Fungi
Animals
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Alternation of generations Gametophyte Gamete from (n) another plant Mitosis Mitosis n n n Spores n Spore Gamete Sporangium
MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION
Zygote 2n Key
Sporophyte Mitosis Haploid (n) (2n) Diploid (2n) Longitudinal section of Multicellular, dependent embryos Sphagnum sporangium (LM) Embryo Maternal tissue Sporophyte Gametophyte
Wall ingrowths 2 µm Placental transfer 10 µm cell (blue outline) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 4
Sporangia Reproductive structure
Hyphae
25 µm Spore-producing structures
60 µm
2 cm
Rhizoids Mycelium © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 5 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 6 Key
Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic PLASMOGAMY Plant Heterokaryotic Fungal hypha cell Diploid (2n) stage wall
Spore- producing structures KARYOGAMY Spores SEXUAL REPRODUCTION ASEXUAL Mycelium Zygote Plant cell REPRODUCTION Plant cell plasma Haustorium membrane GERMINATION MEIOSIS GERMINATION
Spores
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Chytrids (1,000 species)
Hyphae 25 µm Land plants
Zygomycetes (1,000 species) (bryophytes) plants Nonvascular Liverworts
ANCESTRAL Origin of land plants GREEN 1 Mosses ALGA
Hornworts Glomeromycetes (160 species) plants vascular Seedless Lycophytes (club Vascular plants mosses, spike Origin of vascular plants mosses, quillworts) 2 Monilophytes (ferns, 2.5 µm horsetails, whisk ferns) Ascomycetes (65,000 species) Seed plants Gymnosperms Origin of extant seed 3 plants Angiosperms
500 450 400 350 300 50 0 Millions of years ago (mya) Basidiomycetes (30,000 species)
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2.5 cm 2.5 cm Sporophyte
Strobili (conelike structures (a) Plagiochila deltoidea, a in which liverwort Gametophyte spores are (c) Anthoceros sp., a hornwort produced)
Sporophyte Capsule (a sturdy plant that Seta takes months to grow)
(a) Diphasiastrum tristachyum, a (b) Athyrium filix-femina, a Gametophyte lycophyte monilophyte
(b) Polytrichum commune, a moss
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 11 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 12 PLANT GROUP Ferns and other Mosses and other seedless nonvascular plants Seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms) vascular plants Reduced, independent Reduced (usually microscopic), dependent on (photosynthetic and Immature Gametophyte Dominant surrounding sporophyte tissue for nutrition free-living) ovulate cone Reduced, dependent Sporophyte on gametophyte for Dominant Dominant nutrition Integument (2n) Female Seed coat Gymnosperm Angiosperm Sporophyte Microscopic female Megaspore (n) gametophyte (n) (2n) gametophytes (n) inside Spore ovulate cone Microscopic female Spore wall Sporophyte gametophytes Egg nucleus wall (2n) (n) inside these parts (n) of flowers Gametophyte Microscopic Food (n) male Discharged Example gametophytes Megasporangium supply (n) inside sperm nucleus (n) these parts (2n) (n) Microscopic of flowers male Pollen Male gametophytes (n) Pollen tube Embryo (2n) inside pollen Micropyle grain (n) gametophyte cone Sporophyte (2n) Sporophyte (2n) (a) Unfertilized ovule (b) Fertilized ovule (c) Gymnosperm seed Gametophyte (n)
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Stigma Carpel Stamen Anther Style Filament Ovary
(a) Sago palm (Cycas revoluta) (b) Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)
Petal Sepal
Ovule
(c) Creeping juniper (Juniperus horizontalis) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 15 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 16
A foliose (leaflike) lichen Crustose (encrusting) lichens Results Endophyte not present; pathogen present (E−P+) Both endophyte and pathogen present (E+P+)
30 15
(a) Two common lichen growth forms 20 10 m µ 5 50 10 Leafmortality(%)
0 Leafarea damaged(%) 0 Fungal hyphae E−P+ E+P+ E−P+ E+P+ Algal cell (b) Anatomy of a lichen involving an ascomycete fungus and an alga © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 17 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 18 (a) A satellite image from 2000 shows clear-cut areas in Brazil (brown) surrounded by dense tropical forest (green).
(b) By 2009, much more of this same tropical forest had been cut (b) Tar spot down. fungus on maple leaves
(a) Corn smut on corn 4 km (c) Ergots on rye
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Bilateral symmetry Radial symmetry
Time since divergence from common ancestor Common “Bilateral” clade ancestor Compare numbers “Radial” clade of species
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