Research Framework Revised.Vp
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Frontispiece: the Norfolk Rapid Coastal Zone Assessment Survey team recording timbers and ballast from the wreck of The Sheraton on Hunstanton beach, with Hunstanton cliffs and lighthouse in the background. Photo: David Robertson, copyright NAU Archaeology Research and Archaeology Revisited: a revised framework for the East of England edited by Maria Medlycott East Anglian Archaeology Occasional Paper No.24, 2011 ALGAO East of England EAST ANGLIAN ARCHAEOLOGY OCCASIONAL PAPER NO.24 Published by Association of Local Government Archaeological Officers East of England http://www.algao.org.uk/cttees/Regions Editor: David Gurney EAA Managing Editor: Jenny Glazebrook Editorial Board: Brian Ayers, Director, The Butrint Foundation Owen Bedwin, Head of Historic Environment, Essex County Council Stewart Bryant, Head of Historic Environment, Hertfordshire County Council Will Fletcher, English Heritage Kasia Gdaniec, Historic Environment, Cambridgeshire County Council David Gurney, Historic Environment Manager, Norfolk County Council Debbie Priddy, English Heritage Adrian Tindall, Archaeological Consultant Keith Wade, Archaeological Service Manager, Suffolk County Council Set in Times Roman by Jenny Glazebrook using Corel Ventura™ Printed by Henry Ling Limited, The Dorset Press © ALGAO East of England ISBN 978 0 9510695 6 1 This Research Framework was published with the aid of funding from English Heritage East Anglian Archaeology was established in 1975 by the Scole Committee for Archaeology in East Anglia. The scope of the series expanded to include all six eastern counties and responsi- bility for publication passed in 2002 to the Association of Local Government Archaeological Officers, East of England (ALGAO East). Cover illustration: The excavation of prehistoric burial monuments at Hanson’s Needingworth Quarry at Over, Cambridgeshire, by Cambridge Archaeological Unit in 2008. Photo and copyright: Ben Robinson Contents Acknowledgements vi Manufacturing and industry 48 Abbreviations vi Finds studies 48 Summary vi Roman/Saxon transition 48 Anglo-Saxon 1 Introduction National overview 49 Assessment of key projects 49 Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Roman/Saxon transition 49 National overview 3 Landscape and settlement 50 Assessment of key projects 3 Coast 53 Lower and Middle Palaeolithic 4 Burials 53 Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic 6 Churches 55 Assessment of progress on topics proposed in 2000 6 Industry 55 Future research topics 7 Finds 55 Assessment of progress on topics proposed in 2000 56 Neolithic Future research topics 57 Assessment of key projects 9 Roman/Saxon transition 57 Assessment of progress on topics proposed in 2000 12 Settlement distribution 57 Future research topics 13 Population studies 58 Regional difference 58 Bronze Age Rural landscape and settlement 58 Assessment of key projects 15 Towns 58 Assessment of progress on topics proposed in 2000 20 Infrastructure 58 Future research topics 20 Economy 58 Ritual and religion 59 Iron Age Finds studies 59 National overview 22 Danish occupation 59 Assessment of key projects 22 Unpublished excavations 59 Landscape and settlement 22 Finds 26 Medieval Late Iron Age/Roman transition 26 National overview 60 Assessment of progress on topics proposed in 2000 28 Assessment of key projects 60 Future research topics 29 Landscapes 60 Dating and chronology 29 Castles 62 Bronze Age/Iron Age transition 29 Urban 62 Finds studies 30 Rural settlement 64 Manufacturing and industry 30 Industry 67 Iron Age/Roman transition 31 Finds 68 Settlement types 31 Building studies 68 The agrarian economy 31 Assessment of progress on topics proposed in 2000 69 Social organisation 31 Future research topics 70 Regional difference, tribal polities 32 Landscapes 70 Rural settlement 70 Roman Towns 70 National overview 33 Built environment 70 Assessment of key projects 33 Infrastructure 71 Rural landscapes 33 Industry 71 Towns 37 Demographics 71 Military 39 Industrial 40 Post-Medieval and Modern Infrastructure 41 Assessment of key projects 72 Ritual and burials 42 Landscapes 72 Roman/Saxon transition 44 Urban 73 Assessment of progress on topics proposed in 2000 44 Industrial 74 Future research topics 47 Parks and gardens 75 Regional difference 47 Military 76 Romanisation 47 Assessment of progress on topics proposed in 2000 77 Rural landscapes and settlements 47 Future research topics 78 Towns 47 Built environment 78 Ritual and religion 48 Industry and infrastructure 78 Infrastructure 48 Landscape 79 v Towns 79 Over-Arching Research Themes and Strategy Military 80 Chronologies and processes of change 84 Landscape and environment 84 Marine Wetland 85 National overview 81 Urban 87 Assessment of key projects 81 Methodologies 88 Research themes 82 Dissemination and outreach 89 Bibliography 90 Index, by Sue Vaughan 102 Acknowledgments It is not possible to thank individually the many people gratefully acknowledged. However a few people should who have contributed to this volume as it represents all be singled out for specific thanks, Nigel Brown for his those who contributed information, comments and invaluable assistance during the process of compiling thoughts by e-mails, letter, workshop attendance and everyone’s contributions and comments and David commenting on the draft text, their contribution is Gurney and Jenny Glazebrook who edited the draft text. Abbreviations ALGAO Association of Local Government IHBC Institute of Historic Building Conservation Archaeological Officers kyBP kilo (thousand) years Before Present ALSF Aggregates Levy Sustainability Fund LIDAR Light Detection and Ranging BMAPA British Marine Aggregates Producers MIS Marine Isotope Stage Association NMP National Mapping Programme CBA Council for British Archaeology MSRG Medieval Settlements Research Group CTRL Channel Tunnel Rail Link OSL Optical Luminescence Spectrometry EH English Heritage PAS Portable Antiquities Scheme EIA Environmental Impact Assessment RCZAS Rapid Coastal Zone Assessment Survey EUS Extended Urban Survey RSPB Royal Society for the Protection of Birds GIS Geographical Information System SAM Scheduled Ancient Monument HELM Historic Environment Local Management SFB Sunken-featured building HER Historic Environment Record SSSI Site of Special Scientific Interest HLC Historic Landscape Characterisation UAD Urban Archaeological Database Summary This review of Research and Archaeology augments the eastern counties framework was never intended to be a regional research framework, which appeared in two parts fixed point but rather a dynamic process through which the as a Resource Assessment (Glazebrook ed. 1997); and a region’s archaeology can be influenced, and subject to Research Agenda and Strategy (Brown and Glazebrook periodic review and revision. Therefore it is intended that eds 2000). The review considers the new evidence on a the on-line document (at www.eaareports.org.uk) will be period-by-period basis, subdivided within in each period kept live and updated and augmented by the historic into an assessment of key projects undertaken since 2000, environment community of the East of England as new an assessment of progress on research topics proposed in discoveries are made and new research priorities 2000 and a consideration of future research topics. The established. vi Résumé Cette critique de Research and Archaeology élargit le question de considérer le cadre des comtés de l’est comme cadre de la recherche régionale; il se compose de deux un point fixe mais plutôt comme un processus dynamique, parties: Resource Assessment (Glazebrook ed. 1997) et soumis à des critiques et des révisions périodiques, et Research Agenda and Strategy (Brown et Glazebrook eds capable d’influencer l’archéologie de la région. C’est 2000). Cette critique porte sur les nouvelles preuves pourquoi il est prévu que la communauté de l’environ- envisagées selon les différentes périodes où elles ont été nement historique de l’East of England mette à jour et mises à jour. Chaque période est subdivisée afin de enrichisse le document en ligne (à l’adresse www. dégager une évaluation des principaux projets entrepris eaareports.org.uk) car de nouvelles découvertes sont faites depuis 2000, une évaluation des progrès réalisés sur le et de nouvelles priorités de recherche sont établies. plan des sujets de recherche proposés en 2000, et un examen des futurs sujets de recherche. Il n’a jamais été (Traduction: Didier Don) Zusammenfassung Die Abhandlung Research and Archaeology ist ein gedacht, sondern wurde als dynamischer Prozess Beitrag zum regionalen Forschungsrahmen, der bislang in begriffen, der die Archäologie der Region beeinflussen zwei Teilen als Resource Assessment (Hg. Glazebrook, kann und regelmäßig überprüft werden sollte. Es ist daher 1997) und Research Agenda and Strategy (Hg. Brown und geplant, das Online-Dokument (siehe www.eaareports. Glazebrook, 2000) vorliegt. Die Abhandlung stellt die org.uk) fortlaufend von der Forschungsgemeinschaft, die neuen Befunde, aufgegliedert nach Perioden, dar, wobei das historische Umfeld von Ostengland untersucht, für jede Periode folgende Angaben gemacht werden: aktualisieren und erweitern zu lassen, sobald neue Bewertung der wichtigsten seit 2000 durchgeführten Entdeckungen gemacht und neue Forschungsschwerpunkte Projekte, Bewertung der Fortschritte bei den im Jahr 2000 definiert werden. vorgeschlagenen Forschungsthemen und Überlegungen zu künftigen Forschungsthemen. Die Übersicht nach Grafschaften in Ostengland war nie als starrer Rahmen (Übersetzung: Gerlinde Krug) vii Research and Archaeology Revisited: