Tarihi Ve Arkeolojik Açidan Karaman-Karada~'A Genel B~R Baki~~

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Tarihi Ve Arkeolojik Açidan Karaman-Karada~'A Genel B~R Baki~~ TARIHI VE ARKEOLOJIK AÇIDAN KARAMAN-KARADA~'A GENEL B~R BAKI~~ MEHMET KURT* Giri~~ Karaman'~n kuzeyinde Çumra ve Karaman ovalanyla Hotam~~~ Batakl~k' aras~ nda yük- selen Karada~, sönmü~~ volkanik bir da~d~ r (Resim 1)1 . Ana kütlenin yan~ nda ikinci derecede da~lar ve vadilerden meydana gelen Karada~'a, nakit cinsi lavlardan olu~mu~~ eski bir yanar- da~~ oldu~u için bu isim verilmi~tir2.Yerle~me aç~s~ ndan Karada~'~ n kuzey etelderi, güneyiyle belirgin bir z~ tl~k te~kil eder3. Da~~n kuzey ete~indeki düzlükte Binbir Kilise (Maden~ehir) harabeleri bulunmaktad~ r4. Binbir Kilise, genellikle Hitit hiyeroglif an~tlanndaki Barmeta ile ili~kilendirilmekte5 ve antik Doç. Dr., Karamano~lu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi, Edebiyat Fakültesi, Tarih Bölümü, Yunus Emre Yer- le~kesi, 70100, KARAMAN. [email protected]; [email protected] Tahsin Tapur, Karaman ~ehir Co~rafiasi, Çizgi Kitabevi, Konya 2009, s. 24. 2 Charles Texier, Küçük Asya, Co~rabwsz, Tarihi ve Arkeolojisi, çev. A. Suat, Enformasyon ve Dökümantasyon Vakf~~ Yay~nlar~, Ankara 2002, s. 298. 3 William Mitchell Ramsay-Gertrude L. Bell, The Thousand And One Churches, Hodder And Stoughton, London 1909, s. 6. 4 Maden~ehir ve De~le kal~nt~lar sahas~ , Binbir Kilise olarak adland~ r~lmaktad~ r. Bu adla kastedilen kilise say~s~~ de~il, kiliselerin çoklu~udur. W. M. Ramsay ve G. L. Beli, 1909'da yay~ nlachklan kapsaml~~ eserlerinin ad~n~~ Binbir Kilise'nin ~ngilizce kar~~l~~~~ olan "The Thousand and One Churches" koyduktan sonra bu isim, bat~~ dünyas~ nda da yerle~mi~~ ve literatüre de bu ~ekilde geçmi~tir (Semavi Eyice, Karada~~ (Binbirkilise) ve Karaman Çevresinde Arkeolojik incelemeler, Recherches ArcNologiques â Karada~~ (Binbirkilise) et Dans La Rkion De Karaman, ~stanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Yay~nlar~, ~stanbul 1971, s. 12). Binbir Kilise kal~nt~lar~, Maden~ehir, Yukar~~ Ören ve De~le olmak üzere üç bölümde incelenmektedir. Bunlardan Maden~ehir Köyü, do~udan K~z~lda~, bat~dan Göz Da~~~ (Maden Da~~) ve kuzey yönünden de ovaya do~ru Çet Da~~~ tarafindan çevrilmi~~ olan çöküntüde yer almaktad~ r. Üçkuyu Kö- yü'ne ç~kan yolun kenannda ve Maden Da~~'n~ n güneyinde yer alan bölge, yöre halk~~ tarafindan Yukar~~ Ören olarak adland~ nlmaktad~ r. De~le ise Maden~ehir'in 6.5 km kuzeybat~s~nda bulunan ve Maden~ehir'e göre nispe- ten daha yüksek olan kal~nt~lar sahas~d~ r. Binbir Kilise olarak adland~ r~lan bu bölgede çok say~da manast~ r, kilise, ~apel, kaya mezan, sarn~ ç gibi tarihi kal~ nt~ lar bulunmaktad~ r. Çal~~mam~z~~ sadece Karada~~ ana kütlesi üzerindeki tepelerde yer alan kal~nt~ larla s~ n~rlad~~~m~z için burada yer vermeyece~imiz Binbir Kilise eserleri konusunda geni~~ bilgi için bkz. Getrude L. Beli, "Notes on a Jounley Through Cilicia and Lykaonia", Revue ArcNologie, IV/8, (1906), s. 225-401; Getrude L. Bell, "Notes on a Journey Through Cilicia and Lykaonia", Revue Archklogie, IX, (1907), s.I8-30; Ramsay ve Bell, a.g.e., s. 41 vd.; Leon de Laborde, Voyage en Orient/Voyage De L'Asie Mineure. Voyage De La Syrie, Firmin Didot Freres, Paris 1838, s. 120-121; William J. Hamilton, Researches in AsW Minor, Pontus and Arnumia, with So~ne Account Of Their Antiquities And Geology, John Murray, Albemarle Street, London 1842, s. 310 vd.; Edwin John Davis, L~fi in Asiatic Turkey A journal of Travel in Cilicia (Pedias and Tracheia), Isawia and Parts of Lykaonia and Cappadocia, Elibron Classics, London 1879, II, s. 307; ~brahim Hakk~~ Konyah, Abideleri ve Kitabeleri ~le Karaman Tarihi, E~menek ve Mut Abideleri, Baha Matbaas~, ~stanbul 1967, s. 561-582; Eyice, a.g.e., s. 20 vd. 5 Bedrich. Hroznji, "Les Inscriptions <Hittites> Hieroglyphiques De Karakuyu, Fraktin, Kara Dagh et la Stele De Boghazkeui", Archiv Orientâlni,VIII, (1936), s. 209. 46 TARIHI VE ARKEOLOJIK AÇIDAN KARAMAN-KARADA~'A GENEL B~R BAKI~~ kaynaklarda geçen Barata'ya e~itlenmektedir6. Barata, antik yazarlarda ve piskoposluk listele- rinde Ikonion (Konya) ile Tyana (Bor/Kemerhisar) aras~nda ve Hyde7'den uzak olmayan bir konumda gösterilmektedir. O halde Barata, Ikonion'dan Herakleia (Ere~li) ve Tyana (Bor/Kemerhisar) ba~lant~s~= sa~lanmas~nda önemli bir konumda olmal~yd~. Antik ça~da Karada~'~n kuzeyinden Barata, Ço~lu, Akça~ehir, Kaleköy ve Sidamaria (Ambar)'a ula~an kullan~~l~~ bir yolun varl~~~~ da bilinmektedir-8. Akgöl'ün güneyinden geçerek Herakleia (Ere~- li/Tont Kalesi) üzerinden Kilikia kap~lar~na ula~an ve buradan da Kappadokia yol a~~na ba~lanan bu rota, Binbir Kilise'nin dini bir merkez olmas~ndan sonra daha da önem kazan- rru~t~r9. Öte yandan Binbir Kilise harabelerini çevreleyen, fakat büyük Karada~~ kütlesinin d~- ~~nda kalan K~z~lda~19, Göz Da~~~ (Maden Da~~) ve Çet Da~~'mn zirvelerinde de çok say~da tarihi kal~nt~~ bulunmaktad~r". Ancak tamam~~ Karada~~ olarak adland~r~lan bu kitlenin üze- rinde bir makalede ele alinamayacak kadar çok tarihi kal~nt~~ yer ald~~~ndan bu çal~~ma, Ka- rada~'daki büyük krateri çevreleyen tepelerdeki kalinularla s~n~rl~~ tutulmu~tur (Harita 1). Daha önce W. M. Ramsay ve G. Bell ile S. Eyice taraf~ndan ele al~nm~~~ olan bu kalmular12, bölgenin tarihsel süreci çerçevesinde yeniden de~erlendirilmi~tir. Tarihi Süreç Asur Ticaret Kolonileri Ça~~'nda Anadolu'nun en güçlü beyli~i durumunda olan KlA~ara Krall~~~'n~n kral~~ Anitta, babas~n~n ölümü üzerine isyan eden mernleketlerle yapt~~~~ sava~lar sonucunda, Akdeniz'e ç~k~~~ kap~s~~ olan Konya ve Karaman'a kadar ak~nlar yapm~~- 6 William Mitchell Ramsay, The Historical Geography of Asia Minor, John Murray, Albemarle Street, London 1890, s. 86, 331, 337, 357, 373. Genellikle kabul gören bu lokalizenin d~~~nda, kentin yeri için yak~n çevrede baz~~ merkezler de önerilmi~tir. Bu cümleden olmak üzere Davis, (a.g.e., s. 305), Binbir Kilise'yi Lystra (Hatunsaray) olarak dü~ünmü~, Hamilton ise (a.g.e., s. 209) Karap~nar'a yerle~tirmi~tir. William Moir Calder ve George E. Bean, bölgenin antik merkezlerini gösteren haritalannda Barata'y~~ Maden~ehir ile Hyde'yi de Karap~nar ile e~it- lerken tersinin olabilece~i konusunda da aç~k kap~~ b~rak~rlar (A Ckusical Map of Ana Minor, by W. M Calder and George E. Bean, British Institute of Archeaology at Ankara, London 1958). D. H. French ise, son zamanlarda yapt~- ~~~ bir çal~~mada ("The Site of Barata and Routes in the Konya Plain", Epigraphica Attatoka, XXVII/93-110, (1996), s. 99, 107) Barata sikkelerinin yorum~mdan hareketle K~z~lda~'daki Roma ~ehrini önermi~tir. Barata'n~n yeri konusundaki görü~~ ve öneriler için aynca bkz. Wolfgang Ruge, "Barata", Pauly-Wissowa-Krola Real En9,clopadie der klassichen Altertumswissenschaft, II/2, 1896, sütün 2852-2853; Hans von Aulock, Münzen und Stiidte Lykaoniens, E. Wasmuth, Tübingen 1976, s. 33. 7 Bu antik ~ehrin yeri için uzun zaman W. M. Ramsay'~n Karap~nar'a lokalizesi (Ramsay, The Historical Geography, s. 337, 339) kabul edilmi~ken, son zamanlarda Karap~nar'm 32 km kuzeydo~usunda yer alan Gölören (Gölviran/Beyviran) üzerinde durulmaktad~r (Klaus Belke ve Marcel Restle, Galatien und Lykaonien, Tabula Imperii Byzantini, Verlag der Osterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 1984, s. 174). Massimo Forlanini ("Uda, Un cas Probable D'Homonimie", Hethitica, X, 1990, s. 120) taraf~ndan da Karap~nar yak~nlanndaki Karacada~~ çevresinde aranan Hyde için bkz. Laclislav Zgusta, Kleinasiatische Ortmanzen, 1Karl Winter Universittsverlag, Hiedelberg 1984, s. 648. 8 Belke ve Restle, a.g.e., s. 99 B yolu. 9 French, a.g.m., s. 100. 10 Maden~ehir'in do~usunda bulunan tepenin zirvesinde küçük odalarla ba~lant~l~~ olan duvar izleri ve ufak bir ~apel kal~nt~s~~ bulunmaktad~r (Ramsay ve Beli, a.g.e., s. 268, fig. 227-228). Bu tepenin d~~~nda Karada~~ çevre- sinde biri K~lbasan üzerinde, bir di~eri de Adakale ve Süleymanhac~~ köyleri aras~nda olmak üzere iki tane daha K~z~lda~~ vard~r. "Ramsay ve Bel, s. 259 vd.; Eyice, a.g.e., s. 70 vd. 12 Ramsay ve Bel, a.g.e., s. 241-294; Eyice, a.g.e., s. 64-80. MEHMET KURT 47 t~r". Zira kral Anitta'mn bölgeye yapm~~~ oldu~u seferi anlatan metinde (KUB III 22, 73-79) geçen Puruffianta kentinin yeri için önceleri Karap~nar-Buldan Höyük ve Acemhöyük dü~ü- nülürken son zamanlarda Konya-Karahöyük önerilmektedir". Öte yandan Karaman s~n~rla- r~~ içerisinde ve Karada~~ çevresinde yer alan Süleymanhac~~ ve Büyiikgonu gibi höyükler, söz konusu ça~a ait arkeolojik malzeme vermi~lerdir". Eski Hitit Krall~~~~ Dönerni'ne ~~~k tutan Telipinu Fermam'nda kral I. Labarna'mn icra- atlar~~ özedenirken (CTH 19 I 8-12; KUB XI 1 I 9), onun A~a~~~ Ülke (KUR ~APLITI)'de fethetti~i memleketler aras~nda yer alan Landa, Karaman ile e~idenmektedir". Muhtemelen III. Hattu~ili dönemine ait bir metinden (CTH=KBo VI 28 Oy. 6-9) ise, Arzawal~~ dü~man~n A~a~~~ Ülke yönünden gelerek Hatti Ülkesi'ni yak~p y~kt~~~~ ve Tuwanuwa (Tyana/Kemerhisar) ile Uda ~ehri (Hyde/Gölören)'rni s~n~r yapt~~~~ anlat~lmaktad~r. Bura- dan anla~~ld~~~na göre, Hitit metinlerinde en büyük rakip kuvvetlerden birisi olarak gösterilen Arzawa, s~~~~ rlann~~ Karap~nar ve Bor yak~ nlar~ na kadar geni~letmi~tir. O halde Karaman ve Karada~~ çevresi de belli bir süre Arzawa yönetiminde kalm~~~ olmal~d~r. Ancak muhtemelen I. ~uppiluliuma'mn tahta geçmesiyle Arzawahlar, yeniden itaat alt~ na al~nm~~t~r. Çünkü bu büyük Hitit kral~na ait olan bir metinde, eskiden Arzawahlara ait olan Tuwanuwa'run bir sald~ r~yla dü~mandan geri ahnmas~~ anlat~lmaktad~r". I.
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