DOCSLIB.ORG

Plant Reproduction

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Plant Reproduction AccessScience from McGraw-Hill Education Page 1 of 10 www.accessscience.com Plant reproduction Contributed by: Scott D. Russell Publication year: 2014 The formation of a new plant that is either an exact copy or recombination of the genetic makeup of its parents. There are three types of plant reproduction considered here: (1) vegetative reproduction, in which a vegetative organ forms a clone of the parent; (2) asexual reproduction, in which reproductive components undergo a nonsexual form of production of offspring without genetic rearrangement, also known as apomixis; and (3) sexual reproduction, in which meiosis (reduction division) leads to formation of male and female gametes that combine through syngamy (union of gametes) to produce offspring. See also: PLANT; PLANT PHYSIOLOGY. Vegetative reproduction Unlike animals, plants may be readily stimulated to produce identical copies of themselves through cloning. In animals, only a few cells, which are regarded as stem cells, are capable of generating cell lineages, organs, or new organisms. In contrast, plants generate or produce stem cells from many plant cells of the root, stem, or leaf that are not part of an obvious generative lineage—a characteristic that has been known as totipotency, or the general ability of a single cell to regenerate a whole new plant. This ability to establish new plants from one or more cells is the foundation of plant biotechnology. In biotechnology, a single cell may be used to regenerate new organisms that may or may not genetically differ from the original organism. If it is identical to the parent, it is a clone; however, if this plant has been altered through molecular biology, it is known as a genetically modified organism (GMO). The characteristic of modifying the genetics of an organism is known as genetic engineering. See also: BIOTECHNOLOGY; CLONING; GENETIC ENGINEERING. Regeneration of new plants from a single cell requires stringent conditions to induce a single cell, or undifferentiated cell mass (known as a callus tissue), to establish roots, stems, and organs. Specific chemical and hormonal stimulation is required to form organs, typically roots first, then photosynthetic stems and leaves, and ultimately flowers and autonomous plants. See also: TISSUE CULTURE. Plants often produce organs for vegetative propagation, known as propagules, which can form unlimited numbers of identical offspring. In Bryophyllum, commonly known as maternity plant, small plantlets form in notches on the leaves, complete with roots, and each is capable of forming a new, genetically identical plant. Although such prolific propagules are rare, many vegetative parts of the plant are capable of continuing growth when separated from the plant, and some organs can establish clonal offspring through formation of vegetative organs. These stem organs often arise from horizontal rhizomes or stolons (runners), or erect corms, and also serve as storage organs, such as enlarged tubers. Leafy storage stems, known as bulbs, are similar to buds in AccessScience from McGraw-Hill Education Page 2 of 10 www.accessscience.com WIDTH:CFig. 1 Vegetative reproduction through storage organs: tuber, Solanum tuberosum, potato; rhizome, Cyperus alternifolius, umbrella plant; runner, Fragaria × ananassa, strawberry; bulb, Allium cepa,onion;corm,Gladiolus sp. (After A. D. Bell and A. Bryan, Plant Form: An Illustrated Guide to Flowering Plant Morphology, Timber Press, Portland, OR, 2008) providing a renewal bud (Fig. 1). Roots and leaves are particularly known to proliferate through fragmentation in some plants. Invasive plants usually show a special propensity for proliferation through vegetative reproduction. See also: PLANT PROPAGATION. Asexual reproduction The sexual organs of plants normally produce the next generation through genetic recombination, but under certain circumstances may hijack the processes of embryogenesis to produce clonal seed that is identical to a parent. A common example is dandelion, which is triploid (having three complete chromosome sets in a nucleus) and produces only clonal seed. In dandelion, the three sets of homologous chromosomes cannot pair, causing conventional meiosis to fail, yet they retain the capacity to form an embryo. Thus, asexual reproduction AccessScience from McGraw-Hill Education Page 3 of 10 www.accessscience.com uses structures typical of sexual reproduction to form and disperse clones. The particulars of this process vary with species. Deviation from sexual pathways has been documented at many stages in reproduction. In some species, meiosis or syngamy may be omitted or adjacent cells may outcompete sexual embryos for the ability to form seedlings. Plants omitting meiosis and syngamy result in clonal seed—a process known as apomixis. Since such clonal seeds may display many of the reproductive advantages of seeds, including dormancy and storage reserves, the production of apomictic offspring of crop plants has been a subject of considerable commercial interest. In plants such as maize, in which increases of seed productivity depend on hybrid vigor, purebred parental stocks need to be crossed each time that seed is produced. However, if it were possible to produce apomictic seeds of maize, it would not be necessary to cross plants to obtain high-producing crops. Instead, clonal seed would be used to retain hybrid vigor without crossing and this would match the yield of the original seed. Although a promising idea, the introduction of apomixis in crop plants has been more difficult than anticipated. See also: AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE (PLANT). Sexual reproduction In contrast to the aforementioned clonal reproduction, sexual reproduction generates genetically different products through crossing-over, recombination, and an assortment of chromosomes during meiosis, which results in spores that are rarely identical in seed plants. The fusion or syngamy of the male and female gametes during sexual reproduction combines the genetic material of the new offspring into a typically genetically distinct organism. See also: CHROMOSOME; CROSSING-OVER (GENETICS); GAMETOGENESIS; RECOMBINATION (GENETICS). Although all plants produce embryos and are thus embryophytes, not all plants are seed plants. Some plants are nonvascular, including mosses, liverworts, and hornworts, which constitute the bryophytes. The remaining vascular plants alive today include various free-sporing vascular plants, consisting of ferns, lycopods, and horsetails, and seed-producing plants, including gymnosperms and angiosperms. Despite a wealth of diversity in life histories, the offspring of the embryos do not directly form gametes. Animals are quite distinct from plants as they give rise directly to gametes without any further steps. Plants, by contrast, undergo an obligate alternation of generations between spore-producing sporophytes and gamete-producing gametophytes. See also: BRYOPHYTA; EMBRYOBIONTA. Sporophytes produce spores through meiosis. During meiosis, paternally derived and maternally derived chromosomes pair with their counterpart chromosomes, resulting in closely aligned, homologous chromosomes. When a copy of each of the maternal and paternal chromosomes is present in the cells, the organism is called a 2n or diploid individual. Sporocytes are parental sporophyte cells that subsequently form the spores (typically four for each sporocyte) through the process of meiosis. In meiosis (or reduction division), the homologous chromosomes segregate during the first half of meiosis (meiosis I), which halves the former sporophyte number of chromosomes, and only one of each of the parental chromosomes is transmitted into the intermediate dyad AccessScience from McGraw-Hill Education Page 4 of 10 www.accessscience.com cell. During the second half of meiosis (meiosis II), each chromosome separates at its connecting centromere into chromatids, thus forming four haploid (1n) spores for each precursor sporocyte. During meiosis I, crossing-over and independent assortment of chromosomes result in genetic products that are unique, recombinant forms of the parents’ genetic material. See also: MEIOSIS. Nonvascular and nonseed plants are called free-sporing plants because their spores are released into the environment and establish the next generation after leaving the sporangium, in which they were formed. All spores have a highly resistant cell wall that is composed of sporopollenin, a chemical product that is so resistant to breakdown that spores form a vital link in the fossil record of plants. In some cases, only spores or pollen and no megafossils have been recovered for some species. Spore walls may be preserved for up to hundreds of millions of years in the geological record. Normally, spores germinate and then divide to form the next generation of plants, which is known as the gametophyte. The gametophyte is a 1n (haploid) plant that divides mitotically and forms the tissues and organs that produce the gametes. See also: MITOSIS. Similar to animals, the female gamete of plants is known as an egg cell and the male gamete is a sperm cell. Since gametophytes form small haploid plants through mitotic division, their gametes are identical, which is in marked contrast to animals. In plants, genetic variability is generated through spore production; in animals, genetic variability is generated through gamete production. Higher plants, however, produce fewer gametes, and the male gametophytes in seed plants produce only two. The fusion of a 1n sperm cell with a 1n egg cell, known as fertilization
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Gymnosperms the MESOZOIC: ERA of GYMNOSPERM DOMINANCE
    Chapter 24 Gymnosperms THE MESOZOIC: ERA OF GYMNOSPERM DOMINANCE THE VASCULAR SYSTEM OF GYMNOSPERMS CYCADS GINKGO CONIFERS Pinaceae Include the Pines, Firs, and Spruces Cupressaceae Include the Junipers, Cypresses, and Redwoods Taxaceae Include the Yews, but Plum Yews Belong to Cephalotaxaceae Podocarpaceae and Araucariaceae Are Largely Southern Hemisphere Conifers THE LIFE CYCLE OF PINUS, A REPRESENTATIVE GYMNOSPERM Pollen and Ovules Are Produced in Different Kinds of Structures Pollination Replaces the Need for Free Water Fertilization Leads to Seed Formation GNETOPHYTES GYMNOSPERMS: SEEDS, POLLEN, AND WOOD THE ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF GYMNOSPERMS The Origin of Seeds, Pollen, and Wood Seeds and Pollen Are Key Reproductive SUMMARY Innovations for Life on Land Seed Plants Have Distinctive Vegetative PLANTS, PEOPLE, AND THE Features ENVIRONMENT: The California Coast Relationships among Gymnosperms Redwood Forest 1 KEY CONCEPTS 1. The evolution of seeds, pollen, and wood freed plants from the need for water during reproduction, allowed for more effective dispersal of sperm, increased parental investment in the next generation and allowed for greater size and strength. 2. Seed plants originated in the Devonian period from a group called the progymnosperms, which possessed wood and heterospory, but reproduced by releasing spores. Currently, five lineages of seed plants survive--the flowering plants plus four groups of gymnosperms: cycads, Ginkgo, conifers, and gnetophytes. Conifers are the best known and most economically important group, including pines, firs, spruces, hemlocks, redwoods, cedars, cypress, yews, and several Southern Hemisphere genera. 3. The pine life cycle is heterosporous. Pollen strobili are small and seasonal. Each sporophyll has two microsporangia, in which microspores are formed and divide into immature male gametophytes while still retained in the microsporangia.
    [Show full text]
  • California's Native Ferns
    CALIFORNIA’S NATIVE FERNS A survey of our most common ferns and fern relatives Native ferns come in many sizes and live in many habitats • Besides living in shady woodlands and forests, ferns occur in ponds, by streams, in vernal pools, in rock outcrops, and even in desert mountains • Ferns are identified by producing fiddleheads, the new coiled up fronds, in spring, and • Spring from underground stems called rhizomes, and • Produce spores on the backside of fronds in spore sacs, arranged in clusters called sori (singular sorus) Although ferns belong to families just like other plants, the families are often difficult to identify • Families include the brake-fern family (Pteridaceae), the polypody family (Polypodiaceae), the wood fern family (Dryopteridaceae), the blechnum fern family (Blechnaceae), and several others • We’ll study ferns according to their habitat, starting with species that live in shaded places, then moving on to rock ferns, and finally water ferns Ferns from moist shade such as redwood forests are sometimes evergreen, but also often winter dormant. Here you see the evergreen sword fern Polystichum munitum Note that sword fern has once-divided fronds. Other features include swordlike pinnae and round sori Sword fern forms a handsome coarse ground cover under redwoods and other coastal conifers A sword fern relative, Dudley’s shield fern (Polystichum dudleyi) differs by having twice-divided pinnae. Details of the sori are similar to sword fern Deer fern, Blechnum spicant, is a smaller fern than sword fern, living in constantly moist habitats Deer fern is identified by having separate and different looking sterile fronds and fertile fronds as seen in the previous image.
    [Show full text]
  • Reproduction in Plants Which But, She Has Never Seen the Seeds We Shall Learn in This Chapter
    Reproduction in 12 Plants o produce its kind is a reproduction, new plants are obtained characteristic of all living from seeds. Torganisms. You have already learnt this in Class VI. The production of new individuals from their parents is known as reproduction. But, how do Paheli thought that new plants reproduce? There are different plants always grow from seeds. modes of reproduction in plants which But, she has never seen the seeds we shall learn in this chapter. of sugarcane, potato and rose. She wants to know how these plants 12.1 MODES OF REPRODUCTION reproduce. In Class VI you learnt about different parts of a flowering plant. Try to list the various parts of a plant and write the Asexual reproduction functions of each. Most plants have In asexual reproduction new plants are roots, stems and leaves. These are called obtained without production of seeds. the vegetative parts of a plant. After a certain period of growth, most plants Vegetative propagation bear flowers. You may have seen the It is a type of asexual reproduction in mango trees flowering in spring. It is which new plants are produced from these flowers that give rise to juicy roots, stems, leaves and buds. Since mango fruit we enjoy in summer. We eat reproduction is through the vegetative the fruits and usually discard the seeds. parts of the plant, it is known as Seeds germinate and form new plants. vegetative propagation. So, what is the function of flowers in plants? Flowers perform the function of Activity 12.1 reproduction in plants. Flowers are the Cut a branch of rose or champa with a reproductive parts.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Reproduction Angiosperm Specific Adaptations Angiosperms
    4/15/2013 Gymnosperms Angiosperms Pterophytes Seeds Plant Reproduction Lycophytes Bryophytes Vascular tissue Green algae: BI 103 Plant-Animal A&P Chlorophytes Turn in Homework #1 Land plants Angiosperm specific adaptations • Unlike other plants they have: Why do plants have flowers? In – Flowers other words, what are the – Double fertilization advantages of flowering? – Fruit Discuss this question in groups Alternating Generations In more advanced plants, the sporophyte generation is Angiosperms: the Flowering plants dominant. Why do plants have flowers? Enlists partnerships with insects and other animals Less inbreeding Higher probability the pollen will reach the right plant They don’t have to produce as much pollen 1 4/15/2013 How is pollen an adaptation to land? Alternation of generations modified Allows fertilization to occur even in the absence • Pollen= Male gametophyte of available water. Contains sperm • Ovule= Female gametophyte water Contains egg Moss fertilization Pollen grains Anthers with microspores Microspore to pollen 1. The microspores divides by mitosis to produce two cells Generative cell (1n) Tube cell== vegetative nucleus (1n) 2. A two layered wall develops around the microspore to become the pollen 3. The generative cell undergoes division once more 3n total (3 nuclei) in pollen Double fertilization Fruit development 1. Two pollen nuclei enter ovule 2. One fuses with the egg to form the zygote 3. The other fuses with 2 central cell nuclei to become the endosperm (3n), food for the zygote Becomes the seed! Becomes
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Temperature on Seta Elongation in Atrichum Undulatum^ 2- 3
    EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON SETA ELONGATION IN ATRICHUM UNDULATUM^ 2- 3 DENNIS WM. STEVENSON4, JAMES R. RASTORFER, AND RAY E. SHOWMAN Department of Botany, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 ABSTRACT Field-collected gametophytes of Atrichum undulatum were placed in two growth chambers which were maintained at the same light intensity and light period, but at two different temperature regimes. After sporophyte development, differences in seta lengths were observed. Measurements of cell lengths revealed that attached setae grown in the high-temperature regime (12°-22°C) were longer than those grown in a low-temperature regime (3°-12°C), as a result of both more cell divisions and a larger average cell length. Thus, temperature appeared to influence both cell division and cell elongation in the setae of Atrichum undulatum. INTRODUCTION Sporophytes of most liverworts and mosses (Bryophyta) consist of a basal foot attached to the gametophyte and a seta or stalk, which supports a spore-bearing capsule at its apex. Lengths of setae at sporophyte maturity differ among species, varying from a minute structure to a conspicuous organ which may exceed 5 cm (Watson, 1964). Setae of the Common Hair-Cap Moss (Polytrichum commune) are reported to vary from 6 to 12 cm in length (Welch, 1957), but unfortunately it is not clearly understood whether these differences are caused by genetic factors or environmental factors or both. A few studies have suggested that seta elonga- tion can apparently be influenced by environmental factors (e.g. temperature; light intensity; day length), and that there may be interactions of internal plant factors (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Heterospory: the Most Iterative Key Innovation in the Evolutionary History of the Plant Kingdom
    Biol. Rej\ (1994). 69, l>p. 345-417 345 Printeii in GrenI Britain HETEROSPORY: THE MOST ITERATIVE KEY INNOVATION IN THE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF THE PLANT KINGDOM BY RICHARD M. BATEMAN' AND WILLIAM A. DiMlCHELE' ' Departments of Earth and Plant Sciences, Oxford University, Parks Road, Oxford OXi 3P/?, U.K. {Present addresses: Royal Botanic Garden Edinburiih, Inverleith Rojv, Edinburgh, EIIT, SLR ; Department of Geology, Royal Museum of Scotland, Chambers Street, Edinburgh EHi ijfF) '" Department of Paleohiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC^zo^bo, U.S.A. CONTENTS I. Introduction: the nature of hf^terospon' ......... 345 U. Generalized life history of a homosporous polysporangiophyle: the basis for evolutionary excursions into hetcrospory ............ 348 III, Detection of hcterospory in fossils. .......... 352 (1) The need to extrapolate from sporophyte to gametophyte ..... 352 (2) Spatial criteria and the physiological control of heterospory ..... 351; IV. Iterative evolution of heterospory ........... ^dj V. Inter-cladc comparison of levels of heterospory 374 (1) Zosterophyllopsida 374 (2) Lycopsida 374 (3) Sphenopsida . 377 (4) PtiTopsida 378 (5) f^rogymnospermopsida ............ 380 (6) Gymnospermopsida (including Angiospermales) . 384 (7) Summary: patterns of character acquisition ....... 386 VI. Physiological control of hetcrosporic phenomena ........ 390 VII. How the sporophyte progressively gained control over the gametophyte: a 'just-so' story 391 (1) Introduction: evolutionary antagonism between sporophyte and gametophyte 391 (2) Homosporous systems ............ 394 (3) Heterosporous systems ............ 39(1 (4) Total sporophytic control: seed habit 401 VIII. Summary .... ... 404 IX. .•Acknowledgements 407 X. References 407 I. I.NIRODUCTION: THE NATURE OF HETEROSPORY 'Heterospory' sensu lato has long been one of the most popular re\ie\v topics in organismal botany.
    [Show full text]
  • The Big Bloom—How Flowering Plants Changed the World
    The Big Bloom—How Flowering Plants Changed the World Written by Michael Klesius Republished from the pages of National Geographic magazine -- July 2002 In the summer of 1973 sunflowers appeared in my father's vegetable garden. They seemed to sprout overnight in a few rows he had lent that year to new neighbors from California. Only six years old at the time, I was at first put off by these garish plants. Such strange and vibrant flowers seemed out of place among the respectable beans, peppers, spinach, and other vegetables we had always grown. Gradually, however, the brilliance of the sunflowers won me over. Their fiery halos relieved the green monotone that by late summer ruled the garden. I marveled at birds that clung upside down to the shaggy, gold disks, wings fluttering, looting the seeds. Sunflowers defined flowers for me that summer and changed my view of the world. Flowers have a way of doing that. They began changing the way the world looked almost as soon as they appeared on Earth about 130 million years ago, during the Cretaceous period. That's relatively recent in geologic time: If all Earth's history were compressed into an hour, flowering plants would exist for only the last 90 seconds. But once they took firm root about 100 million years ago, they swiftly diversified in an explosion of varieties that established most of the flowering plant families of the modern world. Today flowering plant species outnumber by twenty to one those of ferns and cone-bearing trees, or conifers, which had thrived for 200 million years before the first bloom appeared.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Reproduction | Topic Notes
    Plant Reproduction | Topic Notes Sexual reproduction is the fusion of male and female gametes to produce a diploid zygote. (The new individual is genetically different from both parents). Advantages include genetic variation, reduced competition (between parent & offspring) and good chance of surviving harsh winter. A disadvantage is that there’s a long period of growth required. Structure of flowering plant: Megaspore (egg) formation & microspore (pollen) formation: The carpel (female part of the flower) is composed of the stigma (sticky to trap pollen grains), style (supports stigma in best position to trap pollen grains) and ovary (contains 1 or more ovules which following fertilisation will develop into seeds). The stamen (male part of the flower) is composed of the anther (produces pollen grains) and filament (supports anther in best position to transport pollen grains). Sepals support the developing flower before it blooms. Petals may be bright coloured in insect pollinated plants (to attract them). The receptacle is the organ from which the flower develops and functions in supporting it. Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of a flower of the same species. It may be: 1. Self-pollination: the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma in the same plant. 2. Cross-pollination: the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of a different plant but of the same species. 1 Plant Reproduction | Topic Notes Fertilisation is the union of a haploid male gamete with a haploid female gamete, to produce a diploid zygote. Once a pollen grain has landed on the stigma, the tube nucleus moves down through the stigma and style forming a pollen tube and enters the ovule at the micropyle, guided towards the egg by chemotropism, the tube nucleus then degenerates.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Diversity Unique Plant Adaptations Alternation Of
    8/9/2010 Land plants Origins Shared ancestor with green algae. Plant Diversity Researchers have identified green algae called charophyceans as the closest The Evolution of the relatives of land plants Photosynthetic Terrestrial Plants Unique Plant Adaptations First true land plants were short Adaptations for a terrestrial existence and required water for reproduction 1) Roots --anchoranchor the plant and absorb water & nutrients from the soil. 2) Cuticle ––aa waxy coating to prevent drying out 3) Stomata ––porespores in the leaves and stems that allow for gas exchange. 4) Conducting vessels ––forfor transport of water , minerals, and sugars through the plant body. 5) Lignin --StiffeningStiffening and support of stems. 6) Unique reproductive structures e.g. pollen –– for transporting gametes. Alternating Generations Alternation of Generations In more advanced plants sporophyte generation dominant. The alternating life cycle of plants that involves changes between a: 1)Sporophyte generation AND………. 2) G ametophyte generation 1 8/9/2010 Mosses & nonvascular plants have life Contrasting the Generations cycles dominated by gametophytes Hairy-cap moss Sporophyte Gametophyte Diploid state (double set Haploid state (half the Brown Capsule of chromosomes in cells –– amount of chromosomes full set) in cells) Sporophyte Produces seeds in seed Produces the gametes bearing plants i.e. (sperm & egg). Makes spores Predominant form in Gametophyte Predominant form in mosses & ferns (lower higher plants e.g. trees. plants). (Green & leafy) Characteristics of Mosses Life Cycle of Mosses Division Bryophytes The sporophyte forms on, and is nourished by, the dominant gametophyte Nonvascular (don’t have special methods of conducting water & minerals) ––tendtend to be very small.
    [Show full text]
  • Attractant, Acting As a Homing Device for the Swimming Sperm. Sperm
    r 62 CHAPTER 3 EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY OF GREEN AND LAND PLANTS UN[T 11 EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY OF PLANTS 63 gemmae propagules 2 rows of 1 row of sperm cells dorsal leaves ventral leaves (sterile “jacket” layer) neck sperm cells “ ‘fl gemmae cup I / pore dorsal (upper) ventral (lower) A B view view thalloid liverwort leafy liverwort FIGURE 3.10 A. Antheridia. B. Archegonia. Both are apomorphies of land plants. 4 (,, ••1• attractant, acting as a homing device for the swimming sperm. of the liverworts, mosses, and hornworts is relatively small, Sperm cells enter the neck of the archegonium and fertilize ephemeral, and attached to and nutritionally dependent upon the egg cell to form a diploid (2n) zygote. In addition to the gametophyte (see later discussion). effecting fertilization, the archegonium serves as a site for The relationships of the liverworts, mosses, and hornworts embryo/sporophyte development and the establishment of a to one another and to the vascular plants remain unclear. nutritional dependence of the sporophyte upon gametophytic Many different relationships among the three lineages have archegonium tissue. been proposed, one recent of which is seen in Figure 3.6. (n) The land plants share other possible apomorphies: the presence of various ultrastructural modifications of the sperm LIVERWORTS cells, fiavonoid chemical compounds, and a proliferation of Liverworts, also traditionally called the Hepaticae, are one of archegoniophore (n) archegoniophore (n) (longitudinal-section) heat shock proteins. These are not discussed here. the monophyletic groups that are descendents of some of the (longitudinal-section) first land plants. Today, liverworts are relatively minor com ponents of the land plant flora, growing mostly in moist, fertilization DIVERSITY OF NONVASCULAR LAND PLANTS shaded areas (although some are adapted to periodically dry, hot habitats).
    [Show full text]
  • Gametophyte Morphology and Development of Six Species of Pteris (Pteridaceae) from Java Island Indonesia
    THE JOURNAL OF TROPICAL LIFE SCIENCE OPEN ACCESS Freely available online VOL. 5, NO. 2, pp. 98-104, May, 2015 Gametophyte Morphology and Development of Six Species of Pteris (Pteridaceae) from Java Island Indonesia Dwi Sunarti Puspitasari1, Tatik Chikmawati2*, Titien Ngatinem Praptosuwiryo3 1Plant Biology Graduate Program, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Darmaga Campus, Bogor, Indonesia 2Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Bogor Agricultural University, Darmaga Campus, Bogor, Indonesia 3Center for Plant Conservation- Bogor Botanical Gardens, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia ABSTRACT The morphology of sporophyte, the type of reproduction, and cytology of Pteris had been reported, while the gametophyte morphology of Pteris in Java island has not been studied yet. The objective of this study was to describe the gametophyte morphology and development of P. biaurita, P. ensiformis, P. exelsa, P. longipinnula, P. tripartita, and P. vittata in Java island. Spores were obtained from fertile leaves of Pteris plants originated from several locations in Java island. The number of spores per sporangium was counted from fresh fertile leaves with mature sporangia. As much as 0.002 g spores was sown in a transparent box with sterile medium contain of ver- miculite, sphagnum moss, and perlite with ratio 2:2:1. The gametophyte development of each species was observed under a microscope every 7 days. The spores of P. ensiformis were germinated faster, ten days after sowing, while the spores of P. longipinnula were germinated slower, 18 days after sowing. The pattern of spore germination is Vittaria-type.
    [Show full text]
  • Faunistic and Biological Notes on Marine Invertebrates Iii
    Biologiske Meddelelser udgivet af Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab Bind 23, no. 1 Biol. Medd. Dan. Vid. Selsk. 23, no. 1 (1956) FAUNISTIC AND BIOLOGICAL NOTES ON MARINE INVERTEBRATES III. • The Reproduction and Larval Development of some Polychaetes from the Isefjord, with some Faunistic Notes. B Y • ERIK RASMUSSEN (Report from the Isefjord Laboratory No. 3) København 1956 i kommission hos Ejnar Munksgaard D et Kongelige Danske V idenskabernes Selskab udgiver følgende publikationsrækker : L'Académie Royale des Sciences et des Lettres de Danemark publie les séries suivantes: Bibliograûsk forkortelse Ahréi/iation bibliographique Oversigt over selskabets virksomhed (8°) Overs. Dan. Vid. Selsk. (Annuaire) Historisk-filologiske Meddelelser (8°) Hist. Filol. Medd. Dan. Vid. Selsk. -Historisk-filologiske Skrifter (4°) Hist. Filol. Skr. Dan. Vid. Selsk. (Histoire et Philologie) Arkæologisk-kunsthistoriske Meddelelser (8°) Arkæol. Kunsthist. Medd. Dan. Vid. Selsk. Arkæologisk-kunsthistoriske Skrifter (4°) Arkæol. Kunsthist. Skr. Dan. Vid. (Archéologie et Histoire de I’Art} Selsk. Filosofiske Meddelelser (8°) Filos. Medd. Dan. Vid. Selsk. (Philosophie) Matematisk-fysiske Meddelelser (8°) Mat. Fys. Medd. Dan. Vid. Selsk. (Mathémaliqnes et Physique) Biologiske Meddelelser (8°) Biol. Medd. Dan. Vid. Selsk. Biologiske Skrifter (4®) Biol. Skr. Dan. Vid. Selsk. (Biologie) Selskabets sekretariat og postadresse: Dantes plads 5, København V. L'adresse poslale du secrétariat de VAcadémie est: Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Dantes plads 5, København V, Danmark. Selskabets kommissionær: Ejnar Munksgaard’s forlag, Nørregade 6, København K. Les publications sont en vente chez le commissionnaire: Ejnar Münksgaard, éditeur. Nørregade 6, København K, Danmark. Biologiske Meddelelser udgivet af Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab Bind 23, no. 1 Biol. Medd. Dan.
    [Show full text]