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Charophyte Algae Fungi Animals Plants 1 2 3 4 Fungi Animals Charophyte algae 30 nm Plants © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 Alternation of generations Gametophyte Gamete from (n) another plant Mitosis Mitosis n n n Spores n Spore Gamete Sporangium MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION Zygote 2n Key Sporophyte Mitosis Haploid (n) (2n) Diploid (2n) Longitudinal section of Multicellular, dependent embryos Sphagnum sporangium (LM) Embryo Maternal tissue Sporophyte Gametophyte Wall ingrowths 2 µm Placental transfer 10 µm cell (blue outline) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 Sporangia Reproductive structure Hyphae 25 µm Spore-producing structures 60 µm 2 cm Rhizoids Mycelium © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 5 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 6 Key Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic PLASMOGAMY Plant Heterokaryotic Fungal hypha cell Diploid (2n) stage wall Spore- producing structures KARYOGAMY Spores SEXUAL REPRODUCTION ASEXUAL Mycelium Zygote Plant cell REPRODUCTION Plant cell plasma Haustorium membrane GERMINATION MEIOSIS GERMINATION Spores © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 7 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 8 Chytrids (1,000 species) Hyphae 25 µm Land plants Land plants Zygomycetes (1,000 species) (bryophytes) plants Nonvascular Liverworts ANCESTRAL Origin of land plants GREEN 1 Mosses ALGA Hornworts Glomeromycetes (160 species) plants vascular Seedless Lycophytes (club plants Vascular mosses, spike Origin of vascular plants mosses, quillworts) 2 Monilophytes (ferns, 2.5 µm horsetails, whisk ferns) Ascomycetes (65,000 species) Seed plants Gymnosperms Origin of extant seed 3 plants Angiosperms 500 450 400 350 300 50 0 Millions of years ago (mya) Basidiomycetes (30,000 species) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 9 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 10 2.5 cm 2.5 cm Sporophyte Strobili (conelike structures (a) Plagiochila deltoidea, a in which liverwort Gametophyte spores are (c) Anthoceros sp., a hornwort produced) Sporophyte Capsule (a sturdy plant that Seta takes months to grow) (a) Diphasiastrum tristachyum, a (b) Athyrium filix-femina, a Gametophyte lycophyte monilophyte (b) Polytrichum commune, a moss © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 11 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 12 PLANT GROUP Ferns and other Mosses and other seedless nonvascular plants Seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms) vascular plants Reduced, independent Reduced (usually microscopic), dependent on (photosynthetic and Immature Gametophyte Dominant surrounding sporophyte tissue for nutrition free-living) ovulate cone Reduced, dependent Sporophyte on gametophyte for Dominant Dominant nutrition Integument (2n) Female Seed coat Gymnosperm Angiosperm Sporophyte Microscopic female Megaspore (n) gametophyte (n) (2n) gametophytes (n) inside Spore ovulate cone Microscopic female Spore wall Sporophyte gametophytes Egg nucleus wall (2n) (n) inside these parts (n) of flowers Gametophyte Microscopic Food (n) male Discharged Example gametophytes Megasporangium supply (n) inside sperm nucleus (n) these parts (2n) (n) Microscopic of flowers male Pollen Male gametophytes (n) Pollen tube Embryo (2n) inside pollen Micropyle grain (n) gametophyte cone Sporophyte (2n) Sporophyte (2n) (a) Unfertilized ovule (b) Fertilized ovule (c) Gymnosperm seed Gametophyte (n) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 13 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 14 Stigma Carpel Stamen Anther Style Filament Ovary (a) Sago palm (Cycas revoluta) (b) Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) Petal Sepal Ovule (c) Creeping juniper (Juniperus horizontalis) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 15 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 16 A foliose (leaflike) lichen Crustose (encrusting) lichens Results Endophyte not present; pathogen present (E−P+) Both endophyte and pathogen present (E+P+) 30 15 (a) Two common lichen growth forms 20 10 m µ 5 50 10 Leaf mortality(%) 0 Leafarea damaged(%) 0 Fungal hyphae E−P+ E+P+ E−P+ E+P+ Algal cell (b) Anatomy of a lichen involving an ascomycete fungus and an alga © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 17 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 18 (a) A satellite image from 2000 shows clear-cut areas in Brazil (brown) surrounded by dense tropical forest (green). (b) By 2009, much more of this same tropical forest had been cut (b) Tar spot down. fungus on maple leaves (a) Corn smut on corn 4 km (c) Ergots on rye © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 19 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 20 Bilateral symmetry Radial symmetry Time since divergence from common ancestor Common “Bilateral” clade ancestor Compare numbers “Radial” clade of species © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 21 .
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