A Late Roman Building Complex in the Papaz Tarlası, Vezirköprü (Ancient Neoklaudiopolis, Northern Asia Minor)

A Late Roman building complex in the Papaz Tarlası, Vezirköprü (ancient Neoklaudiopolis, northern Asia Minor)

KRISTINA WINTHER!JACOBSEN & TØNNES BEKKER!NIELSEN

Cruciform structures are common in the Late Roman sistivity survey just north of Vezirköprü, Samsun prov- and Byzantine religious architecture of Asia Minor. Most ince, Turkey, in the region known in antiquity as Pontos structures, however, have arms of unequal length; the (Fig. ). Vezirköprü was founded as Neapolis by Pompey ‘Greek cross’ shape with arms of equal length is quite the Great in BC and later renamed Neoklaudiopolis rare. is paper discusses a building complex including in honour of the emperor Claudius or Nero. e city

a Greek cruciform structure identied by geoelectric re- continued, however, to be known under its indigenous

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Fig. . Map of ancient remains in Vezirköprü and surroundings (Map: Richard Szydlak).

All dates are AD unless otherwise indicated. e work was done under the auspices of the Where East meets West Project , investigating the Pompeian model of se!lements in northern Anatolia and its trajectory from di"erent material and historical perspectives focusing on one of its cities, Neoklaudiopolis, see Bekker-Nielsen #$; # ; Bekker-Nielsen et al. #%; Winther-Jacobsen #%. 25 PROCEEDINGS OF THE DANISH INSTITUTE AT ATHENS ∙ VOL UME VIII

Fig. !. Ploughed surface of the Papaz Tarlası (Photo: Kristina Winther-Jacobsen).

Fig. . Google image of the Papaz Tarlası on December ", #$%#.

name, Andrapa, as well. is was also the name of the Late Roman bishopric. Several bishops from Andrapa are named in the aendance lists of church councils and provincial synods. e earliest bishop mentioned in the lists is Paralios, who in was unable to aend the coun- cil of Ephesus in person but sent a deacon, Eucharios, to represent him.

Introduction e !eld known as the Papaz Tarlası (‘priest’s !eld’) is located in the Kuruçay Mahallesi on the southern edge Fig. . Georesistivity map of the Papaz Tarlası of the plateau that stretches northward and westward (Plan: Harald von der Osten-Woldenburg). from Vezirköprü towards the Kızılırmak river (ancient Halys). e shape of the !eld is irregular and its size approximately %&*+ m &. At the southeastern corner, the !eld ately visible on the ground as high density areas, as well as drops towards the southeast, and the southern edge of small elevations on the surface (Fig. ). e !nds include the !eld is de!ned by the ravine of the river, the Ulu. To numerous architectural remains: fragments of roof tiles, the west, the !eld abuts the road leading from Vezirköprü 1oor tiles and bricks, as well as a stone threshold (Figs northwards to Adatepe, Oymaağaç and Türkmenköy. To 2-%) and a broken column (Figs 3-+). In the ravine to the the east and north, it abuts on other !elds (Fig. &). south, foundations are visible in the slope and according e surface of the Papaz Tarlası is densely scaered to local informants, looters have uncovered masonry and with ceramics and the sub-surface structures are immedi- a small vaulted chamber in the !eld.

Ptolemy, Geography ., Andrapa hê kai Neoklaudiopolis . An inscription now in the Köprülü Mehmet Paşa Parkı, Vezirköprü, commemorates a sol- dier on detached duty “in (the city of) the Andrapans”; Bekker-Nielsen, Høgel & Sørensen &+*, no. . Le Quien 2+, .*3-+; Fedalto 3%%, .23. Paralios is also named in an inscription found at Doyran on the southern outskirts of Vezirköprü: An- 26 derson et al. 3+, no. 6%, %2-%. KRISTINA WINTHER-JACOBSEN & TØNNES BEKKER-NIELSEN ∙ A LATE ROMAN BUILDING COMPLEX IN THE PAPAZ TARLASI , VEZIRKÖPRÜ

Fig. . Gridded survey map of the Papaz Tarlası indicating the subsurface structures and other recorded features (Plan: Kristina Winther-Jacobsen).

Georesistivity survey In April , a georesistivity survey of the central part of the Papaz Tarlası was carried out by a team from the Nerik excavation project under the direction of Prof. Dr. Rainer Czichon and Dr. Harald von der Osten-Wol- denburg. e survey, which covered a surface of m, revealed the foundations of a large building complex composed of three main elements oriented east–west (Figs -): in the west was a quadrangle x m lined by structures on all four sides. From the georesistivity scan it is not possible to say with certainty whether the plan is completely regular or whether the northern side is slightly skewed in relation to the others. At the centre of the quadrangle, a hexagonal structure approximately m in diameter can be seen. To the east lies a structure Fig. . Silver coin of the emperor Arcadius collected in in the shape of a Greek cross, measuring x m; its . western arm is aached to the quadrangle although its axis is not aligned with it, nor with the central structure, but shied approximately m northwards (hereaer the contours show up as two parallel grey lines, suggesting complex with the cruciform structure). e plans of the that the foundations have been removed, leaving only a cruciform and hexagonal structures show up on the geo- robber trench. resistivity plot as distinct, dark areas, indicating that their Two additional structures are visible on the map: just foundations remain in situ. e foundations of the quad- northeast of the cruciform structure is a small rectangular rangle, on the other hand, appear to be best preserved on structure approximately x m and of a slightly dierent the western and eastern sides; in the north and south, its orientation. Also in the northeastern corner of the area

e georesistivity survey was not part of the WEmW project. See Czichon et al. . 27 PROCEEDINGS OF THE DANISH INSTITUTE AT ATHENS ∙ VOL UME VIII

Fig. . !reshold ploughed out of the Papaz Tarlası Fig. . Detail of threshold ploughed out of the Papaz Tar- (Photo: Kristina Winther-Jacobsen). lası (Photo: Kristina Winther-Jacobsen).

surveyed is another rectangular structure approximately x m, again of a dierent orientation (hereaer the northeastern complex). e main structural elements of the complex with the cruciform structure identied in the Papaz Tarlasi are quite distinctive (see below). Based on the plan, the quadrangle is tentatively identied as an open courtyard, possibly with a colonnade; the hexagonal structure in its centre as a fountain; and the cruciform structure as a martyrion . Simultaneously with the resistivity survey, a grab sample was collected from the eld for the purpose of a preliminary assessment of the chronology. e preliminary analysis of the po!ery by Kristina Winther-Jacobsen in "#$" suggested that only Roman and post-Roman material was collected. A silver coin of the Emperor Arcadius, already known, provided a preliminary date for the assemblage (Fig. ).

Architectural fragments e plan produced by the resistivity survey is comple- mented by the evidence of multiple architectural remains recovered from the surface of the eld believed to originate from the sub-surface structures; these include a stone threshold and a broken column. e grey limestone Fig. !. Fragmented column sha" ploughed out of the Pa- threshold of the standard Roman type (Fig. ) measures paz Tarlası (Photo: Kristina Winther-Jacobsen). $.& x #.'' m and the door opening was $.$' m wide. Two thirds of the surface has been cut down to a lower level, middle and one square and one round hole facing each leaving a small step to shut the door against, cm high. other at either end, indicate that the threshold was in- 28 e positions of the ve holes, one square hole in the tended for a double door with a vertical locking bar. e KRISTINA WINTHER-JACOBSEN & TØNNES BEKKER-NIELSEN ∙ A LATE ROMAN BUILDING COMPLEX IN THE PAPAZ TARLASI , VEZIRKÖPRÜ

Fig. . Detail of agmented column sha ploughed out of the Papaz Tarlası (Photo: Kristina Winther-Jacobsen). hinges rotated in the round holes at either end, positioned opposite the square holes which received the lower ends of the jambs. All three square holes are the same size, . cm wide, and the two round holes are also identical with a diameter of cm, suggesting some level of stand- ardization. On the side of the block, tool marks of both point and tooth chisels can be seen very clearly (Fig. ). A fragment of a similar threshold can be seen lying in a eld in the Tikenli Mahallesi on the southwestern edge of the city where tombs were reported to have been found in the spring of . A complete threshold was found in during construction work in the Sokak. A broken monolithic column of polished grey lime- Fig. . Grave stele ploughed out of the Papaz Tar- stone was also observed in the eld (Fig. ). e fragment lası: ont, top section and back (Photo: Kristina Win- is . m long. e diameter at the top is wider than . cm, ther-Jacobsen). and the sha is . cm in diameter at the fracture. e top of the column is nished with two at bands, each cm high, of which the edges are not sharp, but slightly it was ed into some kind of architecture, presumably rounded and smooth. e sha measures . cm and it the structure in the Papaz Tarlasi. Preserved on the front tapers towards the boom. On the top, tool marks of both of the block is the top of the double-framed main pan- point and tooth chisels can be seen very clearly (Fig. ). el and the lower part of the double-framed pediment A fragment of a grave stele was also found (Fig. ). anked with acroteria. At the centre of the pediment is e top had been cut o and the surface worked with a a rosee with curved pointy leaves. e acroteria appear point chisel. e boom is broken, leaving the shape of to consist of at least three leaves pointing downwards and the block irregular. It measures approximately . x . ending in three spirals resembling ‘comma’ locks. A stele m. ere is an irregular, rounded hole in the back which from Pompeiopolis in the Museum of Kastamonu may points toward its secondary use as a threshold. Remains have been produced by the same workshop or artist. of mortar with small pebbles on the back indicate that Although the decoration of the pediment is dierent (a

Cumont & Cumont , . Nerik database, photo no. . 29 PROCEEDINGS OF THE DANISH INSTITUTE AT ATHENS ∙ VOL UME VIII

Fig. . Foundation exposed in the south slope (Fig. $.%) Fig. . Foundation exposed in the south slope (Fig. $.&) (Photo: Kristina Winther-Jacobsen). (Photo: Kristina Winther-Jacobsen).

pine cone resting on acanthus leaves), the proportions need not be any connection between the artist and the and details of the double frame and acroteria are similar stonecuer who carves the inscription. From the distri- and quite distinctive. e inscription on this stele does bution of the four pieces and the seemingly unnished not mention the era, but based on the Antonine name state of the stele from Kocaoğlu, it seems most likely that it can be dated to the nd century. Another stele photo- the workshop was located in Vezirköprü, but the pieces graphed by Professor E. Olshausen in in Karkucak could also have been produced by an itinerant artist. e ( km south of Vezirköprü) is decorated in the same existence of itinerant artists is widely assumed, but there fashion as the stele from Pompeiopolis, but the relief appears to be lile research into the phenomenon. An appears to be deeper. In Olshausen photographed inscription from Havza/ermai tôn Phazemonitôn set a well-preserved stele with a similar but apparently un - up by a Proklos from Sinope mentions at the boom the nished double frame in Kocaoğlu, c. km southeast name of the artist, Chresstos. " e word following the of Kayabaşı, formerly Tahna, near the bridge known artist’s name is not complete but based on the preserved as the Kurt Köprüsü (‘wolf bridge’). e pediment leers and the parallel with the rst line mentioning the is decorated with a rosee similar to the one found in dedicator, the word may be reconstructed as an ethnic the Papaz Tarlası, but the panel with the inscription is reference to his home town Sinope. Multiple scenarios also decorated with a mirror and a comb. is stele was can be reconstructed from this information. Was Chress- inscribed with the era of the city, dating it in the year tos a famous artist in Sinope, who made the stele at his of the era, i.e. /, providing an approximate terminus workshop there? Did he travel to ermai specically to post quem for the structure in the Papaz Tarlası. To the make the stele? Was he an itinerant artist? e case cer- non-epigraphist the leering seems to indicate three dif- tainly testies to the mobility of people and/or artefacts ferent hands, but such conclusions await the publication as Proklos himself seems to have come from Sinope to by Olshausen. Indeed some inscriptions give evidence be healed in the springs of ermai, about km away of multiple hands on the same monument and there as the crow #ies but over di$cult terrain.

Marek "; Pompeiopolis ", %. Personal communication by Professor Eckart Olshausen and Dr. Vera Sauer, for which we are very grateful. e stele will be published in the volume of the inscriptions of Neoklaudiopolis, which is in preparation for the series Inschri!en griechischer Städte aus Kleinasien . See n. . Bekker-Nielsen & Høgel , ", no. . Studies of the cra*smen cuing the inscriptions focus mainly on Athens, e.g. Tracy & Dow . Jennifer Trimble (, , %%) mentions itinerant artists but cites no references. Boon , %. " Anderson, Cumont & Grégoire , "-%. We’re grateful to Søren Lund Sørensen for drawing our aention to this inscription and explaining the 30 epigraphical context. KRISTINA WINTHER-JACOBSEN & TØNNES BEKKER-NIELSEN ∙ A LATE ROMAN BUILDING COMPLEX IN THE PAPAZ TARLASI , VEZIRKÖPRÜ

sive, systematic survey strategy to the eld to analyze the distribution of nds in order to conrm the relationship between surface and sub-surface structures identied by the resistivity survey, and to reach a be!er understanding of the chronology and function of the sub-surface structures and their interrelationship.

Methodology e eld was divided into geomorphologically homoge- neous units in a grid of x m squares (" in total, as Fig. . Water channel exposed in the south slope well as sub-sized ones along the edge of the eld laid out (Fig. ".#) (Photo: Kristina Winther-Jacobsen). using a total station and marked with #ags at the corners of each square; Fig. ). A total collection of $ of the surface material was achieved by total count/collection Many fragments of tiles and bricks, as well as some cut of all nds in m transects spaced at % m intervals ( in stone blocks bonded with mortar were found in rubbish total). Total collection included anything from the size heaps on the southern edge of the eld. In a founda- of a thumbnail and bigger – smaller objects were only tion matching the southeastern corner of the quadrangle collected if they were diagnostic or recognizable by a on the geoelectric map had become visible in the slope. distinctive feature. e vast majority of sherds were ar- e foundation consists of stratied layers of eld stones chitectural fragments. Subsequently, the po!ery collected bound by mortar tempered with small pebbles (Figs ., was sorted into use-categories, counted and weighed in ). It is at least cm deep. the eld; only a diagnostic sample was collected for full Another foundation was identied in the slope south- registration in the inventory. e survey of the transect west of the quadrangle, which from its location is not lines was followed up by an intensive, systematic (nine immediately associable with the complex with the cru- eld-walkers shoulder to shoulder) survey of the squares ciform structure (Figs ., ). is foundation seems to between the transect lines. e sample collected from be of a dierent quality, including cut stone blocks and the squares was random, aiming at specically diagnostic brick, and it appears to be at least . m wide. pieces for the inventory. Furthermore, a water channel constructed from eld We operated with three levels of recording: ) sherds stones and mortar tempered with small pebbles and lined per transect line (number and weight); ) nds groups with pink mortar was identied protruding from the slope per transect line (number and weight); and ) inventory further to the east (Fig. .): however, its location at a (individual sherds). Since the total sum is unknown, the much lower level suggests that it is either not in situ or validity of our data rests on our ability to control and not associated with the structures in the eld (Fig. ). compare them. e dierent levels of recording provide us with dierent data sets for dierent purposes: Recording of sherds allows us to map their distribu- e intensive systematic survey tion across the survey area. Based on the preliminary survey carried out in under Recording of nds groups allows us to detect dier- the auspices of the Nerik project and the analysis of the entiation in the distribution of dierent functions of nds data carried out in , it was decided to apply an inten- across the survey area.

e survey was carried out under permit number %%% "-&.-"%%&, issued on September %, , by the Ministry of Tourism and Culture, General Directorate of Cultural Heritage and Museums of the Turkish Republic. e representative of the Turkish government was Mustafa Kolağasıoğlu from the Directorate of Samsun Museum. We are grateful to the director and sta of the Museum and to the local authorities of Vezirköprü for their cooperation. 31 PROCEEDINGS OF THE DANISH INSTITUTE AT ATHENS ∙ VOL UME VIII

Fig. . Tiles collected !om WEmW"#:$%$-"$$/$&$-$%$. Fig. . Tile collected !om WEmW"#:$'$/$%$.

Recording individual nds allows us to study dier- back in the eld from which they came. e results of the entiation in temporal paerns and provenance. three levels of registration were recorded into an Access e initial sorting of the nds into use groups was database. done in the eld by the eld-walkers, but checked by the ceramics expert before recording. e denitions of the e nds use categories were established based on the results of the analysis of the poery from the preliminary survey in Based on their visual similarity with the fabrics of Iron , when a random sample was collected. e use-cat- Age ceramics from Nerik/Oymaağaç, the vast majority egories were: architectural fragments, tableware, kitchen of ceramics collected appear to be of regional production ware, cooking ware, transport amphorae and ‘other’. e for which no comparanda have been published. e only individual nds were categorized based on shape, fabric, contexts in the Nerik excavations dated to the Roman or decoration, ring technology, style and size. Two of the Early Byzantine period are the graves, which included groups – cooking wares and transport amphorae – were no poery. # e nearest published site to Vezirköprü is rarely recognized as such in the eld, where they were Taşköprü (ancient Pompeiopolis), where the ceramics are categorized as kitchen ware. Consequently, the quantied currently undergoing analysis and only preliminary stud- distribution maps which are based on the statistically ies of the tablewares and selected coarse wares have been valid, systematic, total collection in the transect lines only published. * KWJ was kindly allowed to study some of the include the categories architectural fragments, tableware, Pompeiopolis material for reference. + Consequently, the kitchen ware (including cooking wares and transport am- chronology for the Papaz Tarlası is based almost exclu- phorae) and other. sively on the tableware and coins, as well as parallels with In accordance with the guidelines set out by the Turk- the Pompeiopolis material and general typo-morpholo- ish authorities, all inventoried nds of the inventory were gy and technology. e tableware is almost exclusively photographed, drawn and described, then re-deposited Pontic Red Slip ware, a type of poery studied by Dr. K.

# Personal communication by Dr. Pavol Hnila, who is studying the Nerik tile graves, for which we are very grateful. * Domżalski ; Zhuravlev . + KWJ is very grateful to the director of the Pompeiopolis project, Professor Lâtife Summerer and to the director of the Late Roman villa project, Dr. Luisa Musso for allowing her to study their material and refer to it here, and to Drs M. Brizzi, K. Domżalski, and M. Gwiazda for sharing their 32 thoughts on the maer. KRISTINA WINTHER-JACOBSEN & TØNNES BEKKER-NIELSEN ∙ A LATE ROMAN BUILDING COMPLEX IN THE PAPAZ TARLASI , VEZIRKÖPRÜ

Fig. . Ceramics collected om Fig. . Ceramics collected om WEmW!":#$#-!##/#%#-#&#. WEmW!":!'#-!"#/#"#-#(#.

Domżalski. e article by Arsen’eva and Domżalski other types of cover tiles were identied suggests the asso- is the most detailed publication to date, but this material ciation with the pan tiles. None of the fragments preserve includes li le of the Pontic Red Slip form , which is the the complete prole, but they were probably V-shaped most common Pontic Red Slip form found in the Papaz rather than U-shaped. # All the di%erent types of tiles are Tarlası. ceramics sherds were inventoried, including smoothed on the upper side and rough on the underside the material collected in : architectural fragments, from being made in a mould. e !at part of the pan tiles cooking ware fragments, kitchen ware fragments, ranges in thickness from ." to . cm. e cover tiles range tableware fragments, four transport amphora frag- from . to . cm in thickness, and the two possible ridge ments and one lamp nozzle. e inventory is not propor- tiles are both . cm thick (Pl. nos. -/"-. and tionally representative, but selected for its chronological -"/#-.). Unlike the tiles from the Nerik tile signicance and morphological range. graves, the outer edges are smoothed. Some of the tiles testify to a more mechanical production with sharper lines (Fig. above le*), while others appear more “handmade”, Architectural agments with curved and smoothed transitions (Figs below right, e vast majority of ceramics collected belonged in " and right). One sub-type of tile has raised edges with the architectural category: !at square !oor tiles/bricks a smoothed surface running straight to the edge (Fig. and Corinthian-style pan tiles/tegulae combined with below right), another has curved corners (Fig. right), curved cover tiles/imbrices (so-called Sicilian style) (Pl. while a third type with a more mechanical appearance has nos. "/#., #-/-#., -/-., a raised band along the short end (Figs above le* and -/"-.). Although the curved cover tiles can le*). e lower corners are narrower to allow insertion be di$cult to distinguish from the traditional pre-modern into the next layer on the roof and the transition is angular tiles of which many had been dumped among the rubbish (Figs below le* and "). No fragments preserve both along the slope, their sheer number and the fact that no ends, and all styles appear in the same transect lines. In

We are very grateful to Dr. Domżalski for his personal comments on the Pontic Red Slip fragments from the Papaz Tarlası. For his publications on Pontic Red Slip see Domżalski ; ; and Arsen’eva & Domżalski . # Similar to Özyiğit ##, g. g–h. e Nerik tiles are yet unpublished, but in KWJ was allowed to study the material, for which we are very grateful. 33

PROCEEDINGS OF THE DANISH INSTITUTE AT ATHENS ∙ VOL UME VIII

N N

M M

G H G I G J G K L G J G O R R G I G Q G O G J G K R R L G O R T G I G T G O G U G K L

R T G I G U G K R

R S G I G Q G K R

R S G O R H G I G J G O R G G K U

G H G O G P G I J Q J O G J G K R

R S G O R H G I G J G O R G G K R

R R G O R L G I G H G O G P G I S

V V 34 Plate . Architectural agments and pithoi, scale : (Drawings: Christina Hildebrandt & Kristina Winther-Jacobsen).

KRISTINA WINTHER-JACOBSEN & TØNNES BEKKER-NIELSEN ∙ A LATE ROMAN BUILDING COMPLEX IN THE PAPAZ TARLASI , VEZIRKÖPRÜ

W X Y Z W [ Y \ Y ] Y Z Y ^ Y _ ` W [ Y Z W a Y \ Y a Y Z Y ] Y _ c _ W

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Plate . Cooking wares. Scale !:" (Drawings: Christina Hildebrandt & Kristina Winther-Jacobsen).

terms of production, the variety of composition of temper Many oor tiles/bricks were recorded, some- suggests multiple phases, workshops or batches. A range times decorated with nger marks (Fig. , pl. no. of misred tiles were recorded, with everything from dis- - / - .). ey are approximately - cm in coloured to malformed and vitried, suggesting the tiles thickness, oen preserving a thick layer of mortar up to were produced close by (Figs right and ). A few distinc- cm on at least one side (Fig. ). Two complete oor tive tiles were inventoried including the two possible ridge tiles found on the steep slope measured . x cm, be- tiles, interpreted according to their greater width (Fig. , ing -. cm thick. Stone tiles in a similar range of thick- pl. , no. - / - .). One fragment is decorated nesses were also used for oors, as indicated by their with shallow grooves traced with the ngers. Another one shape and the mortar aached to them (Fig. ). appears to have undergone a secondary use (Fig. ). e In the preliminary survey, fragments of water pipes raised edge has been chipped away slanting towards the at were collected, but in the season it became obvious part, possibly for a drain. In the preliminary report we ten - from their occurrence in the rubbish heaps on the slope tatively concluded that the types of tile found in the Papaz south of the eld that they are not ancient. Tarlası are dierent from the tiles used in the tile graves at Additionally, three small fragments of marble deco- Nerik, which may suggest a dierent chronology, but also ration, probably architectural, were recorded during the denote a dierent workshop. e dierence is conrmed survey (Figs -). e rst is a . cm-thick white mar- by the material collected in the intensive survey. ble tile, probably from opus sectile decoration of a vertical 35 PROCEEDINGS OF THE DANISH INSTITUTE AT ATHENS ∙ VOL UME VIII

Fig. . Tile collected om WEmW:-/- . Fig. !. Ridge tile collected om WEmW:!-"/-.

Fig. . Floor tile/brick collected om WEmW:"-/ -.

Fig. . Chipped tile collected in #.

36 KRISTINA WINTHER-JACOBSEN & TØNNES BEKKER-NIELSEN ∙ A LATE ROMAN BUILDING COMPLEX IN THE PAPAZ TARLASI , VEZIRKÖPRÜ

Fig. . Floor tile/brick collected om Fig. . Stone !oor tile(?) collected om WEmW:"-/-#. WEmW:/.

Fig. !. Decorative agments of marble collected om the Papaz Tarlası (ont).

Fig. ". Decorative agments of marble collected om the Papaz Tarlası (back). 37 PROCEEDINGS OF THE DANISH INSTITUTE AT ATHENS ∙ VOL UME VIII

Fig. . Ceramics collected om WEmW:-/ -.

Fig. . Cooking pot agment collected om Fig. !. Ceramics collected om WEmW:!/. WEmW:/ . surface. On the back there are traces made with a pointed chisel, but the location of these tool marks along the edge suggests that these may have been made when prying the tile o a wall. e second fragment resembles a Doric hawk’s beak on a plain at band. e fragment is too small to be sure, but the front also appears to be curved like a rosee or a clipeus. Only the hawk’s beak part is polished. e third marble fragment has a decorated front and a at rear face: it consists of a straight band with two curved Fig. "#. Ceramics of phyl- stems abuing, and on their convex side the remains of lite-rich fabric collected om a small knob. is fragment must come from some sort 38 WEmW:/". of shallow, openwork relief. KRISTINA WINTHER-JACOBSEN & TØNNES BEKKER-NIELSEN ∙ A LATE ROMAN BUILDING COMPLEX IN THE PAPAZ TARLASI , VEZIRKÖPRÜ

Table 1,1% Form and 2,2% functional distribution of vessels in phyllite-rich 5,5% CW pots (44,45%) fabric (Graph: Kristina KW ? (10,10%) Winther-Jacobsen)

KW bowls (3,3%) 20,21%

44,45% KW basins (12,13%)

KW closed (20,21%)

12,13% KW open (2,2%)

KW pithos (5,5%) 10,10%

CW lids (1,1%) 3,3%

Other nds Apart from the architectural fragments, the nds include thin, at shape, slate-like surface and its predominance poery, a lamp, glass, two coins and slag. e poery con- makes it distinctive (Fig. ). Based on a sample kept by sists mainly of kitchen ware, some tableware and cooking the Nerik project, we believe the mineral to be phyllite, wares and a few, rare fragments of transport amphorae. which occurs in the region. Among the sherds from the Initially, it was dicult to distinguish the cooking wares as Papaz Tarlası, ninety-eight are made from phyllite-rich the types otherwise widely produced and imported across fabrics. e cooking wares represent almost half of these the Roman Empire appear not to have been used regularly vessels, but the phyllite-rich fabrics are not exclusive to in this area. A single thin strap-handle of quartz-rich fabric cooking wares (Table ). e range of poery made from collected in the preliminary survey in and less than the phyllite-rich fabrics, including rather heavy vessels a handful of rim fragments collected during the intensive such as pithoi, suggests that much of this poery was pro- survey come from types of cooking vessel typical of the duced in the area. e phyllite does not, however, appear Roman period, suggesting that the type appeared irreg- in the same combination in the tile fabrics, another type ularly here. Furthermore, soot, which would assist in the of ceramics assumed to have been produced in the area identication of local/regional cooking wares, is relatively given the presence of many misred pieces. is is prob- rare. e three sooted fragments all belong to a type of ably the result of some sort of functional dierentiation vessel which we, based on its distinctive shape and fabric in the production. Our knowledge of ancient ceramics and its similarity with Late Roman cooking wares at Pom- production suggests that none of the fabrics are ʻnatu- peiopolis, interpret as local/regional cooking ware (Figs ral’. ey have all undergone the process of purication -, pl. nos. - /-., /. , / .). including some selection of inclusions. In the case of the e fabric is highly distinctive because it is dominated by phyllite-rich fabrics, the angular shape, large grain size a characteristic inclusion: although this mineral changes and number of these specic inclusions indicate that they colour in the ring process, its large grain size, angular, were produced by crushing rock fragments specically for

e poery from Pompeiopolis is unpublished except for Domżalski , . See n. . Personal communication by Dr. Rainer Czichon, for which we are very grateful. E.g. Rice , ; Winther-Jacobsen , -. 39

PROCEEDINGS OF THE DANISH INSTITUTE AT ATHENS ∙ VOL UME VIII

h h e f e g e h e i e j e g e k e l k

h m

n o e g n f e i n e e g n n e l f

r r r

h o n m e g n j e i e p e g e q e l m n m e g n j e i e j e g e k e i o l o

n m e g n j e i e j e g e k e l o l f

n f e g n h e i e q e g n e e l k

e f e i e p e l o

n m e g n j e i e q e g n e e l k o p

40 Plate . Kitchen wares, above scale :; below scale : (Drawings: Christina Hildebrandt & Kristina Winther-Jacobsen). KRISTINA WINTHER-JACOBSEN & TØNNES BEKKER-NIELSEN ∙ A LATE ROMAN BUILDING COMPLEX IN THE PAPAZ TARLASI , VEZIRKÖPRÜ

Fig. . Spout of basin collected om Fig. . Fragment of pithos collected om WEmW:-/- . WEmW:- /!-".

the purpose of providing the fabric with certain qualities, which is known from the closed vessels in the Pontic real or imagined. e mineral also appears in a wide Red Slip production occur among the kitchen wares, al- range of shapes and types of poery at Pompeiopolis. though a similar design is also known from lids (Pl. nos. e kitchen wares consist of mostly open and some -/-.. and -/-.). Secondly, closed vessels as well as pithoi (Pl. nos. , /., the type of combed decoration popular on Pontic Red /./ -/-. and pl. ). e most Slip form is found on a kitchen ware basin (Fig. , pl. common type of kitchen ware is the basin, oen with no. -//.). a spout aached to the rim (Fig. ). is type of vessel One handle aachment of a Sinopean amphora was is also common in the late Roman contexts at Pompei- identied by the volcanic sand, but the fragment is too opolis. Two types occur in the Papaz Tarlası: the type poorly preserved to reveal any information about the with the spout inserted into the section of the rim (Pl. shape and type (Fig. ). no. ) and the apparently more popular type where e lamp, of which only the spout was found, was a spout is aached like a guer on top of the rim (e.g. originally slipped, but the surface is very poorly preserved pl. nos. -/-. and -/-..). (Fig. ). e proximity of the hole for the wick and the Among the kitchen wares are fragments of large thick- lling hole, both of which are surrounded by an exterior walled pithoi (Figs - , pl. , nos. , /., /., oset rim, is very unusual and no close parallels have been -/-.). Although the kitchen wares are found. Overall, the range of poery types and styles is very dicult to date, certain stylistic features indicate restricted, suggesting that the dierent structures belong a symbiotic relationship to the Late Roman Pontic Red within the same period and that the structures were rela- Slip. Firstly, a distinctive type of hollow stemmed base tively intensely used within a fairly short time span.

Several articles in the recent volume on ancient cooking wares edited by Spataro & Villing (), e.g. Whitbread , discuss the signicance of inclusions. Domżalski , , pl. .. Arsen’eva & Domżalski , g. .-; Ferrazzoli & Ricci , , g. .; Pellegrino , , gs . and . Domżalski , pl. .. 41 PROCEEDINGS OF THE DANISH INSTITUTE AT ATHENS ∙ VOL UME VIII

Fig. . Ceramics collected om WEmW:-!/"-#.

Fig. . Fragment of pithos lid(?) collected om WEmW:/.

ter of the th century. Form appears in several variants at the Papaz Tarlası (Pl. nos. - , -., /., -/-.). Interestingly, this large dish with false ring-base and everted angular rim is not a common form at Pompeiopolis, the closest neighbouring city to have been excavated. e second half of the th century is a period in time when the repertory of forms changed and Pontic Red Slip ware lost its predominance to LRD tablewares from Western Asia Minor, even if only a single base fragment of LRD was identied in the Papaz Tarlası. e identied Pontic Red Slip also includes fragments of form (Fig. ), as well as an unclassied form dated from the mid th to the mid th century (Pl. no. -/-.). A few of the tableware sherds appear to be Pontic Sigillata, which Fig. !. Sinopean amphora handle a$achment was the predecessor of Pontic Red Slip; these include two collected om WEmW:-!/-. possible rims of Pontic Sigillata forms - dated in the nd or w century (Pl. no. -/ -.). Due to their small size and poor preservation, it is possible that these e only poery that can be dated within a narrow early sherds are residual. chronological bracket is the red slipped tableware (Table e glass is too fragmented for any denite conclu- ). e most popular tableware by far is Pontic Red Slip sions to be drawn, except that all the fragments are made form , produced in the second half of the th and rst quar- from monochrome, clear, blue-green glass and that vessels

Personal communication by K. Domżalski for which we are very grateful. Arsen’eva & Domżalski , -. Arsen’eva & Domżalski , -, gs -; Domżalski , pl. .-. 42 Zhuravlev , , pl. .-. Less likely, but also possible is Pontic Red Slip from (Arsen’eva & Domżalski , g. ). KRISTINA WINTHER-JACOBSEN & TØNNES BEKKER-NIELSEN ∙ A LATE ROMAN BUILDING COMPLEX IN THE PAPAZ TARLASI , VEZIRKÖPRÜ

Fig. . Nozzle of lamp collected !om Fig. . Base !agment of Pontic Red Slip form # collected WEmW"#:""$-"%$/$&$-$'$. !om WEmW"#:""$-"%$/$($-$&$. appear to be have been small and very thin-walled. e grid near the structure there, indicating the possibility of two coins, one of which had been minted on a clipped a complex combining domestic and productive activities elder one, are poorly preserved, but have been identied (Fig. $*). However, as a roughly round object, it has high as Byzantine folles by Vera Sauer. e clipped coin was mobility and could be intrusive. minted between !"# and !"! and the other coin can only e Post-Roman periods are represented by, for in- be dated between "$% and &'&. $# stance, green glazed table and utility wares common of Finally the slag, which appears to be from the produc- the O/oman period. An amphora handle stamped with tion of iron, was found in the northeastern corner of the four incuse asterisks nds its closest parallel in a fragment

Type Date Pontic Red Slip form '? Mid 1 th -mid "th century? Pontic Red Slip form $ late 1 th /" th -mid " th century Pontic Red Slip form 1 late 1 th -mid " th century Pontic Red Slip unclassied form second half of 1 th -rst half of " th century Pontic Red Slip form & variants second half of " th -rst quarter of the ! th century Phocaean Red Slip mid "th century onwards

Table ". Tableware chronology based on Dom żalski %$$$ and Arsen’eva & Dom żalski %$$%.

$# For reconstruction of dates see appendix by Vera Sauer. 43

PROCEEDINGS OF THE DANISH INSTITUTE AT ATHENS ∙ VOL UME VIII

s t s u v s s w s x s u s y s z v ~

v v s w s ~ s z v

{ u x

s t s w s t s z |

v } s w s ~ s z v

s ~ s u s t s w v s s u v v s z v

s } s u s { s w s ~ s u s t s z v

Plate . Tablewares, scale : (Drawings: Christina Hildebrandt & Kristina Winther-Jacobsen)

from Saraçhane dated to the late th /early th century, fragments belong to plain domestic types of poery, jars, although it was found with earlier material (Fig. ). A bowls and basins, which cannot be securely dated at the similar stamp also occurs on Saraçhane amphora type moment. Consequently it is not currently possible to es- 44 of the th or th century. However, the majority of timate how much of the kitchen and cooking wares are KRISTINA WINTHER-JACOBSEN & TØNNES BEKKER-NIELSEN ∙ A LATE ROMAN BUILDING COMPLEX IN THE PAPAZ TARLASI , VEZIRKÖPRÜ

Fig. . Iron slag collected om WEmW:/. Fig. . Amphora handle collected om WEmW:!-"/-.

Fig. !". Finds distribution recorded across the Papaz Tarlası (Plan: Kristina Winther-Jacobsen).

Hayes , , no. , g. , pl. . Vroom , , g. MBYZ .. 45 PROCEEDINGS OF THE DANISH INSTITUTE AT ATHENS ∙ VOL UME VIII

Fig. . Average weight of sherds recorded across the Papaz Tarlası (Plan: Kristina Winther-Jacobsen).

post-Roman. As for tablewares, small glazed fragments visible in the steep slope (see above). !e small rectan- were collected in the squares, but none in the transect gular structure just northeast of the cruciform structure lines; consequently there is no statistical material. By almost disappears in the high densities on its immediate comparison, fragments of Roman red slipped table- southwest and northeast sides, but it can be traced in ware were collected in the transect lines. the ceramics distribution map as an increase in "nds of approximately +#/ in the transect line cu%ing across it, compared to the transect lines le0 and right. !e structure e distribution paern approximately # m further to the northeast is visible as a !e distribution of ceramics across the "eld con"rms the discrete, high density cluster of about +## m . !is cluster expectations concerning the state of preservation of the extends outside the area of the resistivity survey, and it is sub-surface structures as suggested in the preliminary highly likely that there were additional structures in this investigations of #$. !e state of preservation of the part of the Papaz Tarlası, aside from the one revealed by po%ery ranges from poor to medium, with a few well-pre- the resistivity survey. Although the chronological range served fragments indicating that new material is ploughed appears to be similar, there is a clear functional di1erenti- up in every new agricultural episode. !is is supported by ation between this northeastern complex and the complex the emergence in #$& of the broken column, which was with the cruciform structure (see below). not on the surface in #$#, and the reused stele. Conse- !e total range of the average weight of individual quently, the sub-surface material should be in a good state sherds is $ to $&( g, but in ( of the +$ transect lines, the of preservation. Additional evidence is the discreteness of average weight ranges between #.#$2 and #.#&( g. Only the densities – the fact that surface "nds are closely related in eight transect lines is the average weight of sherds to sub-surface structures, e.g. the large number of archi- between 32 and $&( g (Fig. ($). A partial correlation tectural fragments over the cruciform structure. !e areas between density and average weight (average weights immediately over the sub-surface structures, especially the of minimum #.#+ kg per sherd) can be observed in the hexagonal and the cruciform structures and the southeast- area of the complex with the cruciform structure and ern corner of the quadrangle, reveal high densities of up to the northeastern complex, but there are also deviances $.( kg of ceramics per square metre (Fig. (#). !e highest from this pa%ern – for instance the high average weight densities were recorded along the southern edge of the in transect $3# at the northeastern edge of the "eld, where 46 quadrangle, where its edge has been eroded and become there is evidence for less ploughing and consequently less KRISTINA WINTHER-JACOBSEN & TØNNES BEKKER-NIELSEN ∙ A LATE ROMAN BUILDING COMPLEX IN THE PAPAZ TARLASI , VEZIRKÖPRÜ

destruction. e explanation for the high average weight al dierentiation may be implied by the distribution of of sherds in transect line / can be explained by the pithoi, which seem to concentrate in the northeast, and occurrence of a single, very large tile fragment, a type of cooking wares, which seem to concentrate to the south, nd which behaves dierently on the surface as it gets but the collection in the squares was not systematic and caught very easily in the agricultural equipment. In all consequently this paern should not be over-emphasized. the transect lines except / the non-architectural e eld boundary system favours ploughing longitudi- fragments make up only a tiny proportion of the nds, nally, which aects the displacement of the surface, mak- especially by weight, which was to be expected given the ing it more likely to move east–west than north–south. original size of the complete artefacts. e pithos fragments found in the central south corner of e ratio of architectural ceramics to other types of ce- the eld are explained by the topography. e eld slopes ramics/poery is : kg or :, suggesting that the struc- down quite steeply in this corner, and these large frag- tures were coved by tile roofs when they collapsed. e ments have probably rolled to the lowest part of the eld. category includes both roof and oor tiles/bricks as these In the area of the complex with the cruciform structure are indistinguishable when very fragmented. e ratio is mainly kitchen ware and tableware were found, which of course not constant across the eld, but a particularly may be another indication of functional dierentiation interesting variation is observed in the cluster overlying the suggesting that cooking and storing took place mainly northeastern complex. Here the ratio is only : kg or : in the northeastern complex. However, there seems to because of . kg of pithos fragments recorded in transect be a concentration of cooking and tableware west of the line /, a type of kitchen ware rarely recorded in other square structure, either originating from the complex parts of the eld; this suggests a domestic function for this with the cruciform structure or indicating the existence complex. None of the other transect lines produced more of further, unknown structures in this area. As deeper than g of poery per m . If we subtract the . kg foundations have been identied in the slope (Fig. .), of pithos fragments, the ratio becomes :, which is very this is not impossible, but it seems more likely that these close to the average of the eld. nds originate in the complex with the cruciform struc- Several observations can be made based on the overall ture and have been displaced by ploughing. distribution of the dierent use-categories (Figs - ). In general, the types of ceramics found are very ho- Fig. includes the data from both the transects and the mogeneous, suggesting a relatively short period of ac- squares, whereas Fig. only includes the quantiable tivity. e nds from the northeastern complex appear data from the transects. Consequently, paerns observed to belong to the same chronological period, but the slag in Fig. should be consistently checked against Fig. . may be an indication of other than domestic activities. Tiles and kitchen wares are not included as they are found An obvious interpretation of the nds in the northeast- all over the eld, although clearly concentrated over the ern complex is that it served as domestic quarters for the structures (see above). Fig. can be viewed as a tile activities associated with the complex with the cruciform distribution map due to the size and predominance of structure, and possibly also as a farmhouse. this type of ceramic (:) when weighed. As mentioned before, the distribution of pithoi appears to be highly signicant, especially when correlating the paern with Interpretation that of the basins (Figs - ). e majority of fragments of e cruciform structure is tentatively identied as an pithoi and all the fragments of spouted basins came from early Christian martyrion- complex. A martyrion was not the northeastern part of the eld where the combination a church in the strict sense of the word but a shrine to a of tiles, pithoi, kitchen, cooking and tablewares with iron martyr, o!en located at the site of the martyr’s death or slag suggests a combination of domestic and productive burial. However, the distinction between the martyrion activities for the northeastern complex. Some function- and church tended to disappear towards the end of the

Baker ; Dunnell , . Grabar , -; Syndicus , -. 47 PROCEEDINGS OF THE DANISH INSTITUTE AT ATHENS ∙ VOL UME VIII

Fig. . Functional categories recorded across the Papaz Tarlası (Plan: Kristina Winther-Jacobsen).

Fig. . Functional categories recorded in transect lines only (Plan: Kristina Winther-Jacobsen).

th century, when the practice of depositing relics or the during the persecutions of Diocletian. !e same text also body of a saint near the altar became more widespread. mentions a martyrion of St Rheginos which in the writer’s Several writers of the early church mention martyria in time (the th or $ th century) could be seen in Neokaisa- Pontos. !us in the Passion of St Athenogenes, we are told reia (modern Niksar). % Gregory of Nyssa ( th century) that the saint built an octagonal chapel in the village of describes a martyrion on his family’s estate near Ibora and Pêdachthoê to house the remains of #ve martyrs executed another probably located in Euchaita (modern Avkat). &

Spieser *++/, ch. , /-/*. % Passion of St Athenogenes , Maraval /&&+, /, *. !e exact location of Pêdachthoê is unknown. For the date of the Passion , see //-*. 48 & Gregory of Nyssa, In XL Martyres , PG 0.%C; De S. !eodoro Martyre , PG 0.%D-+A KRISTINA WINTHER-JACOBSEN & TØNNES BEKKER-NIELSEN ∙ A LATE ROMAN BUILDING COMPLEX IN THE PAPAZ TARLASI , VEZIRKÖPRÜ

e cruciform plan is typical of early Christian archi- Outside the city walls of Chersonesos to the south tecture, although the Latin cross is predominant and in in Quarantine Bay is yet another martyrion identied by fact the free-standing Greek cross which we nd in the multiple tombs and located in one of the city’s necropo- Papaz Tarlası is relatively rare. Both types are believed to leis. According to the excavator a small chapel was built have been modelled on the Church of the Holy Apostles in over tomb D in the % th century, which was replaced in the Constantinople, also known as the imperial Polyándreion, th century by the cruciform martyrion which received where the Byzantine emperors were buried. According to a mosaic &oor during the th century. # e % th -century Procopius this church was shaped like a Greek cross with phase is dated by thirteen coins of Justinian I found in a dome in the centre, though this is a description of the the ll under the basin of the Diakonikon/the wall of Justinian reconstruction of c. . Preserved examples the baptismal font. Although the images and plans avail- of the free-standing Greek cross with a central dome in- able are not of the best quality, the mosaic &oor seems clude the much larger martyrion of St. Babylas at Antioch consistent with a % th -century date, and according to L.G. (c. !"#) ! and the Church of St. Simeon Stylites in Syria Khrushkova, the glazed sherds responsible for the late (c. " ). A number of Greek cruciform structures at Cher- date came from th -century repairs to the &oor. Further- sonesos (Sevastopol) are much more similar in scale. more, Khrushkova argues that since the lid was already Several of the cruciform structures at Chersonesos have removed when the cruciform church was built, a coin of been excavated and were found to be associated with tombs Arcadius found in the upper layer of the lling of Tomb D conrming the interpretation of the structures as martyria . could have found its way there during the construction of In $#", in the so-called Reliquary Church built inside the the cruciform martyrion , thereby dating this as early as the ancient theatre, a tomb was excavated containing a reli- turn of the th century. e date suggested by Khrushkova quary shrine with skeletal material wrapped in silk. is correlates be*er with the nds from the Papaz Tarlası, cruciform structure in the shape of a Greek cross is tradi - but her a*ractive hypothesis concerning the Arcadian tionally dated to the % th century based on the date of the coin in the ll of Tomb D rests on an assumption that is reliquary, but based on the context the church could not di+cult to prove. A re-examination of the nds from the have been built before than the end of the th century. % other three excavated contexts of $ th - to th -century date Finds from a cruciform church outside the city walls on the appears to be called for. western side of town date to the $ th to # th centuries, but the Closer to Pontos, in central southern Turkey many church was still standing in the th century. " Furthermore churches have been preserved in the area known as Bin- stratigraphy, ceramics and coins dated the rebuilding of a birkilise (‘ churches’), and a survey of the published Greek cruciform church excavated near Mangup Kale in material (and the numerous churches in the so-called #$ at the end of the # th or the early th century. $ Conse- dead cities in Syria) conrms the rarity of the free-stand- quently, a th -century date has also been suggested for the ing Greek cross design. Only two of these structures other cruciform structures within the city. are designed as Greek crosses: an antechamber to a

Schäfer #"$, !-%. Heisenberg #$; Freely & Çakmak , -%. Procopius (De Aediciis .#-). ! Sodini #$%, !%. e churches are published in various places in Russian, but all are discussed by Romančuk , $!-%, g. $: - , gs and ". Kostsyushko-Valuzhinich $#". % Romančuk , $!-–. " Romančuk , $ . $ Myc ##, % in Russian. Discussed by Romančuk , $, n. . # e chronology of the phases of this site was reconstructed by the excavator O.I. Dombrovskij, cited by Romančuk , $ and Khrushkova % (a conference paper only published on the internet). Khrushkova %. 49 PROCEEDINGS OF THE DANISH INSTITUTE AT ATHENS ∙ VOL UME VIII

church and an aached “side-chapel”. e antecham - of a similar design is the so-called Mausoleum of Galla ber at Karadagh-Mahaletch is very interesting because Placidia in Ravenna. ' A small church in Klissé-Keui in of a funerary inscription reading “rough the vow of Bulgaria, ' km northwest of Pirdope in the So+a District, Kallinikos? … to Leo” on the outer wall of the apse, in- combining the Latin cross with a narthex and an atrium in terpreted as a possible reference to the Bishop of Barata front appears to be an intermediary between the design of in the th or early th century. e inscription suggests St. John in Ephesos and the complex with the cruciform that the cruciform antechamber was a memorial to Leo, structure in the Papaz Tarlası. " is building is dated supporting the use of this particular design for memorial stylistically to the th century. ere is however at least purposes. Several of the Greek cruciform structures in one Greek cruciform church (although the main arm is Chersonesos were also aached to churches, although extended with an apse) with a courtyard in front of it in they appear to be “side-chapels” rather than antecham- the Balkans, in Justiniana Prima in Serbia. / is structure bers. is securely dated since the entire town had only a brief According to Krautheimer there are many cross- existence between ! and . shaped martyria and chapels at Binbirkilise, in Cappa - is interpretation of the complex with the cruciform docia and in Lycaonia. ! In the laer two regions the structure in the Papaz Tarlası is also consistent with the type appears as early as the th century, but none of the orientation of the cruciform structure along an east–west examples from Binbirkilise antedate the " th century. It is axis. On this hypothesis, the large quadrangle formed the not clear from the text what type of cross-shape Krau- atrium or forecourt of the shrine and the central structure theimer is discussing. Although the design of the church would have been a fountain. Such forecourts are a familiar at Viranşehir resembles a Greek cross, one arm is extend- feature of early Christian shrines and churches; the +rst ed with a deep apse; the church at Helvadere has three Basilica of St. Peter in Rome (c. ! &), for instance, had di$erent types of arms, one short, two longer (next to an atrium with a fountain, as did the Church of St John each other) and one in the shape of a deep apse; and mentioned above. & A much closer parallel has come from the church at Kurşuncu is designed as a Latin cross. % In Komana, where a hexagonal basin &. m across was ex- fact, the more common free-standing cruciform design is cavated by Prof. Dr. Burcu Erciyas. In their article from the Latin cross as known from the Church of St John in && Erciyas and Çinici cite Late Antique parallels from Ephesos (c. ), which also had an atrium. Numerous church atria in Cyprus (Kourion) and Jordan (Pella), small churches also in Asia Minor follow this design, e.g. although these are much smaller, as well as a hexagonal the Church of the Panayia in Tomarza of the late th or basin, /. m across, in the Roman bath in Kourion. early th century, and Sivrihisar at Kizil Kilise, possibly Martyria are o1en associated with burial grounds, dating around &&. A well-dated th -century example which according to Roman law had to be placed outside

Karadagh no. (Ramsay & Bell /&/, -). Karadagh-Mahaletch (Ramsay & Bell /&/, %/, -'). Additionally, Karadagh-Tchet Dagh (Ramsay & Bell /&/, "-'!) appears to be either a Greek or a Latin cross, and Karadagh no. %% (Ramsay & Bell /&/, -/) is not strictly speaking free-standing and all the arms end in apses. E.g. Khrushkova &&, +gs and %. ! Krautheimer /", on the th century but without references or examples, !/ on the th and ' th centuries referring to Halvedere (Ro /&", -'), Kurşuncu (Ramsay & Bell /&/, !!), and Viranşehir (Ramsay & Bell /&/, !!-'&). % See n. % . Krautheimer /", +g. /. Also Ramsay & Bell /&/, !%&-% ". Krautheimer /", %-. Also Doğan &&". ' Krautheimer /", "- , +gs %%-. Another parallel possibly worth mentioning is the originally % th -century basilica of San Nazaro in Brolo in Milan (Krautheimer /", "- , +g. !"). " Mouta1chiew /, &- (abstract in French). / Krautheimer /", '%, +g. !B, again mentioning the frequency of this type of building all over the Roman world. We’re grateful to Max Rier for bringing this church to our aention. & Krautheimer &&&, -', +gs - . Erciyas & Çinici &&. 50 Megaw et al. &&', +g. .Z; McNicoll, Smith & Hennessy /" ; McNicoll // ; Erciyas & Çinici &&, /!. KRISTINA WINTHER-JACOBSEN & TØNNES BEKKER-NIELSEN ∙ A LATE ROMAN BUILDING COMPLEX IN THE PAPAZ TARLASI , VEZIRKÖPRÜ

the pomerium or city limit and are oen found along e alignment of the cruciform building and the the streets leading out of a city. is is the case with atrium is not perfect, begging the question of di/erent the Chersonesean cruciform martyrion in Quarantine phases. e chronology of the po"ery on the surface Bay discussed above. It would not be surprising to !nd seems to suggest the complex was the centre of formal a necropolis along the road leading north from Neoklau- activities for a rather brief period of time just before the diopolis. As indicated above, the po"ery in the !eld is middle and in the second half of the * th century. is domestic in character, suggesting that the structures is consistent with our knowledge of the problems of (or as yet unidenti!ed structures nearby) were used for maintaining the numerous small Early Christian shrines. &' habitation. However, the reworked grave stele found e !nds associated with the northeastern complex are in the !eld could have come from such a necropolis in domestic with a possible element of production. It is the # nd century. e few fragments of Pontic Sigillata tempting to interpret this as a small farmstead associated forms $%-$& dated in the # nd or ' rd century, which we with and providing for the sta/ of the martyrion -com- have suggested above may be residual due to their small plex, a presbyter/paramonarios/oikonomos. &% ere is size and poor preservation, may also have come from a nothing in the !nds to suggest a di/erentiation in the necropolis. chronology between the northeastern complex and the However, not all our !ndings are consistent with this martyrion -complex, however the coins seem to suggest hypothesis. For instance, one might expect the western a longer period of activities. Of course the necropolis side of the quadrangle to follow the line of the ancient could have continued to have been used, and although road, but the georesistivity survey did not reveal any trac- it seems unlikely this is the only source, the ancient cus- es of a roadway, nor of a pipeline to supply the presumed tom of being buried with a coin is known to have been fountain. Likewise, so far no blocks or artefacts carrying adopted by Christians. &* Two possible scenarios suggest speci!cally Christian symbols or imagery (e.g. !sh, the themselves: $) e collapse of the production of Pontic chi -rho monogram or a cross) have turned up. Red Slip tablewares was followed by a period with no imported ceramic tablewares and the other categories of po"ery cannot be dated very precisely; consequently Conclusion and perspectives the period of activities should be extended beyond the On the basis of our present knowledge, the structures *th century. #) Although the activities associated with in the Papaz Tarlası can be conjecturally interpreted as po"ery – habitation in the northeastern complex and rit- parts of an early Christian complex dating to the sec - uals involving food consumption in the martyrion -com- ond half of the * th century and presumably associated plex – were associated with the * th century, activities with the cult of a local martyr of whom nothing else is of an archaeologically more transient nature continued known. is person was important enough to require to take place, visible on the surface from coins and a a monument directly inspired by the imperial church few ceramics. A shrine or monastery being erected at of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople. Based on the the initiative of a local landowner or group of monks, date, the complex with the cruciform structure is likely then falling into disuse and neglect aer the death of the to have functioned as a church, possibly dedicated at founder or the departure of the monks, was a familiar the site of a martyr’s tomb. e church may have been phenomenon in Late Antiquity. Indeed, the problem of built by someone intending it for his own burial, as was neglected or half-!nished sanctuaries was so widespread the case with the martyrion of St. Babylas and that on that it prompted the Emperor Justinian to issue an edict Gregory’s family estate. laying down that “those who would build churches must

&' Spieser #22$, ch. 3, 4. &% We’re grateful to Max Ri"er, for his thoughts on martyrion sta/. &* Stevens $44$, ##&; Snoek $44*, $2', n. 5; MacMullen $443, #$5, n. #2. 51 PROCEEDINGS OF THE DANISH INSTITUTE AT ATHENS ∙ VOL UME VIII

in advance provide the revenues required for their main- tenance …for there are many churches in this capital as well as in the provinces which, instead of being properly maintained, are in danger of being ruined by age”. In some areas of Turkey, religious architecture of the Early Christian and Byzantine periods is still highly visible either as ruins or reused as mosques. In Pontos, religious architecture of the early Christian and Byzantine periods is relatively rare, but the nds from the Papaz Tarlası have shown that the deep soils of the fertile farm- lands still hold monuments for archaeologists to discover. However, farming is rapidly being modernized and in- tensied, and the window of opportunity may soon be closing on this part of Turkey’s heritage.

KRISTINA WINTHERJACOBSEN e Danish Institute at Athens Herefondos , Athens Greece [email protected]/[email protected]

TØNNES BEKKERNIELSEN University of Southern Denmark Department of History Campusvej , Odense M Denmark [email protected]

Justinian, Novels .. e issue evidently persisted, for in the ninth century, Emperor Leo VI ‘the Sage’ issued an edict (Leo, Novel ) addressing the problem of unnished monasteries. 52 E.g. Bryer & Wineld !. KRISTINA WINTHER-JACOBSEN & TØNNES BEKKER-NIELSEN ∙ A LATE ROMAN BUILDING COMPLEX IN THE PAPAZ TARLASI , VEZIRKÖPRÜ

Appendix: Two Byzantine Coins from the Papaz Tarlası

BY VERA SAUER

In the course of the survey two coins were collected. at the boom of it. ese three signs t perfectly with ough all in all poorly preserved, due to the value mark the legend ΑΝΑΝ ࣅΟ plus abbreviation mark which is Μ ( My , meaning 9?; that is 9? nummi ) on the reverse common on folles of Constans II, ἀνανέω(σις) meaning which is clearly visible, they can be denitely identied renovatio , renewal. -/ as folles dated between 9BE, the year of implementation Coins with this legend (and a square rather than of the follis in the reign of Anastasius I (9B/-3/E), and the round Μ) were minted only between the eleventh and reign of eophilus (E5B-E95), when this value mark went 1eenth years of the reign of Constans II, corresponding out of use. 2E According to the observations and consid- to 23//5-233/2 AD. -5 Year // can be excluded, as there is a erations discussed below in all probability the time span star on top of the Μ (not a cross). Underneath the hori- within which they were struck can be narrowed down to zontal line below the Μ are traces of signs which certainly 237/9-233/2 for coin WEmW/7:?3?-?2?/?E?-?B? and at belong to one of the Roman numerals XII, XIII, XIIII or least to 37B--/- for coin WEmW/7:/3?//??. XV, indicating the years of the reign of Constans II in the period 235/7-233/2. Apparently coins with the described features were WEmW!":#$#-#%#/#&#-#'# struck without exception at the mint of Constantinople. is coin was produced by clipping and overstriking an e leer A which is inscribed into the Μ marks the rst older one, a technique which was very common dur- o cina of the mint. ing the reigns of Heraclius (2/?-29/) and Constans II For this o cina coins with the reverse features are re- (29/-22E), when coinage declined and the weight of corded only for years XIII, XIIII and XV. -7 Consequently, coins was reduced dramatically. 2B A1er 22E coinage re- the coin was most likely issued between 237/7 and 233/2. covered – with respect both to weight and to technical/ (With all due caution: year XV seems most probable as artistic quality. where the year was wrien the remnants of only two signs On the reverse, to the right of the Μ, no number can be detected – and the second one looks round. is (that is: no year of reign of the emperor) is to be de - ts well with the fact that the sign V on coins of this epoch tected but there are parts of a diJerent legend (Fig. 99). was round in shape, looking like ࢵ.-9 ) On the folles of Heraclius the year of the reign is always e obverse is so encrusted that nothing of what wrien here, -? so this indicates that the coin was struck should be seen there – the emperor with long beard, during the reign of Constans II. e leers can be read standing, holding a long cross (or Chi-Rho), the legend as ࣅΟ (vertically), followed by an abbreviation mark ࣅΝ ΤΟΥΤΟ ΝΙΚΑ, “in this (sign) gain victory” – can be which looks like a C with an additional “hook” xed discerned reliably. -3

2E Cf. Grierson /BE5, 97, 3B, /-5. Unfortunately we had no scale ne enough for weighing the coins. e maximum preserved diameter is 5/ mm (coin WEmW/7:?3?-?2?/?E?-?B?), respectively 7/ mm (coin WEmW/7:/3?//??). 2B Grierson /BE5, B?, B5, /?3--, //?-/. -? Grierson /BE5, /?E. -/ Grierson /BE5, ///-7. -5 For this and the following: Grierson /BE5, ///-7; DOC 93?-/, nos 2B--9. -7 Sear /BE-, 5/?, no. /??-. -9 Cf. DOC 93/, no. -7a. -3 Cf. Grierson /BE5, ///-5; DOC pl. 52 nos 2Ba, -?a, pl. 5- no. -5a. 53 PROCEEDINGS OF THE DANISH INSTITUTE AT ATHENS ∙ VOL UME VIII

Fig. . Coin collected "om WEmW#$:%&%-%'%/%(%-%)%.

WEmW:/ In reality only poor traces of the mint mark can be e terminus post quem for the production of this coin detected: it may be the upper part of the le+er O, which is the year !"#, because it was not until this year that the would 0t well with the expected mark CON, for Constan- reverse legend ANNO plus year of the reign of the em- tinople. Due to the 0nd spot of the coin and, more im- peror came into use (Fig. %!). &' e terminus ante quem is portantly, to the composition of the di3erent elements of the beginning of the reign of Leo III (&*&-&%*): from &*& the reverse, all in all (M, cross above the M, o!cina mark, onwards this formula was no longer used to provide the mint mark, legend ANNO plus year) and not least due to actual year of minting, but served only as an ornament, the large o!cina number, it is extremely improbable that the le+ers being reduced to ANN XX or AA XX – and the coin was struck at a di3erent mint. Should the coin later on even to XXX NNN or XN. && On the coin from have been issued somewhere else, this would not a3ect the Papaz Tarlası, however, ANNO (with the O) is clearly the terminus ante quem as the formula ANNO plus year legible. e year, on the other hand, is not, though at the was given up at all mints before &*&. bo+om right of the Μ there is a character that looks like On the obverse, only the le+er N can be read clearly. an X. Furthermore during the reign of Leo III the number e small structure immediately to the right of the N is of o!cinae in Constantinople was reduced 0rst to three most probably a cross. Further traces of the coin image, then to two. &1 e coin in question, however, has Δ (in- though extremely poorly preserved, make it plausible that scribed in the Μ) indicating a fourth o!cina . it depicted the bust of the emperor in frontal view, hold-

&' Grierson *#14, '5. && Grierson *#14, *!%. 54 &1 Grierson *#14, *'4-". KRISTINA WINTHER-JACOBSEN & TØNNES BEKKER-NIELSEN ∙ A LATE ROMAN BUILDING COMPLEX IN THE PAPAZ TARLASI , VEZIRKÖPRÜ

Fig. . Coin collected *om WEmW&+:&,#/&##.

Abbreviations ing a globe topped by a cross in his right hand. '# Suppos- ing that this is true, the le*er N is one of the +rst le*ers DOC: Catalogue of the Byzantine coins in the Dumbarton Oaks of the legend; it may therefore belong to the abbreviation Collection and in the Whiemore Collection ed. by Alfred R. DN, dominus noster , and should have been followed by Bellinger and Philip Grierson. Vol. !, Phocas to !eodosius III the name of the emperor. Such an obverse composition ("#$-%&%) by Philip Grierson. Part !, Heraclius Constantine to is not distinctive enough for closer dating, however, as it !eodosius III ("'&-%&%) , Washington "#$% (second printing is a*ested for di/erent emperors – even combined with "##&). the reverse described.

VE1 SAUER Mühlweg $, '!3"3 Rangendingen Germany [email protected]

'# For this obverse type see for example Grierson "#%!, pl. 4 nos %5-! ( folles of Iustinianus I). 55 PROCEEDINGS OF THE DANISH INSTITUTE AT ATHENS ∙ VOL UME VIII

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