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An extraordinary public servant, who will not write his McNamara Seen Now, is by BROCK BROWER

He would be sitting there in his pect. Some people are saying shirtsleeves, behind that cavernous we're only acting with restraint be- General Pershing desk in 3E080 of cause we're overextended, but the Pentagon, concentrating so that's not why. We're not overex- hard that—with his pug nose, his tended. It's because you've got to hunched neck and set jaw, his act with extreme caution when long, black hair just a little shaggy you're in contact—or near contact over the back of his collar—he'd --with an adversary, in the shad- look. despite the glasses, almost a ow of nuclear power. shade Neanderthal, "Robert Mc- "The second corollary has to Namara works at his day different do with the matter of nuclear su- from you and me," one of his .As- periority. You hear that word 'su- sistant Secretaries onae told me. periority' cropping up again and "He works all the urne, i still again. But superiority is not supe- haven't ngured out his powers of riority any more. If you were an concentration. You can just see intellectual. you'd say. contrary to him in there, tense. his feet Gertrude Stein, a rose is 1101 a wrapped around the chair legs. rose is trot a rose. Superiority is tt's like a laser beam boring not superiority is not superiority. clown." Often he wouldn't look Numerical superiority in nuclear up until I reached the corner of weapons does not give you any ca- the desk. But then immediately, pability whatsoever to protect your atter the briefest courtesies, he'd political power." get me right back on seine matter By then I would have caught he was worried he'd left dangling, up with him. even begun to ques- some not-quite-fully-structured re- tion a few of his points, but mark he'd let slip maybe two never could get over feeling Ina. weeks ago after a day's skiing out Nally cowed by the way he could in the Rockies. "I want to add a always so instantly pick up any couple of corollaries to what we past train of thought—re this par- were talking about in Aspen." And ticular case, one I would have while I was still struggling to dig said lay honed out on some ski the original premise up some- slope under at least 40 inches of where nut of those past inow- flesh powder. How, in the midst dnits. he would he off on an exact of a week when, as he later said linn of argument, with what would himself, 'we lost four nuclear probably have been, back there in bombs, inadvertently invaded Colorado—if he hadn't been re- Cambodia- and got pirated nn the laxing—his next forceful point. high seas by a tenth-rare power," "I was saying that you must did he manage to remember ex- nave nuclear weapons, but you actly where he d left off, days can only commit murder—sir sui- back, with me? cide—when you use them. They Yet when I asked him as much, don't give you any capability for Ire simply shrugged. lie wasn't a military response to anything less conscious of any mental gymnas- than a threat to your very exis- tics. The subject of restraint in a tence. It's taken seven years to nuclear age happened to lae, he get that across ro NATO, but the said, "very much on Inv rund," Europeans are coming along with and the sudden, carefully keyed us now. I think history will record flow of idea, was, if anything, en- that we did at last get people to grained habit. In fact, a hahit of recognize the realities of strategic power, the very power that ire nuclear warfare. used to control the immitigable, "Now, the first corollary is this worldwide, fateful operations of business of restraint in the appli- the Defense Department for sev- cation of power. You've got to en years, to impose his will upon have overwhelming power, sure, what he once called "a jungle" but it's got to he applied with re- and leveled, for a time at least, to straint. Any war in a nuclear age a plain. lie was the only one who has to he fought with restraint. ever "really ran the place," so This is especially pertinent in the many have said; and he did so, case of the Pueblo. Several con- over a longer tenure than any pre- gressmen have said, 'Blow a god- vious Secretary of Defense, by just dam city off the map,' but—and this resiliency of mind, this force this is extremely important—we of intellect. He managed, however memoirs, opens up about himself haven't yet fired a shot. That's the briefly, to solve that maze of 7,000 strategy of restraint. It's had two offices, 150 staircases, 17/a miles clear successes—Berlin and Cuba. of corridors, etc., which can so ef- One partial success—Vietnam. fectively hide actual military And now there's a clear need for strength—or the lack of it—in it with the Pueblo. Very interest- the windings and turnings of in- ing that there's not so much ob- numerable cross-purposes His Full Length jection to this now as you'd ex- hard answer was a single, orderly CONTINUED

would be stopped first? What McNamara CONTINUED study and thought. It was way would our ships do if the Rus- down low among the 90% of mat- process, called the Planning-Pro- sians refused to stop? Admiral An- ters that he tried to decide im- gramming-Budgeting System (PPBS), derson answered by holding up a mediately, because no decision by which he insisted all the copy of U.S. Navy Regulations and would still have been a form of services think through their re- remarking that the Navy had been decision. "I'm never going to quirements—not in big words, but operating blockades successfully write what other people said at in exact quantities—to suit a con- since the days of John Paul Jones. moments of crisis and tension." sistent, much saner appraisal of McNamara replied that the trou- he states flatly. He'll talk, in the their several missions. "The Army ble was the Navy hadn't learned broad, about some of his own was preparing for one length of anything since the days of John inner triumphs—the "terrific ela- war, and the Air Force for an- Paul Jones, and walked out to set tion" he felt, for example, when other," he states one clear in- up exact, clear-cut procedures for the Soviet ships suddenly went stance of the problem. "There controlling the quarantine through dead in the water during the mis- had to be control at the top, his own office. "What Admiral An- sile crisis—and even about a few total departmental control to re- derson didn't understand," McNa- of his errors. "I get charged with solve a conflict like that." mara says, reflecting on the in- the TFX. It's nothing compared And, indeed, it was just such cident, "was that the quarantine to the Bay of Pigs, or my failure control that many felt, during his was not just a blockade. It was a for four years to integrate off- last months in office, might finally line of communication from Pres- base military housing. I don't You reach for Kur 's be slipping from him. The struc- ident Kennedy to Premier Khru- want you to misunderstand me the easy way to cushMit and ture he had founded upon plan- shchev." Or as Nitze explains: "It when I say this, but the TFX was ning protect those tendetspots and logic, carried forward by became a question of execution, only money. We're talking about the careful construction of syllo- from painful friction. and McNamara was just deter- blood, the moral foundation of gism upon syllogism, seemed sud- Dr. Scholl's Kurotex felt mined that the execution would our future, the life of the nation, denly threatened by the chaos of padding can be cut to fit any take into account all the foreign when we talk about these other events half a world away. Espe- policy considerations down to the things." But as for any gossip part of your foot. Adhesive cially after the Vietcong's Tet of- backing keeps it where finest detail. Anderson just didn't from higher counsels, any hint of fensive, the old emotionalism of you put it. realize how deep down into the the sallies and passions and clashes the military, which he had so long structure that authority was going that touch grand strategy. they So put protection where the kept down, appeared to revive, to reach." And so he ended up as are immediately, rigidly, some- pain is with Dr. Scholl's putting forth a fervid Resolve to ambassador to Portugal. thing else again. Kurotex. In box or can. Win and an overbearing request From the very beginning, Mc- for 206,000 more troops. Estimates Namara had determined upon this 'We dreamed up of his real impact upon the Pen- penetrating reach, this cerebral a'Scholls Kurotex tagon turned critical and, even dominance over the Defense De- the quarantine with the President's final decision partment. "I asked President Ken- to follow once again the counsels nedy if he wanted a socializing, of restraint, there still remains a speech-making Secretary," he re- over lunch' question as to whether McNamara calls, "or a working Secretary, "They're raw material," he dis- has established more than person- which I could be." When Ken- misses them, "not history." They ally—permanently, institutionally nedy granted him full authority as occur in what he likes to call "a —his ideal of systematic control. a working Secretary, he started free-thought environment," and right off by issuing an immediate are privileged by their sensitivity, He bypassed an round of questions concerning 96 but even more so by their im- projects to all appropriate depart- precision. After all, what force do admiral who cited ment heads, which soon became they reliably measure, what con- known in the Pentagon as "Mc- tingency do they accurately de- John Paul Jones Namara's Ninety-six Trombones." fine? He has only the most re- They first announced, by their loud luctant memory for them and over Certainly he sought that control trump, his dire, analytical ap- the years has kept no notes. "Oh, aggressively, bringing to bear at Don't grown-ups know? proach. "It meant the top people a few" He wrote something down, the top an intellect that reached had to do a lot of staff work them- at President Kennedy's request, down everywhere into the bottom selves," continues Nitze, "and he during the missile crisis, and when of things, exceeding swift, after insisted that this be done right really pressed, he will finally ad- Every the apprehension of the minutest down to the lower levels. It ir- mit he has some recollection how details. "His mind works awfully ritated the devil out of some peo- the idea for the blockade orig- litter bit fast," says Paul H. Nitze, his last ple who were used to doing things inated. "Ideas don't come from Deputy Secretary. "Other people the other way—by arbitrating, act- any one man, you realize," he KEEP have gone to the first, second and ing as judges. Also, he often knew first cautions. "You pick them up third levels, but he gets right to hurts AICAMER 10 times as much as the people everywhere" But in this particular kAglif the fourth level. He drives right viii who came to see him anyhow." case, he happens to remember that into a Problem." Even, sometimes, He depended for these quanta of "Ros"—Roswell Gilpatric, his first right over those who might seem knowledge upon a memory which Deputy Secretary—"Ros and I first to be obstructing a solution, e.g.. Nitze describes as "differential," discussed the idea of a quarantine Admiral George W. Anderson, i.e., not photographic but selec- over lunch." He waves toward the CNO, in the Navy Flag Plot at the tive, able to slough off all ex- door to the conference room height of the Cuban missile crisis. traneous and unimportant matters. where he usually takes his noon When McNamara arrived there to A disciplined, precise, capacitous meal and unwraps a little from observe the location of various recollection that can always pro- his chair, even hikes his right leg Russian shipping headed toward duce the needed figure, the prop- up over its arm "We were at our Cuba, he began raising points that er train of thought, additional cor- wits' end, not knowing how to re- Admiral Anderson confidently °RAMOSE TROUBLES IN YOUR ROME? ollaries; but then again, never, very spond. The two principal proposals considered to be the Navy's own CALL Kkot LOCAL likely, any memoirs. had been either knock-the-hefl- business: Were there Russian in- In fact, he has already decided out-of-them or don't-do-anything terpreters aboard the blockading ROTO=ROOTER against any memoirs. Ever. It Neither of which, of course, was AM. NM ships? How would the Soviet wasn't even among the 10% of de- going to get the missiles out of freighters be hailed? Which ship And away go troubles down the drain cisions that he felt required some Cuba. We felt that there must be

CONTINUED 78 Introducing the only

side-by-side that packs to see 10 years from now what McNamara CONTINUED the judgment will be," he allows, 25 cu. ft.into a space just something in the middle." So they not without an inkling of opti- explored the middle for options, mism. Meanwhile, he has gone 353 and once they'd hit on the idea over to the World Bank—a job he /4' wide, and has more of the quarantine: "No, I. never certainly sought; but much more changed." a job, as one close associate very exclusive food, time and But already this is saying too carefully puts it, that, given much. The right leg drops back enough time to consider, he might money-saving features down again. "I'll stand," he says have wanted—leaving as his only instead, "by those 42 red-covered apologia those bound volumes than any other brand. volumes." Monumental folios, im- that he insists comprise the Es- posingly shelved, containing his sential, if not the Complete, The Amana 25 is only 35%' wide, precisely reasoned, expository of- McNamara. yet it holds 16 cu. Ft. in the refrigera- ficial papers, perhaps most im- It is, naturally enough, a high- tor and 9.3 cu. ft. (326 lbs.) in the portant among them his pres- freezer. ly factual work. He has always idential memoranda. These were tried to be as factual as possible, But you get a lot more than space: the chief instruments he used to right down to the number of Amana exclusives like separate cold Anima draw down the factious military tear gas cannisters missing after controls in the refrigerator and freezer into internal agreement on de- the Pentagon demonstration— (set one without affecting the other). fense policy. Every spring they "There were nine we couldn't A Power Saver to cut your electric were bucked around the Pentagon account for. The soldiers tell us bill. A meat keeper that's really a to gather all comment on any mili- they were stolen from them by "refrigerator within a refrigerator." It tary matter that should be laid, the demonstrators"—and right up has its own cold control—keeps meats in all shades of opinions, before to the number of nuclear war- fresh up to twice as long as ordinary the President. "I wanted a vehicle heads with which the U.S. and meat trays. Adjustable cantilevered —and President Kennedy was very shelves* (on recessed tracks to Russia confront each other: 4,500 pro- interested in a vehicle—to ac- to 1,000. He even insisted on put- vide more usable space). quaint him with the background ting the relevant facts of his own Extra-convenience features include on military decisions. But the more private concerns clearly into an optional automatic ice maker the I thought about it, the more it record. Way back during hearings (shown), b utter conditioner, glide- seemed like a good device to get on his confirmation, for instance, out basket for hard-to-store items, the views of appropriate depart- he told the Senate Armed Ser- automatic juice-can dispenser and ments for my own review. By vices Committee that, in order to much more. Plus Amana's exclusive passing these back and forth, we resolve any conflict-of-interest 5-Year Total Appliance Warranty. were able to force the divergent problems, "I desire that my finan- See the Amana 25, 22 or 19 at views to the surface. I insisted cial affairs be public property." your appliance dealer. They're the that each party of interest com- He then proceeded to offer the biggest-but-slimmest side-by-sides ment. Initially, of course, they senators so much say in the prop- sold today. All three are available in wouldn't say red was red, be- er disposition of $1.5 million from white, avocado or coppertone. The 25 cause they were afraid we'd use his Ford Motor Company holdings and 22 are also available in decorator it to say black was white." But that, finally, the late Senator Styles models with 329 panel designs from eventually, according to one man Bridges scribbled a hasty note alas 25 which to choose. Meal SOI-ILIE high up on the buck sheet, these and sent it by Senate page to Gil- memoranda became "amazingly patric: For Cod's sake, tell him open and frank, and made clear to stop making concessions! Yet, what his decisions were, and why," for all his facts, for all his scru- so that there was some basis for pulosity on the record, he still the rest of what those 42 red-cov- emerges from this monumental ered volumes contain. work of many hours and days as its chief unresolved character, an His faith, from honored public servant whose pri- vate feelings and innermost com- Toynbee, in mitments are the subject of al- most perpetual speculation, as if history's verdict not one of his facts really came near the personal truth about the "They're far better sources than man. any personal memoirs," he insists. There has been, therefore, a "They're written just as precisely" wide polarization in the estimates —his highest claim for any public of Robert Strange McNamara. If paper—"as a lawyer's brief." Be- it was "McNamara's war" for a sides, he feels that only the years considerable time to the doves, it ahead—no present assessment, let was also "McNamara's bombing alone -his own—will decide the pause"—those 37 days in 1965-66 rightness of his decisions on nu- —to the hawks. And while he was clear strategy, pardon or condemn long thought to be the indispens- his own deep role in the bitter able man to the President, and is Vietnam war. "What's going to still deemed to be a close adviser, throw light on all this is the pas- he has never ceased to be regard- sage of time." He has a faith in ed as the inestimable friend to the eventual verdict of history tak- Senator Robert F. Kennedy—and en very much from Arnold Toyn- more than proved himself such by bee—another 10 volumes on the allowing his testimony to Kenne- shelf, only at home—and sees, in dy's "energy, courage, compassion his own Response to Challenge, and wisdom" to so obtrude on laird be • saavad ail/4.4 Ma ••••■•4111. at least the possibility of progress. the Indiana primary campaign. He /4rtscingar_ _ • A.... •••••••••,1..,. Arm. art*Waft 4111•••••• Cavan "It's going to be very interesting has been called a 1.1rwe Teta Amlirea Wawa Amax. arab a 5 ...... t an 40..., 4.4,..$ .../...4. U/ 'A. E....a., humab com- "i•• ,an alt a mak aroma, Iamb hat, of at. Mold aka. . seoluFaxt, aro4 nokesed..1.6.1,A.....1, daalliee.... carat.. 0 ,o 4 dm CONTINUED .....1 alaa if • , mamma ,..... 4-, awn. dee. at ma aertearsai.1al la.. at cal.a.. Oa. co our. ...., a..a. •••■■••e• .4 mat al• ...1.••••••••11pAon. all la A McNamara CONTINUED

puter so often that the remark itself sounds taped, yet he is also credited with an abiding, if tightly sealed, humanitarianism based on the deepest convictions about the worth of the individual. He is at- tacked as the man who hedged, or even lied, about the Gulf of Tonkin until the Senate Foreign Relations Committee found him out; but, likewise, as the man who carried a heavy burden of dis- illusionment and moral doubts about the Vietnam war during his last, attritive days at the Pentagon. He is tasked so many different ways that he almost disappears as a man among all the contradictory estimates of his character. How, for instance, can he possibly be the cold systematist of cost-effec- In Room 3E880 at the Pentagor, Mc- tiveness, the ultrarationalist, when, Namara worked at two desks. The one as Senator Robert F. Kennedy says, that the justification for the war in Snowmass-at-Aspen, with clear at right was used by World War I "all my sisters would rather sit lies in the obligation to help cer- notice that this was considered General Pershing. Portrait at eft is lames Forrestal, first Defense Secretary. next to him at dinner than any- tain Asian nations protect them- the justice due "a baby-burner," body else"? selves from various internal and an epithet that particularly angers He has had sufficient of this external encroachments, ultimately him. He came close to hitting nonsense by now to want to an- to be traced back to a potentially somebody who hurled it at him if it were an operational concept. swer some of it directly himself, expansionist China. He has talked once, but managed to remind him- "To some degree, my view of e.g., the accusation that he is noth- to all the non-Communist Asian self that it only "reflected the basic loyalty is in the nature of a belief ing but a bloodless piece of in- leaders and accepts their judg- tensions in the country." He wor- about how men move forward to- tricate circuitry. "That just rubs ments over any estimates of a dif- ries a lot about these tensions, ward some objective. A group of me raw. I don't really believe in fering mood within the vast Asian about the way the war and other people in any pursuit—a church computers. When I was at Ford, I populace. "They all support us," harrowing issues have divided peo- or educational structure, for ex- had a reputation for refusing to he claims, referring at minimum ple so abrasively into opposing ample—establishes an objective, let them into my division. The to the American presence in Viet- camps, though he believes that if and unless in effect each is loyal idea that you need that much pre- nam, "even though some of them people in general would bother to the organization, the objective cision on most matters is absurd. have problems within their own to think a little bit historically, cannot be reached. If each begins "All I'm trying to do is think pre- countries that keep them from they'd realize matters have been to substitute his own judgment, cisely myself. I've got to think pre- openly expressing themselves." far worse in the recent past. "They you fragment and weaken the or- cisely. The cost of being wrong is He sides very much with the 14 don't look back to the '30s. I don't ganization. It's far better to move very, very high. A conclusion has eminent scholars—including for- know how it was in the rest of together toward a reasonably ac- to be justified. You ought to be mer Ambassador to Japan Edwin the country, but where I was, it ceptable goal than toward one just able to go back and see how you 0. Reischauer—who, while asking was hell. Parents of my friends a few degrees off from it, on your got there, for a greater flexibility of ap- were committing suicide." own. That's how I would define "I get emotional myself," he proach, especially in the military That, however, is as far as he's loyalty. In the current situation, finally admits, "about the irration- effort, still spoke out last Decem- willing to expose his own thoughts you have a President who was ality of the critics of reason." ber in favor of a continuing U.S. on Vietnam. The really tough ques- elected by the people, and I make He also sees little reason why presence in Asia. "I accept that tions about the actual course of it an absolute, fundamental rule his application of cost-effective- philosophic statement. It says it the war he declines to answer on that I am not going to shade my ness to military decisions should much better than I can, gives a the grounds that any discussion actions, either to protect myself be considered such an organiza- firm foundation to our commit- of them by him now only "rais- or to try to move him." tional wonder. "That's nothing. I ment in Vietnam." es a lot of imponderables." That As this kind of loyalist, he can can do that with one hand tied be- is enough, if only barely enough, he seen at his most adamant dur- hind my back. I'd been doing it What hurt of an excuse to get him off the ing any appearance before Con- for 15 years before I .came here, hook, but his real reason goes gress, e.g., at the recent Tonkin and it ought to be expected of a most: the epithet to something much deeper in his Gulf hearings when he refused to man in this job. character: a precisely attuned, ex- admit a single point that might in "All it means is that you never 'baby-burner' actly measured, almost corporate any way undermine the Adminis- put into an instrument more than sense of loyalty. Any personal tration's originally stated objec- is needed. Don't chrome-plate a But, at the same time, he is acute- comment he might make could tives in seeking the Tonkin Gulf crowbar. I'd be a damn fool to ly sensitive to what he calls "the conceivably cross a little off-slant resolution. Under the most hostile buy a professional carpenter's stigma of Vietnam," both as it with what the President has de- questioning, he will not duck or hammer to use myself around the attaches to himself and as it af- cided, and—since he has already redirect the pressure. "He's got house. Sears has built their busi- fects the country. He has been had his chance to argue his own his marching orders," says Jack L. ness on this basis. Good, Better, encircled by demonstrators not views in camera—he flatly will Stempler, Assistant to the Secre. Best. The real benefit it has is that just at the Pentagon but also in not allow that to happen. Not be tarp in charge of legislative af- it requires you—in order to de- his car at Harvard and even out cause the President is Lyndon fairs, "and he doesn't walk away cide Good, Better or Best—to de- in the middle of Aspen Meadows, Baines Johnson, not even really because he's being beat on the fine the job." where some 70 protesters stood because the President is the Pres- head. I've never seen a man will- He recognizes that he is very staring in at him through a pic- ident, but because the President ing to take so much intemperate, much part of the "deep contro- ture window one summer after- has a paramount position in an abuse, sometimes for a position I versy" over the Vietnam war, but noon as he ran from the shower organizational structure, is "the know he's already taken the oppo- refuses to enter into any discus- to catch a ringing telephone. There instrument we, the people, de- site of." He continues loyal be- sion of underlying moral issues. have been several attempts to set pend on for self-government." yond his congressional testimony, Publicly, all McNamara will say is fire to his rustic, lofty new home He talks about loyalty almost as even into his most private remarks.

CONTINUED 83 For seven years, McNamara was at the center of the group that de- McNamara candidate. But he admits he was sometimes dogmatic, about the CONTINUED cided national policy. Here in not so naive as to believe his state- reasoned use of military power; Cyrus Vance, another former Dep- White House Cabinet Room are ments would not be used for po- in fact, as long as he had re- uty Secretary and the closest ad- (left to right against windows): litical purposes, and moreover, sponsibility for its furtherance as Humphrey, Clark, Freeman, Gold- viser McNamara had in the Penta- emphasizes that he is not going the President's policy, he was in- berg, Rusk, McNamara, Wirtz, gon, has never heard him, for to remain silent, given any ap- clined to consider any violation Gardner, Weaver and Lodge. instance, say one word that would propriate opportunity, about any "a heresy." "Around Washington, in any way distinguish working phase of his own seven-year ef- there is this concept of 'the high- for President Kennedy from work- fort to bring balance and reason er loyalty,'" he says with just an ing for President Johnson. "It's into the use of force in a nuclear edge of contempt. "I think it's a something he would never discuss the Joint Chiefs of Staff deserted age. He clearly sees Kennedy as heretical concept, this idea that with anybody." him in favor of missiles, went so very much a partisan in this strug- there's a duty to serve the nation McNamara himself explains, far with Congress that he even- gle, especially against right-wing above the duty to serve the Pres- "The moment you do it, your pri- tually had to he excommunicated. cries for more temerity in military ident, and that you're justified in vate remark doesn't stay private," The Navy was in a more or less posture, and chose, despite the doing so. It will destroy democ- and because he kept the strictest constant state of apostasy, partic- possible indiscretion, to make Ken- racy if it's followed. You have to ularly over the Tfx, a swing-wing rein on himself during his time as nedy's contributions known. It was subordinate a part of yourself, a airplane that was supposed to have Defense Secretary, he was able to a risk taken for a close friend, part of your views." And he was "commonality" for both Navy and carry on certain relationships that one that seems to fit with Ken- determined that the military, too Air Force use; it presently exists might otherwise have appeared nedy's own view of their ongoing readily inclined toward "end runs" in its Navy version as the F-1118, disloyal, in particular with Bobby attachment: "We'd been through to Congress in the name of "the still to take off from a carrier, Kennedy. a lot of trying experiences togeth- higher loyalty," should especially a heavy item to be weighed, at In fact, McNamara's sudden er, shared views that were similar, adhere to his precepts. $9 million per plane, against Mc- public praise of Kennedy—which were allies during President Ken- "We slapped down awfully hard Namara's reputation for infallibil- has brought him under harsh at- nedy's administration. There is a on that," he admits. "When I first ity. And finally, there was the tack for breaking the nonpolitical bond that it would have been dif- got here, I had a top secret mes- gradual falling away of C1NCPAC, tradition of his position with the ficult to sever. Other people sage from Dean Rusk on my desk a kind of "little Pentagon" out in World Bank—seems all the more turned away from me to further one day. The next morning I Hawaii, with charge of prosecuting surprising for being so out of char- their own positions whom I didn't opened up the newspaper, and the air war in North Vietnam, that acter: It was Kennedy, "acting with expect would do it, but if he'd there it was, paraphrased. I hadn't created the first visible schism in his brother's consent, who did so done it, 4 he'd been any differ- even had a chance to make up Vietnam strategy by its open chal- much to organize the effort, mon- ent, I'd have been the most my mind about it. I thought I was itor the results and assure the com- lenge last summer to his restric- shocked person in the world." the only one who had a copy, but pletion of work on which rec- tions on bombing certain targets. them turned out to be a certain ommendations to the President But except for the unfortunate ran- His troubles right to duplicate, an automatic cor of this last dispute, which left were based." McNamara argues distribution. So we traced it to its himself, however, that his com- pall over his own departure, with 'heresy' and one of the departments, sent out McNamara ments on Kennedy's role in the managed to put down an investigative force, and disci- heresy better than any previous 1961 Berlin crisis and the 1962 plined the individual." He suffered Cuban missile crisis amount to a 'higher loyalty' Secretary and assert the ultimate other, far more divisive outbreaks supremacy of his own office. reporting of the opinions and Yet it was really as much the pol- of "heresy" during his seven years. It would be a mistake, however judgments of a close associate dur- icy as the friend that brought Mc- General Curtis E. LeMay tried to —and one too often made by his ing times of stress already several Namara out of his self-imposed neu- convert all around him to his bi- critics—to consider McNamara years past—something quite dif- trality into this flirtation with pol- lief in the B-70, a follow-on bomb- merely a soulless organizer. He ferent from an endorsement of a itics. He has always been firm, er for the B-52, and, when even sees no point at all in system with- CONTINUED

84 FOR PEOPLE WHO LIKE As the American flag broThed the back of his head, young Robert McNamara, then 8, posed intently for this fourth-grade class picture at Lakeview gram- mar school in Oakland, Calif.

McNamara CONTINUED Kennedy, and those first two weeks, and"—tapping the cards— out deep purpose, and actually, "these." The second conversation the more human that purpose, the followed his initial refusal to take more attracted he is to the task of the secretaryship because "I felt organization. He admits, for in- unqualified, I really did." But stance, to a considerable interest when Kennedy asked him to re- in the administrative and organi- consider—after all, Kennedy point- zational techniques that the ed out, there weren't any schools churches of the world use to car- to qualify Presidents either—he ac- ry on their traditions, "I was just quiesced, and returned to Wash- fascinated by Pope John's experi- ington, exacting only one condi- ence—how this man came into tion: absolute authority in his this organization, the tremendous choice of people. Kennedy agreed difficulties he had," McNamara to stand behind him on that, and says. He is Presbyterian himself— he set himself up in a suite full of though in a way that "would prob- telephones at the Shoreham Hotel ably shock my fellow Presbyte- for the next two weeks. "I just rians: my religion is more a stayed on that damn phone until doctrine of ethics, a belief in the I had the people I wanted," he re- relationship of man to man"—but calls. "I was looking for intelli- he can still understand, even per- gence, experience and wisdom. It's haps envy, the size of the late a very dangerous proposition, hir- Pope's organizational challenge. ing people you don't know. So I "Imagine what would have hap- went to the highest categories of pened if the Church had united people, where there'd already behind him to modify the ob- been some automatic selecting- jectives some 200 years old," he our —e.g., heads of the Rand Cor- says, with some relish. In a like poration, the Lawrence Radiation way, his own search after proper Laboratory at Livermore, et al., of- organization is something of a ten as not former Rhodes Schol- questing, and he speaks, for all ars. By the time he was done, he his rationalism, in almost fervid had assembled a group that, large- terms about bringing men together ly to a man, stayed with him to work toward an immensity of through the seven years, moved purpose that can only be self- from job to job with intellectual lessly, i.e., institutionally, real- ease and administrative versatility, ized. "We," he says, "and I use and developed a disciplined, can- IN-SINK.ERATOR 'we' advisedly. It has been 'we.' ny, preemptive way of thinking DISPOSER You have to have an 'I,' but it's that settled, hopefully forever, the really been 'we.' " question of civilian control. "I MOMENTS AFTER MEALS—AND NOT A SPECK OF GARBAGE don't think any President or Sec- LEFT, THANKS TO THE STAINLESS STEEL DISPOSER WITH J.F.K. said: there THE DOUBLE WARRANTY retary is going to take it from now on when a military man More In-Sink-Erator disposers are sold than any other. Faster, quieter, are no schools comes in and says, 'This must be dependable In-Sink-Erator is the one and only witkexcluzive features like: special grinders that shred citrus rinds, pits, bones not recommended done,'" one of them concludes for for Presidents "From now on, he's going to ask, others; sound-softening baffle; automatic reversing switch that double. 'Why?' " shredder life; "Wrenchette" that dears jams. He used to have a packet of file If Model 77 were ordinary, we'd give an ordinary warranty. Instead there's McNamara used these men very cards in the upper-right-hand drawer personally, scouting them all a lifetime corrosion warranty on all stainless steel and all interior parts of that Pershing desk, all the touched by water . . plus 5-year parts protection. Little wonder In-Sink- around the Pentagon to bring the Erator is Number One. Don't you deserve the best? jottings and leads he'd taken down various services and agencies into about the people he eventually mesh with his own office and, WIN 515.000 WAUSAU 3-BEDROOM WATERight HOME! brought to the Pentagon. Wrapped • Nothing to buy. Got entry hem langiok-Brator later, to repair any organizational dealer. Or mind your nom. and Wilsons to: Ia- up in a green rubber band, breakdown. Nitze, for instance, Sink-Erator, Boa 364, Racine, Wis. 03406. Sweep- those notes on various men's in- stake. and. Sept. 30, iSea. Void wham prohibited. started out as Assistant Secretary dividual abilities represented for for International Security Affairs, Celebrating our 30th Birthday him the real underpinnings of the then suddenly became Secretary IN-SINK-ERATO Re organizational structure he finally of the Navy when a near scandal Originator and perfecter of the garbage disposer built. "It all came out of that sec- broke around Fred Korth, and IN-SINK-ERATOR MANUFACTURING CO. • RACINE, WIS. 53406 ond conversation with President finally ended up as Deputy Sec-

CONTINUED INS ENGLISH LEATHER LIME

In 1943, McNamara left teaching post at Harvard Business School for the Air Force, where he set McNamara CONTINUED up a revolutionary statistical con- trol program. He was discharged retary of Defense. Dr. Harold as a lieutenant colonel in 1946. Brown went from Director of De- fense Research and Engineering to Secretary of the Air Force. Vance moved from General Counsel to Secretary of the Army to Deputy not in terms of any absolute Secretary of Defense. It was one ceiling.- way that McNamara met his initial Rut this involved an entire re- rear that 50% of his trouble was vamping of the way moneys would going to be an inability, within he spent, so McNamara brought that maze, to pin responsibility on in Charles 1. Hitch of the Rand anyone. He had his own lines out Corporation as his new Comptrol- The lasting lime scent in a shower soap with its own through these people and, quite STAYS convenient cord—and deodorant for 24-hour protection. ler, to realign the budget around Shower soap on a cord $2. Handy stick deodorant $1.25. typical of his approach—no mat- missions instead of services. In Convenient Aerosol $1.25. ter where he had Vance in the other words, money would go, for LIMY PRODuCTSOF MEM COMPANY, INC ,N0811f/N.E. N 0760 organization—if there was civil example, into the hardening of disorder, Vance and toe Califano missiles from funds specifically —no matter where Califano was earmarked Strategic Forces, and LONGER —were put in charge or pre- not into two experimental fighters venting riot. for the Navy and two experimental fighters for the Air Force. "In the Instead of massive spring of 1961, I went to him with these plans," Hitch remem- When you give retaliation, bers. "I had a general schema that the United Way I estimated would take a full year flexible response to develop on a department-wide you give to basis. I suggested a trial run, some He wanted people, too, who could selected programs, that we see understand and help realize new what resulted and begin a whole policies that were oriented broad- program next year. He said, 'That's ly around the entire defense es- fine, but we'll do it all this year.'" tablishment, not just around par- Hitch shakes his head over how ticular jobs. The defense budget. "very, very crude and rough" that U S 0 tor instance, had long been crude- first five-year plan had to be. "It ly handled at the Pentagon, par- just meant a hell of a lot of quick, United Service ticularly during the Eisenhower arbitrary decisions, but I've never United States Savings Bonds era, as an already baked pie (from Organizations Huy them whore you work or conk seen a man so hard to discour- the Bureau of the Budget) to be age; and, in the end, he was right." sliced up hungrily, often sloppily, The new defense plans required by the three services. Massive re- an additional $10 to $12 billion a taliation was the only doctrine that year—even before the huge ex- economically survived—making penditures began for the Vietnam the Air Force, in Secretary Brown's war—but that rise would have TIRED? words, "the single arm of Amer- gone even higher without McNa- (DUE TO OVERWORK OR LACK OF SLEEP) ican foreign policy"—much to the mara's stiff cost-reduction program • despair of some, like Nitze, who and his stern insistence on stan- saw the clearest requirements for dardization. The cost-reduction conventional forces—i.e., in case program has now saved some $15 of a Berlin crisis or an incursion billion, going into its seventh year. into Southeast Asia. McNamara, And the single Defense Supply seeking exactly these alternatives Agency has stopped such absurdi- through a policy of flexible re- ties as competing service versions sponse, wanted the question of of a butcher's smock or 27 pages military posture taken out from of specifications for a 100 wash- TAKE THE ACTIVITY BOOSTER! under budgetary dictation. "He cloth that will do for only one had this one basic view that the service. Here and there, however, nation could afford what was an item has managed to escape needed for national defense," him. "He never was able to Nitze explains. "He was very hard- achieve a single standard on belt nosed about each segment. but buckles," says one of McNamara's

CONTINUED 88 CONTINUED swer right off. He was just waiting supply people. Three services wear for the dialectic to work it out." brass, but the Marines continue to Moreover, McNamara was most paint theirs black. And I think it willing to calculate "the unused still frustrates him." potential of the Department of De- Cost figures certainly did per- fense" and to project that force meate defense thinking during his rehabilitatively into "the solution WE'VE GOT THE NAME secretaryship, but in a way that of the social problems wracking has never been quite fairly un- our nation" through such pro- FOR THE GAME. derstood. Mathematical analysis is grams as Project 100,000—a de- a refinement in human judgment, liberate lowering of the educa- not an abdication to the com- tional standards to allow that many puters. With a nonquantitative of the marginally educated to ben- approach to nuclear strategy, you efit from the armed services' num- get a lot of words about the Red berless training programs each menace," points out Dr. Alain En- year. "McNamara has said that the thoven, now Assistant Secretary for actions of the Department of De- Systems Analysis, "but when you fense have resulted in more in- begin talking about how to spend roads on poverty than any pro- $1 billion on ICBMS, the words gram labeled 'poverty,'explains don't help you much." Alfred B. Fitt, Assistant Secretary for Manpower. "Any department How 175 Russian which administers 10% of the gross national product, with influ- divisions came ence over the lives of 10 million people, is bound to have an im- down to 27 pact. The question is whether it's going to be a dumb, blind im- One good example of a quan- pact, or a marshaled and ordered titative solution—which did in- impact. deed help straighten out a lot of "McNamara wanted to marshal defense thinking—is the way in that impact by committing defense which Dr. Enthoven sharply re- resources to social goals that were duced those 175 Russian divisions, still compatible with the primary supposedly all set to overrun Eu- mission of security. In fact, he felt rope, by simply costing them out. this was wholly justified by the "Why is it, I asked myself, that military situation; that, for in- What's in a name? K-28 irons, with weight we're always paying more and en- stance, there was a requirement Plenty if the MIME is scientifically- placed joying it less than the Russians?" for open housing because, in this Wilson. Wilson has been for maximum power where He calculated that to equip 175 di- man's Army, the least of these leading the way down club head meets ball. visions on anything like the U.S. was entitled to the same as the the fairway for years And they unanimously scale, the Russians would have to most of these." with its K 28 club, spend over $17 billion a year, favor the extra distance McNamara blames himself for why so many more than the U.S. was spending built into the K.28 hall, not having followed up hard golfer, buy then, on all kinds of military procure- enough on open housing until too. And its finish that ment in the early 1960s. So the 1966, when he pressed Vance to They like the Strut a Bloc stays white for life! NATO strategists admitted that begin surveys and establish goals, For your new clubs and maybe some of those Russian di- particularly around the Washing- maple are bonded halls, pick Wilson—the visions were on paper, that only ton, D.C., area. The real estate together for strength and name that's number one. 80 were actually ready to overrun agents near military installations Aqua Tite' sealed to mum Europe. Then Dr. Enthoven came have begun to break down, but he keep out moist are and , up with the "people paradox." "I still feels he mistakenly let a direc- maintain perfect balance used to beat up on the CIA with tive go too long without a check- this one: If 960,000 troops in the up on results. They strongly approve U.S Army came to only 16 divi- Results. Tangible, measurable the dynamically balanced sions, how was it that 2 mil- results. That is what McNamara ex- lion Russian troops came to 80 pected, demanded from all these AND IT ADDS UP divisions?" Finally Enthoven sug- endeavors—"He has no patience gested that somebody find out with programs where the results TO A NICE CARD. how much it would cost to "buy" are lost," says one of his staff— a Russian division—manpower, keeping on top of the department equipment, transportation, sup- by working a six-, sometimes sev- port, etc —and it turned out en-day week that was budgeted net that three complete Russian di- down as fine as the next 10 min- visions could be "bought" for utes between 7:15 a.m. and 7:30 04ParAr,41, the price of one U.S division. p.m. That is, in part, what saved That brought the Russians down him, what kept him still function- v4,t-Ab *v4r4111i, to 27 "combat-available division- ing after seven years, a rigid sched- forces," which began to make ule that he only varied to ac- tt4•"1t4ite sense. "It took years to penetrate commodate the President "He's the fog, but it gradually emerged an extraordinary man," said Un- that we could get to an equilibrium der Secretary of the Army David in Europe," Dr Enthoven says. E McGiffert, "but even an ex- "Nobody had bothered to look traordinary man couldn't have into this before 'You're terribly done it without this strict disci- naive,' they'd tell me. McNa- pline of himself." mara, of course, saw the right an- Yet, now that he is gone, there CONTINUED

811 McNamara CONTINUED ly for the further chance it's given us to stop arms proliferation. I arises that hard question as to doubt if we would have had an just how much this extraordinary offer from the Russians for a lim- man really did manage to do, how itation on strategic nuclear arms lasting a change, beyond this re- without the test ban. And I don't structuring of the department for think we've heard the final word greater efficiency, he actually from them on that either. Over wrought upon the country's mil- the next five or ten years things itary establishment. Within the could change. I feel the test ban military, the goals for action in affected security favorably for Vietnam now lift perilously toward decades." the prevention of World War III It was also, ironically, his own in Southeast Asia, kept down only McNamara served two Presidents persuaded McNamara to leave with equal tight-lipped loyalty. greatest personal achievement by the President's political sen- Ford. After Kennedy's death, Pictured in New York (above) be- within the Pentagon. "He couldn't sitivity in this difficult election he became Johnson's adviser. Be- fore his inauguration, Kennedy low they talk in Cabinet Room. do it just by ukase and decree," year. Even discussion of nuclear Gilpatric points out. "He had to Strategy begins to move away from use persuasion, education." Mc- his own calculated acceptance of Namara says himself that he spent "parity" with the Russians to some "hours and hours, days and days catastrophic dream of "superiori- and days" with the Joint Chiefs of ty" over the Russians. Do his seven Staff, "dissecting the test ban in years of cautionary, rational au- the minutest detail. thority—often, despite Vietnam, "The key to getting the treaty exercised toward a lessening of approved," he admits, "was get- tensions, toward peace—amount ting the Chiefs on board. We went to yet another example of the vani- over every single argument, insist ty, however impersonally dis- ing that once a premise was de- guised, of human wishes? stroyed, the argument be given Perhaps this is some reason why up." If the Chiefs said they were the strategy of restraint was so im- afraid the Russians would hide a mediately on his mind during his bomb test underground, experts last days behind that Pershing were brought in to say just how desk. "That would have been the big, how deep, how impossible subject of my next speech," he the hole would have to be to ac- eventually admitted. His whole complish that. He also took on thought, his inner resolve rest even the demonstration at the position, but he was still strong the Chiefs separately before he upon that one particular convic- Pentagon. "We had an over- for restraint because it gave us took them on together, and won tion: that overwhelming force whelming force, 3,000 troops that more maneuverability." an early and "most unexpected must always be available, but that nobody knew were here, behind McNamara's insistence on re- ally" in General David Shoup, force itself must be exercised with the only door the demonstrators straint borders on a passion; and commandant of the Marine Corps. restraint. "I don't know whether I might enter," he says. "But then it may, in fact, arise from a partic- Then, according to Gilpatric, "by needed the Bay of Pigs to teach it this is the restraint. When the ular passion, seldom admitted, that setting up the safeguard program to me, but after that, I certainly un- troops moved out, they only used Mrs. John F. Kennedy even sug- —keeping the whole testing ap- derstood it." He blames that ill- the pressure of their bodies. Not gests is guiding. "Peace. That's all paratus intact on a stand-by basis, fated adventure on "a complete one rifle was loaded, not one bay- he cares for," she insists after hav- and conducting specific war games misappraisal of the situation," and, onet was fixed. And the way I ing known him quite some time to be sure the know-how was kept to a considerable extent, on him- know they didn't fix bayonets," now. "Here he was, supposed to up—,he got the Chiefs with him." self personally. "I didn't know the he adds, a little imperiously, "is amalgamate this seething furnace, "There is a tremendous lesson facts." that I stood there at the window run the greatest war machine in in this," McNamara comments. and saw that they didn't." the world, and all that he really "Whenever you move into arms The Bay of Pigs— The missile crisis was undoubt- cared about was that it was never limitation, you enter into new edly his most successful applica- used." The womanly exaggeration risks, but you also give up old 'a complete tion of this strategy, but perhaps in these words shouldn't diminish risks. Here, the danger to health, his most dramatic advocacy of it their import. Nothing in McNa- to unborn generations, even the misappraisal' came earlier, during the Berlin cri- mara's stern, machinate public danger of the Russians narrowing sis in 1961. Bobby Kennedy still manner may give much hint of the gap by testing. What led the The failure of the invasion made remembers with some awe a meet- this state of mind. He is so com- Chiefs to support the ban was a bitterly clear to him the necessity ing of a subcommittee of the Na- petitive, so determined to oblit- full examination of these and oth- for always having that overwhelm- tional Security Council right after erate all opposition in any public er alternative risks." ing force available. Without it, Dean Acheson returned from Ger- debate that it's easy to mistake Still, McNamara himself ap- there is simply no possibility of many. "It was quite a confronta- him for a total belligerent. But he proached the ban as "an article of continued action, no opportunity tion. Here was Acheson with all is only really aggressive in pure ar- faith," again according to Gilpat- for applying force one step at a this experience, the acknowledged gument, in realms of abstraction ric. "He was the prime mover, the time—realistic, precisely under- expert, arguing for a massive in- where, as he says, "we're not deal- mastermind. But he was very care- stood, and limited. However, in the volvement. Then McNamara came ing with two nuclear powers." ful not to become visible. This particular case of the Cuban inva- forward with the most brilliant ex- Otherwise, he has spent much of time he was the eminence grise, sion, he has even a further objec- position I've ever heard for taking these past seven years searching where he was usually the prin- tion, on moral grounds. "I wouldn't certain steps but leaving our op- for honorable ways to climb down cipal spokesman." Perhaps be- have done it at all. What was tions open. I don't mean that and away from the actual threat cause sponsoring a test ban, often wrong from the beginning was a Acheson's arguments were com- of nuclear holocaust. This is what in an alignment that set the De- large country associating itself with pletely defeated. We were all a lot of his aggressive debating fense Department and the Arms an effort to overthrow the govern- somewhat uncertain at the time. has been all about. Control and Disarmament Agency ment of a smaller country." But McNamara had the forceful- "The test ban," he remarks, giv- against the Joint Chiefs and the In varying ways, he attempted ness, the method of argument that ing some hint at last of this in- Secretary of State, might seem "a to apply this strategy of over- most impressed President Kenne- ward conviction, "was one of the curious role for the war minister." whelming power applied with re- dy. McNamara, of course, knew greatest achievements of President The exercise of a restraining straint to every crisis he faced, the possible weaknesses of his own Kennedy. Partly for itself, and part- veto over new weapons systems

CONTINUED

PI McNamara CONTINUED ' Despite arguments with brass, Mc- might seem an even more curious Namara worked well with General role for the war minister, but Mc- Earle Wheeler, head of Joint Chiefs, Here they are at a Senate hearing. Namara summarily rid defense plans of the B-70, Skybolt, Dyna- Soar and many other monsters of the various services' imaginings. disputes," reflects General Earle G. He was much criticized for these Wheeler, Chairman of the Joint excisions, especially for letting Chiefs of Staff, philosophically, down the British by the cancella- "but I don't believe that this Ely- tion of Skybolt. But actually, his sian situation will ever be clear eye for future obsolescence achieved." He denies, however, and immediate infeasibility ben- that there was ever a split be- efited the country's military pos- tween the Chiefs and McNamara ture as much as its budget. "A over anything as clear-cut or res- newly proposed airplane," one of olute as "taking a harder line." his service secretaries says, "had "I don't think that exactly de- to do something besides just be scribes it. The Chiefs had no de- an aircraft. It had to be not just de- sire to widen the war, invade con- tiguous countries, take on China, sirable, but usable." The only de- acle he worked at the Pentagon "McNamara had to learn a lot or any of that stuff. It was more cisions of this sort that have re- made possible the huge troop about foreign policy," one Pen- a question of tempo. The Chiefs turned to haunt him are those commitments that have now tagon official admits. "His initial would have done things faster. made in connection with the TFx. pushed the war to a point where approach to Laos, for instance, was They didn't coincide with McNa- His insistence on "commonality" it must either move to the ne- for the swing-wing Wane and the to ask for a plan. He soon learned mara on the conduct of the air gotiating table for settlement or choice of General Dynamics over you might have a plan, but you war." move beyond all his past restraints didn't necessarily have control." Boeing as contractor have been It is almost too classic and fate- and limitations into an open, pos- the subjects of persistent and un- McNamara's own recognition of ful to find McNamara coming to sibly general conflict with all the this can be sensed in an offhand satisfied congressional inquiry. But the end of his career as Defense dangers of a nuclear exchange. remark he is reported to have Secretary at a moment of dispute he maintains that "commonality is Back in the fall of 1965, he mount- the trend of the future, no amount made to the press up in Mon- over air power. Since World War ed a logistical operation that of investigation can turn it bick," treal: "I'm beginning to under- II, when he was commissioned moved 100,000 men across to Viet- and points to the Navy-developed stand foreign relations. You can into the Air Force out of a sta- nam in less than four months' fighter that was converted success- take the Edsel off the market over- tistical course he was teaching at time, a commanding achievement fully into the Air Force's present night, but you can't do that with the Harvard Business School, he that backed up what he admits F-4. (However, "it may be easier," Charles de Gaulle." has been critical, on the strictest was "a major decision," "It was as Hitch says, "to adapt a Navy Nevertheless, of late, at least analytical grounds, of the effec- very clear we either had to do plane within the government, "He al- tiveness of bombing. It all goes to Air Force use than an Air that, or accept defeat." But that ways tried to face situations," ac- back to a time, during his service Force plane to Navy use."( ' very increase in troop strength As for the cording to another service Sec- with the 20th Air Force, when runaway costs of the brought the U.S. presence up to retary. "His private predictions General LeMay "was God," and F-111, these simply reemphasize the level that soon enough result- have been accurate. Maybe more he himself had a sizable respect to McNamara "the weak basis on ed in the Americanization of the pessimistic than some, but he's for the man. "He could define which major decisions about new conflict. He could still insist, cor- been correct." the task better than anybody else. weapons are made by the services rectly, that no army had ever been Almost every other bomber com- in the first place," allowing even- as strictly controlled as the forces tual production The pause that mander could tell you how high costs to run 300% in Vietnam. He could continue to he flew, how many bombs he'd to 1,000% higher than initial esti- watch the flow of ammunition so put his influence dropped, but mates. Both Navy and the Air closely that at one point last win- not a damn one of them could tell you how many tar- Force, he argues, reported that ei- ter he sent an Assistant Secretary gets he'd destroyed." McNamara ther Boeing or General Dynamics to Saigon one weekend to handle on the line particularly recalls an incident out was acceptable—in evaluative a potential surplus that seemed to Another Pentagon official, very in Guam after LeMay, finding the studies that he found largely be piling up on the docks. But close to him, says the war be- new B-29s ineffective at 20,000 worthless—so that he finally had after the Vietcong's Tet offensive came "an extremely heavy burden feet, took them down to 7,000 to make his choice not on cost-ef- last January, that kind of control to him. It consumed him night feet. "I remember it so well. After fectiveness but on the most gen- ceases to carry much impression and day. He was desperately con- a mission, the lead crews were eral judgment as to which version of command over a confusing and cerned where this was leading the brought in for a critique, and this of the TFx was less advanced, the deteriorating situation. country. He felt the course we one captain got up and said, 'All I least experimental, and therefore He undoubtedly depended too were following was in a large part know is some son of a bitch or- held the most promise of econo- much, at least in the beginning, his doing, that the inability to dered us down to 7,000 feet, and my. One of his last acts as Sec- on a belief that he could quantify make progress was a responsibil- I've flown 30 missions without los- retary was to press for a complete the difficulties. He trusted early ity which he personally bore. He ing a wing man, but I lost my revision of the services' inadequate figures op the progress of the war read every book and major article wing man in the first 30 seconds.' evaluative methods, believing that were falsely optimistic; and there was around. He used to try Then he sat down. You could have strongly that "an intelligent choice then, after the collapse of Diem's to get people in with all different heard a pin drop. LeMay had flown of new weapons systems must regime, came uncomfortably to points of view, often quite con- many, many missions. He was originate in the services." understand that politics, not sta- trary to the views of the Adminis- known as the sternest man in the But though the controversy over tistics, would be controlling. "He'd tration." Air Force and he didn't take that the TFX lingers on—indeed is hoped politics would be less of a Eventually he put his influence kind of talk. But he answered in a raised anew by the disturbing factor than it was," says one of behind the bombing pause that very soft losses of F-111As in Vietnam—it his service Secretaries. "Political voice, 'Captain, what you lasted 37 days into 1966. When should be asking yourself is, how is nothing compared to the doubts things are less calculable than mili- that pause failed to produce any many wing men did you lose in re- that still linger over the war itself. tary things, and he was frustrated response from Hanoi that the Ad- lation to the number of targets That is where his strategy of re- because politics isn't amenable to ministration cared to acknowl- you destroyed?'" straint has been brought into the his kind of numerical analysis." edge, he no longer went unchal- That is exactly the sort of ques- most question. It is perhaps the ul- This points back to an original. lenged among those who offered tion concerning effectiveness that timate irony of his long secretary- weakness that he brought with him the President the closest counsel McNamara continually asked him- ship that the organizational mir- to the job, despite all his strengths. on the war. "I wish there were no self about the air war in Vietnam.

CONTINUED McNamara CONTINUED Committee had started an investi- They have the authority to make Secretary continued to work in the gation into such questions as why the judgment. If they do, I will fol- closest harmony until McNamara's "I've spent a good many years Haiphong had not been bombed. low it without question, but I am departure in February, in particular thinking about bombing. The case McNamara made a finely reasoned not prepared to recommend it." on what McNamara would say in for tactical bombing is much more case for his own position on Aug. his testimony on the Gulf of Ton- complex than the case for strategic 25, reducing the dispute, quite cor- LB.J.'s first kin, and that he continues to ad- bombing. There's very little high- rectly, to some 57 largely negligi- vise the President privately, e.g., quality analytical work been done ble targets that, on various sensi- hard thoughts on the announcement of the re- on it, and unproven principles are ble grounds, had not been cent bombing pause in Vietnam. accepted as truths. The evidence authorized for strike. But when he about McNamara Actually, the irony is that Mc- is that it cannot prevent the move- was asked why there appeared to Namara stayed far longer as Sec- ment of military personnel and be such disagreement between His was not really harrowing tes- retary than he ever intended; and, supplies in a situation such as the himself and the military over the timony, but it still upset the Pres- in doing so, lost his chance at the one we face in North Vietnam. In value of certain targets, he an- ident enough to cause him to one job he might have preferred any event, it is clear that the raids swered from reverberating depths think, however unwillingly, his first to the presidency of the World have not significantly reduced the of character: hard thoughts about McNamara. Bank. "There is an optimum pe- flow of materials into South Viet- "We come from different back- The Secretary was certain!), the riod," he says about length of ser- nam. I myself believe the prob- grounds and different experiences. irreplaceable public servant, but vice, "after which the tension and lem of tactical warfare has not . . . I are not at all impressed by with an election year coming up strife cause you to become phys- been properly studied. Otherwise, the military value oil a tire plant this kind of stalwart performance ically tired, mentally sterile. I felt how can honest individuals be so that produces 30 tires a day. I am —stubbornly embattled, always before I carne to the department far apart on it?" not at all impressed by a national honest at the wrong moment, nev- that this time would come in about The honest individuals he was so-called steel capacity which er yielding at the right moment— five years." He smiles. "I haven't disputing were mostly out in Ha- doesn't produce any steel at all could become a political liability. changed my mind since." Back in waii at CINCPAC, and McNamara and produces only something on McNamara had already asked to late 1965, toward the end of that seems almost convinced that if the order of 5,000 tons of pig go to the World Bank, and three five years, he was approached he'd only had them there in the iron a month. I would have lost months after these hearings, much about becoming head of a large Pentagon . . "We didn't do with that in the backroom of what I to everybody's surprise, including foundation. It was an ideal post, tactical bombing what we did with considered a relatively small pig the Secretary's, his appointment given his need for both an escape the test ban. If you're dealing with iron production capacity in River was discovered to be on its way hatch and a large challenge; but intelligent, honest people and can Rouge.. . . to quick approval. But it is only in the end, he stayed at the Pen- get them around a table, tear the "So these are negligible indus- fair to add that McNamara had tagon, frankly "because the Pres- arguments apart; if you take trial facilities, and frankly I am previously asked at least one per- ident asked me to, in a time of enough time . . . but it takes a not prepared to recommend that son at the White House to assure emergency." He continued to hell of a lot of time." And al- we lose American lives in taking the President that he truly wanted "survive" his responsibilities--"It's ready the Senate Armed Services them out. Maybe some others are. the job, that the President and his your attitude toward the day's CONTINUED Now, pudding is cherry pie. We.tatitiot tell it tie. If George Washington had tasted this rile, he'd never have chopped down the cherry tree. Jell-O'Pudding Cherry Pie 1 pkg. (314 on.) Jell-O Vanilla 1 tablespoon butter Pudding & Pie Filling Few drops of red food coloring V. cup sugar I baked &inch pie shell, cooled V. teaspoon salt Prepared Dream Winputi sh cup water Whipped 'Topping 2 teaspoons /anon juice Fresh red cherries 1 can (1 lb.) pitted red sour cherries Combine pie filling mix, sugar, salt, water and lemon juice in a saucepan; blend into a smooth paste. Add cherries and cherry liquid. Cook and stir over medium heat until mix- ture comes to a full boil. Remove from heat; stir in butter and food col- oring. Cool 5 min- utes. Pour into pie shell. Cool until film —at least 3 hours. Garnish with lattice design of prepared - whipped topping and

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Mountains draw the McNamaras. In Switzerland in 1963, he rests at the foot of the Matterhorn McNamara CONTINUED to learn the with son Craig at his right), his events, entirely your own psychol- wife Marg, center, and friends. ogy, that keeps psychic distress minimized"—but definitely felt he was working "at a reduced vinistic," he even says himself. As rate of creativity." Also, his wife a student at Berkeley, living at facts of life, became ill with an ulcer that he home in Oakland, Calif., he used couldn't help thinking by rights to allow himself a few more min- should have been his; and he be- utes of sleep in the morning by gan to tell friends that he'd never waiting until exactly 10 minutes felt "so beleaguered, so besieged. of eight to head for class. By ar- so beset"—but still, as they note, rangement, his mother would be with a smile. "And if he'd been standing at the front door with in that citadel when the campaign his entire breakfast—a glass of or- came . . ." one of them shakes ange juice with an egg blended his head. "You know, he's go- into it—which he'd gulp down ing to lick all the hostility by with hardly a break in stride. A fel- sundown." low student remembers, "He never So his appointment to the seemed to give the idea that he World Bank came, if not precisely was that much smarter than I was, at the best moment, certainly at a but one time I wrote half a blue saving moment; and the work he book on a question and got a B- will be doing on international de- plus, and then I saw his answer velopment most appropriately suits was barely half a page and straight (and health) his deepest convictions about A." Even his wife says she is still world problems. As usual, he ex- learning habits of time-saving and presses them with the least phi- self-discipline from him. "He's got- (and education) losophy, in the most operational ten me along to a point now terms: "Each human being has a where at least I don't open the potential that I think too many mail twice." Once a letter is out never have an opportunity to re- of its envelope, it stays out of its (and retirement) alize. Each child is born with an envelope. But, really, there are essentially equal biological heri- other ways to see the man. And its all important information we'll be tage; and, unfortunately, that's glad to share with you. Your Life of Virginia about the last moment he or she representative will tell you those things that Always taking apply to your family, your situation, your ever is equal. It's a matter of en- needs. So if you want to be sure about in- vironments. I want to affect those the trail marked surance protection, don't ask your father environments. And I believe that about these facts of life . . . unless he's a if we don't affect those environ- 'most difficult' Life of Virginia representative. ments, if the leaders of the world don't begin to move in this direc- Against a mountain, for instance. tion, whole nations, whole peo- "What President Kennedy used ples are going to be lost to the to get from the sea," Mrs. Ken- future " nedy shrewdly observes, "he gets He doesn't even say "improve" from the mountains." He skis Only "affect." magnificently, and hard, hard. But at this late date in his pub- down "the Slot," down "the Big lic career, perhaps McNamara Burn," down all the trails marked LIFE OF shouldn't be allowed to vanish with a blue triangle as Most Dif- himself so readily into this opera- ficult, and hikes through the Rock- VIRGINIA. tional mode; though, without ies, the Sierras, the Olympics, even doubt, its protections—efficiency, the Alps with large family parties, NATIONAL HEADITUARTERS RICHMOND concision and the sparest reason- always determined on that last ex- ing—are deeply ingrained. "Cal- tra push. "Dad," one of his daugh- Individual end Group Life and Health Insurance end Annuities CONTINUED

96 COTTON: McNamara CONTINUED tional Cemetery—"Hell," says one YOU CAN FEEL Assistant Secretary, "I used to keep ters came to him, elated, after a track for him of how closely they HOW GOOD day's climbing last summer, "I ex- mowed the grass over there"— IT LOOKS tended myself today." That's the and it is known that he wishes to proudest moment, the whole point be buried there himself, in an anyhow; and at 51 he extends, re- eventual arrangement that will al- news himself, winter and summer, low all those who served in his by pitting his strength and wit Cabinet, if they so choose, to be against the sheer physical chal- interred beside President Kennedy. lenge of all out-of-doors. "He's And he was clearly a godsend to always had that in him." says Dr. Mrs. Kennedy in the days after Willard Goodwin. often his com- the funeral. panion on these outings. "That adventure." His poets— When he was younger, it sev- eral times sent him to sea. He Shelley, Kipling, used to ship out of San Francisco during his summer vacations as a especially Yeats provisional ordinary seaman, "the lowest of the low." He got his After a brief stay at the home first berth when he was 17, aboard of Ambassador Averell Harriman, a merchantman bound through the Mrs. Kennedy had moved across Panama Canal for New York City. the street into a new home in "I did the jobs nobody else would Georgetown, and thence into a take, got 25 bedbug bites, and bleak depression. There were lost 20 pounds." After Berkeley, some days apparently when she in 1937, he and Goodwin decided didn't even leave her bed. So Mc- to sail around the world together Namara and General Maxwell D. before they headed east for grad- Taylor put together a kindly plot. uate school. "Typical of McNa- "On alternate Tuesdays, one or mara," says Goodwin, "he kept the other would come and have very close track of all the sailings tea with me. It meant that I had we could take and still get back to get up and do something. at in time." But they passed the point least order the tea. It was almost in the summer when they any painful going through it, but you longer could, and signed on board had to and somehow it began to the President Hoover which took reattach you to life." She says her- them all over the Far East, even self it must have been heavy going up the Yangtze River to wartime for them, but McNamara really has Shanghai. "One peaceful after- many things, besides percentages, noon, we were both half asleep to which he can turn a conversa- in our bunks, when the ship was tion. Poetry, for instance, Shelley bombed," Goodwin goes on. and Kipling and especially Yeats. "We ran up on deck in time to Moreover, he is talking from con- see the first mate shooting at dive- siderable knowledge. On the table bombers with a rifle. Everybody behind that Pershing desk, right thought it was the Japanese, but along with the books by Bernard it turned out to be the Chinese Fall on Vietnam, he always had a making a mistake." McNamara has copy of Yeats's Collected Poems, his own rum stories from these and he doesn't just turn to the fa- voyages—how, for instance, he miliar ones like "The Second Com- smuggled his girl friend's brother ing." "Do you know that poem 'A on board at San Pedro, Calif., to Prayer for My Daughter'?" he run him back up the coast in time asked one day. "I love that one. I to register at Stanford University, read it at my own daughter's brid- and "damned if the crew didn't al dinner last year." pull a 16-day sitdown strike." And "He said now is when you must he starts laughing at himself with use your friends," Mrs. Kennedy a warm, wide-breaking grin that, continues. "He was determined the first time it happens, comes he was going to snatch over Pres- so suddenly, all Irish, that it al- ident Kennedy's children for their most seems primeval. father. He wants them to know In fact, this hidden Irish warmth all the wonderful things their fa- —the "Mick in him" that goes ther did." One of McNamara's back to a grandfather emigrating own treasures was the pen Ken- to Boston from Cork, to a father nedy had given him after signing crossing the Isthmus of Panama the treaty for the test ban. "He ,S,isCRECOR on muleback to get to Californy- gave it to John for his birthday, ,1 runs deep as a bog stream under and explained all about what it t ,r)jd all his coldly rational veneer. Per- was, what it stood for." haps the best instance of this This caring, this inner availability h • H. depth of feeling is the effect that to profound emotion helps explain 'Opp, hot, Kennedy's assassination has had why McNamara, for all his bur- upon him. All he will say, as usu- nished-steel public surface, has al, is that it was "a blow." But he been so fondly regarded by close has kept an unbending eye on the associates, and most especially, grave site over at Arlington Na- President Kennedy. "It was a more

CONTINUED ing their days together in the East. McNamara CONTINUED Willard Goodwin remembers a vis- formal relationship than some." it that McNamara made to see says Bobby, "but President Ken- him down at the Johns Hopkins nedy liked and admired him more University School of Medicine, than anybody else in the Cabinet. much disillusioned at the time He would certainly have made him with his own possible future as an his next Secretary of State. And al- accountant. "I envy you," he said though it was a long way away, to Goodwin. "You're doing some- Hoover's blender he thought McNamara had the thing constructive. I'd like to do ability and courage someday to that." Then, Goodwin recalls, he be President. The elements that thought a moment. "But not just McNamara was missing, President treating patients. Some kind of has a difference Kennedy balanced. They had char- world medicine." Goodwin sees acteristics that were properly com- this as the true sign of his ambi- plementary. And I know this; as tion and reach: "Many, many peo- tired as he is—and I know how ple is what he likes to deal with." 6 tired he is—he still made a better It recalled another day, back in Secretary of Defense than anyone Room 3E880 of the Pentagon, else rested." when he happened to be passing by a table near the Pershing desk A love of public on which lay two bits of weap- onry. One was a starlight scope, service—but on the very latest attachment for you can put your sighting the enemy at night down an Olympian level a gun barrel. The other was a Bronze Age sword presented to This would seem to impose some him by Premier Levi Eshkol of finger on sort of political future upon Mc- Israel. He picked up the sword Namara, but that is not at all and pointed with it at the star- the way he sees it himself at the light scope. "You know, there's moment. Even after the flurry over practically 3,000 years between his praise of Kennedy, he still these two weapons, but if you maintains that he will play no po- look at the civilizations behind litical role, that those remarks are them, there's really not that the full extent of his active in- much difference. What is the ap- volvement, unless criticism of his propriate form of government own policies revives. Indeed, he for a backward nation, or for seems to want to fit into public di- any civilization?" mensions that lie outside, perhaps I suggested that might be just even beyond, politics. There is an the kind of problem on which he immense love of public service in would soon be working. him, but only on more Olympian That seemed to satisfy him, ex- levels, far above office-seeking, at cept on one small point. "Work," great scale and scope. Once, dur- he said, setting down the knife again, and he was obviously look- ing very much forward to not The little red button on the being too long without employ- Hoover Insta-matic Blender is At World Bank, McNamara's hab- its changed. In the Cabinet he ment—"work is a misnomer." what we call a "no-panic" started at 715. Now, he says, "I button. Press, it's on. Release, keep banker's hours. I start at 8." it's off. No chance that you'll over-blend things that need short blending times. Other great Hoover Blender features. Seven pre-set speeds. 6-cup capacity. Add- as-you blend top. Easy-to-read measure scale. Come-apart cleaning. And a cord that hides inside the tip-pioof base.

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