Fungi

Animals

Charophyte algae

Plants

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 30 nm

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 Alternation of generations Gametophyte Gamete from (n) another plant Mitosis Mitosis n n n n Spore Gamete

MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION

Zygote 2n Key

Sporophyte Mitosis Haploid (n) (2n) Diploid (2n) Multicellular, dependent embryos

Embryo Maternal tissue

Wall ingrowths 2 µm Placental transfer 10 µm cell (blue outline) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Spores Sporangium

Longitudinal section of Sphagnum sporangium (LM)

Sporophyte Gametophyte

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 Sporangia

25 µm

2 cm

Rhizoids © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 5 Reproductive structure

Hyphae

Spore-producing structures

60 µm

Mycelium © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 6 Plant Fungal hypha cell wall

Plant cell Plant cell plasma Haustorium membrane

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 7 Key

Haploid (n) PLASMOGAMY Heterokaryotic Heterokaryotic Diploid (2n) stage

Spore- producing structures KARYOGAMY Spores SEXUAL REPRODUCTION ASEXUAL Mycelium Zygote REPRODUCTION

GERMINATION GERMINATION MEIOSIS

Spores

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 8 Chytrids (1,000 species)

Hyphae 25 µm

Zygomycetes (1,000 species)

Glomeromycetes (160 species)

2.5 µm Ascomycetes (65,000 species)

Basidiomycetes (30,000 species)

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 9 Land plants Liverworts (bryophytes) plants Nonvascular

ANCESTRAL Origin of land plants GREEN 1 Mosses ALGA

Hornworts plants vascular Seedless Lycophytes (club Vascular plants mosses, spike Origin of vascular plants mosses, quillworts) 2 Monilophytes (ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns) Seed Seed plants Gymnosperms Origin of extant seed 3 plants Angiosperms

500 450 400 350 300 50 0 Millions of years ago (mya)

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 10 Sporophyte

(a) Plagiochila deltoidea, a liverwort Gametophyte (c) Anthoceros sp., a hornwort

Sporophyte Capsule (a sturdy plant that Seta takes months to grow)

Gametophyte

(b) Polytrichum commune, a moss

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 11 2.5 cm 2.5 cm

Strobili (conelike structures in which spores are produced)

(a) Diphasiastrum tristachyum, a (b) Athyrium filix-femina, a lycophyte monilophyte

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 12 PLANT GROUP Ferns and other Mosses and other seedless nonvascular plants Seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms) vascular plants Reduced, independent Reduced (usually microscopic), dependent on (photosynthetic and Gametophyte Dominant surrounding sporophyte tissue for nutrition free-living) Reduced, dependent Sporophyte on gametophyte for Dominant Dominant nutrition Gymnosperm Angiosperm Sporophyte Microscopic female (2n) gametophytes (n) inside ovulate cone Microscopic female Sporophyte gametophytes (2n) (n) inside these parts of flowers Gametophyte Microscopic (n) male Example gametophytes (n) inside these parts Microscopic of flowers male gametophytes (n) inside pollen cone Sporophyte (2n) Sporophyte (2n) Gametophyte (n)

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 13 Immature ovulate cone

Integument (2n) Female Seed coat Megaspore (n) gametophyte (n) Spore wall Spore Egg nucleus wall (n)

Food Discharged Megasporangium supply sperm nucleus (n) (2n) (n) Pollen Male Pollen tube Embryo (2n) Micropyle grain (n) gametophyte

(a) Unfertilized ovule (b) Fertilized ovule (c) Gymnosperm seed

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 14 (a) Sago palm (Cycas revoluta) (b) Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)

(c) Creeping juniper (Juniperus horizontalis) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 15 Stigma Carpel Stamen Anther Style Filament Ovary

Petal Sepal

Ovule

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 16 A foliose (leaflike) lichen Crustose (encrusting) lichens

(a) Two common lichen growth forms m µ 50

Fungal hyphae Algal cell (b) Anatomy of a lichen involving an ascomycete fungus and an alga © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 17 Results Endophyte not present; pathogen present (E−P+) Both endophyte and pathogen present (E+P+)

30 15

20 10

10 5 Leafmortality(%)

0 Leafarea damaged(%) 0 E−P+ E+P+ E−P+ E+P+

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 18 (b) Tar spot fungus on maple leaves

(a) Corn smut on corn

(c) Ergots on rye

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 19 (a) A satellite image from 2000 shows clear-cut areas in Brazil (brown) surrounded by dense tropical forest (green).

(b) By 2009, much more of this same tropical forest had been cut down. 4 km

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 20 Bilateral symmetry Radial symmetry

Time since divergence from common ancestor Common “Bilateral” clade ancestor Compare numbers “Radial” clade of species

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 21