Introduction
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Notes Introduction 1. Alexander Wendt, Social Theory of International Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), p. 90. 2. Ekkehart Krippendorff, Die Kunst, nicht regiert zu werden: Ethische Politik von Sokrates bis Mozart (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1999), p. 8. 3. See Hans-Georg Gadamer, Truth and Method, second revised version, trans. J. Weinsheimer and D. G. Marshall (New York: Continuum, 1999), p. 52; Terry Eagleton, The Ideology of the Aesthetic (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1990), p. 102; Wolfgang Welsch, Ästhetisches Denken (Stuttgart: Reclam, 1993), p. 7. 4. Orhan Pamuk, Other Colors: Essays and a Story, trans. Maureen Freely (New York: Alfred Knopf, 2007), p. 357. 5. Gao Xingjian, The Case for Literature, trans. Mabel Lee (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007), pp. 38, 78. 6. Ibid., p. 46. 7. Ibid., pp. 54–5. 8. Hans Magnus Enzensberger, Poesie und Politik (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1987/1962), p. 135. 9. Debbie Lisle and Alex Danchev, ‘Art, Politics, Purpose’, forthcoming in Review of International Studies. 10. See, for instance, Chris Brown, “‘Special Circumstances”: Intervention by a Lib- eral Utopia’, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 30, No. 3, 2001, pp. 625–33; Fred Halliday, “‘High and Just Proceedings”: Notes Towards an Anthology of the Cold War’, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 30, No. 3, 2001, pp. 691–707; Richard Ned Lebow, The Tragic Vision of Poli- tics: Ethics, Interests and Orders (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003); Steve Smith, ‘Singing our World into Existence: International Relations The- ory and September 11’, International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 48, No. 3, 2004, pp. 499–515. 11. Or so claims one (otherwise very insightful and far-sighted) policy review of the United States’ engagement with North Korea. See William J. Perry, Review of United States Policy Towards North Korea (Washington: US Department of State, 1999), http://usinfo.state.gov/regional/ea/easec/nkreview.html, pp. 5, 12. 12. Friedrich Nietzsche, ‘Über Warheit und Lüge im aussermoralischen Sinn’, in Erkenntnistheoretische Schriften (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1968), p. 103. 13. The sophistication of realism is perhaps best captured in two classical international relations texts: E. H. Carr, The Twenty Years Crisis, 1919–1939 (London: Macmil- lan, 1946); and Hans Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1948/1973). For recent attempts to revive the critical dimensions of these works see Michael Williams, Realism Reconsidered: the Legacy of Hans Morgenthau in Inter- national Relations (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007) and Murielle Cozette, ‘Reclaiming the Critical Dimension of Realism: Hans J. Morgenthau on the Ethics of Scholarship’, Review of International Studies, Vol. 34, 2008, pp. 5–27. For general surveys of realism see Jack Donnelly, Realism and International Relations (Cam- bridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000); Michael Joseph Smith, Realist Thought 189 190 Notes from Weber to Kissinger (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University, 1986); Stefano Guzzini, Realism in International Relations and International Political Economy: the Continuing Story of a Death Foretold (London and New York: Routledge, 1998); Dun- can Bell (ed.), Political Thought and International Relations: Variations on a Realist Theme (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008). 14. Oliver P. Richmond, The Transformation of Peace (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005) and Peace in International Relations (London: Routledge, 2008). 15. Friedrich Nietzsche, Daybreak: Thoughts on the Prejudices of Morality, trans. R. J. Hollingdale (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), p. 39. 16. Roland Barthes, Image, Music, Text, trans. Stephen Heath (London: Fontana Press, 1977), p. 17. 17. See David Levi Strauss, Between the Eyes: Essays on Photography and Politics (New York: Aperture, 2003), p. 45. 18. François Debrix, ‘Rituals of Mediation’, in François Debrix and Cynthia Weber (eds), Rituals of Mediation: International Politics and Social Meaning (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2003), pp. xxiv, xxvii–xxx. 19. See Jonathan Friday, ‘Demonic Curiosity and the Aesthetics of Documentary Photography’, British Journal of Aesthetics, Vol. 40, No. 5, 2000, pp. 356–75. 20. See, for instance, Barthes, Image, Music, Text, p. 19; Susan Sontag, Regarding the Pain of Others (New York: Farrar, Strauss & Giroux, 2003), p. 46. 21. Barthes, Image, Music, Text, pp. 17–19. 22. John Berger, ‘Uses of Photography’, in About Looking (New York: Vintage, 1980), p. 55. 23. John Berger, Ways of Seeing (London: Penguin, 1977), p. 9. See also Gordon Graham, Philosophy of the Arts: an Introduction to Aesthetics (London: Routledge, 1997), p. 88. 24. Guy Debord, La Société du Spectacle (Paris: Gallimard, 1992), p. 4. 25. Strauss, Between the Eyes,p.45. 26. Gao, The Case for Literature, pp. 32–3. 27. James Scully, Line Break: Poetry as Social Practice (Seattle: Bay Press, 1988), p. 4. 28. George Goodin, The Poetics of Protest: Literary Form and Political Implication in the Victim-of-Society Novel (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1985), p. 194. 29. See, for instance, Barbara Harlow, Resistance Literature (London: Routledge, 1987). 30. Scully, Line Break,p.5. 31. Graham, Philosophy of the Arts,p.42. 32. Jacques Rancière, The Politics of Aesthetics: the Distribution of the Sensible, trans. Gabriel Rockhill (London: Continuum, 2004), p. 13. 33. Ibid., p. 63. 34. Maureen Whitebrook, ‘Introduction’, to Whitebrook (ed.), Reading Political Stories: Representations of Politics in Novels and Pictures (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1992), pp. 5, 7. 35. Maureen Whitebrook, ‘Taking the Narrative Turn: What the Novel Has to Offer Political Theory’, in John Horton and Andrea T. Baumeister (eds), Literature and the Political Imagination (London: Routledge, 1996), p. 32. 36. Richard Rorty, Contingency, Irony and Solidarity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. xvi; Martha Nussbaum, Poetic Justice: the Literary Imagination and Public Life (Boston: Beacon Press, 1995), p. 5; Philip Darby, The Fiction of Imperi- alism: Reading Between International Relations and Postcolonialism (London: Cassell, 1998), p. 47. Notes 191 37. Ernest Hemingway, A Moveable Feast (New York: Touchstone, 1996), p. 1. 38. John Updike, ‘Mind/Body Problems’, New Yorker, 26 January 2004, p. 90. 39. Michael Wood, Literature and the Taste of Knowledge (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), p. 190. 40. Ibid., pp. 38, 41. 41. Ibid., p. 190. 42. Milan Kundera, The Art of the Novel, trans. Linda Asher (New York: Perennial Classic, 2000), p. 122. 43. Darby, The Fiction of Imperialism, p. 192. 44. Susan Sontag, ‘Fascinating Fascism’, New York Review of Books, 6 February 1975. For a selection of more recent engagements with this theme see Steven Bach, Leni: the Life and Work of Leni Riefenstahl (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2007); Michiko Kakutani, ‘Triumph of Wilful Blindness to the Horror of History’, New York Times, 13 March 2007; Frederic Spotts, Hitler and the Power of Aesthetics (New York: Over- look Press, 2003). See also Tim Redman, Ezra Pound and Italian Fascism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991). 45. Martin Heidegger, ‘Wozu Dichter’, in Holzwege (Frankfurt: Vittorio Klostermann, 1977), p. 272. 46. George Kateb, ‘Aestheticism and Morality: Their Cooperation and Hostility’, Political Theory, Vol. 28, No. 1, 2000, p. 6. 47. For various attempts to separate Heidegger’s political views from his philosophical insights see John D. Caputo, Against Ethics: Contribution to a Poetics of Obligation with Constant Reference to Deconstruction (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993), p. 227; Leslie Paul Thiele, Timely Meditations: Martin Heidegger and Post- modern Politics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995), p. 9; Fred Dallmayr, Between Freiburg and Frankfurt: Toward a Critical Ontology (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1991) and The Other Heidegger (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993). 48. Jane Bennett, The Enchantment of Modern Life: Attachments, Crossings, and Ethics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), p. 152. For a similar argument see Goodin, The Poetics of Protest, p. 194. 49. See Murray Edelman, Art and Politics: How Artistic Creations Shape Political Concep- tions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), pp. 58, 143–4. 50. Nicholas Higgins, ‘Image and Identity: Mexican Indians and Photographic Art’, in Social Alternatives, special issue on ‘Painting Politics’, Vol. 20, No. 4, October 2001, pp. 22–36. 51. Louise Amoore, ‘Vigilant Visualities: the Watchful Politics of the War on Ter- ror’, Security Dialogue, Vol. 38, No. 2, 2007, pp. 215–32. David Campbell’s work explores in detail how photography influences constructions of identity and the relationship between the West and the non-West. See, for instance, his ‘Geopoli- tics and Visuality: Sighting the Darfur Conflict’, Political Geography, Vol. 26, 2007, pp. 357–82. 52. Higgins, ‘Image and Identity’, p. 35. 53. Ibid., p. 26. See also Nicholas Higgins, Understanding the Chiapas Rebellion: Mod- ernist Visions and the Invisible Indian (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2004); and James R. Ryan, ‘Photographing the Natives’, in Picturing Empire: Photography and the Visualization of the British Empire (London: Reaktion Books, 1977). 54. Rancière, The Politics of Aesthetics,p.61. 55. Alberto Manguel, The City of Words (Toronto: Anasi Press, 2007), p. 22. 56. Gao, The Case for Literature, pp. 62–3. 192 Notes 57. Morton Schoolman, Reason