Tesis Doctoral

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Tesis Doctoral TESIS DOCTORAL luz y materia LA POESÍA ÚLTIMA Y LA PINTURA DE RABINDRANATH TAGORE COMO EMBRIONES DE LA MODERNIDAD INDIA agus morales puga DIRECCIÓN DRA. FELICITY HAND Departamento de Filología Española Facultad de Filosofía y Letras UNIVERSITAT AUTÒNOMA DE BARCELONA 2012 Índice Punto cero ....................................................................................................... 7 0.1. Introducción .............................................................................................. 7 0.2. Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941): vida y obra ....................................... 29 0.3. El contexto literario de Tagore: la India preindependiente ...................... 44 0.3.1. La modernidad literaria india (1800-1941) ....................................... 49 0.3.1.1. La implantación de la imprenta y la lenta desaparición de la poesía oral ...................................................................................... 53 0.3.1.2. Cambio del paradigma lingüístico e introducción del inglés como nueva lengua de prestigio ............................................................. 57 0.3.1.3. Respuesta a Occidente: revisión crítica de la cultura india, aparición de nuevas formas y consolidación de la prosa ....................... 61 0.3.2. El Renacimiento bengalí (1815-1919) .............................................. 69 Primera parte. La última luz de Tagore: los poemas de 1937 a 1941 ....... 75 1.1. Los pliegues del testamento literario de Tagore ....................................... 80 1.1.1. El giro lingüístico oriental de Rabindranath ..................................... 82 1.1.2. La tradición india y la meditación poética ........................................ 91 1.1.3. La revolución formal: innovaciones métricas en el último Tagore .. 99 1.1.4. Panteísmo poético: el “círculo de letras” tardío ................................ 112 1.2. El árbitro de la modernidad ...................................................................... 122 1.2.1. Tagore quiere ser llamado romántico ............................................... 126 1.2.2. El legado moderno de Rabindranath ................................................. 134 1.2.3. Tagore, en la encrucijada de la modernidad ..................................... 140 1.3. Mar final: los últimos libros (1937-1941) ................................................ 155 1.3.1. Las corrientes postagoreanas ............................................................ 157 1.3.2. El prólogo del último suspiro ............................................................ 162 1.3.3. La cosecha tardía .............................................................................. 167 1.3.3.1. Poemas de la frontera: Prantik (1938) y otros .......................... 169 1.3.3.2. Astronomía poética: Nabajatak (1940) ..................................... 176 1.3.3.3. El último cuarteto ...................................................................... 183 1.3.4. El resplandor de una terrible belleza ................................................. 193 Segunda parte. Materia viva: la obra plástica de Tagore (1924-1941) ..... 201 2.1. El arte indio moderno (1850-1941): orígenes y desarrollos ..................... 204 2.1.1. Caída del mundo clásico: el arte se independiza .............................. 205 2.1.2. La aparición fugaz del realismo ........................................................ 211 2.1.3. La Escuela de Bengala y la reacción orientalista .............................. 217 2.1.4. Los versos sueltos y la construcción de un lenguaje moderno: Jamini Roy y Armita Sher-Gil .................................................................... 223 2.2. Una aproximación a la estética en la tradición india ................................ 230 2.2.1. Las ideas estéticas de Rabindranath .................................................. 235 2.3. Los papeles de Tagore: un embrión de la pintura moderna ...................... 248 2.3.1. La intervención de Victoria Ocampo ................................................ 252 2.3.2. El volcán: la erupción creativa de Rabindranath .............................. 269 2.3.3. El mapa de la nueva fabulación: materia, línea y color .................... 284 2.3.4. Ladera oeste: las afinidades occidentales ......................................... 299 2.3.5. Raíces orientales: lo indio y lo panasiático en la pintura de Tagore .. 311 2.3.6. El primitivismo y la máscara tagoreana ............................................ 316 2.3.7. Enseñar la modernidad: la importancia de las exposiciones ............. 325 2.3.8. La obra plástica de Tagore o el borrador de la India moderna .......... 332 Tercera parte. Poesía y pintura: un diálogo solar ...................................... 342 3.1. A modo de conclusión .............................................................................. 355 Bibliografía primaria .................................................................................... 365 Bibliografía secundaria ................................................................................. 368 Libros de Tagore en bengalí ......................................................................... 388 Libros de Tagore en inglés ............................................................................ 396 Apéndice .......................................................................................................... 399 A) Manuscritos: los borrones de Tagore ............................................... 399 B) Pinturas: los papeles de Rabindranath ............................................. 406 C) Otros artistas .................................................................................... 422 D) Poemas ............................................................................................. 424 Para Joana y su conocimiento Agradecimientos Esta tesis homenajea en su título a mi Maestro y orientador, Alfonso Alegre, autor del luminoso libro de poemas Sombra y materia. La redacción no habría sido posible sin la paciencia y sabia dirección de Felicity Hand. Se han visto arrastrados por mis obsesiones Joan Pau Inarejos Vendrell, Maria Rosa Vila, Jesús García Bueno, Igor G. Barbero y Dana Johnson. Me han prestado su ayuda Subhro Bandyopadhyay, Bhaswati Thakurta, Nilanjana Bhattacharya, Soumik Nandy Majumdar, Nilanjan Banerjee, S.P. Ganguly, Aveek Majumdar, Ion de la Riva, Òscar Pujol y Nabarun Bhattacharya. Agradezco el trato de la Universidad Visva-Bharati, el centro de Rabindra Bhavan (en Santiniketan y en Delhi), Kala Bhavan, la Galería Nacional de Arte Moderno de la India, la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona y la Escuela del Llobregat. Hay refugios morales innombrables. Y la sorpresa de que mis padres siguen apoyando todo lo que hago. Notas La pintura de la portada está incluida en el apéndice (número 11). En las transcripciones se ha buscado un equilibrio entre la tradición ortográfica, el genio de la lengua española y la pronunciación original. En el apartado 0.2. se justifica la transcripción de Rabindranath Tagore. Al poeta bengalí se le conoce mejor por su apellido en Occidente y por su nombre en la India: en este trabajo, alternamos ambos. Se ha apostado generalmente por las iniciales minúsculas; también para la palabra dios, en este caso siguiendo a Juan Ramón Jiménez. En esta tesis se han versionado directamente fragmentos de obras en otras lenguas: las traducciones son propias a no ser que se indique lo contrario. Tan solo se han conservado las versiones originales de pasajes o palabras que habrían perdido mucho significado en el viaje de la traducción. La fecha de publicación de los libros de Tagore se incluye cuando se cree importante para el contexto, pero al final de la tesis se han recogido todos los años de aparición de las obras de Rabindranath. 0.1. Introducción “Y un día traté de llegar directamente al silencio con más resignación, rindiéndome a la fatalidad que gobierna toda lucha profunda. Los millones de furiosos zarpazos se convirtieron en millones de granos de polvo, de arena… Ante mí se abrió de repente un nuevo paisaje, igual que en la historia del que atraviesa el espejo, como para comunicarme la interioridad más secreta de las cosas” (Tàpies-Valente, 2004:49). Quien confiesa esto es el pintor catalán Antoni Tàpies, que evoca la sorpresa de cuando descubrió, por primera vez, que sus cuadros se habían convertido en muros. Una sorpresa que mudó en estupor cuando supo que “los templos del Zen tenían jardines de arena formando estrías o franjas parecidas” a las de sus cuadros o que “los orientales ya habían definido determinados elementos o sentimientos en la obra de arte que inconscientemente afloraban entonces” en su espíritu. Aún hoy es laborioso para algunos académicos distanciarse del estudio de las fuentes, las influencias o la filiación, herederas de la hora francesa del comparatismo, como la denominó Claudio Guillén. Ya sabía Steiner (2001:121) que “[i]ntuitivamente, buscamos la analogía y el precedente, los rasgos de una familia (de ahí, „familiar‟) que relacionan la obra que es nueva para nosotros con un contexto reconocible”. Se trata del método que intenta analizar “la transmisión de temas, de asuntos, de motivos, de personajes, de corrientes, de escuelas, de un país a otro o, mejor, de una lengua a otra” (Villanueva, 1996:207). Una gran cantidad de estudios ha visto la luz en esta tradición, que tanto rendimiento histórico y literario ha dado. El poeta indio y bengalí que centra esta tesis no es una excepción, sino todo lo contrario: Rabindranath Tagore
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