSHIP

Dr. E.N. Harris, University of the West Indies, Jamaica: for a six month extension, to study of anti-phospholipid antibodies and their relevance to neurological and thrombotic disease, under Dr. G.R. V. Hughes, The Rheumatology Unit, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London.

250 c. TRAVEL GRANTS TRAVEL GRANTS

The Wellcome Research Travel Grant Scheme is intended to provide sup port for post-doctoral scientists and clinically qualified workers who wish to make a short visit to an overseas centre in order to further their research or attend a workshop or symposium in a relevant subject area. The scheme also provides travel support to enable young scientists to take up Research Fellowships tenable in institutions overseas.

During the period under review the Trustees have made 624 awards under the scheme at a total cost of about £193,000.

252 VIII

HISTORY OF MEDICINE

A. Wellcome Institute for the History ofMedicine

B. Units in the History ofMedicine

C. Grants for the Support ofthe History of Medicine

A. WELLCOME INSTITUTE FOR THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE HISTORY OF MEDICINE

WELLCOME INSTITUTE FOR THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE

STAFF:

Sir William Paton, CBE, DM, FRCP, FRS, Honorary Director

Academic Unit: W.F. Bynum, MD, Ph.D., Assistant Director (Research) and Head of Academic Unit

Janet Browne, Ph.D., Honorary Lecturer (part-time), History of Biology

Lawrence I. Conrad, Ph.D., Medical Historian (Arabic Medicine)

Lindsay Granshaw, MA, Ph.D., Medical Historian (20th-Century Medicine)

Christopher Lawrence, MB, ChB, M.Sc., Ph.D., Medical Historian (Clinical Medicine; and Wellcome Museum)

Michael Neve, MA, Ph.D., Lecturer in the History of Medicine (Human Biology)

Vivian Nutton, MA, Ph.D., Medical Historian (Classical Medicine)

Richard Palmer, BA, Ph.D., ALA, Medical Historian (Renaissance Medicine; and Curator of Western Manuscripts)

Roy Porter, MA, Ph.D., Medical Historian (Social History)

256 Library

E.J. Freeman, BA, ALA, Librarian and Deputy Director

R.M. Price, MA, ALA, Deputy Librarian H.J.M. Symons, MA, ALA., Chief Cataloguer N.M.W.T. Allan, MA, Ph.D., ALA, Assistant Librarian Christine English, BA, Dip.Lib., Assistant Librarian Patricia Hully, BA, FLA, Assistant Librarian Jeannette Lake, BA, ALA, Assistant Librarian R. Palmer, BA, Ph.D., ALA, Assistant Librarian Brenda Sutton, BA, Dip.Lib., Assistant Librarian D. Wujastyk, B.Sc., MA, D.Phil, Assistant Librarian

Centre for Contemporary Medical Archives

Julia Sheppard, BA, Archivist Lesley Hall, BA, Assistant Archivist

Iconographic Department

W.M. Schupbach, MA (Cantab), MA (Lond), Head Gertrude M. Prescott, MA, Ph.D., Assistant

Administration

S.E. Emberton, MBIM

257 No major organisational changes have been made since the Fifteenth Re port of the Trustees. The last two years have been a period of both con solidation and increased activity under the leadership of Sir William Paton as Honorary Director.

In anticipation of the Trust's Jubilee Year the Library and most other public areas of the Institute were extensively renovated, in large part with the generous assistance of the Wellcome Foundation. Public use of the Institute and its resources continued to increase; over 13,000 visits were recorded in 1984-85 rising to over 16,000 during 1985-86.

The Library

The catalogue automation programme, using the services of an American Library Co-operative, OCLC, has continued at a satisfactory pace. In the meantime, much time and effort has been devoted to investigating options for the next phase of automation involving a stand-alone system covering a wider range of library routines and including on-line public access to catalogues.

The last two years have seen major acquisitions to library stock. Some 30,000 books and journals were transferred from the library of the British Medical Association. What has become the most comprehensive collection of regional Medical Officer of Health Reports has been assembled from a variety of sources, including the DHSS. In November 1985 the Trustees purchased by private treaty the Haddad Collection of Arabic medical man uscripts for a sum just over £100,000. Earlier the same year an important Middle English medical manuscript from the late 15th century was pur chased for just over £20,000 to which the Victoria and Albert Museum contributed a generous £10,000from their Purchase Grant Fund. This grant was a pleasing and significant tribute from a public body to the Institute Library's quasi-national status in the history of medicine.

Scholarly work on library materials produced two major published cata logues, Dr. D. Wujastyk's Handlist ofthe Sanskrit and Prakrit manuscripts, volume one (1985), and Dr. F. Keshavarz's Descriptive and analytical cat alogue of Persian manuscripts (1986).

Exhibitions of a steadily improving quality in design and display techniques have been mounted on such subjects as Islamic physicians and scientists, The Pest anatomized, Aristotelica, culminating in A vision ofhistory illus-

258 trating the Institute's history, organisation, resources, and daily work, in celebration of the Wellcome Trust's 50th Anniversary.

The Academic Unit

The Institute's Academic Unit has continued to maintain an impressive level of activity. The formal teaching programme through the University of London has been augmented by the addition of a paper, for science and medical students, on medicine in modem society, and an advanced 'E' paper, for history students, on the concept of degeneration in late nine teenth-century medicine, science and society. Twenty-one third-year med ical students, including one from the University of Leicester, have elected to spend a full-time year in the Institute, pursuing the intercalated B.Sc. programme in the history of medicine. Total under-graduate enrolment for courses offered through the Unit has averaged about 200 per year. Postgraduate teaching has been strengthened by the addition of a seminar series on the history of medicine to the M.Sc. in History of Science, offered jointly with the Department of History and Philosophy of Science at Uni versity College.

Seventeen Ph.D. and M.D. candidates have been supervised by staff, and three Ph.D. degrees have been awarded. The presence of post-doctoral fellows and visiting academics on sabbatical further enrich the scholarly community.

The Institute's programme of symposia, research seminars, teaching groups and public lectures has also attracted a wide and varied audience. Twelve one- or two-day symposia have been held on a splendid array of topics, ancient and modem, ranging from Arabic Science and Medicine and Plague in Early Modem Europe, to the Development of Biochemistry in Britain and the History of Clinical Trials. The latter two Symposia were held in co-operation with The Biochemical Society and the Clinical Section of the British Pharmacological Society, respectively. Other organisations with which members of the Institute collaborated in arranging joint meetings were the Society for the Study of Addiction and the Victorian Society. The symposium on Victorian Hospital Architecture attracted more than 150 participants and was continued with a series of week-end tours to hospitals of architectural interest in the London area. The fortnightly Re search Seminar was concerned with the History of Medicine in London (1984-85) and the History of Hospitals (1985-86).Attendance remains grat ifyingand the general quality of papers and discussion is high. The seminar

259 series on Arabic Medicine, Science and Technology has also attracted its own devoted specialist audience. Under the scheme of Visiting Senior Research Fellowships, members of the Institute were enabled to spend time with distinguished scholars from abroad. These included Professor Fridolf Kudlien (Kiel), Professor Guenter Risse (University of California) and Professor F.L. Holmes (Yale). Each of these delivered public lectures at the Institute, as did Mr. Keith Thomas (Oxford).

External participation in these events has reached 2,000 each year and many of the occasions have produced the more permanent legacy of pub lication. No fewer than seven volumes, edited by academic staff, have appeared or are in press. Publication of the fruits of Wellcome activities has been consolidated through the establishment with the publishers, Croom Helm, of a Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine Series.

OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS -1984-1986

Periodicals

Medical History, Vols. 28 - 30. Current Work in the History of Medicine, Issues 121-130.

Monographs

Elizabeth Haigh, Xavier Bichat and the Medical Theory of the 18th Century, (Medical History Supplement No.4), 1984.

W. Bynum, C. Lawrence and V. Nutton (eds), The Emergence of Mod ern Cardiology, (Medical History Supplement No.5), 1985.

Catalogues

Contemporary Medical Archives Centre, Consolidated Accessions List, 2 ed., 1985.

D. Wujastyk, A Handlist ofthe Sanskrit and Prakrit Manuscripts in the Library of W./.H.M., Vol. 1, 1985.

F. Keshavarz, A Descriptive and Analytical Catalogue of Persian Manu scripts in the Library ofW.I.H.M., 1986.

260 Guides

N. Allan, W.I.H.M.: The Oriental Collections, 1984.

D. Wujastyk, W.I.H.M.: The South Asian Collections, 1984.

W.I.H.M.: a brief Description, 1985.

R. Price, W.I.H.M.: The American Collections, 1986.

Exhibition Catalogues

High Matter, Dark Language: The Philosophy of Robert Fludd (1574 1637), 2nd June - 12th October, 1984.

Morbid Cravings: The Emergence ofAddiction, 22nd October 1984 25th January 1985.

The Pest Anatomized: Five Centuries of Plague in Western Europe, 4th March - 24th May, 1985.

Books from the Medical Society of London, 14th January - 3rd April, 1985.

Islamic Science: Crossroad of Culture, 19th June - 12th November 1985.

Huguenots in the Medical World, 25th September - 18th December 1985.

Body and Mind in Tibetan Medicine, 7th April- 31st July 1986.

A Vision of History: The W.I.H.M.: 1st September 1986- 10th April 1987.

261

B. UNITS IN THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE UNITS IN THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE

University College London (set up 1966)

Director: Dr. W.F. Bynum

This Unit is virtually amalgamated with the Academic Division of the Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine. Its presence as a sub department of the Department of Anatomy is, however, very important as an interface to under-graduates. It is responsible with the Institute for a number of courses

University of Cambridge (set up 1970)

Director: Dr. R.K. French

The Unit continues to provide a wide range of teaching in medical history. The Wellcome Lecturer, Dr. A.R. Cunningham, has taken on adminis trative responsibility for the M.Phii. course as Director of Graduate Stud ies.

The biennium has seen a change in emphasis in the Unit's activities and staff. In line with the Wellcome Trust's intentions, the Unit is developing the research aspect of its activities. After much thought, the attempt to secure a teaching base in the History Faculty has been abandoned. The broad base of under-graduate and post-graduate teaching has been devel oped as a channel for able students to take the subject to research level. The M.Phii. course continues to attract good scholars from other disciplines and offers a firm basis for higher level research work (the number of Ph.D. students has grown to five).

Dr. Wilson's acceptance of a Wellcome Research Fellowship has also con tributed to the new emphasis on research. His teaching post has been filled on a short-term basis by Dr. P. Williams. Continuing this post as a short term junior appointment may in the future make it difficult to maintain the under-graduate teaching at its present level of quality and quantity. Similarly, the termination of Dr. Williams' part-time Fellowship has thrown considerable strain on the system of under-graduate college supervisions. With these changes the Unit has been unable to continue with a short course of lectures to clinical students.

264 The resignation of Mrs. O. Brown, the Wellcome-supplied curatorial as sistant in the Whipple Museum, has meant the loss of displays of historical material at Addenbrooke's Hospital and the Whipple Museum.

The Unit is now better known internationally than in 1984and the resulting exchanges with universities overseas have been valuable in establishing the Unit as a centre of research. The series of conferences planned by the Unit is continuing to bear fruit.

University of Oxford (set up 1971)

Director: Dr. C. Webster

The Director and Deputy Director (Margaret Pelling) have been associated with the Unit since its inception in 1972. The period 1984-1986 has been marked by consolidation, gradual expansion on most fronts and the com pletion of some important research projects. Approximately twelve full time research workers are associated with the Unit. At the under-graduate level the historical dissertation option has established a firm place among pre-clinical students in their third year. Graduate student numbers remain constant at about 20, most of whom are preparing Oxford doctoral dis sertations. Between 1984 and 1986 doctoral dissertations were completed by L. Bryder, C. Bucklow, RW.B. Crocker, P.N. Elliott, A. Harrington, R Harris, A.R Summers and A. Wooldridge. The dissertations by Linda Bryder on tuberculosis in the twentieth century, Ruth Harris on law and society in late 19th century France and Anne Summers on military nursing before 1914, have been accepted for publication. Among other completed research projects, already published is Dr. I.S.L. Loudon's Medical Care 1750-1850 and the General Practitioner. In press are Mrs. J.M. Beinart's History ofthe Nuffield Department ofAnaesthetics 1937-1987, Dr. H. Mar land's Medicine and Society in Wakefield and Huddersfield, Dr. C. Webs ter's Problems of Health Care, the British National Health Service before 1957, Dr. P.J. Weindling's study of Oscar Hertwig and his German Med icine, Science and Public Health 1870-1950. The collaborative volume ed ited by Dr. Weindling, The Social History of Occupational Health, was published in 1985. A further collaborative volume edited by Dr. J. Aus toker and Dr. D. Thorn on Population Policy in the Twentieth Century will be published by Cambridge University Press.

265 University of Glasgow (set up 1985)

Director: Dr. D.N.H. Hamilton

The Glasgow Wellcome Unit for the History of Medicine was set up in September 1985 for three years in the first instance.

The Unit consists of the Director, two fellows (Drs S. Jacyna and Mar guerite Dupree) and a secretary.

The research interests of the Unit are in the history of surgery, particularly the nineteenth century, the impact of the rise of pathology on clinical practice, and the twentieth-century provision and financing of the voluntary hospitals. An active seminar programme is run, and there are close links through projects and post-graduate supervision with a number of other departments, notably Economic History, Archives, Modern History, the D.I.S.H. (Design and Implementation of Software for History) laboratory, Political Economy and the Institute for Law and Ethics. A short optional course of lectures in the history of medicine is offered to medical students.

University of Manchester (set up 1986)

Director: Dr. J.V. Pickstone

This Unit has only recently been set up and in addition to the Director, there are four other members of staff.

The primary function of the Unit will be to investigate industrial medicine, particularly in the north of England, and modern medicine in relation to science and technology and to encourage the study of the history of biomed ical sciences among under-graduate and post-graduate medical students.

266 C. GRANTS FOR THE SUPPORT OF THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE HISTORY OF MEDICINE ADVISORY PANEL

Professor P. Mathias, MA, FBA (Chairman), University of Oxford Professor Sir William Paton, CBE, OM, FRCP, FRS, (Trustee) University of Oxford Professor E.A. Wrigley, PhD, FBA, University of Cambridge Professor H.M. Koelbing, University of Zurich, Switzerland Sir Douglas Black, MD, FRCP Dr. P.O. Williams, MA. MB, FRCP (ex officio)

Staff members responsible. " Professor A. Rupert Hall, Litt.D, FBA (Secretary) •• W.D.F. Anderson, MA (Secretary) D.E. Allen, BA (from February 1987) Miss Rebecca Cheeseman, BA (Administrative Secretary)

"to December 1985 •• February to October 1986

268 GRANTS IN SUPPORT OF THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE

These two years have been very active for the Trust's History of Medicine Programme.

The potential growth of the Trust's income led to the reconsideration of its policy. With this in mind the views of the Unit directors were sought in writing and at a meeting of the History of Medicine Panel. The Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine also prepared a strategic plan to the end of the century. The Trustees decided that with the acquisition of the Wellcome Building they would be in a position to consider the development of the Institute and that they should therefore examine their overall activ ities for this field. A working party under the chairmanship of Sir William Paton and with the following membership was established: Professor E.A. Wrigley, Dr. Stephen Lock, Dr. David Vaisey, Dr. Robert Fox, and Dr. P.O. Williams with Marie and Rupert Hall as joint secretaries. Its first meetings were held in the autumn of 1986.

Medical History in the Universities is closely interwoven with the History of Science. During this period of financial stringency the History of Science has suffered severely and this has put pressure on the History of Medicine Units, especially in Oxford, to bear some of the load. In addition, of course, there is no likelihood of there being any increased university participation in the support of the History of Medicine. The Trust therefore has a virtual monopoly for the support of this subject apart from the posts held by Drs. Bynum, French and Webster. The consequence is that it is difficult to select panel members who are specialists in their subject field. The help of referees is therefore all the more important and they have given inva luable advice.

During the past two years 65 grants have been made in the following categories to a total value of £826,000.

269 HISTORY OF MEDICINE

List of Grants Awarded

PUBLICATIONS

Mr. N. Barker, The Biblographical Society, London: towards the cost of publishing the "Short Title Catalogue of English Books".

Professor J.S. Calnan, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London: contribution towards the publication of "The Hammersmith, 1935-1985"

Dr. R.P. Das, University of Hamburg: for the publication of a critical edition of "Surapala's Vrksayurveda ".

Dr. K.E. Mott, Department of Medicine, New York Hospital - Cornell Medical Center, USA:contribution towards the cost of "Tropical Medicine and Parasitology: Classic Investigations".

Dr. S. Farrow, Royal College of Physicians of the United Kingdom, London: for a conference and memorial book on the History of Public Health.

Mr. C.H.C. Whittick, Sussex Archaeological Society, Lewes: contribution towards the publication of "Epidemic Mortality in 16th-Century Rye" in the Sussex Ar chaeological Collections.

BOOKS

Professor Sir William Paton, Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine, Lon don: for the purchase of the Haddad collection of Arabic medical manuscripts.

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES

Professor J.R. Busvine, Maidenhead, Berkshire: for two years, for the writing of "A Century of Progress against Tropical Disease by Vector Control".

Miss Sandra Cavallo, Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine, London: for two years, to study the founding and function of the voluntary hospitals in eight eenth-century England, under Dr. W.F. Bynum.

Dr. Margaret Crowther, Department of Economic History, University of Glasgow: for eighteen months, for a history offorensic medicine in Glasgow, 1839-1989, with Professor W.M. Harland.

Dr. Margaret Crowther, Department of Economic History, University of Glasgow: for three years, for a study of the history of forensic medicine in Scotland since 1806.

270 Dr. Anne Digby, Institute of Research in the Social Sciences, University of York: for two years, for a study of patient-practitioner relationships in England and Scotland, 1720-1850.

Dr. Deborah Dwork, Department of History, University of Michigan, U.S.A: for three months, for a study of milk and maternalism; a history of the infant welfare movement in England 1898-1914, at the Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine, London.

Dr. R.J.F. Jones, Calvin WeDs Laboratory, School of Archaeological Sciences, University of Bradford: for three years, for a palaeopathological investigation of the diagnostic criteria for early tuberculosis, with Dr. K. Manchester.

Dr. J.M. Landers, Department of Anthropology, University CoDege London: for two years, for a study of mortality patterns in London: 1670-1830.

Dr. B.R. Laurence, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine: for two years, for a study of the history of human filarial infection.

Dr. I.S.L. Loudon, WellcomeUnit for the History of Medicine, Universityof Oxford: for two years, for a study of the Dispensary Movement in England, 1770-1850: health care and morbidity during the Industrial Revolution.

Dr. R. Porter, Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine, London: for three months, for a study of the patient's view in medical history in Britain, c.1650 c.1820. Dr. A. Rook, Cambridge: for one year, for a history of Addenbrooke's Hospital. Professor T.C. Smout, Department of Scottish History, University of St. Andrews: for three years, for a study of the development of public health and health care in Fife, 1830-1947.

Professor M.K. Sykes, Department of Anaesthetics, University of Oxford: for an eighteen month extension of his preparation of "The History of the Nuffield De partment of Anaesthetics: its relationship to the development of anaesthesia, 1937 1987".

Professor J.B. Trapp, The Warburg Institute, London: towards the establishment of a Leonardo da Vinci Society, based at the Warburg Institute.

Dr. C. Webster, Wellcome Unit for the History of Medicine, University of Oxford: for research assistance and expenses for three months for a study of African medical history.

Dr. T.0. Whittet, The Worshipful Societyof Apothecaries of London: for the repair and preservation of books in the Society's Library.

Dr. R.I. Woods, Department of Geography, University of Sheffield: for three years, for a study of infant mortality in England and Wales, 1861-1921, with Dr. I.H. Woodward, Department of Economic and Social History.

271 RESEARCH TRAINING SCHOLARSHIPS

Mr. G.T. Edwards, Green College, University of Oxford: for an extension of his scholarship for one year to complete his thesis "An Ethnohistory of Bella Coola Indian Health Care (1793-1981): a case history of medical system conversion", under Sir John Walton.

Miss Waltroud R.M. Ernst, University of Konstanz, West Germany: for one year, for a study of European Psychiatry and the development of lunatic asylums in nineteenth century India, under Professor K.A. Ballhatchet, DepartmentofHistory, School of Oriental and African Studies, London.

Miss Renate Hauser, Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine, London: for three years, for a study of Freiherr von Krafft-Ebing (1840-1902), under Dr. W.F. Bynum.

Miss Mary E. James, Department of History, University of Essex: for one year, for a study of the therapeutic practices of J.M. Charcot in their historical and social context, under Dr. L.J. Jordanova.

Mr. R.J. Martin, Wellcome Unit for the History of Medicine, University of Cam bridge: for two years, for a study of "Francis Bacon and the Reform of Medicine", under Dr. A. Cunningham.

Dr. Caroline C.S. Murphy, Department of History of Science and Technology, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology: for one year, for a study of cancer treatment in Britain: radiotherapy and chemotherapy, under Dr. J.V. Pickstone.

Mr. C. O'Boyle, The Wellcome Unit for the History of Medicine, University of Cambridge: for nine months, for a study of medical teaching and the physician's career in 14th-century France: the life and works of Bartholomew of Bruges (1285 1356), under Dr. R. French.

MissMoira Surman, Department of EconomicHistory, University CollegeSwansea: for three years, for a study of pneumoconiosis in the South Wales Coalfield 1923 1985, with particular reference to the role of the Llandough Pneumoconiosis Re search Unit, under Dr. Jill Lewis.

Dr. Godelieve M. Van Heteren, Department of Neurology, Hospital of Sittard, Holland: for three years, for a study of German medical education: its influence on British medical students and scientists between 1850-1914, under Dr. W.F. Bynum, The Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine, London.

SYMPOSIA

Dr. R. French, WellcomeUnit for the History of Medicine, Universityof Cambridge: for a conference on seventeenth-century medicine, to be held in Cambridge in September 1986, with Dr. A. Wear, Department of History and Philosophy of Science, University ofAberdeen.

272 Dr. Gul A. Russell, Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine, London: for a symposium on "The Interest of the Natural Philosophers in 'Arabick' in Seven teenth-Century Britain", to be held in June 1985.

Dr. Marianne Winder, WellcomeInstitute for the History of Medicine, London: for an international conference on Tibetan Medicine, "Aspects of classical Tibetan Medicine reflected in Central Asian Literature", to be held in London in 1986.

Dr. D. Wujastyk, Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine, London: for a "Workshop on the History of Indian Medicine", to be held in the Autumn of 1985.

VACATION SCHOLARSHIP

MissM.J.G. Suarez, WellcomeUnit for the History of Medicine, University College London: for eight weeks, under Dr. Roy Porter.

RESEARCH LEAVE FELLOWSHIP

Dr. Diana E. Manuel, Schoolof Education, Universityof Durham: for eight months, for the preparation of a book on Marshall Hall.

FELLOWSHIPS

Dr. M. Barfoot, History of Medicine and Science Unit, University of Edinburgh: for a one year extension to continue his critical edition of Cullen's lectures on the Institutes of Medicine, under Dr. M. Nicolson, History of Medicine and Science Unit, University of Edinburgh.

Dr. Valerie A. Fildes, Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine, London: for an extension of one year to continue her study of the history of infant care and paediatrics in Britain, 1500-1800, under Dr. W.F. Bynum.

Dr. J. Henderson, Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure, University of Cambridge: for an eighteen month extension to continue his study of the outbreaks of plague and typhus in Florence, 1520-1530, under Dr. R. Schofield.

Dr. J.C. Henry, WellcomeUnit for the History of Medicine, London: for six months, for a study of medical theorists and the forging of the mechanical philosophy in 17th-Century England, under Dr. W.P. Bynum.

ProfessorMa Kanwen, The Chinese Institute for the History ofMedicineand Medical Literature, Beijing, China: for one year, for a comparative study of the History of Medicine- East and West; the history of traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, to be held at the Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine, London, under Dr. W.F. Bynum.

273 Dr. R. Miller, American University of Beirut, Lebanon: for one year, for a study of the prehistory of public health: water and sanitation in the ancient Near East, under Mr. P.J. Parr, West Asia Department, Institute ofArchaeology, London.

Dr. N. Morgan, Divisionof History and Philosophy of Science, Universityof Leeds: for two years for a study of the relationship between medicine and chemistry in the twentieth-century: the case of protein denaturation, under Dr. R. Olby, De partment of Philosophy, University of Leeds.

Dr. M.A. Nicolson, The Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine, London: for two years, for a study of diagnostic practice in Britain in the late 18th century and early 19th century, under Dr. R. Porter.

Dr. M.J. Rayner, WellcomeUnit for the History of Medicine, Universityof Oxford: for twenty-two months for a study of the history of the Institute of Cancer Research, under Dr. C. Webster.

Dr. J.A. Secord, Wellcome Unit for the History of Medicine, University of Cam bridge:' for eighteen months, for a study of medical contexts and the sciences of man in the Victorian evolutionary debates 1844-1868, under Dr. R. French.

Dr. Virginia S. Smith, WellcomeInstitute for the History of Medicine, London: for one year, for a study of hygienic philosophy, custom and policy in the 18th and 19th centuries, under Dr. R. Porter.

Dr. Anne Summers, Wellcome Unit for the History of Medicine, University of Oxford: for two years, for a study of the history of nursing in England c.1837-1887, under Dr. C. Webster.

Dr. Maria Szlatky, Semmelweis Medical Hospital Museum, Library and Archives, Budapest, Hungary: for one year, for a study of the effects of the English practical medical books during 17th-18th centuries on the Hungarian equivalents, under Dr. C. Lawrence, Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine, London.

Dr. Tilli Tansey, Wellcome Unit for the History of Medicine, University College London: for three months, for a study of the early work of Sir Henry Dale, FRS, in the elucidation of chemical neurotransmission, under Dr. W.F. Bynum.

Dr. Tilli Tansey, Wellcome Unit for the History of Medicine, University College London: for three years, for a study of the career, achievements and influence of Sir Henry Dale, FRS, under Dr. WF. Bynum.

Dr. J.H. Warner, Wellcome Unit for the History of Medicine, London: for one year, for a study of the transmission of Parisian Medicine to Britain: 1816-1870, under Dr. W.F. Bynum.

274 Dr. Dorothy E. Watkins, Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine, London: for one year, for a study of the role of the preventative medical profession in the formation of the first Ministry of Health, under Dr. W.F. Bynum.

Dr. J.P. Williams, Wellcome Unit for the History of Medicine, University of Cam bridge: for nineteen months, for a study of the Victorian medical profession's response to the movement for women doctors, under Dr. R.K. French.

Dr. A.F. WUson, Wellcome Unit for the History of Medicine, University of Cam bridge: for two years, for the completion of his book 'A Safe Deliverance: Ritual and Conflict in English Childbirth, 1600-1750', under Dr. R.K. French.

Dr. K.G. Zysk, University of Toronto, Canada: for three years, for an English translation of the Sanskrit medical treatise Astanga Samgraha, under Dr. D. Wujas tyk, We/Jcome Institute for the History of Medicine, London.

275

WELCOME TROPICAL INSTITUTE

WELLCOME TROPICAL INSTITUTE

STAFF:

Director

E.H.O. Parry, OBE, MD, FRCP

Academic

A.J. Knell, MD, Ph.D, FRCP Diane Macaulay, M.Se, MBBS Angela Towle, B.Sc, Ph.D

Librarian

Hilary Bettinson, B.Sc, ALA

Archivist

Susan Bramley, BA, DAA

Technical Resources Group P.C. Cheese, MBA Jennie Smith, BA

Consultants

Janet Jenkins, MA P.e. Bewes, MChir, FRCS e. Bullough, MD, FRCOG R. Webber, MD, M.Sc P. Nunn, MB, MRCP J. Ranken, BA, MIPM L.J. Bruce-Chwatt, CMG, MD, FRCP, (part-time) C.E. Engel, S.B.SU, DGPh., FRSA, (part-time) Sir Kenneth L. Stuart, MD, FRCP, FACP, (part-time)

Administration

E.W.T. Langridge

279 WELLCOME TROPICAL INSTITUTE

The Institute, established at the end of 1984, has developed rapidly. In responding to the requests of the Commonwealth Secretariat and of the Health Ministers of the Commonwealth countries of East Africa, we have started two major efforts. First, to redesign and develop the former Well come Museum of Medical Science, now renamed the Wellcome Tropical Institute Museum, so that it is more effective in London, and in a form which can be used in overseas universities to supplement tropical medical teaching. Secondly, to develop distance learning programmes so that med ical officers in rural Africa can continue to learn where they are without the expense and disruption of travel overseas. Staff have been recruited and Bentley House has been developed, so that the Institute's general administration and support services have been increasinglybusy throughout the year. There is now an effective team of wide ranging skillsin an efficient and attractive building.

Museum

The redesign of the Museum has begun, so that it is more defined in its subject, more modern in its presentation and more direct in reaching its target audience. The new Museum panels are accompanied by a handbook - full of facts to support the essential headlines on the panels - and a workbook for a student to use in pacing and monitoring his own progress as he studies.

Displays are ready for the Wellcome Laboratories in Nairobi and for the teaching hospitals in Addis Ababa and Kumasi, Ghana. Requests for sim ilar displays are increasing.

The new temporary exhibition area on the ground floor of 200 Euston Road will accommodate Malaria, the inaugural exhibition, scheduled to open in Spring 1987. Its creation has occupied much time during 1986. Each exhibition will travel to other sites in Britain and abroad after several months in London.

Collecting, cataloguing and integrating new pictures and specimens is de veloping, so that the Museum has a comprehensive collection to support its activities.

280 Distance Learning

The Distance Learning Programme (DLP) aims to promote a system of continuing post-graduate education for rural medical officers at the district level, through the provision of selfinstructional study materials in collab oration with countries overseas. When established more materials will be produced, the programme will be administered and evaluated in each coun try and training for those who take part will be developed.

Because this is an entirely new approach to post-graduate medical edu cation in tropical countries, much of this first year of the programme has been devoted to planning and development. Negotiations are underway with Ethiopia, Ghana and Kenya, where it is hoped to pilot the programme in 1987. A collaborative venture in distance learning in the Caribbean is also under consideration, and several other African countries have ex pressed interest in the programme.

Work is currently in progress on five modules (packages of self-study ma terials on a particular topic) - Management, Epidemiology, Obstructed Labour, Acute Respiratory Infections and Burns. These first modules will be pilot-tested on students at Leeds University and at the Tropical Medical Schools in London and Liverpool in the first half of 1987: before evaluation in the collaborating countries. Further modules will be developed when the educational needs of these countries have been accurately defined.

The educational texts are being prepared by the Institute in collaboration with authors who are experts in the subjects and with visiting writers from the countries involved in the programme. This year, two visiting workers from Ghana have provided material for the modules and next year it is hoped to continue this pattern with further visiting Fellows who will also receive training in medical education.

Technical Resources Group

The technical resources group has developed rapidly. With new photo graphic equipment most black and white photographs, conservation and duplication can be undertaken. Duplicating the colour slide collection has been started, and this material will be entered on a computer database.

A designer has been appointed so that museum panels and materials for distance learning are more effective. A medical photographer from Zaria,

281 Nigeria, was attached to the Institute for training as part of a British Council Fellowship and it is hoped to train others in this way.

Opportunities have been actively sought to work with others in the same field: as a result of this policy and a wish to develop, a one day symposium on 'Medical videodiscs and interactive video', was held in collaboration with the Graves Medical Audio Visual Library - it was sponsored by Sony (U.K.) Ltd.