(Byzantium), Fisandon, Church", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ
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IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ Συγγραφή : Toivanen Hanna-Riitta Για παραπομπή : Toivanen Hanna-Riitta , "Lykaonia (Byzantium), Fisandon, Church", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=5149> Lykaonia (Byzantium), Fisandon, Church Περίληψη : The Byzantine church of Fisandon (now Dereköyü) is one of the most significant monuments in Central Asia Minor. It is dated to the 9th or to the 10th century, and it belongs to the simple domed cross-inscribed churches with four columns. The facades of the church, which are decorated by arcades consisting of windows and blind niches, are very impressive. The church of Fisandon was altered into a mosque in the 16th century by Sinan Paşa. Χρονολόγηση 9th or 10th century Γεωγραφικός Εντοπισμός Dereköyü, near Karaman 1. Location - History The Byzantine church of Fisandon (now Dereköyü) is dated to the 9th or 10th century,1 in spite of the arrangement of facades, which may suggest a slightly later date.2 2. Architectural description Typologically it belongs to the four-columned cross-in-square churches, representing the simple variant of this type [fig. 2]. In those simple churches, the sanctuary is immediately ajdacent to the eastern cross-arm, with the eastern corner bays locating between the arms of the cross. As in the cross-in-square churches in general, the dome is resting on four columns, which were set in the corners of the central square. The transition from the central quadrangle to the circular dome base is intermediated by four small pendentives [fig. 3]. 3 In Fisandon, the central part of the nave is still covered by the dome. The four main buttresses supporing the dome are quadrangular in form. The arms of the cross are relatively short, and vaulted by barrel-vaults. The corner bays between the arms of the cross are covered by groin vaults. Small niches have been set into the walls of the prothesisand the diakonikon, and also into the southern wall. There is only one apse in the east. This bema-apseis semi-circular in form, and its interior is horseshoe-shaped, which was typical for the apses in the churches of Asia Minor. Only traces are left of the narthex, which existed in the west. The building material was hewn stone. Most impressive in the external arangement of the church of Fisandon is the layout of the facades. The north and the south tympana [fig. 4], as well as the exterior of the apse [fig. 5],are outlined by large semicircular blind arches. Inside those huge arches, there are arcades consisting of blind niches and windows. The arches of the arcades are recessed, like in the Middle Byzantine churches of the capital. Also below those arcades there are horizontal cornices as in Constantinople.4 The lunettes of the arcades are embellished by decorative designs, as with rosettes on a shell-shaped bottom, fan-shaped motifs, and crosses.5 3. Research and present condition The Byzantine church of Fisandon was first noted by J.I. Smirnov, on whose preliminary report's basis Joseph Strzygowski proceeded to the first publication on the building in 1903.6 The church was altered into a mosque in the 16th century by Sinan Paşa, which probably was none other than the governor of Karaman, who died in 1573/74.7 Apart from the minaret, an outer vestibule was added on the northern side of the edifice at the same time, in order to have an entrance there. Fortunately, these alterations have not damaged badly the original structure of the shrine. Δημιουργήθηκε στις 28/9/2021 Σελίδα 1/3 IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ Συγγραφή : Toivanen Hanna-Riitta Για παραπομπή : Toivanen Hanna-Riitta , "Lykaonia (Byzantium), Fisandon, Church", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=5149> Lykaonia (Byzantium), Fisandon, Church Therefore, the building is relatively well-preserved [fig. 1]. The upper part of the walls were heightened in the mid-20th C. by the villagers, when they added up rafters of concrete. According to the villagers, there are still frescoes preserved underneath the whitewashed surface in the interior of the church, but this assessment has not been confirmed.8 It is however quite probable, since Smirnov had also mentioned remains of wall-paintings.9 Also a partly visible inscription survives, framing a lateral entrance which was in use during the Byzantine period. The inscription reads an extract from the 20th verse of Psalm CXVIII.10 The church of Fisandon is a combination of Constantinoplitan and local architectural style. In spite of having been turned to a mosque, the old Byzantine church of Fisandon is still one of the most significant monuments in central Asia Minor. 1. Belke, K. - Restle, M. Tabula Imperii Byzantini 4: Galatien und Lykaonien [from now on: TIB 4], (Wien 1984), p. 165; Eyice, S., Karadağ (Binbirkilise) ve Karaman Çevresinde Arkeolojık incelemeler (Istanbul 1971), p. 221. 2. TIB 4, (Wien 1984), p. 165. 3. Thierry, N., “L' art monumental byzantin en Asie Mineure du XI au XIV siècle”, Dumbarton Oaks Papers 29 (1975), p. 80; fig. 2. 4. Eyice, S., Karadağ (Binbirkilise) ve Karaman Çevresinde Arkeolojık incelemeler (Istanbul 1971), figs. 221-227. 5. Strzygowski, J., Kleinasien, Ein Neuland der Kunstgeschichte: Kirchenaufnahmen von J.W. Crowfoot und J.I. Smirnov (Leipzig, 1903), p.156. 6. Strzygowski, J., Kleinasien, Ein Neuland der Kunstgeschichte: Kirchenaufnahmen von J.W. Crowfoot und J.I. Smirnov (Leipzig, 1903), pp. 156, figs. 123, 124. 7. TIB 4, (Wien 1984), p. 165; Eyice, S., Karadağ (Binbirkilise) ve Karaman Çevresinde Arkeolojık incelemeler (Istanbul 1971), pp. 85, 221. 8. Eyice, S., Karadağ (Binbirkilise) ve Karaman Çevresinde Arkeolojık incelemeler (Istanbul 1971), p. 221. 9. Strzygowski, J., Kleinasien, Ein Neuland der Kunstgeschichte: Kirchenaufnahmen von J.W. Crowfoot und J.I. Smirnov (Leipzig, 1903), p. 156. 10. Eyice, S., Karadağ (Binbirkilise) ve Karaman Çevresinde Arkeolojık incelemeler (Istanbul 1971), pp. 87, 221. Βιβλιογραφία : Thierry N., "L’art monumental byzantin en Asie Mineure du XIe siècle au XIIIe", Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 29, 1975, 75-111 Belke K., Restle M., Galatien und Lykaonien, Wien 1984, TIB 4 Eyıce Semavi, Karadağ (Binbirkilise) ve Karaman Çevresinde Arkeolojık incelemeler, Istanbul 1971 Strzygowski J., Kleinasien, Ein Neuland der Kunsgeschichte. Kirchenaufnahmen von J.W. Crowfoot und J.I. Smirnov, Leipzig 1903 Δημιουργήθηκε στις 28/9/2021 Σελίδα 2/3 IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ Συγγραφή : Toivanen Hanna-Riitta Για παραπομπή : Toivanen Hanna-Riitta , "Lykaonia (Byzantium), Fisandon, Church", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=5149> Lykaonia (Byzantium), Fisandon, Church Γλωσσάριo : apse An arched srtucture or a semi-circular end of a wall. In byzantine architecture it means the semicircular, usually barrel-vaulted, niche at the east end of a basilica. The side aisles of a basilica may also end in an apse, but it is always in the central apse where the altar is placed. It was separated from the main church by a barrier, the templon, or the iconostasis. Its ground plan on the external side could be semicircular, rectangular or polygonal. barrel-vault vaulted, semi-cylindrical construction used often as roof. bema The area at east end of the naos in Byzantine churches, containing the altar, also referred to as the presbetery or hierateion (sanctuary). In these area take place the Holy Eucharist. corner bays In a cross-in-square church, they are the four compartements between the arms of the cross, that make inscribe the central cross into a square. They were usually covered with cross-or domical vaults. cornice 1. (Antiq. and Byz.) Member of the entablature or the architrave that projects in the elevation of a secular or religious building. As a horizontal member it may run along a wall. The cornice may also be the projecting part of the roof, protecting the building from rain. 2. (Byz. archit.) Decorative architectural element used to articulate the walls of a church, both on the inside and on the outside, by marking the division between the vertical wall and the spring of the vaults. It usually bears painted or sculptural decoration of vegetal or geometric motifs. cross- (groin-) vault A vault formed over square or rectangular spaces by the interpenetration of two barrel-vaults of equal hight and diameter. The lines of the intersection form a diagonal cross. cross-in-square church Type of church in which four barrel-vaulted bays form a greek cross; the central square of their intersection is domed. The cross is inscribed into the square ground plan by means of four corner bays. diakonikon An auxiliary chamber of the church, also known in early years as skeuophylakion, which could be a separate building attached to the church. There were kept the sacred vessels but sometimes also the offerings of the faithful, the archive or library. In Byzantine churches the diakonikon becomes the sacristy to the south of the Bema, corresponding to the prothesis to the north, and forming along with them the triple sanctuary. It usually has an apse projecting to the east. dome A characteristic element of Byzantine architecture. The dome is a hemispherical vault on a circular wall (drum) usually pierced by windows. The domed church emerges in the Early Byzantine years and its various types gradually prevail, while they are expanded in the Balkans and in Russia. narthex A portico or a rectangular entrance-hall, parallel with the west end of an early Christian basilica or church. pendentive Triangular surface used for the transition from the square base of the church to the hemispheric dome. prothesis Ιn ecclesiastical architecture, the sacristy to the north of the sanctuary. Usually it has an apse projecting to the east. It is the chamber where the eucharistic elements were prepared (Proskomide) before the Communion.