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Money, Power, Respect: Charity and the Creation of the Church

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Money, Power, Respect: Charity and the Creation of the Church Money, Power, Respect: Charity and the Creation of the Church Irene SanPietro Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy under the Executive Committee of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2014 ©2014 Irene SanPietro All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT Money, Power, Respect: Charity and the Creation of the Church Irene SanPietro Despite the long-recognized connection between poverty and charity, and the scholarly attention paid to the culture of charity, there have been very few studies that have yielded the kind of quantita- tive results that would enable scholars of antiquity to assess the sources and impact of church wealth gained from non-elites. I ask three questions: (1) Who was asked to give? (2) Who could afford to give? (3) Who did, in fact, give? Three bodies of evidence offer answers: (1) The the patristic corpus suggests targets of solicitation as well as a rhetorical strategy for encouraging donation, (2) household economic models give a sense of how potential donors could generate disposable in- come through ascetic practice, and (3) a selection of small donations, specifically Christian small silvers, can be valued in a way that permits conjecture regarding the social profile of donors in late antiquity. Pursuing charity in this way offers the opportunity to get past ecclesiastical self- representation and gaps in evidence by looking at the underlying structures of the phenomenon. This in turn promises a clearer idea of the relationship between charity and philanthropy, placing church institutions back in their social context. Table of Contents 1 The Importance of Charity 1 1.1 Charity and Church Growth .............................. 3 1.1.1 The Episcopal Agenda ............................ 5 1.1.2 Theology, Ideology, and the History of Institutions ............. 8 1.2 The Search for a Middle Class Church ........................ 11 1.2.1 The Problem with Sub-elites ......................... 11 1.2.2 Bishops and the Middle Class ........................ 21 1.3 The Rhetoric of Rich and Poor ............................ 25 1.3.1 Poverty and Power .............................. 27 1.3.2 Charity and Power .............................. 30 2 Paradigms of Virtue: What Was Asked 33 2.1 From Agapē to Caritas ................................ 36 2.1.1 A Martyrdom of Alms ............................ 37 2.1.2 Orthodoxy and Orthopraxy .......................... 41 2.1.3 The Beginnings of a Technical Vocabulary ................. 46 2.2 A Christian Way of Alms ............................... 53 2.2.1 Correct Means: Successful and Failed Almsgivers ............. 54 2.2.2 Acceptable Motives: Humility and Mercy .................. 62 2.2.3 Suitable Objects: The Worthy Poor ..................... 69 2.3 Every Church a Temple ................................ 75 2.3.1 Priest, Levite, Paterfamilias ......................... 76 2.3.2 Towards Tithe ................................ 84 3 Ascetic Economies: What People Could Give 91 3.1 Between Subsistence and Luxury ........................... 93 3.1.1 Corporate Fasting ............................... 94 3.1.2 Monastic Models ...............................101 3.1.3 Amateurs and Experts ............................112 3.2 Household Budgets ..................................121 i 3.2.1 Parameters of Household Consumption ...................121 3.2.2 Household Production and the Possibility of Giving .............139 4 Alms and Objects: What People Gave 157 4.1 Offertory as Evidence .................................158 4.2 Understanding Silver Treasures ............................166 4.2.1 Catalogue of Treasures ............................173 4.2.2 Dubious Treasures ..............................188 4.3 Understanding Inventories ..............................193 4.3.1 Catalogue of Inventories ...........................198 4.3.2 Dubious Inventories .............................214 5 Interpreting the Evidence: Who Gave 219 5.1 Material Economies of Donation ...........................220 5.1.1 The Silver Scale ...............................220 5.1.2 Habits of Attribution .............................225 5.1.3 Donor Cohorts ................................231 5.1.4 Elite and Mass ................................239 5.2 Symbolic Economies of Charity ...........................245 5.2.1 Managing the Meaning of Giving ......................246 5.2.2 Pagan Parallels ................................252 5.3 Church Property and Patrimony ...........................261 5.3.1 Corporate Ownership .............................262 5.3.2 Episcopal Wealth Management ........................268 6 Charity and the Christian Imaginary 277 6.1 Charity and Historiography ..............................278 6.2 Poverty and Power ..................................284 6.3 Charity and Social Control ..............................287 6.4 A Christian Public Sphere ..............................295 Bibliography 303 A Monetary References 324 A.1 Weight and Currency in the Fourth Century .....................324 A.2 Diocletian’s Price Edict, §7 ..............................324 B Treasures and Inventories 326 B.1 Church Treasures and Inventories, 4th–8th C. .....................326 B.2 Inscriptions by Treasure ................................338 B.3 Christian Silver ....................................341 ii B.4 Trends in Papal, Imperial and Local Giving .....................344 B.5 Miscellaneous Votives ................................349 B.6 Pagan Votives: Vaise and Berthouville ........................349 iii List of Figures 4.1 Findspots of Treasures and Inventories ........................163 4.2 The Water Newton Treasure .............................173 4.3 The Canoscio Treasure ................................175 4.4 The Mareto tes Myrtes Treasure ...........................177 4.5 The Paten of Bishop Paternus .............................177 4.6 The Gallunianu Treasure ...............................178 4.7 Caǧinkom Cross ....................................179 4.8 The Sion Treasure ...................................180 4.9 The Reconstructed Kaper Koraon Treasure. .....................181 4.10 The Beth Misona Treasure ..............................183 4.11 Chalice from the Phela Treasure ...........................184 4.12 Plaques from the Ma’aret en Noman Treasure ....................184 4.13 The First Cyprus Treasure ..............................186 4.14 The Attarouthi Treasure ................................187 4.15 The Sarabaon Treasure ................................188 4.16 The Hoxne Hoard ...................................189 4.17 Spoons and Rings from the Thetford Treasure ....................190 4.18 Coins from San Giusto ................................191 5.1 Donor Mosaics from Aquileia ............................230 5.2 Data Sources and Types ................................233 5.3 Object Type by Century ................................236 5.4 Trends in Imperial, Papal and Elite Giving ......................239 5.5 Local Donations by Value and Order of Magnitude .................242 5.6 Modern ex-votos, Mexico ...............................244 5.7 Tamata at the Cathedral of Chania (Crete) ......................251 5.8 Votive Plaques in the Notitia Dignitatum .......................253 5.9 Votive Plaques, Ashwell ...............................255 5.10 Votive Plaques, Barkway ...............................256 5.11 Small Christian Votives ................................257 5.12 Bema plaques, Santa Fosca (Torcello) ........................260 iv 5.13 Votive Mask, Bernouville ...............................260 v List of Tables 1.1 Friesen Poverty Scale for the Roman Empire ..................... 14 2.1 Theological, Platonic and Cardinal Virtues ...................... 49 3.1 Processed and Unprocessed Commodity Prices ...................130 3.2 Respectability v. Subsistence Consumption Baskets .................143 3.3 Adjusted Subsistence Basket .............................150 3.4 Representative Wage Levels .............................153 3.5 Discretionary Income of Wage Workers .......................154 4.1 Treasures .......................................173 4.2 Excluded Treasures ..................................188 4.3 Inventories ......................................198 4.4 The Cirta Inventory ..................................199 4.5 SBIII6024 ......................................200 4.6 The Carta Cornutiana .................................201 4.7 P.Bad.4.54 .......................................202 4.8 P.Grenf.II.111 .....................................203 4.9 P.Amst.I 87 ......................................203 4.10 Pash ..........................................204 4.11 P.Princ.III 180 .....................................204 4.12 P.Coll.Youtie II 85 ..................................205 4.13 SPP XX 151 ......................................205 4.14 CPR VIII 65–6 ....................................207 4.15 P.Ant. III 204 .....................................207 4.16 Auxerre ........................................208 4.17 P.Oxy.16 1925 .....................................210 4.18 SB 4.7477 .......................................211 4.19 Pap.Gr.Wess. II 117 ..................................211 4.20 Princ.inv.GD 7521 recto ...............................211 4.21 P.Leid.Inst.13 .....................................212 4.22 P.Ryl.Copt.IV.244 ...................................212 vi 4.23 P.Ryl.Copt.IV.238 ...................................213 4.24 Excluded Inventories .................................214 vii
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