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The Biographic and Poetic Dimensions in Gary Synder's Green Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Dissertations Graduate College 8-2007 The Biographic and Poetic Dimensions in Gary Synder’s Green Buddhism Poetry: Cold Mountain, Mountains and Rivers Without End, and Danger on Peaks Byoungkook Park Western Michigan University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations Part of the Buddhist Studies Commons, Creative Writing Commons, and the English Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Park, Byoungkook, "The Biographic and Poetic Dimensions in Gary Synder’s Green Buddhism Poetry: Cold Mountain, Mountains and Rivers Without End, and Danger on Peaks" (2007). Dissertations. 903. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations/903 This Dissertation-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE BIOGRAPHIC AND POETIC DIMENSIONS IN GARY SYNDER’S GREEN BUDDHISM POETRY: COLD MOUNTAIN. MOUNTAINS AND RIVERS WITHOUT END. AND DANGER ON PEAKS by Byoungkook Park A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of English Dr. Daneen Wardrop, Advisor Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan August 2007 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. THE BIOGRAPHIC AND POETIC DIMENSIONS IN GARY SNYDER’S GREEN BUDDHISM POETRY: COLD MOUNTAIN POEMS. MOUNTAINS AND RIVERS WITHOUT END. AND DANGER ON PEAKS Byoungkook Park, Ph.D. Western Michigan University, 2007 From the perspective of ecology, many scholars have examined works of Gary Synder, who is an environmental activist, a peasant-Buddhist, and one of the most beloved and significant poets in the East and West. While his poems have been widely read, they have been rarely articulated from the perspective of East Asian Mahayana Buddhism or, which I would call, Green Buddhism. Considering this, my dissertation focuses on Snyder’s Green Buddhism poetry and delineates the concept of Green Buddhism and how it has emerged in his Green Buddhism poetry over the past fifty years. According to my research, his poetic dimensions should be divided into three, and each dimension is closely related to his biographical stage. Based on this, the concept of Green Buddhism will be discussed at the beginning of my dissertation. Then, each chapter of my dissertation focuses on Snyder’s representative poetry collections by following his biographic and poetic dimensions: Riprap and Cold Mountain Poems (1965), Mountains and Rivers Without End (1996), and danger on peaks (2004). My research points to ways in which Gary Snyder encourages readers to live harmoniously with other living creatures on this planet, Earth. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 3284748 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ® UMI UMI Microform 3284748 Copyright 2007 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Copyright by Byoungkook Park 2007 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My initial thought of activism and ethics of Green Buddhism began in earnest during my childhood in Korea, and Snyder’s Green Buddhism poetry deepens it during my doctoral studies at Western Michigan University. I would like to thank Dr. Stephanie Gauper, who is a Great Mother to me, Dr. Mark Richardson, who led me to Snyder’s poetic world,- and Dr. Shanda H. Blue Easterday who revised many drafts to narrow the gab between what I had in my mind and what was written. Dr. Kwang- soon Cho’s constant support on my studies is also essential to finish this project. Secondly, I would like thank those who helped me to develop a cornerstone for this project, especially Dr. Allen Webb, Dr. Eve Salisbury, Dr. Seamus Cooney, Dr. Todd Kuchta, and Dr. Scott Dykstra. Dr. Sheng-mei Ma and Dr. Marilyn McCullough of the Michigan State University also inspired me to vision this project. I also deeply thank the members of my dissertation committee, Dr. Amie Johnston, Dr. Jil Larson, Dr. Gwen Tarbox, and Dr. Bother Anthony, who read through my dissertation and filled me with many insightful ideas. I am particularly indebted to Dr. Daneen Wardrop who patiently encouraged me to keep working on this project during my doctoral studies. Finally, I thank those to whom I have dedicated this dissertation: my parents and wife, Meehee Joe, whose love and support have sustained me through the eight years of my doctoral studies and this dissertation. Byoungkook Park ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.................................................................................... ii CHAPTER I. THE BIOGRAPHIC AND POETIC DIMENSIONS IN GARY SNYDER’S GREEN BUDDHISM.......................................................... 1 Understanding Snyder’s Biography and Poetry................................. 7 Exploring Three Biographic and Poetic Dimensions: Riprap and Cold Mountain Poems. Mountains and Rivers Without End, and danger on peaks................................................................................. 15 II. TRACING SNYDER’S GREEN BUDDHISM THROUGH PASSAGE THROUGH INDIA: SNYDER’S GREEN BUDDHSIM............................................................................................. 20 The Ethics and Visions of the Historical Buddha and Green Buddhism.......................................................................................... 25 Tow Oldest Major Schools of Buddhism and Their Ecological Practices: Theravada and Mahayana................................................. 39 Meditation School of East Asian Buddhism and Snyder’s Green Buddhism: Chinese Chan, Korean Son, and JapaneseZen ................ 48 m RECONSTRUCTING SNYDER’S “COLD MOUNTAIN POEMS”: POEMS OF HANSHAN IN RIPRAP & COLD MOUNTAIN POEMS................................................................................................... 62 Connecting East Asian Poetry to American Poetry: Snyder’s Revitalization of Cold Mountain Poems ............................................ 66 Understanding Chan Buddhism and Taoism in “Cold Mountain Poems”: How to Interpret “Tao,” “HanShan,” and HanShanTao”.................................................................................... 80 iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Table of Contents—continued CHAPTER Comparing the Poems of Crater Shan to HanShan’s Poems: Shaping the American Pacific Rim Identity in Snyder’s Early Poems.................................................................................................. 91 IV. THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF MOUNTAINS AND RIVERS WITHOUT END: AMERICAN LANDSCAPE IN SHAN- SHU-HUA................................................................................................. 103 Traditional East Asian Paintings and Philosophies Behind Snyder’s Mountains and Rivers Without End: shan-shu-hua, the Paintings of Mountains and Rivers ...................................................................... 109 Snyder’s Endless Streams and Mountains” Behind Chinese Landscape Painting, Streams and Mountains Without End................. 123 Vision of Emptiness Behind “Finding the Space in the Heart” 137 V. BIOGRAPHIC AND POETIC SIMILARITIES BETWEEN GARY SNYDER AND KO UN: GREEN BUDDHISM IN danger on peaks.......................................................................................................... 145 The Activism and Ethics in Snyder’s Green Buddhism Poetry: “What to Tell, Still” and “After Bamiyan”........................................... 150 The Poetic and Spiritual Communion among the Buddhist-Poets: Gary Snyder and Ko Un in danger on peaks......................................... 158 Korean Activism, Buddhism, and Cosmopolitanism in Ko Un’s Poetry.................................................................................................. 164 VI. GREEN BUDDHISM AND GARY SNYDER’S POETRY..................... 178 APPENDIX WRITTEN PERMISISON FROM KATHELEEN KORNELL, THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM OF ART................................................ 186 ENDNOTES......................................................................................................... 188 BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................................ 198 iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright
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