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Cooperation on Turkey's transboundary waters Aysegül Kibaroglu Axel Klaphake Annika Kramer Waltina Scheumann Alexander Carius Status Report commissioned by the German Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety F+E Project No. 903 19 226 Oktober 2005 Imprint Authors: Aysegül Kibaroglu Axel Klaphake Annika Kramer Waltina Scheumann Alexander Carius Project management: Adelphi Research gGmbH Caspar-Theyß-Straße 14a D – 14193 Berlin Phone: +49-30-8900068-0 Fax: +49-30-8900068-10 E-Mail: [email protected] Internet: www.adelphi-research.de Publisher: The German Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety D – 11055 Berlin Phone: +49-01888-305-0 Fax: +49-01888-305 20 44 E-Mail: [email protected] Internet: www.bmu.de © Adelphi Research gGmbH and the German Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, 2005 Cooperation on Turkey's transboundary waters i Contents 1 INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................1 1.1 Motive and main objectives ........................................................................................1 1.2 Structure of this report................................................................................................3 2 STRATEGIC ROLE OF WATER RESOURCES FOR THE TURKISH ECONOMY..........5 2.1 Climate and water resources......................................................................................5 2.2 Infrastructure development.........................................................................................7 2.3 Water use per capita and by sectors..........................................................................8 2.4 Strategic role of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, the key to the Southeastern Anatolia Project..........................................................................................................9 3 TURKEY’S WATER-RELATED ADMINISTRATIVE SET-UP ........................................11 3.1 Water laws and regulations......................................................................................11 3.2 Organisations in the water sector.............................................................................12 3.3 What role can public organisations play in improving trans-boundary cooperation?16 4 TURKEY’S POSITION TOWARDS INTERNATIONAL WATER LAW ...........................19 4.1 General principles of international water law............................................................19 4.2 Negotiations on the UN Water Convention (1997) ...................................................20 4.3 Participation in other regional agreements...............................................................22 5 THE RIVER BASINS.......................................................................................................25 5.1 The Maritsa basin.....................................................................................................26 5.2 The Kura-Araks basin...............................................................................................38 5.3 The Coruh basin.......................................................................................................47 5.4 The Euphrates and Tigris rivers ...............................................................................55 5.5 The Orontes basin....................................................................................................66 5.6 Turkish-Syrian transboundary groundwater resources ............................................73 5.7 Cooperation and outstanding issues: similarities and differences............................76 6 TURKEY: TRADING WATER IN REGIONAL MARKETS..............................................79 6.1 The Peace Pipeline Project......................................................................................79 6.2 The Manavgat Water Supply Project........................................................................80 6.3 National concerns in Turkey over water trade..........................................................82 6.4 International bearing.................................................................................................82 7 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................85 7.1 Controversial issues, hitherto agreements and conflict intensity.............................85 7.2 Recommendations ...................................................................................................90 8 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................95 ANNEX 1 ANALYTICAL BACKGROUND – THE CURRENT DEBATE ON TRANSBOUNDARY WATER ISSUES ................................................................................105 ANNEX 2 TRANSLATIONS OF BILATERAL WATER AGREEMENTS ............................109 ii Cooperation on Turkey's transboundary waters List of firgures, tables, and boxes Figure 1: Turkey's transboundary watercourses...................................................................... 4 Figure 2: Turkey's 26 river basins............................................................................................ 6 Figure 3: Map of the Maritsa river and its main tributaries..................................................... 26 Figure 4: Map of Kura, Araks, and main tributaries ............................................................... 38 Figure 5: Map of the Coruh river and its main tributaries....................................................... 47 Figure 6: Map of Euphrates, Tigris, and main tributaries ....................................................... 55 Figure 7: Map of the Orontes river and its main tributaries.................................................... 66 Figure 8: Location of Turkish-Syrian transboundary groundwater resources ........................ 73 Table 1: Water potential generated in Turkey's transboundary river basins............................ 7 Table 2: Multi-purpose water infrastructure in Turkey (in operation and planned, January 2005)................................................................................................................................. 7 Table 3: Activities of public organisations that impact on transboundary water resources.... 18 Table 4: Cooperational context in the Maritsa basin in brief .................................................. 27 Table 5: Cooperational context in the Kura-Araks basin in brief............................................ 39 Table 6: Cooperational context in the Coruh basin in brief .................................................... 48 Table 7: Cooperational context on the Euphrates river in brief.............................................. 56 Table 8: Cooperational context on the Tigris river in brief ..................................................... 57 Table 9: Cooperational context in the Orontes basin in brief ................................................. 67 Box 1: The Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP) in brief ...................................................... 10 Box 2: Bilateral accords concerning the Euphrates river ....................................................... 61 Cooperation on Turkey's transboundary waters iii List of abbreviations Aarhus Convention UNECE Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (1998) AMSL Above mean sea level Barcelona Convention Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment and the Coastal Region of the Mediterranean (adopted 1976, amended and renamed in 1995) BCM Billion cubic meters BfN German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (Bundesamt für Naturschutz) BOT Build-Operate-Transfer Contracts BSEP Black Sea Environmental Programme Bucharest Convention Convention on the Protection of the Black Sea against Pollution (1992) CBD Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) DSI State Hydraulic Works (Devlet Su Isleri) ECA Export credit agencies EIA Environmental impact assessment EIEI Electrical Investigation Administration (Elektrik Isleri Etüt Idaresi) ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia Espoo Convention Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context (1991) GAP Southeastern Anatolia Project (Güneydogu Anadolu Projesi) GAP RDA GAP Regional Development Administration GD DSI General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (Devlet Su Isleri) GDRS General Directorate for Rural Services (Köy Hizmetleri) GEF Global Environmental Facility GIS Geographical information system GOLD General Organisation for Land Development, Ministry of Irrigation, Syria GTZ German Agency for Technical Cooperation (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit GmbH) HEPP Hydroelectric Power Plant IHP International Hydrological Programme of UNESCO ILA International Law Association INWEB International Network of Water Environment Centres for the Balkans ISARM Internationally Shared (Transboundary) Aquifer Resources Management Programme Istanbul Commission Commission for the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources/ World Conservation Union JTC Joint Technical Committee KfW German Bank for Reconstruction and Development (Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau) iv Cooperation on Turkey's transboundary waters MAP Mediterranean Action Plan MCM Million cubic meters MEDASSET Mediterranean Association
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