Mythos Und Moloch. Die Metropole in Der Modernen Hindi-Literatur

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Mythos Und Moloch. Die Metropole in Der Modernen Hindi-Literatur Mythos und Moloch Die Metropole in der modernen Hindi-Literatur (ca. 1970–2010) Johanna Hahn Mythos und Moloch Johanna Hahn Mythos und Moloch Die Metropole in der modernen Hindi- Literatur (ca. 1970–2010) Bei der vorliegenden Studie handelt es sich um die überarbeitete Fassung der am 16. Februar 2018 an der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Heidelberg verteidigten Dissertationsschrift „Die Stadt in der modernen Hindi- Literatur (ca. 1970-2010)“. Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.dnb.de abrufbar. Dieses Werk ist unter der Creative-Commons-Lizenz 4.0 (CC BY- SA 4.0) veröffentlicht. Der Umschlagentwurf unterliegt der Creative-Commons-Lizenz CC-BY-ND 4.0. Publiziert bei CrossAsia eBooks, Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg 2020. Die elektronische Open-Access-Version dieses Buches ist dauerhaft frei verfügbar auf CrossAsia eBooks: http://crossasia-books.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/ xasia. URN: urn:nbn:de:bsz:16-xabooks-718-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11588/xabooks.718 Text © 2020 Johanna Hahn Umschlagabbildung: Vikram Nayak, Delhi. ISBN 978-3-946742-71-5 (PDF) ISBN 978-3-946742-70-8 (Softcover) Jakob (1991–2013) Der Tod ist die Kurve in der Straße, Sterben ist nur dem Blick entzogen sein. Lausch ich, höre ich deine Schritte Sein, so wie ich bin. Die Erde ist aus Himmel. Die Lüge hat keine Bleibe. Keiner ging je verloren. Alles ist Wahrheit und Weg. (Fernando Pessoa) Inhaltsverzeichnis Anmerkungen zur Umschrift und Schreibweise von Namen .................................... ix Einleitung: Zur Bedeutung der Stadt in der modernen Hindi-Literatur ................... 1 1. Stadt schreiben. Populäre Bilder und Narrative von der indischen Megastadt (am Beispiel von Mumbai/Bombay) ............ 21 1.1 Mumbai/Bombay: die indische Megastadt par excellence .............. 21 1.2 Urbs Prima in Indis: Mumbai als Sinnbild des modernen Indiens ... 25 1.3 Traum und Illusion: Die māyāvī śahar .............................................. 36 1.4 Die Stadt im Kali Yuga: Urbanisierung und Werteverfall ................. 42 1.5 Zwischenfazit ..................................................................................... 48 2. Dämon, Gasse, Flaneur. Literarische Erkundungen des Stadtraums .......... 51 2.1 Literarische Topographien ................................................................ 51 2.2 Stadtkörper ........................................................................................ 54 2.2.1 Die Stadt als metaphorischer Container .............................. 55 2.2.2 Die Stadt als Person ............................................................... 59 2.2.3 Dämon Stadt .......................................................................... 65 2.3 Schauplätze ....................................................................................... 69 2.3.1 Reale und fiktive Schauplätze ............................................... 70 2.3.2 Wahrzeichen und Erinnerungsorte ....................................... 73 2.3.3 Zentrale urbane Lokalitäten ................................................. 76 2.4 Figuren- und Erzählperspektiven ..................................................... 88 2.4.1 Sensorisches Stadterleben ................................................... 93 2.4.2 Der saṛak'māp: Die Genese eines indischen Flaneurs ....... 114 2.5 Zwischenfazit ................................................................................... 136 3. Urbane Utopien zwischen nationalem Einheitsideal und postkolonialer Kritik (1970–2000) .............................................................. 139 3.1 Gescheiterte Moderne? Hindi-Stadtliteratur als kritischer Diskursraum ..................................................................................... 139 3.2 Im Dschungel der Großstadt: Zivilisationskritische Erzählungen . 143 3.3 (Alb)Traum Bombay: Utopische Erzählungen ................................ 152 3.3.1 Eine Hippie-Kommune in Bombay: „Die kranke Stadt“ von Rajendra Awasthi (1973) ................................... 154 vii Inhaltsverzeichnis 3.3.2 Orwells „1984“ in Hindi: „Bis zur nächsten Finsternis“ von Jitendra Bhatiya (1998) ............................. 160 3.4 Stadtschreiber der Nation: Auf der Suche nach dem postkolonialen Selbst .................................................... 167 3.4.1 Emanzipiertes Kalkutta: Swadesh Bharatis „Der Stadtfreund“ (1985) .................................................... 170 3.4.2 Kunst versus Kommerz: Manoj Rupra: „Unstrument“ (1998) ........................................................... 176 3.5 Zwischenfazit ................................................................................... 181 4. Von Bürgern und Fremden: Städtische Zugehörigkeit und Identität (seit 2000) ..................................................................................... 185 4.1 nāgarik'tā: Eine begriffsgeschichtliche Annäherung ..................... 185 4.2 Innensichten auf Bürgerschaft: Banaras (Varanasi) ....................... 191 4.2.1 Kashinath Singhs „Mohalla Assi“ (2002): Aufbau, Inhalt und Sprache .............................................................. 191 4.2.2 Banārasīpan: Im Spannungsfeld von Tradition(alismus) und Tourismus .............................. 195 4.3 Außensichten auf Bürgerschaft: Delhi ............................................ 205 4.3.1 Fremd in der eigenen Stadt? Von Außenseitern und ‚Unbürgern‘ .................................................................. 205 4.3.2 Uday Prakash: „Die Mauern von Delhi“ (2002) ................... 210 4.4 Zwischenfazit ................................................................................... 217 5. Schlussbetrachtung: Konservative Alternativen. Hindi- Stadtliteratur zwischen Ideal und Kritik der Nation .................................. 221 Autorinnen- und Autorenverzeichnis (Hindi) ......................................................... 231 Danksagung ............................................................................................................. 245 Bibliographie ........................................................................................................... 247 Register .................................................................................................................... 263 viii Anmerkungen zur Umschrift und Schreibweise von Namen Namen von Personen, Städten und Orten werden im Fließtext zugunsten der besseren Lesbarkeit ohne Diakritika und in deutscher (Ortsnamen) bzw. engli‐ scher (Eigennamen von Personen) Umschrift wiedergegeben, z. B. Kalkutta statt Kal'kattā, Swadesh Bharati statt Svadeś Bhār'tī, Sara Rai statt Sārā Rāy. Für die Autorennamen gilt, dass jeweils die vom Autor bevorzugte englischsprachige Schreibweise benutzt wird, also z. B. Vivek statt Viwek, Dixit statt Dikshit. Die vollständige Angabe Hindi-sprachiger Titel und Originalzitate in den Fußnoten und in der Bibliographie erfolgt nach den Umschriftkonventionen des NLAC- Systems für indische Schriften (mit dem zusätzlichen Elisionszeichen ', um den Ausfall des inhärenten a im geschriebenen Wort dort kenntlich zu machen, wo er nach den geltenden Ausspracheregeln nicht ersichtlich wird). Bei mehreren Versionen von Ortsnamen etwa im Falle von Mumbai (Bom‐ bay) oder Banaras bzw. Benares (Varanasi) orientiert sich die Autorin am Gebrauch der Namen in den literarischen Werken. ix Einleitung: Zur Bedeutung der Stadt in der modernen Hindi-Literatur Spätestens seit Salman Rushdies Welterfolg „Midnight’s Children“ hat sich der indo-englische Roman einen festen Platz im Kanon der Weltliteratur erobert.1 In der Regel siedeln die Autorinnen und Autoren ihre Handlung in einer der indischen Metropolen an: Salman Rushdie, Kiran Nagarkar und Jeet Thayil wählen Mumbai (Bombay) als Schauplatz. Die Romane von Amitav Ghosh und Neel Mukherjee spielen in Kalkutta und Rana Dasguptas „Capital“ sowie Arvind Adigas „White Tiger“ in der Hauptstadt Neu-Delhi.2 Im Zuge dieses Booms englischsprachiger Stadtromane aus Indien hat sich eine eigene Sparte in der Forschung etabliert, die untersucht, welche Bedeutung der Megastadt in diesen Romanen als Schauplatz von Familiengeschichte(n), Symbol für die indi‐ sche Geschichte und Kultur, als interkulturelle Kontaktzone oder realer und imaginärer Heimat der Charaktere zukommt.3 Stadtliteratur in Hindi genießt in den Kulturwissenschaften bislang nicht die gleiche Aufmerksamkeit wie die indo-englischen Stadtromane. Zwar haben sich in den vergangenen Jahren, ausgelöst durch einen breiten urban turn in den Kulturwissenschaften, vor allem indische, amerikanische und englische Vertreter der Subaltern Studies der regionalsprachlichen Populärkultur in den Metropolen zugewandt. Ihnen geht es darum, durch die Einbeziehung von künstlerischen Ausdrucksmedien jeglicher Art ein umfassendes Verständnis von urbanen Wahrnehmungs- und Erfahrungswelten zu erlangen. Diese Studi‐ 1 Rushdie, Salman (1981): Midnight’s Children. London: Jonathan Cape. 2 Nagarkar, Kiran (1996/1994): Ravan and Eddie. New Delhi: Penguin. Thayil, Jeet (2014): Narcopo‐ lis. London: Faber and Faber. Ghosh, Amitav (1988): The Shadow Lines. New Delhi: Ravi Dayal. Mukherjee, Neel (2014): The Lives of Others. London: Chatto & Windus. Dasgupta, Rana (2014): Capital. A Portrait of Twenty-First Century Delhi. Edinburgh u. a.: Canongate. 3 In ihrer Studie zu Salman Rushdies Romanstädten verortet Vassilena Parashkevova Bombay und
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