The Impact of NMR and MRI
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The Eye of the CT Scanner: the Story of Learning to See the Invisible Or
Published online: 2021-03-18 Review The Eye of the CT Scanner: The story of learning to see the invisible or from the fluorescent screen to the photon-counting detector Das Auge des Computertomografen: Die Geschichte vom Sehenlernen des Unsichtbaren oder vom Fluoreszenzschirm zum photonenzählenden Detektor Author Heinz-Peter Schlemmer Affiliation inventiveness, engineering and entrepreneurial spirit created Abt. Radiologie, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, the impressive possibilities of today’s imaging diagnostics. Heidelberg, Germany This contribution accompanies the Roentgen Lecture the author gave on November 13, 2020 in Roentgen’s birth house Key words as part of its inauguration and the closing ceremony of CT, digital radiography, radiations, radiography the 101st Congress of the German Roentgen Society in received 09.10.2020 Remscheid-Lennep. accepted 17.01.2021 Key Points: published online 18.03.2021 ▪ The development of computed tomography was a mile- Bibliography stone in the methodological advancement of imaging Fortschr Röntgenstr 2021; 193: 1034–1048 with X-rays. ▪ DOI 10.1055/a-1308-2693 In the detector pixel invisible X-rays are converted into ISSN 1438-9029 digital electrical impulses, which the computer uses to © 2021. Thieme. All rights reserved. create images. ▪ Georg Thieme Verlag KG, Rüdigerstraße 14, Photon-counting detectors could have significant 70469 Stuttgart, Germany diagnostic advantages for clinical applications. Citation Format Correspondence ▪ Schlemmer H, The Eye of the CT Scanner: The story of Prof. Dr. med. Dipl.-Phys. Heinz-Peter Schlemmer learning to see the invisible or from the fluorescent screen to Abt. Radiologie, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, the photon-counting detector. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2021; Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany 193: 1034–1048 Tel.: +49/62 21/42 25 64 Fax: +49/62 21/42 25 67 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG [email protected] Röntgens Fotografien mit der „neuen Art von Strahlen“ lösten ABSTRACT einen weltweiten Begeisterungssturm in allen gesellschaftli- chen Kreisen aus. -
12.2% 116,000 120M Top 1% 154 3,900
We are IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists 3,900 116,000 120M Open access books available International authors and editors Downloads Our authors are among the 154 TOP 1% 12.2% Countries delivered to most cited scientists Contributors from top 500 universities Selection of our books indexed in the Book Citation Index in Web of Science™ Core Collection (BKCI) Interested in publishing with us? Contact [email protected] Numbers displayed above are based on latest data collected. For more information visit www.intechopen.com Chapter Introductory Chapter: Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology Valentina Kubale, Emma Cousins, Clara Bailey, Samir A.A. El-Gendy and Catrin Sian Rutland 1. History of veterinary anatomy and physiology The anatomy of animals has long fascinated people, with mural paintings depicting the superficial anatomy of animals dating back to the Palaeolithic era [1]. However, evidence suggests that the earliest appearance of scientific anatomical study may have been in ancient Babylonia, although the tablets upon which this was recorded have perished and the remains indicate that Babylonian knowledge was in fact relatively limited [2]. As such, with early exploration of anatomy documented in the writing of various papyri, ancient Egyptian civilisation is believed to be the origin of the anatomist [3]. With content dating back to 3000 BCE, the Edwin Smith papyrus demonstrates a recognition of cerebrospinal fluid, meninges and surface anatomy of the brain, whilst the Ebers papyrus describes systemic function of the body including the heart and vas- culature, gynaecology and tumours [4]. The Ebers papyrus dates back to around 1500 bCe; however, it is also thought to be based upon earlier texts. -
670 Bookreviews the Journal of Nuclear Medicine
complete. I strongly (ecommend this work; it is the best, cur formedin 1982and 1983.Respectedleadersintheirfieldshave rently available book on skeletal scintigraphy. given their opinions of capability and limitations of magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy in clinical practice. The MYRON L. LECKLITNER bookletis mostvaluableforthosewithmoderateto significant University ofSouth Alabama experiencealready in these techniques. Mobile, Alabama The historicaloverviewchapter is meaningfulintroductory reading for scientists, physicians, and technologists at any level of backgroundand experience.However,the sevenchapters NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE AND ITS related to basic science instrumentation, flow imaging, and CLINICAL APPLICATIONS. real-time imaging have extensive mathematical and technical R.E. Steiner, G.K. Radda, Eds. New York, Churchill Liv detail and are not likely to be appreciated by most medical ingstone for the British Council, British Medical Bulletin imaging professionals, unless there has been a profound corn 40(2):113-206,1984 mitment to the understanding of the basic principles involved and/or significantexperiencein utilization of NMR instru This 93 page booklet represents a concise review ofthe state mentation. In that regard, this booklet, as a whole, is not likely of the art in 1984of recentdevelopmentsand biomedicalap to be of direct benefit to the beginner in NMR imaging or plications of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and spec spectroscopy. At the same time, because of the summary nature troscopy.A distinguishedpanelofauthorshasbeenassembled -
PHYSICS and SOCIETY
PHYSICS and SOCIETY THE NEWSLETTER OF THE FORUM ON PHYSICS AND SOCIETY, PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY, 335 EAST 45th ST., NEW YORK, NY 10017 PRINTED BY THE PENNY·SAVER, MANSFIELD, PA 16933 . Volume 12, Number 2 April 1983 TABLE OF CONTENTS Forum Executive Committee.......................................................................................................................2 Minutes of the Executive Committee Meeting in New york................................................................................3 News of the Forum...................................................................................................................................4 Forum Studies on Nuclear Weapons by Leo Sartori...........................................................................................5 APS Councillor's Report by Mike Cosper.........................................................................................................5 APS Statement on Nuclear Arms limitation....................................................................................................B COPS Report by Earl Collen.........................................................................................................................9 Announcements .......................................................................................................................................9 International Freeze AppeaL .....................................................................................................................10 -
Poliomyelitis in the Lone Star State
POLIOMYELITIS IN THE LONE STAR STATE: A BRIEF EXAMINATION IN RURAL AND URBAN COMMUNITIES THESIS Presented to the Graduate Council of Texas State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree Master of Arts By Jason C. Lee San Marcos, Texas December, 2005 Insert signature page here ii COPYRIGHT By Jason Chu Lee 2005 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It leaves me in a stupor to contemplate all those I have to thank for aiding me in this effort. If I leave anybody out, please accept my most humble apologies, as the list is long. I will be the first to admit that this work is flawed, despite the best efforts of my committee to save me from myself. Had I utilized them more, this piece would only be improved. I had never undertaken a project of this scope before and though I believe I have accomplished much, the experience has been humbling. Never again will I utter the phrase, “just a thesis.” My biggest thanks go out to Dr. Mary Brennan, my committee chair and mentor. Without her guidance I most certainly would have needed to take comprehensive finals to graduate. She helped me salvage weeks of research that I thought had no discernable use. But Dr. Brennan, despite her very, very busy schedule with the department and her family, still found the time to help me find my thesis in all the data. She is well loved in the department for obvious reasons, as she has a gift for being firm and professional while remaining compassionate. Dr. James Wilson and Dr. -
Dr Sabin's Legacy to the World Jaime Sepulveda
World Health • 46th Year, No . 3, Moy-June 1993 IS Dr Sabin's legacy to the world Jaime Sepulveda oliomyelitis has been eradicated Poliomyelitis acquired epidemic from the Americas and other proportions in the Americas at the end Pareas, and is expected to be of the last century, mainly in the most eliminated from the world by 1995. developed regions. In Mexico, the first This outstanding achievement has epidemic outbreaks started in the been made possible thanks to the 1940s and caused many victims. The availability of an excellent vaccine oral poliovaccine was made available coupled with successful vaccination in Mexico in the early 1960s. programmes. Few actions in public Coverage was low then, and mainly health have become so deservedly concentrated among well-to-do prestigious as the vaccination children. In the 1970s, a new national campatgns. programme reached much greater The first major achievement of the numbers of children and poliomyelitis immunization effort was the cases began to drop. eradication from the world of However, it was not until1985 that smallpox in the late 1970s. But the a new polio immunization initiative success with smallpox is only the took place, with the goal of reaching all children, regardless of social status Or Albert Bruce Sobin, who perfected the first most visible component of all the viable live vaccine against polio. many benefits conferred by or geographic location. This new immunization programmes strategy, focusing on "National worldwide. Not only have they Vaccination Days", was originally brought about the survival of children proposed by Professor Albert Sabin, who would otherwise have died; they the US scientist who developed the have greatly enhanced the quality of oral poliomyelitis vaccine. -
Renato Dulbecco
BIOLOGIE ET HISTOIRE Renato Dulbecco Renato Dulbecco : de la virologie à la cancérologie F.N.R. RENAUD 1 résumé Né en Italie, Renato Dulbecco fait de brillantes études médicales mais est plus intéressé par la recherche en biologie que par la pratique médicale. Accueilli par Giuseppe Levi, il apprend l’histologie et la culture cellulaire avant de rejoindre le laboratoire de S.E. Luria puis celui de M. Delbrück pour travailler sur les systèmes bactéries-bactériophages puis sur la relation cellules-virus. Il met au point la méthode des plages de lyse virales sur des cultures cellulaires. Il est aussi à l’origine de la virologie tumorale moléculaire. D. Baltimore, HM Temin et lui-même sont récompensés par le prix Nobel de médecine et physiologie en 1975 pour leurs travaux sur l'interaction entre les virus tumoraux et le matériel génétique du matériel cellulaire. Très tourné vers les aspects pratiques et expérimentaux de la recherche, il est resté le plus long - temps possible à la paillasse et a initié un très grand nombre de jeunes chercheurs. mots-clés : culture cellulaire, virologie tumorale, plages de lyse, bactériophages. I. - LA JEUNESSE DE RENATO DULBECCO C'est à Catanzaro, capitale régionale de la Calabre en Italie, que naît Renato Dulbecco le 22 février 1914. Sa mère est Calabraise et son père Ligurien. Il ne reste que très peu de temps dans le sud de l’Italie, car son père est mobilisé et sa famille doit déménager dans le nord à Cuneo, puis à Turin. À la fin de la guerre, la famille Dulbeco s'ins - talle à Imperia en Ligurie. -
8334 SIP SPRING 2010 10/2/10 14:58 Page 1
8334 SIP SPRING 2010 10/2/10 14:58 Page 1 70th Anniversary Lunch SCIENCE IN PARLIAMENT The Nutt Case Come Back GM Environmental Risks sip Spring 2010 The Journal of the Parliamentary and New UK technology for Scientific Committee sustainable agriculture www.scienceinparliament.org.uk 8334 SIP SPRING 2010 10/2/10 14:58 Page 2 SCIENCE IN PARLIAMENT There are 75 Advisory Bodies to Government in the STEM policy area. So, it was a very rare event when Secretary of State Alan Johnson asked Professor David Nutt to resign as Chairman of the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD), an event that has caused a lot of debate. The Government has set out its principles for engagement between Government and those that provide independent advice. However, it is reserving the right to take advice into consideration but to ignore it if political considerations override that advice. Not all will agree. The Department of Business, Innovation and Skills published its more sip detailed proposals for the allocation of funding under the new Research Excellence Framework (REF, which replaces the RAE) last September, The Journal of the Parliamentary and Scientific and has proposed weightings of 60% for outputs, 25% for impact and Committee. Dr Brian Iddon MP 15% for environment. The academic community has reacted strongly The Committee is an Associate Parliamentary Chairman, Group of members of both Houses of Editorial Board against these proposals, with 17,570 signatures being collected for an Parliament and British members of the Science in Parliament online petition in just seven weeks. -
Berichte Und Papiere 161, 2015: Biopics Der Unterhaltungsmusiker
Medienwissenschaft: Berichte und Papiere 161, 2015: Biopics der Unterhaltungsmusiker. Redaktion und Copyright dieser Ausgabe: Katja Bruns, Hans J. Wulff. ISSN 2366-6404. URL: http://berichte.derwulff.de/0161_15.pdf. Letzte Änderung: 24.1.2015. Biopics der Unterhaltungsmusiker: Eine Arbeitsfilmographie Nebst erster bibliographischer Notizen Zusammengestellt von Hans J. Wulff und Katja Bruns Inhalt: sichtlich ihrer Bedeutung als biographische Ausein- – Bibliographie andersetzungen mit den Biographierten, des analyti- – Filmographie schen Werts der Darstellung der Musikszene und – Index -industrie sowie der ästhetischen Qualitäten des je- weiligen Films mit bis zu drei Sternen auszuzeich- Die hier vorliegende Filmographie sucht die biogra- nen. Sofern wir uns nicht auf die Kenntnis der Filme phischen Filme über Unterhaltungs-Musiker seit stützen konnten, haben wir die zugänglichen Rezen- 1930 zu versammeln. Aufgenommen wurden aus- sionen zu Rate gezogen. Die Bewertungen im schließlich Langfilme mit einer Spieldauer von mehr einzelnen: als 60 Minuten. Nur marginal sind auch wenige Pseudo-Biopics und Mockumentaries verzeichnet *** herausragend (einschließlich weniger Filme über die Geschichte ** gut, interessant von Plattenlabels). Auf eine Differenzierung der Un- * akzeptabel ohne Kennzeichnung: inakzeptabel (bzw. auf terhaltungsformen (Musical und Operette, Showbüh- Grund der Quellenlage nicht zu beurteilen) ne und Revuetheater, Country-Music, Chanson, Schlager, Rock- und Popmusik etc.) haben wir ange- sichts des Nebeneinanders der Gattungen sowie des Literatur rasanten historischen Wandels der populären musi- kalischen Unterhaltungsformen verzichtet. Atkinson, Michael: Long Black Limousine: Pop Die Beschreibungen stützen sich zum geringeren Biopics. In Celluloid Jukebox: Popular Music and Teil auf Autopsie, größeren Teils auf die vorliegen- the Movies Since the 50s. Ed. Jonathan Romney & den Beschreibungen in Katalogen, Lexika und bio- Adrian Wootton: London: BFI 1995, S. -
MRI of Short and Ultrashort T2 and T2* Components of Tissues, Fluids
The British Journal of Radiology, 84 (2011), 1067–1082 REVIEW The Agfa Mayneord lecture: MRI of short and ultrashort T2 and T2* components of tissues, fluids and materials using clinical systems G M BYDDER, FRCR Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA ABSTRACT. A variety of techniques are now available to directly or indirectly detect signal from tissues, fluids and materials that have short, ultrashort or supershort T2 or T2* components. There are also methods of developing image contrast between tissues and fluids in the short T2 or T2* range that can provide visualisation of anatomy, which has not been previously seen with MRI. Magnetisation transfer methods can now be applied to previously invisible tissues, providing indirect access to supershort T2 Received 7 April 2011 components. Particular methods have been developed to target susceptibility effects Revised 29 April 2011 and quantify them after correcting for anatomical distortion. Specific methods have Accepted 30 June 2011 also been developed to image the effects of magnetic iron oxide particles with positive contrast. Major advances have been made in techniques designed to correct for loss of DOI: 10.1259/bjr/74368403 signal and gross image distortion near metal. These methods are likely to substantially ’ 2011 The British Institute of increase the range of application for MRI. Radiology It is a pleasure to thank the president and members extensively on neuroradiology, obstetrics and gynaecol- of the council of the British Institute of Radiology for ogy, as well as image perception. the opportunity to honour the memory of Professor During the first year of clinical MRI, only steady-state Mayneord, who had a pivotal role in founding medical free precession (SSFP), mobile proton density (rm) and T1 physics in the UK [1, 2]. -
The Beatles on Film
Roland Reiter The Beatles on Film 2008-02-12 07-53-56 --- Projekt: transcript.titeleien / Dokument: FAX ID 02e7170758668448|(S. 1 ) T00_01 schmutztitel - 885.p 170758668456 Roland Reiter (Dr. phil.) works at the Center for the Study of the Americas at the University of Graz, Austria. His research interests include various social and aesthetic aspects of popular culture. 2008-02-12 07-53-56 --- Projekt: transcript.titeleien / Dokument: FAX ID 02e7170758668448|(S. 2 ) T00_02 seite 2 - 885.p 170758668496 Roland Reiter The Beatles on Film. Analysis of Movies, Documentaries, Spoofs and Cartoons 2008-02-12 07-53-56 --- Projekt: transcript.titeleien / Dokument: FAX ID 02e7170758668448|(S. 3 ) T00_03 titel - 885.p 170758668560 Gedruckt mit Unterstützung der Universität Graz, des Landes Steiermark und des Zentrums für Amerikastudien. Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.ddb.de © 2008 transcript Verlag, Bielefeld This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License. Layout by: Kordula Röckenhaus, Bielefeld Edited by: Roland Reiter Typeset by: Roland Reiter Printed by: Majuskel Medienproduktion GmbH, Wetzlar ISBN 978-3-89942-885-8 2008-12-11 13-18-49 --- Projekt: transcript.titeleien / Dokument: FAX ID 02a2196899938240|(S. 4 ) T00_04 impressum - 885.p 196899938248 CONTENTS Introduction 7 Beatles History – Part One: 1956-1964 -
Prenatal Corticosteroids for Reducing Morbidity and Mortality After Preterm Birth
PRENATAL CORTICOSTEROIDS FOR REDUCING MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY AFTER PRETERM BIRTH The transcript of a Witness Seminar held by the Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL, London, on 15 June 2004 Edited by L A Reynolds and E M Tansey Volume 25 2005 ©The Trustee of the Wellcome Trust, London, 2005 First published by the Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL, 2005 The Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL is funded by the Wellcome Trust, which is a registered charity, no. 210183. ISBN 978 0 85484 102 8 Histmed logo images courtesy of the Wellcome Library, London. All volumes are freely available online at: www.history.qmul.ac.uk/research/modbiomed/wellcome_witnesses/ Please cite as: Reynolds L A, Tansey E M. (eds) (2005) Prenatal Corticosteroids for Reducing Morbidity and Mortality after Preterm Birth. Wellcome Witnesses to Twentieth Century Medicine, vol. 25. London: Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL. CONTENTS Illustrations and credits v Witness Seminars: Meetings and publications; Acknowledgements vii E M Tansey and L A Reynolds Introduction xxi Barbara Stocking Transcript 1 Edited by L A Reynolds and E M Tansey Appendix 1 85 Letter from Professor Sir Graham (Mont) Liggins to Sir Iain Chalmers (6 April 2004) Appendix 2 89 Prenatal glucocorticoids in preterm birth: a paediatric view of the history of the original studies by Ross Howie (2 June 2004) Appendix 3 97 Premature sheep and dark horses: Wellcome Trust support for Mont Liggins’ work, 1968–76 by Tilli Tansey (25 October 2005) Appendix 4 101 Prenatal corticosteroid therapy: early Auckland publications, 1972–94 by Ross Howie (January 2005) Appendix 5 103 Protocol for the use of corticosteroids in the prevention of respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants.