64 BEFS Assessment for Turkey - Sustainable bioenergy options from crop and livestock residues Turkey has a large agriculture sector and relies heat and power from direct combustion and on imported fossil fuels for a significant biogas. The analysis was carried out at portion of its domestic energy supply. provide level, using country specific In order to address energy security data and national technical inputs. and as part of their climate change Results of the assessment illustrate strategy, Turkey has established a set the degree of bioenergy potential on of renewable energy targets. Given at province level, and consequently, the size of the agriculture sector, which provinces are best suited there is interest in understanding if to the identified bioenergy supply agriculture residues can play a role in chains. The report quantifies to what meeting the renewable energy target, degree the selected bioenergy supply ISSN 2226-6062 as part of the bioenergy component of chains can achieve the renewable energy renewable energy. This report provides an targets for biomass and also the amount BEFS ASSESSMENT initial assessment of the potential availability of household level energy needs that could be 64 of crop and livestock residues and of the technical generated from briquettes and pellets. In the conclusions, FOR TURKEY and economic potential to produce heat and power it is underscored how accessibility and mobilization of from these residues. The set of bioenergy technologies biomass remain one of the main hurdles to unlocking analyzed are briquettes, pellets, and large-scale combined the full bioenergy potential estimated. Sustainable bioenergy options from crop and livestock residues Climate and Environment Division (NRC) Publications Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT www.fao.org/energy ENERGY [] FAO ENVIRONMENT CLIMATE CHANGE ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT WORKING PAPER Background image in this page elaborated from “L’Encyclopédie Diderot et D’Alembert” Cover images: ©FAO/Jim Holmes ©FAO/Manas Puri 64 BEFS ASSESSMENT FOR TURKEY Sustainable bioenergy MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT ] options from crop and livestock residues ENERGY [ CLIMATE CHANGE ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT WORKING PAPER Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome, 2016 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. ISBN 978-92-109513-3 © FAO, 2016 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views, products or services is not implied in any way. All requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial use rights should be made via www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request or addressed to [email protected]. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through [email protected]. CCONTENTS v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 INTRODUCTION 2 Objective, scope and structure of the report 3 Country context 15 NATURAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT 15 Methodology for the assessment 16 Crop residues 19 Livestock residues 22 Results 22 Crop residue assessment results 37 Livestock residue assessment results 46 Conclusions 49 ENERGY END USE OPTION ASSESSMENT 49 Objective of the techno-economic analysis 50 Description of technologies covered 50 Pelletizing and briquetting 51 Cogeneration 53 Industrial biogas 55 Methodology of analysis 56 Ranges of analysis 61 Results 61 Briquettes and pellets results 82 Cogeneration of heat and power results 98 Biogas to electricity results 115 Conclusions 115 Briquettes and pellets 116 Cogeneration of heat and power 119 POTENTIAL AGRO-PROCESSING RESIDUES IN TURKEY 119 The agro-processing chain and agro-processing residues 119 Agro-processing groups and structure of the questionnaire 122 Indications from the questionnaires 127 Recommendations and potential next steps 129 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 130 Recommendations 133 Areas for further consideration 134 Next steps 135 REFERENCES 143 ANNEX 143 Crop production information 144 Cereals 145 Oilseeds, olive and chickpea iii 146 Nuts and apricots 148 Sugar beet and cash crops ] 149 Crops produced in greenhouses 153 Livestock production information 154 Cattle 155 Layers and broilers 158 Availability of crop residues and production of livestock residues in Turkey 170 Techno-economic information 171 Example of the financial calculations BEFS ASSESSMENT FOR TURKEY - SUSTAINABLE BIOENERGY OPTIONS FROM CROP AND LIVESTOCK RESIDUES [ iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This report was prepared in the context of the FAO-EBRD Cooperation project on “Supporting Public and Private Sector Capacities in Sustainable Bioenergy Investments” by the Energy Team of the Climate and Environment Division of FAO. The NRC team was led by Irini Maltsoglou in close collaboration with Luis Rincon, Ana Kojakovic, Evren Deniz Yaylacı, Manas Puri, and with support from Vicki Romo, Chengyi Wu, Duska Sasa, Patrizia Monteduro, Simona Sorrenti, Sergio Rivero and Federica Chiozza under the overall leadership of Olivier Dubois. We would like to express our gratitude to the crucial role of the TCI colleagues who provided valuable support to the work and the project, namely Emmanuel Hidier and Arianna Carita. We would also like to express our appreciation for the generous support to this work for the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD). In addition, the report greatly benefitted from the useful insights, expertise and support from Gianpiero Nacci (EBRD), Ela Yilmaz Akdeniz (EBRD) and Adonai Herrera-Martinez (EBRD). We would like to express our appreciation to the FAO Subregional Office for Central Asia (SEC), and more specifically to Yuriko Shoji, Ayşegül Akın, Ines Beernaerts, Kuvat Bapaev, Sevinç Madenoğlu at the time with FAO, on secondment from the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock. Our very warm thanks and appreciations go to the team members from the General Directorate of Agricultural Research (TAGEM), namely Yusuf Arslan, Dilaver Arslan, Hüseyin Akyol, İsa Özkan, who were closely involved in all the work and effort to carry out the assessment; and to the General Directorate of Renewable Energy (YEGM), namely Sebahattin Öz, , Funda Akdağ and Volkan Oğuz. We also wish to extend our thanks to the contributions and participation of the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization through Mehrali Ecer, Salih Eminoğlu, and the participation of the Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs with Kenan Akyüz and Sadettin Koçak. We would also like to acknowledge the participation and useful contributions from the Energy Market Regulation Authority (EPDK). Our sincere appreciation also goes to the Black Sea Agricultural Research Institute with Kibar Ak, Şahin Gizlenci, Mustafa Acar, and Mahmut Dok, and to the Authority for v Assisting the Agricultural and Rural Development (TKDK-IPARD), Gökhan Buyruk, Ömer Faruk Tunçbilek, and Şerife Kontoğlu. ] Finally, we would like to thank all participants to the various country workshops and expert meetings that contributed key insights into the analysis. BEFS ASSESSMENT FOR TURKEY - SUSTAINABLE BIOENERGY OPTIONS FROM CROP AND LIVESTOCK RESIDUES [ vi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Context of the Report and Stakeholders This report was developed under the collaborative agreement between European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), as part of the Sustainable Resource Initiative of the EBRD and building on the Bioenergy and Food Security (BEFS) Approach of FAO. The scope of the report is to assess the availability of agriculture residues for energy production covering pathways from agriculture residues to heat, power and combined heat and power. The results provide an overview of which bioenergy pathways can be viable and the locations of the bioenergy potential, given the overarching existing policy framework. The Sustainable Resource Initiative falls under the new Green Economy Transition approach of the EBRD. The BEFS Approach is part of the Sustainable Bioenergy Support Package of FAO. The Sustainable Resource Initiative supports policy dialogue by working with governments to strengthen institutional and regulatory frameworks that incentivise sustainable energy investments and looks at options to transition economies to increase the use of renewable energy. Amongst the renewable energy options, agriculture residues to energy pathways are considered.