Toward Inclusive Social, Economic, and Political Policies for Persons with Disabilities in Mozambique
September 2019 COVER PICTURE: Gonçalo Mabunda
Mabunda is a Mozambican artist who through his sculptures shapes metal and deactivated firearms to create artefacts. The artist’s works encourage reflection on the power of transformation and creation of beauty from objects of destruction. Resilience and overcoming challenges are factors present in his artistic practice and in his own life path.
TECHNICAL DATA:
Ownership: WFD - Moçambique Title: Towards Social, Economic and Inclusive Policies for People with disability in Mozambique Authors: Dr. Gilbert M. Khadiagala, Professor of International Relations, Witwatersrand University, Johannesburg, South Africa. and Jorge R. Manhique, Expert in Human Rights for Disability. Editing and Linguist Review: Delma Comissário Technical Coordination: Claive Juízo, Program Officer, WFD Mozambique Design and Layout: Arte de Gema Cover picture: Gonçalo Mabunda Printing: CIEDIMA Printouts: 1.000 copies September 2019 Maputo, Mozambique
The consultation process on political, economic and social inclusion of people with disability in Mozambique that allowed the design of this report was conducted by a multi-sectoral team that worked as a task force composed of Genito Dinis Lobua (Parliament), Graciano Langa (Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Action), Ricardo Moresse (ADEMO), Cantol Pondja (FAMOD), Delton Muianga (WFD) and Claive Juizo (WFD).
LEGAL WARNING:
“All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, copied, transcribed or even transmitted by electronic means or through recordings without the written permission of the author and the editors. The views expressed in this publication are not necessarily those of the Westminster Foundation For Democracy or the organisations for which the authors work. ” ÍNDICE
ACKNOWLEGMENTS 7
PREFACE I 11
PREFACE II 13
PREFACE III 15
PREFACE IV 19
PREFACE V 21
SUMÁRIO EXECUTIVO 23
INTRODUCTION 29
GLOBAL AND AFRICAN EFFORTS TO EFFECT INCLUSION OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES 31 Problems of implementing the Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities 37
POLICY ENVIRONMENT FOR PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES IN MOZAMBIQUE 41 Legal and policy frameworks 42
Institutional framework 47 BARRIERS AND OBSTACLES TO INCLUSION OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES IN MOZAMBIQUE 49 Similarities among Northern, Central, and Southern Mozambique 49
Regional variations and differences among persons with disabilities 58
Women and girls with disabilities 63
Persons with albinism 65
Persons with psychosocial disabilities 68
Deaf persons 69
Persons with visual impairment 70
Persons with physical disabilities 71
POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS 75 LIST OF ACRONYM
ADEMO Mozambican Association for People with Disability
AR Assembly of the Republic
AU African Union
CNAS National Council for Social Action
CNDH National Commission of Human Rights
CP4D Commonwealth Partnership for Democracy
CRPD United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.
CSOs Civil Society Organizations
DFID Department for International Development of the UK Government
DPOs Disabled People’s Organizations
FAMOD Forum of Association of Person with Disabilities of Mozambique
FRELIMO Front of Liberation of Mozambique
GM Goverment of Mozambique
HIV/AIDS Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome
ICESCR International Convent on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
IDE Human Development Index (HDI)
INE National Institute of Statistics of Mozambique
INGS International Non-Governmental Organisations
ITCs Information and tecnologies
MGCAS Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Affairs
NGOs Non Govermental Organization
5 OHCHR International Convent on Civil and Political Rights
PES Social Economic Plan
PNAD National Plan for Disability
RENAMO National Resistance Movement
SAFOD Southern Africa Federation of the Disabled
SDGs Sustainable Development Goals
UDHR Universal Declaration of Human Rights
UEM Eduardo Mondlane University
UNFPA United Nations Fund for Population (UNFPA)
UNO United Nations Organisation
WFD Westminster Foundation for Democracy
6 ACKNOWLEGMENTS
Delton Muianga Representative of Westminster Foundation for Democracy in Mozambique
he Westminster Foundation for sustainable development of society. Democracy (WFD) is a UK public As WFD, we believe in collective and Tbody dedicated to supporting consensual work to find the right the strengthening of democracy in the solutions. For this purpose, these world. stakeholders should feel part of, and responsible for the process of building The WFD works in more than 30 a socially just and democratic society. developing countries, supporting the development and consolidation It is therefore based on the assumption of their democracies and helping of involvement and not exclusion their institutions becoming more from the development process that democratic, accountable and inclusive. the WFD in Mozambique aims to The aim and commitment of the WFD promote, through its Commonwealth is to enable all individuals to achieve Partnership for Democracy (CP4D) their socio-economic and political programme, an inclusive and aspirations independently within a responsible democracy within the democratic and rights-centred society. Commonwealth countries. As such, To this end, the WFD believes that there in September 2018, in partnership is a need for the main stakeholders in with national actors, WFD launched a the process of building democracy and socio-economic and political inclusion development, including government programme for people with disability institutions, political parties, civil in Mozambique. This programme society, the media, the private sector, specifically aims at broadening the traditional authorities, academia and visibility and voices of people with society in general, to have a democratic disability in the public space, supporting space that allows them to learn and their leadership to drive and influence openly discuss the obstacles to the public policies for the promotion of socio-economic, political, inclusive and social, economic and political inclusion
7 of people with disability, including an with organizations such as Light for effective response by the Government the World and Humanitarian Inclusion of Mozambique to their national and worked for the promotion and defence international commitments regarding of the social, economic and political the rights of people with disability. rights of people with disability in Mozambique. At the regional level, In order to achieve this goal and the programme received technical complement the efforts of the assistance from the Centre for Human Government and other national Rights of the University of Pretoria in and international stakeholders, the South Africa, in particular the Disability WFD has contributed through the Unit, bringing a scientific perspective articulation and drafting of the first to the programme. national agenda on the socio-economic and political inclusion of people with It was through this collaboration that disability in Mozambique. We strongly in January 2019 the WFD conducted believe that this agenda will assist a series of high-level consultations as a strategic tool to harmonise and and dialogues about the main guide the various national actions in causes of and barriers to the socio- response to greater socio-economic economic and political inclusion of and political inclusion and respect people with disability in Mozambique, for the human rights of people which resulted in this document, with disability in the country. In this entitled Towards the socio-economic context the WFD feels privileged and and political inclusion of people honoured to have managed to bring with disability in Mozambique. This together the key stakeholders in the study represents an important and national disability sector, particularly symbolic milestone to help the country the Forum of Organisations for People respond not only to the International with Disability, the Association of Convention on People with Disability People with Disability, the Ministry of and commitments made by the Gender, Children and Social Action Government at the Global Conference and the Assembly of the Republic of on Disability in London in 2018, but Mozambique in achieving this objective. also helps the country reconsider how We would also like to commend the to respond effectively and fully to the contribution of the international Sustainable Development Goals, based stakeholders in the disability sector, on the principle that nobody should be especially the United Nations - UNICEF, left behind in the development process. UNESCO, and UNFPA - which together As such, concrete action should be 8 implemented to eliminate the social, throughout the process. We recognise economic and political barriers for that this is not the end, but the people with disability identified in this foundations have been laid so that the document. country can achieve and experience democracy, in which the inclusion of all The WFD is immensely grateful to is fundamental. the leaders of the above-mentioned institutions and others who tirelessly We hope that the seed sown will made this process possible and work as a practical example to contributed to the consolidation of guide subsequent processes, such democracy in Mozambique, from as the implementation of the the conception stage, launching national agenda. Although the CP4D of the programme, conducting of programme will end in March 2020, if consultations that culminated in the it is to be effective, better coordination validation of this study and the design of all key stakeholders will be required. of the national agenda for the disability sector. Last but not least, we reiterate the WFD’s commitment to promote the Through this process it has been social, economic and political rights of possible to build a common vision and people with disability and invite other to establish priorities and objectives actors to join this cause that belongs to that have maintained our cohesion all and is beneficial to all.
Delton Muianga
9
PREFACE I
Her Excellency Cidália Manuel Chaúque Oliveira Minister of Gender, Children and Social Action of the Republic of Mozambique
his report, entitled “Towards emphasising the main challenges that social, economic and political hamper their full socio-economic and Tinclusion for people with political participation in the country disability in Mozambique“ offers a and showing how such challenges can vision and perspectives on the current be transformed into opportunities for situation and challenges facing the concerted action by society, to shape country regarding the effectiveness of an inclusive society and social justice. social, economic and political inclusion It should be noted that Mozambique of people with disability, respect and has ratified the International fulfilment of their rights and is further Convention on the Rights of People evidence that together government, with Disability (ICRPD/ICPDC), thus civil society and cooperation indicating its unwavering commitment partners have the capacity to identify to building a society in which all challenges, agree on strategies and, citizens, regardless of their physical in an articulated manner, seek safe or mental condition, race, sex, social pathways for building a more inclusive, condition, religion, political conviction fair and supportive society. or other differences, enjoy full rights It is the result of a broad consultation and participate, on an equal basis, in process and consensus-building that social life in the family and community, was based on voicing and listening and in the development and progress to the concerns, aspirations and of the country. desires of people with disability in The country’s commitment to the rights Mozambique. The report covers and freedom of citizens is embodied various spheres of life of people with in the Constitution of the Republic disability and analyses the institutional and other normative and strategic organisation of the State’s response to planning tools of the country, such as the concerns of people with disability, the Five-Year Government Programme, their empowerment, respecting their the National Plan for Disability, PNAD capacities and skills in order to achieve II (2013-2019), the Plan for the African their independence and participation Decade of Disability 2010-2019, the in society. Action Plan for Assistance to Victims The Government, together with of Mines and other War Weapons, and organisations of and for people with the commitments made at the World disability, reiterates its commitment Summit on Disability, held in London to strengthening the legal framework in July 2018. and concrete initiatives to establish Recognising that the ratification of the rights of people with disability, the ICPDC and the adoption of the to ensure their effective inclusion in various national regulations do not all spheres of life and to invest in the mean the realisation of rights, and empowerment and active involvement do not by themselves ensure the of people with disability, their families, desired socio-economic and political their communities, non-governmental inclusion of people with disability in organisations and cooperation partners, society, the country is committed to to build a modern Mozambique, where designing strategies and programmes the participation and inclusion of all that are sensitive to the problems of citizens in the development and in disability, aiming, on the one hand, to building progress are a paradigm for meet the basic needs of people with all. disability and on the other, to promote
Cidália Manuel Chaúque Oliveira PREFACE II
Antónia Simão Paulo Charre Chairperson of the Committee on Social Affairs, Gender, Technology and Media of the Assembly of the Republic of Mozambique
he report that is presented economic inclusion of people with about the political, social and disability in Mozambique. economic inclusion of people T This work resulted from several with disability is the result of the hard reflections that included workshops work that began in 2018, with the and seminars for regional consultations collaboration of the Government of (Nampula, Sofala and Maputo), Mozambique, through the Ministry involving representatives of people of Gender, Children and Social with disability from all over the country Action, the Assembly of the Republic, and with the active participation of the through the Committee on Gender, Assembly of the Republic in order to Social Affairs, Technologies and Social achieve what the Constitution of the Communication (3rd Committee), civil Republic recommends in Article 125(3): society organisations in the area of “the State promotes the creation of the disability, partners and consultants. necessary conditions for the economic This coordination was done by and social integration of citizens with the Westminster Foundation for disability”. Likewise, the Government’s Democracy’s (WFD) Mozambican office Five-Year Programme 2015-2019 in partnership with the Association for states that “the Government defines People with Disability (ADEMO) and vulnerable groups and ensures the Forum of Mozambican Associations provision of social assistance to people of People with Disability (FAMOD) and living in poverty and vulnerability”. technical advice provided by the Centre From the work carried out, one can for Human Rights of the University of conclude that progress has been Pretoria in South Africa. made in the operationalisation of This report is aimed at providing the actions on disability. Nevertheless, guidelines for designing a national some challenges remain unsolved. agenda on political, social and Multi-sectoral action is required 13 and all stakeholders have to accept facilities and other forms of care such that social and economic obstacles, as the use of sign language. The results discrimination, denial of rights and of this work are clearly visible, although other barriers to people with disability challenges remain. can only be tackled through a joint To conclude, we would like to take approach. this opportunity to thank ADEMO and The partners who have followed our FAMOD, which have worked for the work on monitoring government fulfilment of this dream with a view to activities were able to witness and greater political, social and economic cooperate with us in urging the inclusion of people with disability in our Government to establish inclusive country. Our thanks go to the WFD for education in schools, as well as care its leadership and facilitation, as well as for people with disability through to the multi-sectoral team that worked the construction of ramps in public to complete this study. buildings and schools, hospitals, health
Antónia Simão Paulo Charre
14 PREFACE III
NneNne Iwuji-Eme British High Commissioner in the Republic of Mozambique
he UK Government has commi- It is estimated that 15% of the world tted itself to leading the global population lives with some type of Tinitiative to promote the social, disability and that 80% of this group economic and political inclusion of lives in developing countries, where the people with disability. As such, we are spectrum of poverty affects the majority strongly committed to ensuring that, of people, with particular emphasis on as set out in the Sustainable Develop- people with disability who are excluded ment Goals (SDGs), no one should be from the processes of fighting poverty left behind in the development pro- and from development programmes, cess. owing to various limitations. This commitment results specifically We are confident that the issue of from the recognition of barriers and disability is a human rights issue challenges that limit or even prevent and above all, part of the process people with disability from enjoying, of consolidating democracy, which in equal circumstances, the rights and cannot be built in a context in which freedoms enshrined in the UNCPD/ part of society is denied the possibility CNPCD. and opportunity to achieve its socio- economic and political development. We recognise that Mozambique is making efforts to improve the We believe that it will not be possible to framework determining the situation eradicate poverty and achieve the SGDs of people with disability, and on behalf or even the effective implementation of the UK Government we commend of the United Nations Convention the Government of Mozambique for its on People with Disability (UNCPD/ efforts to address the issue of disability, CNPCD) without including people with which was reiterated at the London disability in all work to establish a more Global Summit on Disability in July inclusive and fairer world. 2018.
15 We congratulate the Government of The UK Government has committed Mozambique on its commitment and itself to continuing to work with the engagement with various national Mozambican Government and its and international stakeholders that various partners to achieve a more culminated in the drafting of this inclusive society in which the barriers rich document, which assesses and constraints identified in this report the current status, progress and are removed. challenges affecting the inclusion of The UK Government encourages people with disability in Mozambique. the Westminster Foundation for The document was drafted through Democracy to continue consolidating consensus building, listening to this platform to enable a range of actors the voices of people with disability to reflect collectively and consensually and illustrating an approach to on public policies and strategies that implementing democratic practices for can help the country in an inclusive the design of inclusive public policies. and sustainable way to speed up the The voices heard in this study point to social, economic and political inclusion persistence of stigma and discrimina- of people with disability. tion against people with disability, low Likewise, we would like to commend levels of empowerment and barriers to the hard work of the Forum of accessing job opportunities. These fac- Mozambican Associations of People ts support the UK Government’s view with Disability and the Mozambican that ‘now is the time to act’. Association for people with Disability as This is the time for men, women, key stakeholders in the implementation children and young people with of this initiative, without leaving disability to participate and benefit aside the active engagement of the from the inclusive and equitable Ministry of Gender, Children and development opportunities in society. Social Action in the process, as the government institution responsible for We are confident that the recommen- implementing the national disability dations contained in this study will policy in the country. help the Government of Mozambique improve the drafting of inclusive public We would equally like to thank policies and lead people with disability the Assembly of the Republic of to participate actively in the process of Mozambique, which has been part of building the development and demo- the process from the onset to date, cracy of the country. and plays a highly relevant role in the approval of legal tools sensitive to be launched in February 2020, the to disability and the promotion of Government of Mozambique will be inclusion, in order to contribute to the able to respond better to the challenges elimination of all forms of stigma and of inclusion of people with disability, discrimination in Mozambique. thus responding to both national and international commitments of To conclude, we would like to stress inclusive socio-economic and political that all stakeholders that were part development, including the SDGs, of this process are crucial for the the UNCPD/CNPCD and the London implementation and supervision of the Summit Commitments. national agenda on disability, which they designed themselves, and we hope that with the effective implementation of the national agenda on disability,
Ms. NneNne Iwuji-Eme
17 18 PREFACE IV
Ricardo Moresse Chairperson of the Board of Directors of the Mozambican Association for People with Disability (ADEMO)
t is not an easy task to comment involving all people with disability in on such an eloquent piece of work, their different types and partner orga- Iwhose content proves to be current nisations of this sector. and important nationwide, and autho- In the country, although the political red by experts of recognised merit. and legal environment appears to be However, I accepted the invitation and favourable for people with disability, the challenge, because when it comes mainly owing to the ratification of the to disability issues, I think it is a unique UN Convention on the Rights of People opportunity to provide my humble with Disability, the study notes with contribution, on the one hand, and on concern the absence of administrative the other, to draw the attention of the measures for the realisation of the valued readers to aspects that I think rights of people with disability, hence are relevant in the context of disability in the need for a law on their protection, a country marked by various problems. together with a national disability plan and strategy, which would allow for I decided to refer to the study, and regular evaluation of the government’s confess that I probably committed a achievements in this area. In addition, mistake by omission, because, as I said recent international commitments, above, a study of this magnitude should such as those of the London Summit be commented on by prominent on Disability held in 2018, should be figures, under the penalty of distorting implemented. its content. Speaking of the construction of As we can see from the objectives of a “national agenda and plan on the study that will lead to building a disability”, one of the challenges that “national agenda on disability” in the the study mentions is the lack of a country, nothing could have been be- specific census on the population with tter than the consultation conducted,
19 disability in Mozambique, since official To conclude, as a member of one data only provides an approximate of the organisations covered by number of people with disability, as the consultation process and the can be seen from the 2017 Population subsequent validation of this study, I Census, whose picture does not reflect must say that beyond any doubt, the the reality. This may thus hinder work that culminated in this study adequate planning for the disability brought about visibility never evident sector. before in the national movement of people with disability, though the The slogan “nothing about us, without social, economic and political inclusion us” is nothing more than a dead of this group is one of the central letter as long as people with disability pillars for the realisation of the rights of continue to live outside the decision- people with disability at various levels making centres, on the one hand, in the country. and as long as architectural barriers and communication and information In this regard, one cannot speak of technologies that prevent people with a work of such magnitude without disability from participating effectively referring to the Westminster in various spheres of social, economic Foundation for Democracy, particularly and political life, on the other, are not the strategic and programmatic removed. leadership of its office in the country, which substantiated all the work, given However, in order for the issue of inclu- its invaluable technical and financial sion of people with disability to become support. Equal recognition is due to the a reality, the study recommends joint Government of Mozambique, through efforts among various stakeholders, the Ministry of Gender, Children and such as the Government, the private Social Action, and the Assembly of the sector, and international cooperation Republic, whose staff were present at agencies and, above all, the strengthe- all the crucial moments of the research, ning of the overall state budget for the in addition to encouragement at the disability sector. highest level through their respective leaders.
Ricardo Moresse
20 PREFACE V
Cantol Alexandre Pondja Chairperson of the National Forum of Organisations for People with Disability (FAMOD)
rganisations of people with partners of the Government in advocacy disability in Mozambique, to- for several matters, among others Ogether with other civil socie- the design of policies, programmes ty organisations and their cooperation and strategies of the Government partners, have for years played an ac- concerning issues of disability. tive role in the fight for the defence As a result of various efforts in the of the rights of people with disability. fight for the cause, Mozambique has With the increase in the number of signed and approved various legal associations of people with disability, tools to protect the rights of people there has been an increase in the sen- with disability, joining the international se of self-confidence and ownership of efforts in the fight for their cause. issues regarding human rights and res- In 2007, Mozambique signed the pect for their inherent dignity, raising International Convention on the Rights awareness among their families and of People with Disability, followed by society. Overall, there is a need for the its ratification by the Assembly of the inclusion of people with disabilities, in Republic of Mozambique in 2010 and, accordance with their specific needs, in 2012, the Optional Protocol was in social, economic and political life, as submitted to the United Nations, hence a way of reducing the level of discrimi- the signing of the Convention on the nation, stigma, and the barriers that Rights of People with Disability in 2012. prevent their active participation and As a contribution from civil society promote the violation of their funda- to its implementation, Mozambique mental rights. has drafted a report on the level of In 2003, the National Forum of implementation of this legal tool in Organisations for People with Disability the period 2010-2012, assessing the (FAMOD) was officially created, as a level of implementation. In July 2018, valid interlocutor and one of the main Mozambique made and deposited,
21 at the World Summit in London, attitude to changing the previous commitments to four pillars (inclusive paradigms concerning issues related education, stigma and discrimination, to disability, despite not being able economic empowerment, technology to respond to the major problems and innovation), as a Government that people with disability face and to priority for improving the environment implement policies and plans to deal for inclusion of people with disability with disability, ranging from physical in the social, political and economic accessibility, education and professional development of the country. training, adapted transport, means of compensation, communication In 2019, FAMOD, in partnership with and information through the use of the Westminster Foundation for technologies, health and rehabilitation Democracy (WFD), conducted a services, among others. consultation process at national level, to give a voice to people with disability We expect people with disability to be about the major concerns, needs and an active part of all decision-making challenges affecting their political, processes, side by side with all actors economic and social inclusion and interested in the cause of disability. to design a national agenda to be Let us respect and apply the slogan: implemented in the country. Nothing for us, without us! The Government’s involvement in this process shows some signs of a positive
Cantol Alexandre Pondja
22 SUMÁRIO EXECUTIVO
he Westminster Foundation for Democracy (WFD) commissioned this report as part of efforts to influence policies for social, economic, and Tpolitical inclusion of persons with disabilities in Mozambique. This project was undertaken as part of WFD’s Commonwealth Partnership for Democracy- funded program in Mozambique, which is part of a global program aimed at advancing inclusive and accountable democracy in the Commonwealth over two years (2018-2020).
Alongside its key Mozambican partners - the Forum of Mozambican Organiza- tions of Persons with Disabilities, the Mozambican Association of Persons with Disabilities, the Parliament of Mozambique, and the Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Action, WFD started the implementation of this project in 2018.
This report is the culmination of a series of consultations conducted among key stakeholders in January, February and April 2019 in the North (Nampula), the Centre (Beira), and the South (Maputo) that assessed the state of inclusion of per- sons with disabilities. Prior to the regional consultations, WFD invited a number of stakeholders to an inception workshop in Maputo on January 30, 2019 to help shape the terms and parameters of the consultations. At the conclusion of the consultations, WFD organized a consultative stakeholder’s validation workshop in Maputo on July 30, 2019. Specifically, the main objective of the regional consul- tation workshops was to inform the development of the national agenda on so- cio-economic and political inclusion of persons with disabilities in Mozambique.
Toward this end, the workshops examined the achievements reached and the steps that Mozambique needs to take to meet national and international com- mitments on disability. In addition to the regional consultations, the consultants met with government departments, the donor community and civil society orga- nizations to assess their views on the current state of inclusion of persons with di- sabilities. This report thus distils these consultations to assess the opportunities, progress, and obstacles in the way of achieving the goal of political, social and economic inclusion and empowerment of persons with disabilities. The findings
23 from this report will constitute the background for the articulation of a national agenda for disabled people in Mozambique.
This report had the following terms of reference:
♦♦ Provide reflections on the situation of inclusion of persons with disabilities in Mozambique by identifying their needs and key barriers to effective inclusion;
♦♦ Assess the existing policy frameworks dealing with persons with disabilities and identify the gaps in the design and implementation of these frameworks;
♦♦ Assess the government’s implementation of international conventions, notably the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) and the London Commitments of July 2018;
♦♦ Reflect on issues of intersectionality, including the different experiences of women, youth, and elderly persons with disabilities and different categories, such as albinism, psychosocial disabilities, deaf-blindness, and others; and
♦♦ On the basis of the analysis and reflections from the consultations, provide strategic recommendations on how the Mozambican government can advance the political, social, and economic rights of persons with disabilities.
The report proceeds from the assumption that Mozambique has taken significant strides in the articulation of broad policies that seek to promote the inclusion of persons with disabilities in the political, social and economic domains. Equally vital, the government has advanced policies that are progressive, although not fully compliant, with the CRPD, which the government ratified in 2012. Nonetheless, there are profound and glaring gaps in implementation of these policies owing largely to limited and scarce resources, the prevalence of cultural norms that impede effective inclusion of persons with disabilities, and a growing, but relatively weak environment of disabled people’s organizations (DPOs).
24 The report suggests that frontal policies on inclusion of minority groups, including disabled people, are critical indicators of the sturdiness of democratic governance, particularly institutions of accountability, participation, and responsiveness. At heart, inclusiveness relates to democratic governance because it attests to the government’s determination to redress structural inequities and the array of discriminatory policies that prevent the full participation of these groups in societal and governmental decision-making.
The recognition of the rights of persons with disabilities has been a core part of Mozambique’s quest for a just, fair, and humane society. This determination needs to be reinvigorated through renewed national priorities that broaden the attention paid to persons with disabilities and resources available to them. Since funding and budgeting reflect both national priorities and political will, there is an urgent need to refocus attention on the implementation of legal provisions and policies on disabilities. A new national agenda on persons with disabilities ought, therefore, to draw from the constitutional legacies on disabilities, international conventions and commitments, and suggestions from regional consultations with the core stakeholders.
The report proposes seven priority areas to enhance inclusion of persons with disabilities in Mozambique:
Ratification of the African Disability Protocol and comprehensive review 1 of the Mozambican legal framework to align with the CRPD and the new African Protocol;
Enactment of a disability rights law, a specific bill of rights for persons with 2 disabilities in Mozambique, as well as regulation and budgeting for its implementation;
Adoption of the Washington Group short set of questions for data collection, 3 as well as implementation of specific disability surveys to inform policy and programs at the national and local levels;
25 26 Diversification and an increase in the capacity of DPOs, including at 4 grassroots level, to monitor government programs;
An increase in awareness campaigns to combat stereotypes, prejudices and 5 harmful practices toward persons with disabilities, including persons with albinism;
Consideration of the establishment of an autonomous entity in charge of 6 disability within the government, modeled on the experiences of countries in the region. In addition, consideration must be given to the establishment of disability desks in all government departments to facilitate the mainstreaming of disability issues across the government; and
The launch of comprehensive, long-term multi-sectoral programs focused 7 on the consultation, collaboration, participation, and inclusion of persons with disabilities.
27 28 INTRODUCTION
he global disability movement has been inspired by broad notions of inclusiveness captured in the maxim: “nothing about us, without us.”1 TThis conviction emanated from the realization that across the developing world, in particular disabled people have been systematically excluded from participation in the formulation and implementation of social, economic, and political policies that affect them. As corrective measures, the disability movement has advocated approaches that combine the incorporation of disability and human rights perspectives in all development programs and the promotion of targeted programs to empower and include persons with disabilities in government and society2. These are the key pillars that are covered in the 50 articles of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), the fundamental convention on disability rights. The CRPD enjoins states to advance the social, economic and cultural rights of people with disabilities in areas such as education, health, minimum wage and social protection, property, and social dignity.3
Years before Mozambique’s ratification of the CRPD in January 2012, the country had pioneered progressive measures to promote the inclusiveness of people with disabilities in its constitution. In addition to enshrining the rights of persons with disabilities, the constitution makes specific provision for persons with disabilities, notably the promotion of conditions necessary for their economic and social integration. In subsequent years, the government’s commitment to disability rights was emphasized in various policies, such as the National Plan for Disability (PNAD I, 2006-2010 and PNAD II, 2012-2019) that attempted to introduce innovative policies concerning public sector employment, political participation, economic equality, and empowerment of persons with disabilities. To underscore the
1 Neil Crowther, “Nothing without Us or Nothing about Us?” Disability and Society,. 22, 7, December 2007, pp. 791-94.
2 A. Elwan, Poverty and Disability: A Survey of the Literature. Washington DC: The World Bank Social Protection Discussion Paper, 1999; S. Grech, “Disability, Poverty, and Development: Critical Reflections on the Majority World Debate,” Disability and Society, 24, 2009, pp. 771-784 and J. F. Loeb, “Disability and Poverty: A Vicious Circle? Journal of International Development, 12, 2010.
3 United Nations, Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and Optional Protocol to the Convention. New York: United Nations, 2006. 29 national resolve toward persons with disabilities, the Mozambican government proposed a new raft of commitments that it presented at the London Summit in July 2018 as its reaffirmation of adherence to the CRPD.
The report is divided into four sections, including the introduction. The second section identifies international and African efforts since the mid-2000s to promote the rights of persons with disabilities, particularly the CRPD, the commitments made during the July 2018 Global Disability Summit in London, and African Union (AU) initiatives. This section will conclude with a brief overview of the obstacles that Africa has faced in implementing commitments to persons with disabilities. In section three, the focus is on Mozambique’s policy frameworks and institutional context for inclusion of persons with disabilities. The fourth section draws largely from the regional consultations to highlight the obstacles and barriers to the implementation of government commitments and policies. In addition to being a critical assessment of the existing policies, insights from these consultations are valuable in lending perspectives on how to improve the articulation and implementation of inclusive disability policies. The final section also addresses the recommendations.
30 GLOBAL AND AFRICAN EFFORTS TO EFFECT INCLUSION OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES
he impetus for campaigns for political and economic inclusion of persons with disabilities stems from the recognition that globally about 1 billion people – or around 15 per cent of the population - have some form of disability
T 4 and they continue to face abuse, discrimination and stigma. Furthermore, while disabled people are the world’s largest growing minority, they have been less visible in international advocacy campaigns. Many studies have identified the positive correlation between disability and poverty; thus, individuals with disabilities are more likely not to have completed primary education, to have fewer formal educational qualifications, and to be unemployed. More profoundly, disabilities intersect with other social categories such as gender, race, religion, age, ethnic identities, and geographical location; this compounds exclusion and marginality.5 Research has shown that even though in poor countries disabled people may not always experience different levels of poverty, they are disadvantaged with respect to access to education, healthcare and participation in local community activities.6 To redress this situation, there has been a proliferation of movements seeking to promote the inclusion and participation of persons with disabilities in society and to use international instruments to enforce and advance their human rights. In essence disabled peoples’ organizations (DPOs) and other supportive civil society organizations have shaped international debates on disability issues and generated knowledge and information about the extent and nature of the challenges they face.7
4 World Health Organization and The World Bank World, Report on Disability, 2011.
5 O. Hankivsky, Intersectionality 101. (Vancouver: The Institute for Intersectionality Research and Policy, 2014) and E. Larson and others, “Best Resources on Intersectionality with Emphasis on Low and Middle-Income Countries,” Health Policy and Planning, 31, 2016: 964- 69.
6 A. Elwan, Poverty and Disability: A Survey of the Literature. Washington DC: The World Bank Social Protection Discussion Paper, 1999; and J. F. Loeb, “Disability and Poverty: A Vicious Circle? Journal of International Development, 12, 2010.
7 A. S. Kanter, The Development of Disability Rights under International Law: From Charity to Human Rights. Abington: Routledge, 2015. 31 The United Nations Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities
The international disability movement has tapped into the global rights-based norms encapsulated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948, the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights of 1966, and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 1966. Despite the recognition of the centrality of disability rights, these human rights instruments that comprise the International Bill of Rights did not explicitly list persons with disabilities among the groups of people to be protected against discrimination. It was against this backdrop that in 2006, the United Nations adopted the CRPD and its Optional Protocol. Proceeding from the assumption that existing human rights frameworks and instruments had failed to improve the living conditions of persons with disabilities substantially, the CRPD pledged new determination by governments, DPOs and international institutions to “strive for a legally binding international convention on the rights of all people with disabilities to full participation and equality in society.”8 The CRDP’s preamble also notes that:
“a comprehensive and integral international convention to promote and protect the rights and dignity of persons with disabilities will make a significant contribution to redressing the profound social disadvantage of persons with disabilities and promote their participation in the civil, political, economic, social and cultural spheres with equal opportunities, in both developing and developed countries.” 9
One of the unique factors in negotiations on the CRPD was the active and systematic involvement of civil society institutions, especially DPOs, which were inspired by the motto: “nothing about us, without us.” In addition, the CRPD was rapidly negotiated over an unprecedented five-year period, demonstrating the power of collective resolve and action by DPOs and supportive institutions. The CRPD sought a comprehensive definition of disability to include people “who have long term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments which in interaction with various barriers may hinder their full and effective participation
8 United Nations, Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and Optional Protocol to the Convention. New York: United Nations, 2006.
9 United Nations, Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and Optional Protocol to the Convention. 32 in society on an equal basis with others.”10 This definition tried to expand the notion of persons with disabilities from the medical, charitable, and welfare approaches to a human-rights centered paradigm of disability that stresses the interdependent links between civil, cultural, political, and socio-economic rights. While acknowledging that disabled persons frequently experience multiple or aggravated forms of discrimination, the CRPD explicitly recognizes women with disabilities and children with disabilities as two sub-groups disproportionately affected by discrimination.11
All 50 articles of the CRPD stress the interdependence between social, economic, and political rights and recognize that inclusion is a cross-cutting issue that traverses all programs in the search for just and humane livelihoods and societies.12 Since the enactment of the CRPD in May 2008, the convention has been hailed as the first extensive and binding international instrument providing a comprehensive portfolio of disability rights. After it came into effect, the CRPD also produced multiple international and local movements and institutions seeking to increase the focus on monitoring the implementation of the CRPD as part of the global momentum linking development with human rights.13
10 United Nations, Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and Optional Protocol to the Convention.
11 M. Schulze, Understanding the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and Optional Protocol to the Convention, Handicap International, 2006; H. Mannan and others, “Core Concepts of Human Rights and Inclusion of Vulnerable Groups in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities,” ALTER: European Journal of Disability Research, 6, 2012: 159-177.
12 S. Grech, “Disability, Poverty, and Development: Critical Reflections on the Majority World Debate,” Disability and Society, 24, 2009: 771-784; R. Lang and others, “Policy Development: An Analysis of Disability Inclusion in a Selection of African Union Policies,” Development Policy Review, 2018: 1-19.
13 R. Lang and others, “Implementing the United Nations Convention on People with Disabilities: Principles, Implications, Practices, and Limitations,” ALTER: European Journal of Disability Studies, 5, 4, 2011, pp. 206-220; Kayess and P. French, “Out of Darkness into Light? Introducing the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities,” Human Rights Law Review, 8, 1, (2008), pp. 1-34; M. Kett and J.F. Trani, “Disability, Development and the Dawning of a New Convention: A Cause for Optimism? Journal of International Development, 21, 5, (2008), pp. 649-661. 33 The London Global Disability Summit, July 2018
Following the adoption of the CRPD, numerous international institutions, disability advocacy groups, and donor agencies remained at the forefront of aligning rights-based approaches to disabilities with issues of inclusive and sustainable development. With the UN inauguration of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), there were additional campaigns for countries to align the implementation of these goals with meeting the objectives of the CRPD. It was partly to fulfill these objectives that the United Kingdom’s Department of International Development organized a Global Disability Summit in London in 2018, ten years after the coming into force of the CRPD. The Global Summit adopted the Charter for Change, which has ten provisions:
♦♦ Catalyze political will and leadership to turn the promises into change that results in implementation.
♦♦ Promote the leadership and representation of persons with disabilities in the process of change, including persons of all ages.
♦♦ Eliminate stigma and discrimination through meaningful legislation and policies.
♦♦ Support actions that advance inclusive quality education for persons with disabilities.
♦♦ Promote economic empowerment and financial inclusion so that persons with disabilities can enjoy decent work and achieve financial independence; these programs should include more and better jobs, social protection, skills training, hiring and making workplaces accessible to affected people;
♦♦ Revolutionize the availability and affordability of appropriate assistive technology to enable persons with disabilities to contribute fully to society.
♦♦ Make all humanitarian action fully inclusive and accessible to persons with disabilities, including implementing the Charter on ‘Inclusion of persons with disabilities in the Humanitarian Action’.
♦♦ Champion the rights of the most under-represented and marginalized persons with disabilities of all ages under the banner of: “Leave no one behind and put the furthest behind first.” Gather and use better data
34 and evidence to understand and address the scale, and nature, of challenges faced by persons with disabilities, notably women and girls with disabilities.
♦♦ Resolve to hold ourselves and others to account for the promises made
and periodically review these pledges.14
African efforts to achieve political and economic inclusion of persons with disabilities
African initiatives to forge inclusive policies for disabled persons have revolved around campaigns to implement the CRPD, in part through the activism of DPOs and the incorporation of global commitments on persons with disabilities in the AU and sub-regional instruments on disability. African states embraced the adoption of the CRPD and its Optional Protocol in part because there was substantial African input in the working group that negotiated the convention. During the negotiations, African delegations also lobbied for the inclusion of language that addresses the protection of persons with disabilities in natural disasters, armed conflicts, and other humanitarian emergencies, provisions that were captured in article 11.15
The rapid entry into force of the treaty was enabled by 16 African countries signing the CRPD on the first day it opened for signature in March 2007 and more than 30 countries that subsequently ratified the treaty. Many African countries have also instituted disability laws and embarked on policy measures to strengthen them. Given the capacity and resource constraints facing many countries, most of the creative disability rights initiatives in Africa have emanated from sustained campaigns and pressures of local DPOs.16 Thus key legislation on some core provisions of the CRPD, such as physical and mental integrity, living in the community, health, legal recognition and access to justice have arisen from
14 The Global Disability Summit 2018, Charter for Change. London: Global Disability Summit, 2018.
15 J. Lord and M. A. Stein “Prospects and Practices for CRPD Implementation in Africa,” African Disability Rights Yearbook, 2013, p. 111; R. Lang and others, “Policy Development: An Analysis of Disability Inclusion in a Selection of African Union Policies,” Development Policy Review, 2018, pp. 1-21.
16 Lord and Stein “Prospects and Practices for CRPD Implementation in Africa,” African Disability Rights Yearbook, 2013, p. 111. 35 the efforts of DPOs. For instance, the Zambian Federation of Disabled Persons reviewed provisions pertaining to the legal capacity of people with disabilities in the new constitution to make them consistent with the CRPD. Similarly, a coalition of DPOs in Zambia successfully lobbied for inclusive public health services, including HIV/AIDS education.17
In most West African countries, advocacy by DPOs has led to the repeal of mental health laws that allow involuntary confinement, detention and forced medical treatment of persons with psychosocial and intellectual disabilities. For instance, in Sierra Leone, DPOs have campaigned to counter the prejudice associated with epilepsy and access to inexpensive seizure medication.18 In South Africa, the first landmark case was brought before the South African Equality Court by a wheelchair-using lawyer because she could not access the courthouse. Thereafter, South Africa agreed that failure to provide access amounted to discrimination and promised to render all court buildings accessible.19 However, advocacy victories without broad measures to promote inclusive economic and political policies may just be momentary victories in most African countries. For instance, in February 2011, the University of the Western Cape’s Disability Unit reported to the South African parliament that since the ratification of the CRPD in 2007, South Africa had not adequately incorporated the CRPD into its own legal framework and had not submitted any report to the UN Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.20
There have been various initiatives at continental level that reflect Africa’s determination to address the plight of disabled persons. For instance, the AU declared 1999-2009 as the African Decade for Persons with Disabilities, an observance that was extended for a second decade, 2010-2019. Likewise, in 2009, the African Commission on Human and People’s Rights expanded the mandate of the focal point on the rights of older persons in Africa to include the rights of disabled persons. In another initiative, the AU Executive Council unveiled a
17 Lord and Stein “Prospects and Practices for CRPD Implementation in Africa,” p. 102-112.
18 “UNCRPD in West Africa: Where do We Stand?” Declaration of a Workshop on UNCRDP held in Niamey, Niger, April 2013, https://www.cbm.org/UN-CRPD-in-West-Africa-Where-do- we-stand--398816.php.
19 As captured in Lord and Stein, p. 109.
20 Parliamentary Monitoring Group, “South Africa’s Compliance with the UN Conventions on Rights of Persons with Disabilities and Rights of the Child: Input by Civil Society,” February 23, 2011, https://pmg.org.za/committee-meeting/12656/; V. Gwangwa, “Disabled People’s Rights Still Violated,” Pretoria News, November 9, 2017 https://www.iol.co.za/pretoria-news/ disabled-peoples-rights-still-violated-11928641. 36 continental plan of action in January 2013 that mirrors most of the provisions of the CRPD and also refers to African contexts.21
The African Commission for Human and People’s Rights has demonstrated leadership on norms on disability since its first disability case, in which it stated that despite resource constraints, all states had to take concrete steps to implement human rights obligations. Another innovative continental initiative was the addition of a new Protocol to the African Commission on Human and People’s Rights in 2018 that emphasizes the importance of the rights of people with disabilities to have equal recognition before the law and provides for a range of rights, including the right to education, personal liberty, political participation, the right to live in the community, and the rights of persons with psychosocial disabilities.22
Problems of implementing the Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities
Africa, like most developing countries, faces profound challenges of implementation of the CRPD. This is because, like similar UN human rights conventions, CRPD implementation occurs in complex circumstances of weak governance and rule of law, faltering political will, resource and capacity constraints, and the absence of strong and cohesive DPOs to articulate effective monitoring. The CRPD is a binding convention, but there are no enforcement mechanisms to guarantee that states adhere to its provisions, despite sustained pressure from disability rights advocacy groups globally, regionally and nationally. Thus, although the CRPD has changed the normative framework of human rights in a fundamental way, many African countries have only made perfunctory efforts to live up to the promises of the convention and few have submitted progress reports to the UN Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.23 21 Medical Disability Advocacy Centre (MDAC), “MDAC Written Submission to the Secretariat of the African Decade of Persons the Secretariat of the African Decade of Persons with Disabilities for the Development of the African Union Continental Disability Strategy (2010- 2019); and R. Lang and others, “Policy Development: An Analysis of Disability Inclusion in a Selection of African Union Policies,” Development Policy Review, 2018, pp. 1-21. http://mdac. org/sites/mdac.org/files/2011_08_30__mdac_%20AU_Continental_Disability_Strategy.pdf
22 African Commission on Human and People’s Rights, Protocol on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Banjul: The African Commission, June 2018.
23 G. Quinn, “Bringing the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities to Life in Ireland,” British Journal of Learning Difficulties, 37, 4, (2009), pp. 245-249; and V. Hernandez, 37 Throughout Africa, adherence to rights-based norms and practices is challenged by lack of democratic governance, participation, accountability and the rule of law. This is especially because effective policies that address the expectations of the CRPD depend on strong representative institutions that are responsive to broad societal needs. As some scholars have recognized, “due to the very nature of their impairments, people with disabilities typically require a much more complex social, political, economic and institutional set-up to enjoy rights on an equal basis than their able-bodied counterparts.”24 Building these institutions within the environment of authoritarian and unresponsive governance becomes very difficult. Equally vital, effective policies that meet the needs of persons with disabilities are inconceivable where economic governance is characterized by corruption, economic mismanagement, cronyism and patronage, systems that typically starve the social sector of resources to improve livelihoods. For this reason, therefore, implementing the CRPD requires political and economic governance underpinned by broad-based participation at national and local levels.25
Problems of political will are inextricably linked to the obstacles concerning governance, because often in societies with many vulnerable communities, the channels for voice and demands for political will are not widespread. In Africa, for instance, the optimism that greeted the ratification of the CRPD soon disappeared when leaders lost interest in disability issues. As a result, many governments ratified the CRPD but have yet to establish disability policies or enact legislative measures that would show resolve and willingness to make a difference.26
Some countries where the leaders have had strong political will still face enormous problems of administrative capacity to formulate and implement policies on disabilities.27 Among the administrative obstacles are lack of coordination
“Making Good the Promise of International Law: The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and Inclusive Education in China and India,” Pacific Rim Law and Policy Journal, 17, 2 (2008), pp. 497-528.
24 . F. Trani and M. Loeb, “Poverty and Disability: A Vicious Cycle? Evidence from Afghanistan and Zambia,” Journal of International Development, 112, 2013.
25 R. Lang and others, “Implementing the United Nations Convention on Persons with Disabilities: Principles, Implications, Practice, and Limitations,” ALTER; European Journal of Disability Research, 5, 3, 2011, pp. 206-220 have stated this view more forcefully.
26 A. Murangaria and R. Lang, “Barriers to the Inclusion of Disabled People in Disability Policy- Making in Seven African Countries,” in J. K. Kumpuvuori and M. Scheinin, eds. The United Nations Convention on Persons with Disabilities: A Multi-disciplinary Perspective. Helsinki: The Centre for Human Rights of Persons with Disabilities, 2009,
27 A. Yokohama, “A Comparative Analysis of the Institutional Capacities for Implementing the Disability Policies in East African Countries,” The Association of Medical Doctors in Asia, 23, 38 between different government ministries on disability policies and between central governments and local authorities. Frequently coordination problems exist in government agencies despite the constant invocations of disability as a cross-cutting issue. In addition to the lack of human and financial resources and organizational capacity, knowledge of disabilities from the human rights optic is still relatively new and policymakers thus require more training and sensitization. Crafting legislative frameworks and regulative policies in the absence of informed knowledge of the concerns and needs of persons with disabilities often leads to ineffective policies.28 The CRPD has provided an overarching template for policymakers, but many countries still struggle to translate these objectives into meaningful national laws and policies.
While most countries have made progress in public sector reforms prescribed by donors, filling the knowledge gaps for policy implementation about persons with disabilities remains an ongoing concern. A study in Uganda has, for instance, shown that there are wide gaps between policy formulation and implementation in government agencies on disability policies. Following the passage of the Persons with Disabilities Act in 2006, the ministry responsible for disabilities did not take subsequent measures for implementation.29 A 2008 study done by the Southern African Federation on Disabilities on Namibia, Malawi, and Swaziland found that none of them had any effective administrative infrastructure for the provision of disability services. Notably, none of these countries had any data at local government level on the number of children with disabilities who would benefit from attending and completing primary education in mainstream schools. They did not have social protection programs for persons with disabilities either.30
Frontal approaches to dealing with questions of disability are also impeded by the absence of reliable information that would lead to the implementation of policies. For instance, budgeting for disabilities by governments is difficult in the absence of reliable statistical data on the nature of disabilities and the livelihoods
2, 2012, pp. 3-31.
28 P. Mitller, Implementing the United Nations Convention on Persons with Disabilities: Implementing a Paradigm Shift,” Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 12, 2015, pp. 79-89.
29 A. Yokohama, “A Comparative Analysis of the Institutional Capacities for Implementing the Disability Policies in East African Countries.”
30 R. Lang, Disability Policy Audit in Namibia, Malawi, and Swaziland, Southern African Federation of the Disabled, 2008. 39 of disabled people. Data is even more important because persons with disabilities are heterogeneous and have distinctive impairments.31 Although the CRPD and SDGs explicitly call on governments to obtain robust data on persons with disabilities, data-gathering has remained an impediment in most countries.
Other sets of challenges relate to the organizational and capacity constraints of DPOs. In the absence of a strong political constituency for persons with disabilities, resource constraints and competing political and economic priorities in poor countries result in lack of attention to the CRPD. While DPOs are critical in galvanizing concerns on disabilities, particularly in monitoring and evaluating the implementation of CRPD provisions, like policymakers, they need adequate knowledge and capacity on the policies and procedures pertaining to their work. In many countries, DPOs face a dual dilemma: marginalized from mainstream development discourses, they do not have sufficient resources for advocacy work.32 These constraints reduce their effectiveness as the dependable voices of persons with disabilities. Redressing these constraints is also magnified by the competitive environment in which DPOs operate. The multiplication of DPOs in most instances arises from the diversities that characterize disabled persons, but without organizational coherence, their impact on policy is severely diluted. Some studies on Nigeria have, for instance noted that the disunity in the Nigerian DPOs has had a detrimental effect on their advocacy of the implementation of the CRPD. Working in isolation and in competition, they have been unable to marshal the organizational strength to pursue appropriate advocacy strategies for persons with disabilities.33 DPOs also find it increasingly difficult to leverage donor funding, a fact that partly hampers their organizational abilities.
31 World Health Organization and the World Bank, World Report on Disability. Geneva, 2011.
32 R. Lang and others, “Implementing the United Nations Convention on Persons with Disabilities: Principles, Implications, Practice, and Limitations,”
33 C. J. Eleweke, “A Review of the Challenges of Implementing the Goals in African Plan of Action on Disabilities,” Disability and Society, 28, 3, 2013, pp. 313-323; R. Lang and L. Upah, “Disability Scoping Study in Nigeria,” London: Department for International Development, 2008. 40 POLICY ENVIRONMENT FOR PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES IN MOZAMBIQUE
he 2017 general housing and population census noted that the prevalence of disability in Mozambique is 2.6 per cent (about 2 per cent lower than Tthe 2007 census). It is estimated that 49 per cent of the total population of disabled people are women. These figures have been contested by the disability movement, with many DPOs blaming inadequate methods and questions, as well as lack of training of personnel involved. The National Statistics Office has pointed out the lack of funding and qualified human resources to implement the census. Disability and poverty are intrinsically connected, with studies showing that disabled people in Mozambique are more disadvantaged economically than the rest of the population.34
Over the past decade, Mozambique’s average economic growth rate has been over 7.4 per cent annually, making it one of the fastest growing countries in Africa. Yet, despite this apparent success, the country is still struggling with major developmental challenges and remains one of the poorest and most underdeveloped in the world.35 Although access to basic public services has generally improved over the last few years, considerable gaps exist in areas such as health, education, public transport and social protection. This influences Mozambique’s low score on the Human Development Index (178 out of 187). Since 2016, Mozambique has faced an economic crisis due to the discovery of a previously undisclosed $2 billion loan arranged secretly by the government of President Armando Guebuza. The crisis has led to a sharp increase in the cost of goods and services, including public services, which has disproportionally affected marginalized groups, particularly persons with disabilities. The recent crisis occasioned by cyclones Idai and Kenneth has underscored Mozambique’s social,
34 SINTEF, “Living Conditions among Person with Disability in Mozambique: National Representative Study,” Maputo, 2009.
35 The World Bank, Mozambique Economic Update: Less Poverty but More Inequality. Washington DC: The World Bank, November 2018; African Development Bank, Mozambique’s Economic Outlook. Abidjan: AfDB, 2018. 41 economic and environmental vulnerabilities.36 Persons with disabilities and other vulnerable groups face severe hardships in times of humanitarian emergencies.
Legal and policy frameworks
The rights of persons with disabilities are enshrined in the Constitution in articles 37 and 125, which recognize special protection from the family, society, and state and enumerate a set of rights to be protected and realized by the state. The Policy for Persons with Disabilities defines disability as “any reduction or loss of normal capacity for a human being as a result of an impediment.”37 The definition of disability and the terminology used in the policy and other government instruments are strongly anchored in the medical model and are out of sync with the international rights-based approaches of the CRPD. Article 125 (4) of the Constitution establishes a set of rights in accordance with the constitutional principle of non-discrimination, including: a) right to independent life; c) right to rehabilitation and means of compensation; g) right of access to social services, public places and transport (public and private) as well as to reserved places; h) right to influence, individually or via representative organizations, the decisions that affect the life of the person with disabilities; and i) right to information. The constitution further mandates that the state shall:
♦♦ Promote the creation of conditions for learning and developing sign language;
♦♦ Promote the creation of conditions necessary for the economic and social integration of the disabled;
♦♦ Promote, in cooperation with associations of the disabled and with private entities, a policy that will guarantee the rehabilitation and integration of the disabled, the creation of appropriate conditions to prevent them from becoming socially isolated and marginalized, priority treatment of disabled citizens by public and private services and easy access to public places; and
36 “IMF Gives Mozambique $118.2 Million Credit to Rebuild after Cyclone Idai,” Allfrica.com, April 18, 2019; “Mozambique Scrambles to Contain Debt Fallout with Voting Looming,” Bloomberg News, April 18, 2019.
37 Politica para a Pessoa Portadora de Deficiência, 1999. ♦♦ Encourage the establishment of associations of the disabled.38
In December 2008, through resolution number 53/2008, the Council of Ministers approved the regulation of construction and maintenance of technical devices, circulation and use of systems of services and public places for persons with physical disabilities or limited mobility. Designated as the Accessibility Decree, the regulation is a set of standards for the built environment, which is applied to public buildings and those open to the general public.39 The law only focused on issues of accessibility for persons with physical disabilities and does not take into account other types of disabilities. While physical accessibility is somewhat regulated, accessibility to information and communication technology remains largely unregulated.
Mozambique ratified the CRPD in 2012, but to date, it has yet to submit the state report on its implementation. During interviews with human rights officials, they noted that Mozambique would submit the state report at the end of 2019 because of the backlog of reporting on other human rights instruments. In 2012, the government also adopted the National Plan for Disability 2012-2019 (hereinafter PNAD II) as a follow-up to the PNAD I, which ran from 2006 to 2010 to coincide with the AU’s Decade of Persons with Disabilities. The underlying principles and strategies of the PNAD II are aimed at ensuring the effective participation of people with disabilities in every aspect of contemporary society. The PNAD II adopts the following areas of intervention: i) vocational training, ii) basic education and literacy programs for youth and adults; ii) access to employment; iv) social security; v) HIV/AIDS and sexual and reproductive health; vi) rehabilitation services and family support; vii) women with disabilities; viii) youth, sport and development of children; viii) capacity building; ix) policies, and legislation; and xi) assistance of persons affected by landslides.
Although the PNAD II is a programmatic instrument implemented annually via the Economic and Social Plan, its evaluation is yet to be done. The PNAD II has continually faced problems of inadequate budgetary allocation for its implementation and lack of coordination among different sectors implementing it. In 2016, the government approved the National Basic Social Security Strategy,
38 E. C. U. Lopes, “Mozambique,” African Disability Rights Yearbook, 1, 2013; http://www.adry. up.ac.za/index.php/2013-1-section-b-country-reports/mozambique and SIDA, Disability Rights in Mozambique, December 2014.
39 Conselho de Ministros, ‘Politica para a Pessoa Portadora de Deficiência’ (Council of Ministries, Policy for Person with Disability) (1999). 43 2016-2024. The strategy, among others, seeks to increase the number of beneficiaries and the amount of support for these beneficiaries. However, the strategy fails to provide specific disability-related support, which is essential to guarantee an equal playing field with those without disabilities.
Apart from disability-specific policies and legislation, there are a number of general laws that are not conducive to the promotion of the rights of persons with disabilities and do not conform to international conventions. For instance, article 30 of the Family Law prohibits persons with psychosocial and intellectual disabilities from getting married and starting families. Article 11 of the Electoral Law prevents persons with psychosocial disabilities from voting. These are examples of widespread legislation in Mozambique that denies the exercise of legal capacity and discriminates against persons with disabilities. Legal capacity is often seen as a vital right, as it means persons with disabilities are equally recognized as persons before the law and, therefore, can act under the law.40 This is the prerequisite for participation.
Unlike many other countries in the region, Mozambique does not have a specific disability law at the moment. To address this gap, in 2014, the government started the process of developing the Law on the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (hereinafter Persons with Disability Act) by establishing a technical committee to come up with a law that would domesticate the CRPD. After initial consultation with DPOs that took place in 2014, the process moved on without much involvement of persons with disabilities. A draft of the Persons with Disability Act was considered by the cabinet in May 2017, and forwarded to parliament for approval. DPOs criticized the proposed law because it had a number of gaps, including:
♦♦ It lacks comprehensiveness. The proposed law focuses only on a limited set of rights. This approach contradicts the fundamental principle of human rights, the indivisibility and interdependence of human rights that are defined in the CRPD.
♦♦ It reflects the traditional medical rather than rights-based approach to disability.
♦♦ It does not address the issue of intersectionality between disability and other identities (e.g. women, children, and sexual minorities) and the
40 General Comment No. 1 CRPD Committee
♦♦ Its implementation and monitoring mechanisms are not in line with Article 33 (1) and (2) (Implementation and Monitoring) of the CRPD.
♦♦ It does not include specific groups of people with disabilities, such as people with albinism, with deaf-blindness, and people with psychosocial and intellectual disabilities. Because of the type of disability and associated prejudices, these groups are marginalized even within the mainstream disability movement.
As a result of these shortfalls, the Forum of Mozambican Organizations of Persons with Disabilities (FAMOD) established a multidisciplinary group composed of lawyers, judges, activists and persons with disabilities to draft an alternative proposal and engage with parliament in order to reconcile the differences between the government’s proposals and those of civil society. Since 2018, the multidisciplinary group has been working on the proposals, which is supposed to be submitted to the government for consideration in 2019. Presidential, parliamentary and provincial elections are scheduled to take place in October 2019 and FRELIMO and the current president, Filipe Jacinto Nyusi, are expected to remain in power. Following the elections, there are expectations that the new government, which may include new officials, will expedite the Disability Act in parliament. This means that additional work will need to be done by DPOs to convince the new officials of the importance of the approval of a comprehensive Disability Act.
In the lead-up to the Global Disability Summit in London in July 2018, the government reiterated its determination to strengthen the legislative framework and national policies on disabilities in terms of six key commitments: a) elimination of stigma and discrimination; b) inclusive education; c) economic empowerment; d) technology and innovation; e) data disaggregation; and f) women and girls with disabilities. These commitments resulted from joint work between the government and FAMOD and were adopted as a national policy framework. In relation to the elimination of stigma and discrimination, the government pledged the following measures:
♦♦ The approval, regulation, and dissemination of the law on the Promotion and Protection of Persons with Disabilities by 2020, including defining a mechanism of free legal and judicial assistance. By this commitment, 45 the government signaled its determination to finalize the proposed law and to create regulations for its implementation and dissemination;
♦♦ Ensuring the mobilization and sectoral allocation of at least 5 per cent of financial resources to meet the specific needs of persons with disabilities in public sector services such as education, health, transport, social action and technology. As part of this commitment, the government pledged to implement and monitor, in a participatory way, sectoral economic and social plans.
In connection with efforts to achieve inclusive education, the government pledged to implement the Strategy for Inclusive Education and Childhood Development effectively, including acquiring the means of compensation, im- plementing a new curriculum for teacher training and testing the curriculum for teacher training. Under the rubric of economic empowerment, there was a commitment to:
♦♦ Conduct a feasibility study on the creation and operationalization of a fund for financing disability inclusion initiatives, through contributions from the private sector. As part of this commitment, the government sought to define priority areas for intervention, develop a framework for cooperation to implement the actions, and undertake awareness-raising and advocacy work that benefit people with disabilities;
♦♦ By 2019, create and budget for the program for Social Action Services, drawing on existing methodologies and initiatives with the objective of ensuring that basic services are close to the communities and adequate for the needs of people with disabilities;
♦♦ Guarantee the revision of policies and strategies for access to employment for people with disabilities;
♦♦ By 2019, define operational manuals for the implementation of basic social security programs in light of the National Strategy for Basic Social Security, 2016-2024, and improve systems and mechanisms for access to programs to ensure transparency and beneficiary awareness.
46 Relating to the commitments on technology and innovation, the government pledged to:
♦♦ Improve the legal framework for inclusive technology via the following processes: a) ratification of the Treaty of Marrakesh to facilitate access to publications for people who are blind, visually impaired or who face other difficulties accessing written text; b) revision of a decree that regulates public procurement to guarantee acquisition of assistive technology and devices for people with disabilities; c) an increase in the system of fiscal incentives and exemption of customs duty in the acquisition of assistive technology and devices;
♦♦ Promote initiatives that enable people with disabilities to gain inclusive access to assistive technology and innovations via inclusive ICT literacy, ensuring the dissemination and use of the Universal Access Service Fund from 2019.
On data disaggregation, the government committed to adopt the Washington Group instrument by 2020 and ensure that a study is undertaken to understand the situation of people living with disability in Mozambique. Finally, with regard to women and girls with disabilities, the pledge was to include them in empowerment programs, including social protection and sexual and reproductive health.41
Institutional framework
The Ministry for Gender, Children, and Social Action has the mandate to promote the rights of persons with disabilities. In 2015, the government established the National Council for Social Action (CNAS), an inter-sectoral consultation body with the objective of promoting the implementation of government social policies and programs. The establishment of CNAS was strongly opposed by the DPOs out of fear that these changes would give disability issues less attention compared with others areas - children and women. Instead, DPOs have advocated the creation of a specific Disability Council, with autonomy and a fully funded secretariat that addresses issues of persons with disabilities. An Inter-Ministerial Group on Human Rights based in the Ministry of Justice is also responsible for coordinating policies on disabilities. However, although it consists of about seven ministries, it is not
41 http://www.internationaldisabilityalliance.org/commitments/stakeholder/government- mozambique#routes-economic-empowerment-53. 47 a formal body and has no authority to enforce policy compliance. The National Commission on Human Rights is tasked to promote and monitor human rights. However, it is yet to be designated as a human rights institution under CRPD article 33 (2). The Commission is not adequately resourced and has in the past been affected by a corruption scandal.42 In 2017, the Commission appointed a new chairperson who seems to be asserting his role in the advocacy of disability rights. The leadership has shown commitment to working with parliament, government departments, civil society and international donors in advocating changes in the legislative landscape of persons with disabilities, particularly identifying specific legislative provisions that are not aligned with the CRPD.
FAMOD is the umbrella organization established in 1999, which comprises over 20 organizations for persons with disabilities. DPOs’ capacity to hold government accountable for delivery of services and protection of the rights of persons with disabilities is in general weak, particularly at provincial and local levels. The movement is male-dominated by those with physical disabilities and visual impairments. Although there is an organization of persons with psychosocial disabilities (Associação de Usuarios de Saude Mental) and an organization of persons with albinism (Associação Moçambicana de Albinismo), their voices and those of other marginalized groups such as people with deaf-blindness and intellectual disabilities are not yet considered in the larger disability movement. At the moment there is no specific organization of persons with deaf-blindness or of persons with intellectual disabilities.
42 US State Department, Mozambique 2017 State Report. Washington DC: US State 48 Department, 2018. BARRIERS AND OBSTACLES TO INCLUSION OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES IN MOZAMBIQUE
s discussões em grupo com pessoas com deficiência durante os workshops regionais de consultas reflectiram sobre as oportunidades, o Aprogresso e os obstáculos para alcançar os objectivos de inclusão e em- poderamento social, económico e político deste grupo.
Group discussions with people with disabilities during the regional consultation workshops reflected on the opportunities, progress and obstacles in the way of achieving the objectives of social, economic, and political inclusion and empowerment. Gauging progress and obstacles was framed around two key questions: a) what groups of disabled people are mostly discriminated against in your region? and b) what do you think should be the priorities to advance the rights of persons with disabilities? Responses to these questions, plus follow- up interviews with civil society, government, and donor agencies in Maputo, produced a spectrum of interrelated obstacles that stem from institutional, socio-cultural, physical, infrastructural and economic factors. This section first highlights the similarities in perceptions about the obstacles to inclusion across the three regions and secondly some variations among the regions and within different groups of persons with disabilities. Overall, there are more similarities than differences among the stakeholders in all the regions.
Similarities among Northern, Central, and Southern Mozambique
The intersection between disability and poverty in Mozambique is the primary factor that defines the similarities across the three regions. This is significant, because poverty pervades the majority of Mozambique’s regions, which are also, for the most part, rural and without adequate social, economic, and physical infrastructure. As noted above, while poverty levels have declined somewhat in recent years, these declines have not been sufficient to make an impact on overall poverty levels throughout the country. With the exception of urban areas such as Beira and Maputo, therefore, the northern, central, and southern regions face tremendous poverty that has impaired and affected efforts to promote the 49 social, economic and political exclusion of persons with disabilities. Similarly, the links between disability and gender, age and geography are demonstrated by the fact that throughout the three regions, women, youth and geographically marginalized communities are poor and disabled. These coincidences strengthen the popular narrative that the conditions of persons with disabilities reflect and reinforce the existing socio-economic, cultural, and geographical cleavages. Cultural stereotypes that variously depict persons with disabilities as outsiders (‘not part of our people’) are also prevalent throughout the three regions.
Thus the most pertinent information that we obtained from the three regions was that barriers to inclusion persist because of limited access to economic and livelihood opportunities, education and skills, and health services. The multiple social and economic hindrances invariably reinforce the severe obstacles to their participation in politics and access to justice. Furthermore, while a number of DPOs have developed, they still lack adequate organizational and resource capacities, are thinly stretched, and have limited presence outside the major cities of Maputo and Beira.
On questions about what types of disabilities have been included and which ones have yet to be included in decision-making processes, there was consensus that persons with physical disabilities and those with visual impairments are more often included than persons with psychosocial and intellectual disabilities, deaf persons, and those with multiple disabilities, who tend to be the most marginalized groups across all the regions. There was a perception that persons with physical disabilities and visual impairments are more politically organized and benefit disproportionately from assistive devices and rehabilitation services. Moreover, because of their relatively organized structures within the broad disability movement, the physically and visually impaired tend to receive government recognition and resources at the expense of the other groups. Government officials often work with and recognize only those types of disabilities that have structures in major cities. There was also a widespread view that women, the elderly, and children are most likely to be excluded in all domains, largely because of their lack of education and access to social protection, as well as their inability to participate in politics. There were concerns that the mechanisms of participation are not gender and age sensitive. On the other hand, there was a perception that although disabled youth tend to be excluded from most facets of social, economic, and political life, the more educated disabled youth who have had an
50 education and access to information tend to acquire the dynamism to overcome the obstacles of exclusion.
Responses to questions on national priorities to advance the rights of persons with disabilities elicited robust discussions that produced a profile of the barriers and obstacles affecting them. Discussions of barriers revolved around the bundle of rights identified in the CRPD, particularly lack of access to inclusive education, justice, health, employment, social protection and ending discrimination and stigmatization. One of the issues that respondents highlighted was the importance of the national approval of the law on the rights of persons with disabilities. The majority of respondents suggested that as it is negotiated for final approval, this new national policy needs to be aligned with the CRPD. Pending this approval, most respondents felt that the government should conduct an audit of existing laws and policies on disability to assess their efficacy and accomplishments. As one respondent noted, “There are many documents on persons with disabilities in Mozambique. The problem is that nobody has done any assessment of the effectiveness of these policies for almost twenty years.” There was a further suggestion that alongside the DPOs, the government should embark on national and local campaigns to publicize all policies relating to disabilities to raise awareness about them among the wider public. Respondents complained that the majority of the disabled had no information about the CRPD or the government’s 2018 commitments to disabilities. In addition, there was support for publicizing existing legislation on disability among government institutions, with the proviso that these institutions must be held accountable if they do not fulfill the obligations specified in the law.
Inclusive education received most attention from respondents. The Ministry of Education has since 1999 had projects on training teachers in sign languages and has piloted some projects on inclusive education, but these have been inadequate. In 2017 the United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund supported a strategy for inclusive education for children with disabilities that would involve multiple stakeholders, such as families, civil society and universities, but it has yet to be approved by the ministry. Most of the problems facing inclusive education center on lack of early family intervention, lack of teacher training and other support services, the inability of schools to adapt to the concerns of children with disabilities, lack of meaningful integration of special schools, and the absence of a favorable environment for children with disabilities in schools. In respect of the
51 last-mentioned, for instance, there have been many cases of other pupils bullying children with disabilities. The Ministry of Education has also attempted to engage with leading universities but there are severe training gaps at these institutions. As one of the respondents indicated: “Our higher education institutions are not addressing disability issues. At the leading national university in Maputo, there is no real academic constituency for persons with disabilities.” Only recently has the Eduardo Mondlane University introduced Braille courses in its curriculum. There were several suggestions about broadening education to benefit disabled people, including:
♦♦ Draft and approve a new training curriculum for schools, as well as for teacher training, to ensure that teachers will be able to deal with children with disabilities.
♦♦ Ensure the availability of teaching materials that are accessible to all persons with disabilities.
♦♦ Ensure the mandatory availability of sign language, Braille, and other means of communication in all schools.
♦♦ Ensure implementation of the accessibility decree in new schools and adjustments in already built schools.
♦♦ Provide support to poor families with persons/children with disabilities to enable them to go to school.
♦♦ Ensure schools have budgets to provide reasonable accommodation when it is needed.
♦♦ Ensure training of relevant professionals, among others psychologists, counsellors, and therapists, to support inclusiveness in schools.
♦♦ Specifically put in place measures to promote education of women and girls with disabilities.
♦♦ Include issues related to the rights of persons with disabilities in educational curriculums from primary to university levels.
♦♦ Make mandatory provision for inclusive education from primary to university level.
♦♦ Conduct awareness campaigns both in schools and surrounding communities on the rights and capabilities of persons with disabilities.
♦♦ Ensure the collection of disaggregated data (type of disability, gender, age) as well as earlier identification of children with disabilities and the type and level of support they may need.
♦♦ Make use of special schools as resource centers for regular schools to address specific disabilities.
♦♦ Target children with special needs, such as multiple disabilities, rather than ignoring them.
With regard to health, respondents emphasized the training of health professionals and other support staff to ensure effective access to health services for persons with disabilities. There were concerns that there are few people with disabilities employed in the health sector across the country. In addition, various suggestions were made about the need to ensure sexual and reproductive health services for women with disabilities, and the accessibility of HIV/AIDS prevention and related services to all persons with disabilities.
Respondents devoted significant amounts of time to justice for disabled people, an area that is critical to the rule of law and broadening of citizenship rights. The general impression was that Mozambique lags behind most of its neighbors with regard to the recognition of the judicial rights of persons with disabilities. Several proposals emerged on methods to guarantee justice, including:
♦♦ Ensure all children with disabilities are registered and have birth certifi- cates. These should be supplied at a nominal fee or without charge for parents who cannot afford them. Mobile registration units should be set up throughout the country and there should be accessible public cam- paigns to alert the public to the significance of registration at birth.
♦♦ Conduct training for magistrates, judges, lawyers, police and other pro- fessionals in the justice system on disability rights and how they can pro- mote effective access to justice for persons with disabilities.
♦♦ Include human rights subjects related to persons with disabilities in the training curriculum of magistrates and other justice officials.
Questions of political participation and inclusion took center stage in all the deliberations, in large part because of the view that Mozambique has not done enough to promote the political rights of disabled people. The impediments to political participation for people with disabilities range from lack of participation in national and local decision-making bodies, lack of voting rights and inaccessibility
53 to polling stations to underrepresentation of youth and women with disabilities in national bodies. A wide range of recommendations were consequently proposed by respondents, including:
♦♦ Designate quotas for persons with disabilities in representative bodies at local and national levels.
♦♦ Engage political parties to dedicate specific quotas for persons with disabilities. Political parties should also ensure that they include persons with disabilities in their manifestos.
♦♦ Review policies and laws, including the electoral law, to align it with the CRPD, especially article 29.
♦♦ Raise awareness among persons with disabilities about their right to vote and to run for office.
♦♦ Set up a leadership training program specifically targeting persons with disabilities so that they can increase their competencies in leadership and gain confidence to run for public office.
♦♦ During elections, ensure ballot papers are accessible to persons with disabilities.
♦♦ Ensure full access to information for persons with disabilities, by guaranteeing that information is disseminated in accessible format, including through sign language, Braille, caption, and other means of communication.
♦♦ Review the civil code, the electoral law and related legislation to guarantee that persons with psychosocial and intellectual disabilities are allowed to vote
All the regions unanimously agreed about the centrality of community engagement in disability rights, because discriminatory practices often start in the family and the local communities. Because of the prevalence of discriminatory practices, there was general consensus that confronting disability inclusion should start in the family and in the home; it was recognized that the family is the first step, followed by the community. Respondents pointed out that it is common for families with children with disabilities to hide them from the public, hence preventing their future integration into society. At the family and community levels, there is a need for education and capacity-building because frequently the ignorance and misunderstandings that characterize the treatment of disabled people stem
54 from lack of information. In recognition of the significance of awareness-raising, the department of social affairs in Nampula province, for instance, has alongside FAMOD organized community campaigns in areas, such as inclusive education for children with disabilities, women’s health and vocational training for youth. In addition to community campaigns, the department conducts programs for identifying children with disabilities in schools and victims of sexual violence and their integration into communities, as well as training on disability rights. The social affairs officer claimed that Nampula conducts a successful program of rehabilitation of persons with disabilities, such as the visually impaired, the blind, the deaf, and those with psychosocial problems, from which the rest of the country could learn.
Given the pressures on national resources and the competing priorities, most of the respondents noted that unless the government allotted annual revenues in its budget to support various programs on disability, the existing commitments may not be met. Thus, there were proposals that the government should ensure appropriate budget allocation for programs targeting persons with disabilities. Even more vital, some respondents suggested inclusive budgeting for persons with disabilities to guarantee their full participation in decisions about budge- ting. Some of the priority areas identified for budget support included accessibi- lity to public transport, small business training for women with disabilities, avai- lability and access to assistive devices to all persons with disabilities, expanding the social protection programs to reach all persons with disabilities and vocatio- nal training for youth. As the pace of decentralization in Mozambique gathers momentum, provincial governments will gain prominence in fiscal and budget issues, thus it will be important to include persons with disabilities in the formu- lation and implementation of provincial economic and social plans.
All three regions underscored the significance of vocational training for job crea- tion for persons with disability. This is because the government and international civil society organizations have launched various vocational training programs throughout the country that target persons with disabilities. For instance, the Ministry of Labor has 19 training centers for disabled people around the country and 25 mobile training units; by 2017, these centers had trained and graduated 381 people all over Mozambique. Similarly, in partnership with an Italian non-go- vernmental organization (NGO), the Ministry of Labor has three training centers in Maputo, Beira, and Pemba for disabled people in information and commu-
55 nication technology, cooking, carpentry and sewing. In Beira, the training pro- gram has led to a consultative forum among government, civil society, and the private sector that seeks to find employment for the trainees. A similar program that combines rehabilitation, training and job creation for the disabled is conduc- ted in Monapo, Nampula province, where the Mozambican Association of Per- sons with Disabilities (ADEMO) has collaborated with a Swedish NGO to promote wealth creation at local levels. In another center in Nampula, ADEMO and ADEPO have established a workshop for producing assistive technologies by and for per- sons with disabilities. Similarly, the Austrian government conducts multiyear pro- grams that fund NGOs working on vocational training in the areas of mechanics, carpentry and masonry for young persons with disabilities in Sofala province. At national level, the Ministry of Labor has also been engaged in reviewing the exis- ting labor laws to incorporate persons with disabilities. These efforts have entai- led the removal of non-discriminatory clauses in the laws to promote inclusion. Although the DPOs have tried to push quotas in labor laws to broaden inclusion, the government has been reluctant to countenance quotas. The group discus- sions proposed more proactive policies on vocational training and job creation through:
♦♦ Sustained financial support for vocational training centers across the country;
♦♦ Broadening the curriculum of these centers to provide relevant and marketable skills;
♦♦ Inclusion of persons with disabilities in national vocational centers and other training institutes whose objectives are to generate employment; and
♦♦ Enhancing coordination among the Ministries of Social Services and Labor, DPOs, and donor institutions with respect to vocational education.
In all the consultations, questions on the roles of the DPOs featured prominently. Although there was recognition that DPOs had been instrumental in the advocacy and policy gains of persons with disabilities, there were concerns that the government did not sufficiently consult DPOs on either the formulation or implementation of policies regarding disability matters. Although FAMOD was actively involved in negotiations on Mozambique’s commitments to the London disability summit, government engagement of DPOs in decision-making
56 is not strong enough. While DPOs are sometimes invited to major forums, their participation is perfunctory and cosmetic. In addition, it was recognized that DPOs faced enormous resource and capacity constraints that need to be addressed if they have to retain their legitimacy and efficacy. Most of the respondents indicated that building the capacities of DPOs in the monitoring and evaluation of programs on disabilities would be a vital contribution to the governance problems facing them. As a result, several suggestions were made on to the roles of DPOs, including:
♦♦ Strengthen coordination among DPOs and their collaboration with government entities.
♦♦ Support DPOs to increase the technical competencies needed to carry out advocacy activities.
♦♦ Improve DPOs’ fundraising capacity.
♦♦ DPOs should build bridges with other civil rights movements, advocacy groups and human rights organizations to share knowledge and promote mutual learning.
♦♦ DPOs need to expand their pool of knowledge and expertise on disability rights to be able to be advocate these rights better.
♦♦ DPOs need to reach out meaningfully to grassroots organizations.
♦♦ DPOs need more training in monitoring and evaluation of disability policies.
♦♦ DPOs need to be involved in observation missions during elections.
♦♦ DPOs need to have a seat in the electoral administration bodies.
♦♦ DPOs need to work with electoral administration bodies and train them to understand issues of accessibility.
57 Regional variations and differences among persons with disabilities
The major divide in regional terms is between the relatively underdeveloped and poor north versus the southern regions, which have more resources, better access to Maputo and more developed infrastructure. The central regions mirror aspects of both the north and south, with relative affluence interspersed with high degrees of poverty and underdevelopment.
Infrastructure in some central regions is worse than in the rest of Mozambique because of the conflict between the FRELIMO government and the National Resistance Movement (RENAMO) over the past five years, which has prevented investments in the central province of Sofala. The regional variations in socio- economic status were captured in the focus groups, where the northern region was represented by more people who seemed extremely poor, relatively uneducated, and mostly peasant. On the other hand, participants from Beira and Maputo were well-educated, articulate in their submissions, and seemed to come primarily from professional backgrounds.
Among the persons with disabilities, we found that women with disabilities face distinctive challenges from the rest of the disabled community, just as persons with albinism confront unique and multiple socio-economic and health problems.
58 Northern region The concerns of northern participants mirrored the nature of development in the region, hence the almost exclusive focus on broadening avenues for inclusive education, health services and job creation, and managing the scourge of ritual killing of persons with albinism. An innovative Regional Centre for Inclusive Education, encompassing the three provinces in the north, was cited as an example of efforts to address the large numbers of children with disabilities in the region. It was, however, noted that shortages of materials and equipment often made the work of the center extremely difficult because it had not been able to establish satellite schools to enable children to be close to their families.
59 Central region Outside Beira, the cen- tral region is largely agri- cultural and this was reflected in the con- cerns about rural de- velopment, vocational training and education. With large numbers of vulnerable people in the agricultural sector, the participants emphasized the importance of pilot schemes for agricultu- ral inclusion. The invol- vement of the Austrian government in funding agricultural programs in Sofala that target the di- sabled was another fac- tor that influenced the focus participants pla- ced on improving rural livelihoods.
60 Southern region The major concerns of participants in the workshop in Maputo were better budgeting for the disabled to enhance their socio-economic inclusion in society, inclusion of persons with disabilities in political parties and political party manifestoes, and access to government jobs. There was broad concern that political parties had never been held accountable toward persons with disabilities. In addition, participants reflected on the need for electoral reforms that would remove the barriers for some disabled persons to enable their political participation. There were also complaints that despite the 2008 Decree on Accessibility, the government had done little to provide access to public buildings, particularly those that provide essential services. Civic education for the disabled in order to broaden their political capacity was a constant theme raised by participants from the southern regions. The focus was furthermore on lack of sufficient data on persons with disabilities, with the majority of the participants challenging the government to conduct an accurate census of persons with disabilities in order to have a clear picture for budgeting and development intervention purposes.
61 62 Women and girls with disabilities
ost of the group discussions on gender dimensions of exclusion focused largely on the health consequences of exclusion for women and girls. MIn response to the prevalence of violence against women and girls with disabilities, there was a perception that access to health facilities was inadequate, hence the proposals for the expansion of access to sexual and reproductive health services for girls and women with disabilities. Intervention programs by NGOs and the United Nations Population Fund in the areas of access to sexual and reproductive health services have made a big difference in some areas and have helped focus attention on these issues, but most of these interventions are confined to a few urban areas.
Across the three regions, therefore, participants underscored the plight of disabled women and recommended ameliorative measures targeting them, such as legislation against sexual violence against disabled women, access to maternal health care, increased vocational training for disabled women and special programs for disabled single mothers with children.
In conversations with leaders of organizations of deaf women, they raised concern that the discrimination against them starts in families; in most cases, families with deaf children do not know how to educate them, starting a spiral of discrimination that contributes to poverty and further marginalization throughout adulthood. Increasingly, women who are deaf face double discrimination, being rejected by their families and unable to integrate fully into society. Most of what these organizations do is to work with families at community level, teaching sign language and educating parents on how to deal with deafness. Equally, most deaf women lack essential information on health services, such as breast cancer screening, HIV/AIDs testing and prevention, and reproductive health in general.
It was noted that if health sector workers are not knowledgeable in sign language, they cannot communicate with deaf women about their health, leading to their vulnerability to preventable diseases. In addition, inadequate information has led to the prevalence of early marriages and early pregnancies in Mozambique among deaf women.
Apart from the health and social issues, deaf women complained about lack of access to education that disadvantages them in the labor market. In the absence
63 of conscious efforts to increase the numbers of teachers knowledgeable about sign language, deaf children who are in regular schools do not learn. As one of them stated: “Deaf youth are in schools, but they are not getting educated because the teachers do not understand them.” Furthermore, “vocational training is not accessible to deaf people because language is the major problem.”
In Maputo, there are only two special schools for the deaf and these are not accessible to the majority of deaf children in the city. The situation in rural areas is even worse because of poor educational infrastructure and limited sign language programs. In conversations with an organization of deaf youth, they raised similar concerns, noting that “persons with hearing impairments are discriminated [against] because society accords priority to those who can hear.” These organizations suggested that:
♦♦ The ministry of education should set up centers for empowerment of young deaf women where they can get education before entering formal schools.
♦♦ It is necessary to teach sign language before primary school programs.
♦♦ Sign languages must be taught before Portuguese.
♦♦ Government should encourage the teaching of sign language in all major educational institutions, from primary schools to universities.
♦♦ Expansion of vocational training programs for deaf women is required to promote their economic inclusion and independence;
♦♦ It is necessary to have the CRPD in sign language to allow deaf people to understand their rights.
64 Persons with albinism
lbinism is a special condition with unique socio-economic, cultural and health implications. Although persons with albinism are found throughout Athe country, the publicized killings of persons with albinism in Nampula and other northern regions from 2014 generated interest in their plight. Cultural stereotypes about albinism abound and are largely responsible for the killings in northern Mozambique, Malawi and Tanzania. In Nampula and other northern provinces where ritual killings of persons with albinism are rampant, it has been suggested that communities and even families are sometimes complicit in these killings because of traditional beliefs on albinism. Although the government has launched sensitization campaigns through the Inter-Ministerial Task Force on Albinism in the northern region, proposals have been made for more systematic campaigns alongside strengthening of the legislative frameworks at the national level, as well as security provisions for the protection of people with albinism in local communities. The current campaigns are largely sporadic and inchoate and only occur when there is an escalation of attacks on persons with albinism rather than being part of long-term policies that combine protection, medical assistance and
65 punishment for perpetrators. It was also suggested that the government needs to engage proactively with the neighboring countries of Malawi and Tanzania, which are affected by killings of persons with albinism.
In addition to the Inter-Ministerial Task Force on Albinism, the justice department approved an action plan to address issues concerning albinism in 2014, but the plan had no budget. A stakeholder meeting organized by the Portuguese embassy in December 2018 tried to craft approaches to dealing with the crisis facing persons with albinism, particularly concerning advocacy, inclusion and managing the devastating impact of stigmatization and discrimination. Together with civil society organizations (CSOs), the human rights division of the Ministry of Justice has occasionally organized workshops on preventing attacks against persons with albinism. Apart from efforts to stem the killings, the more profound problems that affect persons with albinism have to do with the severe dermatological challenges that require access to medication that can be
66 prohibitively expensive. Most persons with albinism are poor and have no access to jobs or services. In rural areas where there are no hospitals, they can hardly access critical medication. There were widespread complaints that even in urban areas the government needs a program to subsidize medication for persons with albinism. For instance, concerns were raised about the government’s inability to permit access to dermatological treatments (sun screen, hats, lipsticks etc) that help in preventing the effects of exposure to the sun. Free sun screen needs to be treated as a human rights issue because without it, persons with albinism are bound to contract skin cancers that will be debilitating to their health. Furthermore, persons with albinism are prone to visual impairments, hence the urgency of obtaining access to affordable sunglasses. Although organizations of persons with albinism have worked with the Ministry of Health to address these concerns, they cited lack of adequate resources to meet the enormous challenges of a group that is not always a priority for decision-makers. These organizations have also worked with the Ministry of Education to ensure that children with albinism are not discriminated against in schools and other higher learning institutions. In focus groups with leaders of these organizations, there was acknowledgement of the achievements in awareness-raising and government efforts to prevent further killings, but the leaders also emphasized the need for the following::
♦♦ Expansion of awareness-raising in communities, schools, and colleges about the conditions of persons with albinism;
♦♦ Broadened sensitization programs on reducing the killing of persons with albinism;
♦♦ The roll-out of free medication in all the provinces to help address albinism; dermatological services should either be subsidized or designated as compulsory services;
♦♦ Efforts by the Ministry of Labor to establish inclusive policies that reduce discrimination against persons with albinism in the workplace;
♦♦ Empowerment of DPOs of persons with albinism so that they can reach out to rural areas where they have limited reach and presence;
♦♦ National legislation that guarantees the physical protection of persons with albinism;
♦♦ Conducting a survey of persons with albinism in all the provinces to improve intervention policies.
67 Persons with psychosocial disabilities
ike persons with albinism, people with psychosocial and intellectual disabilities face discrimination and stigmatization that are rooted partly in Lcultural practices and lack of knowledge. Once families discover that they have a family member with these conditions, they isolate him/her from the family and eventually the community.
In many cases, families take them to traditional healers for medicines that do not improve their condition. In some extreme cases, people with psychosocial disabilities are taken to special camps for healing that only compound the problems.
There is lack of support for persons with psychosocial disabilities in the community and conventional medicines, which are required to manage the conditions, are not always available across the country, especially in the rural areas, for people who are also poor and marginal in their communities. Persons with psychosocial disabilities feel that for long, their disabilities have been misunderstood by medical practitioners and that it is time there was a paradigm shift with regard to their conditions. Cases of “detention” and “confinement” of persons with psychosocial disabilities are still rife in Mozambique and discriminatory laws against them are still prevalent. The majority of persons with these disabilities do not go to school because the support systems are lacking or inadequate.
Recommendations include the need to recognize psychosocial disability clearly as type of disability and review the civil code to ensure that it recognizes full legal capacity. Appropriate support needs to be put in place to grant the person concerned the exercise of full legal capacity. Mental health programs need to be human rights based and must respect the will and preference of the person. Persons with psychosocial disabilities are also of the view that there is a need to regulate and monitor traditional medicine.
68 Deaf persons
he most important concern raised by deaf persons was access to information, which is related to limited promotion and use of the Mozambican sign Tlanguage. Sign language is a fundamental part of the cultural and linguistic identities of deaf people.
Lack of provision of sign language teaching has affected the ability of deaf people to enjoy other rights on an equal basis with other people. Reference was made to the fact that sign language is not used systematically in the provision of services such education, health and justice, among others. Despite recent progress with the opening of the first university sign language course by the Universiade Eduardo Mondlane, and the draft of the Mozambican Sign Language Dictionary, the deaf community is of the view that more needs to be done. This includes the legal recognition of Mozambican Sign Language as official language, which would make its use mandatory. In addition to this, there is a need to draft a mandatory standard of accessibility of information according to CRPD article 9. This would imply the review of the Law on the Right to Information and its regulations.
69 Persons with visual impairment
ersons with visual impairment have Praised the issue of lack of accessible reading materials in schools at all levels of education. “Books are distributed at the beginning of the year for students at primary level, but no Braille books are distributed to those with visual impairment”, one participant said.
Persons with visual impairment are calling for more investment and budget allo- cation for this purpose, as well as for the ratification of the Marrakesh Treaty. The ratification of the Marrakesh Treaty will enable the government of Mozambique to put in place policies and regulations to ease copyright rules and make existing resources accessible to persons with visual impairments. This will have conside- rable benefits for persons with visual impairments, as they will have better access to education and cultural content.
70 Persons with physical disabilities
ersons with physical disabilities have raised the issue of inaccessibility of the physical environment as the most critical. This is despite the acceptan- Pce of a progressive accessibility law ten years previously. They also mentio- ned lack of mobility aids and the fact that these aids are expensive for persons with disabilities to acquire in the local market. Although the government intro- duced exemptions in the import of some assistive devices, the bureaucratic mea- sures to benefit from this are extremely complex and few benefit. “We often get donations from abroad, but these are often retained by the customs” said one participant.
71 The few existing rehabilitation centers across the country are not adequately equipped and often run out of components to repair broken assistive devices. There is a need to simplify the bureaucracy to effect exemption and to consider support to poor individuals with disabilities to enable them to acquire assistive devices. More investment in adequately trained human resources and appropriate budget allocations for these centers are needed. There is a need to update the list of assistive devices and make sure that all types of disabilities are covered.
72 73 74 POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS
he report has found that there is general recognition of the imperative of social, economic, and political inclusion of persons with disabilities in TMozambique, underscored in the constitution and various policies. More recently, Mozambique has reaffirmed its commitment to inclusiveness through pledges that have time frames and in some respects, budgets. Despite these policies and commitments, the major obstacles to effective inclusion are derived from a host of issues, such as lack of effective implementation of these policies, resource and capacity constraints, ingrained cultural attitudes and lack of steady and solid constituencies for persons with disabilities.
Equally vital, questions of disabilities are complex and multifaceted: attitudinal, economic, environmental, cultural, political, and physical hindrances that demand leadership, conviction, and political will. As a result, policies and commitments to achieve inclusion have not been matched by adequate implementation and budgeted plans and monitoring systems across all areas affecting people with disabilities. Yet the imperative of inclusion cannot be compromised if Mozambique has to live up to the liberation ethos of a just, humane and equitable society for all.
This report recommends that the government should work alongside major stakeholders such as DPOs and other CSOs, the private sector and donors to articulate a disability-inclusive national agenda based on already existing policies and commitments and reflections from the regional consultation workshops.
75 This should focus on seven key areas:
Ratification of the African Disability Protocol and comprehensive review 1 of the Mozambican legal framework to align with the CRPD and the new African Protocol;
Enactment of a disability rights law, a specific bill of rights for persons with 2 disabilities in Mozambique, as well as regulation and budgeting for its implementation;
• Adoption of the Washington Group’s short set of questions for data 3 collection, as well as implementation of specific disability surveys to inform policy and programs at the national and local levels;
Diversification of DPOs and an increase their capacity, including at 4 grassroots level to monitor government programs;
An increase in awareness campaigns to combat stereotypes, prejudices and 5 harmful practices toward persons with disabilities, including persons with albinism;
Consideration of the establishment of an autonomous entity in charge of 6 disability within the government, modeled on the experiences of countries in the region. In addition, consideration must be given to the establishment of disability desks in all government departments to facilitate the mainstreaming of disability issues across the government; and
The launch of comprehensive, long-term multi-sectoral programs focused 7 on the consultation, collaboration, participation, and inclusion of persons with disabilities.
76 Ratification of the African Disability Protocol 1 and comprehensive review of the Mozambican legal framework to align with the CRPD and the new African Protocol
The African Disability Protocol is the continental standard for the protection of the rights of persons with disabilities in Africa.43 The protocol “contains many of the rights which are found in the CRPD but frames them in a way that reflects the African experience and context.”44 The African Disability Protocol also contains rights that are not explicitly expressed in the CRPD, such as the right to self-representation and the rights of older persons with disabilities.45 The Mozambican parliament must consider ratifying the African Disability Protocol because given its continental context, it has the potential to relate better with decision-makers and to provide further guidance on the implementation of the CRPD in Mozambique.
Enactment of a disability rights law
2 As outlined above, despite ratification of the CRPD in 2012, a number of laws are yet to be reviewed to align with its principles and articles and the African Protocol. As such, the need to conduct a comprehensive review of the legal framework to identify gaps in existing legislation and areas that need additional laws must be considered. After identification of these gaps, the government should work with parliament and DPOs to address the gaps by amending existing legislation and enacting new legislation aligned with the CRPD and the African Protocol.
Parliament must urgently enact a disability rights law, a specific bill of rights for
43 Article 66 of the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights (the Charter) allows state parties to the Charter to enter into protocols or agreements to supplement the provisions of the Charter where necessary. The African Disability Protocol is one such supplementary protocol. The African Disability Protocol was adopted by the thirtieth ordinary session of the assembly held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia on January 29, 2018.
44 Human Rights First Rwanda Association, National Organization of Users and Survivors of Psychiatry in Rwanda “Assessment of the Equal Recognition before the Law for Persons with Psychosocial disabilities in Rwanda” (2018), https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/1449559. html.
45 Idem. 77 persons with disabilities in Mozambique, as well as regulation and budgeting for its implementation. To ensure that the process of amendment of existing legislation and enactment of new legislation reflects the principles and articles of the CRPD and the African Protocol, it must be considered to train stakeholders involved - parliament, government, DPOs, the National Human Rights Commission - to understand the transformative nature of the convention and the paradigm shift embedded in it. Once approved, the government must popularize the new laws among DPOs, government officials and society. Appropriate budget allocation must be done across different areas, to ensure the new laws and regulations are actually implemented and enforced. The envisaged law needs to be tailored to specific disabilities, taking cognizance of diversities among disabled persons.
Adoption of the Washington Group short set 3 of questions for data collection in key critical sectors, as well as implementation of specific disability surveys to inform policy and programs at national and local levels
The 2017 Housing and Population Census failed to produce disaggregated and comparable data on disability. Moving forward, the government should work with UN agencies and the donor community to mobilize resources to conduct a national survey of the state of disability.
The survey should adopt and use the Washington Group’s short set of questions on disability. The personnel involved must be adequately trained on how to use these questions. Equally, the government must ensure that data being collected across different sectors includes data on disability.
It must be considered to pilot the use of the Washington Group short set of question in priority areas: education, health and justice. In our interviews with the national statistics office, we found out that there were no resources for disability surveys, hence it would be important for the government to devote a specific budget to these surveys to obtain accurate data on persons with disabilities that will inform planning. In the forthcoming surveys on poverty, budget, and the SDGs, inclusion of questions on disability is going to be an important start in the data inclusion campaigns. 78 Diversification and an increase in the 4 capacity of DPOs, including at grassroots level, to monitor government programs
As mentioned above, the disability movement in Mozambique is male-dominated by those with physical disabilities and visual impairments. Voices of marginalized groups such as those with albinism, deaf-blindness, psychosocial and intellectual disabilities are not yet considered in the larger disability movement. Existing DPOs lack the necessary human rights and advocacy skills and have limited financial and human resources to perform their work. DPO leaders have low academic qualifications, with few of them having university education.
As such, it must be considered to increase the capacity of DPOs, including grassroots organizations, to understand their rights and be able to be effective advocates to monitor government programs and the implementation of relevant laws. While a few groups - persons with albinism and psychosocial disabilities – are starting to emerge, there is a need to mobilize groups that are not yet organized, such as persons with deaf-blindness. Particular attention must be paid to women with disabilities and youth groups, as they are currently underrepresented in the movement.
The donor community, UN agencies and the government have roles to play in this process. As the umbrella organization, FAMOD has a critical role to play in mobilizing groups that are not yet organized and in providing mentorship. These interventions would accomplish three objectives. First, they would expand the pool of DPOs and increase diversity within the movement. Second, they would reduce the current centralization of power and resources in a few Maputo-based
DPOs. Third, they would strengthen the capacity of provincial and local level DPOs in advocacy and monitoring disability rights, which is particularly important, as
Mozambique is increasingly decentralizing services to provincial and municipal levels.
79 An increase in awareness campaigns to 5 combat stereotypes, prejudices and harmful practices toward persons with disabilities, including persons with albinism
Lack of awareness on disability within society has repeatedly been mentioned during the consultation meetings. Current efforts to raise awareness are NGO and DPO initiatives and little is done by the government. The development of a national awareness-raising program on the rights of persons with disabilities, involving persons with disabilities, needs to be considered.
The national awareness program must involve key stakeholders such as media and traditional and community leaders. The government must pay particular attention to the scourge of ritual killings of persons with albinism in northern Mozambique.
More organized campaigns led by the government, civil society, and traditional leaders in affected areas would be critical in effecting attitudinal and cultural change and assisting the already existing government programs to end the stigma and discrimination against persons with albinism.
Consideration of the establishment of an 6 autonomous entity in charge of disability within the government, modeled on experiences of countries in the region
Issues of dysfunctionality and lack of coordination of existing institutions were mentioned consistently during the consultative meetings, among others in the validation workshop, as key areas of action going forward. Even if changes are secured in terms of legal reform, if there are no adequate structures to implement and enforce the new laws, socio-economic and political inclusion of persons with disabilities will remain unmet. This means that discussions on policy and law reform must go hand in hand with reflection on the most adequate institutional arrangements to implement the new laws and policies. The reflection should revolve around the search for the most effective institutional arrangements to guarantee the rights of persons with disabilities in Mozambique. Part of this
80 discussion should reflect on the role of the CNAS and the idea put forward during the validation workshop, to establish the position of a disability mainstreaming officer in every ministry to support efforts to mainstream disability across all sectors.
Comprehensive, multi-sectoral programs for 7 the participation and inclusion of persons with disabilities
Persons with disabilities live alongside other poor, needy and disadvantaged groups. This, therefore, necessitates comprehensive and multi-sectoral programs that ensure the participation and inclusion of both those who are directly affected and others in their socio-economic environments and vicinities. Programs that encourage citizenship through participation and reduce poverty, inequalities and marginalization across the board are critical in the comprehensive inclusion of persons with disabilities, but also contribute to meeting shortfalls in inclusion and participation that affect all members of society. For this reason, multi-sectoral programs that expand the participation and inclusion of persons with disabilities depend on elaborate national programs that address the concerns of all.
81
ANNEXES List of participants in the consultation process on political, social and economic inclusion of people with disability in Mozambique 1. Workshop on the Presentation and Validation of the Study on Political, Social and Economic Inclusion of People with Disability, and Drafting the “National Agenda” for the Area of Disability in Mozambique
This workshop was held on 30 and 31 July 2019, in Maputo city.
The objective of the workshop was to bring together national and international strategic actors who work on promoting the political, social and economic inclusion of people with disability in Mozambique or are interested in this, to collectively analyse the results and validate the study. Furthermore, it was to give strategic stakeholders the opportunity to collectively discuss and define the main priority areas to design the national agenda on disability in Mozambique.
Agueda Nhantumbo United Nations Fund for the Population Maputo
Aguinaldo Namburete British Council, Mozambique Maputo
Alberto Balate National Human Rights Committee of the Republic of Maputo Mozambique
Albino Duvane Forum of Mozambican Associations for People with Maputo Disability (FAMOD)
Alves Manhiça Westminster Foundation for Democracy (WFD), Maputo Mozambique
Ana Massingue Municipal Council of Maputo City Maputo
Ancha Ussene Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Action, Republic of Maputo Mozambique
Her Excellence Antónia Committee on Social Affairs, Gender, Technology and Maputo Charre Communication of the Assembly of the Republic of Mozambique
Antónia Piri-piri FAMOD Sofala
António Adriano National Institute of Statistics (INE), Republic of Maputo Mozambique
Asami Suzuki FAMOD Maputo
Benildo Francisco Maputo City Council Maputo
Bernadete Castiano FAMOD Maputo
Bernardo Bembele TV Sucesso Maputo
Bilade Karin Assembly of the Republic of Mozambique Maputo
Cantol Pondja FAMOD Maputo
Carlos Quembo Association for Fighting Poverty and Helping People with Maputo Disability
Carlos Shenga Centre for Governance and Development Research (CPGD) Maputo
S. Excia. Carlota Mathaie Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Action, Government Maputo of the Republic of Mozambique
Celra Muluane Joaquim Chissano University Maputo
84 Cesaltina Artur Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Action, Republic of Sofala Mozambique
Claive Juizo WFD, Mozambique Maputo
Damien Hazard United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) Sofala
Delton Muianga WFD, Mozambique Maputo
Egna Sidumo Joaquim Chissano University Maputo
Elisa Dabula Televisão de Moçambique Maputo
Esmael Guambe Democratic Movement of Mozambique Maputo
Ester Oluwah Eduardo Mondlane University Maputo
Eufémia Hamela Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Action, Republic of Maputo Mozambique
Farida Costa Institute of Social Communication, Government of Maputo Mozambique
Centre of Legal and Judicial Training, Ministry of Farida Mamad Justice, Constitutional and Religious Affairs, Republic of Maputo Mozambique
Fátima Ricardo Joaquim Chissano University Maputo
Flora Quembo National Committee of Human Rights of the Republic of Maputo Mozambique
Prof. Gilbert Khadiagala Mozambican Association for People with Disability (ADEMO) Maputo
Graciano Langa Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Action, Republic of Maputo Mozambique
Graciete Carilho SOICO Foundation (FUNDASO) Maputo
Helder Buque Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Action, Republic of Maputo Mozambique
Hercílio Chauque Joaquim Chissano University Maputo
Hilario Lopes Maputo University (UniMaputo) Maputo
Hilfer Ferraz Polytechnical University Maputo
Hlengiwe Dube Centre of Human Rights of the University of Pretoria South Africa
Ilda Brau ADEMO Nampula
Irene Chissano Assembly of the Republic of Mozambique Maputo
Institute of Vocational Training and Labour Studies Alberto Januário Sou Cassimo, Ministry of Labour, Employment and Social Maputo Security, Republic of Mozambique
João Nota Ministry of Labour, Employment and Social Security, Maputo Republic of Mozambique
Jorge Manhique Expert in Human Rights for Disability - Global Fund for Maputo People with Disability
Jorge Vasco ADEMO Zambézia
José Bambo Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Association, Maputo Republic of Mozambique
Kátia Guimende Jornal Global Maputo
Lídia Soares Office of the Ombudsman of the Republic of Mozambique Maputo
Lucas Mkuti Joaquim Chissano University Maputo
Lúcia Suzete UniMaputo Maputo
85 Marcelino Ministry of Education and Human Development, Republic Maputo Munguambene of Mozambique
Maria de Lurdes Assembly of the Republic of Mozambique Maputo
Moises Nhantumbo TV Media Mais Maputo
Muhamad Younusse Assembly of the Republic of Mozambique Maputo
Natália Mulauiha Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Action of Nampula Mozambique, Republic of Mozambique
Olímpio Zavale INE, Republic of Mozambique Maputo
Paul Gomis United Nations Organisation for Education, Science and Maputo Culture
Raquel Carilho Consultancy and Human Resources Development Maputo
Raul Senda Jornal SAVANA Maputo
Ricardo Moresse ADEMO Maputo
Rui Maquene Humanity and Inclusion, Mozambique Maputo
Rui Rodrigues Ministry of Education and Human Development, Republic Maputo of Mozambique
Selma Loala FUNDASO Maputo
Severino Diquissone Forum of Mozambican Associations for People with Niassa Disability
Simão Nhambi Governance, Peace and Leadership Institute Maputo
Sónia Macuácua Jornal Yinguissane Maputo
Suzete Zunguze Assembly of the Republic of Mozambique Maputo
Institute of Vocational Training and Labour Studies Alberto Telma Mueio Cassimo, Ministry of Labour, Employment and Social Maputo Security, Republic of Mozambique
Teresa Muianga Mozambican Women's Association Maputo
Wilson Zimba ADEMO Maputo His Excellence Younusse Maputo Amad Assembly of the Republic of Mozambique
Zacarias Couto Jornal Vertical Maputo
Zacarias Zicai Light for The World, Mozambique Sofala
86 2. Consultation Workshop in the Southern Region (Inhambane, Gaza, Maputo Province, and Maputo) on Political, Social and Economic Inclusion of People with Disability in Mozambique
This workshop was held on 27 March 2019 in the city of Beira, Sofala.
The objective of the workshop was to bring together stakeholders in the northern region, different associations of people with disability, members of the provincial government and representatives of national and international civil society organisations working in the field of disability. The main objective of the regional consultations was to identify, among people with disability themselves, the main political, social and economic challenges and barriers they experienced, and to determine their aspirations and desires for the design of the national agenda for the area of disability in Mozambique.
Agostinho Folide Mozambique Deaf Association (ASSUMO) Maputo Mozambican Association for People with Disability Alexandre Banze Inhambane (ADEMO) Westminster Foundation for Democracy (WFD), Alves Manhiça Maputo Mozambique Ana Paula ADEMO Maputo Province António Cossa Network for the Assistance of Victims of Mines (RAVIM) Maputo Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Action, António Muchave Maputo Government of the Republic of Mozambique Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Action, António Muchave Maputo Government of the Republic of Mozambique Mozambican Association for Youth with Disability Arcénia Lopes Gaza (AJODEMO) Forum of Mozambican Associations for People with Cantol Pondja Maputo Disability (FAMOD) Carlos Gudes ADEMO Maputo Castigo Calane ADEMO Maputo Province Claive Juizo WFD, Mozambique Maputo Cornélia Bombo Luana Semeia Sorrisos Cooperative Maputo Delton Muianga WFD, Mozambique Maputo Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Action, Eufémia Hamela Maputo Government of the Republic of Mozambique Association Counselling Office for Women, Young People Farida Gulamo Maputo and Parents of Children with Disabilities (GAMA) Committee of Social Affairs, Gender, Technology and Genito Lóbua Social Communication of the Assembly of the Republic of Maputo Mozambique Prof. Gilbert Khadiagala University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa South Africa Glaúcia Fumo ADEMO Maputo Hélio Munguambe Mozambican Youth Association of Deaf (AJOSMO) Maputo
87 Association of Parents and Friends of Children with Mental Janina Matlava Maputo Disability (ACRIDEME) João Magaia N’LHUVUKO Association Maputo João Passe ADEMO Maputo Província National Expert in the Rights of People with Disability - Jorge Manhique Maputo Global Fund for People with Disability Association Counselling Office for Women, Young People Jossias Micheu Maputo and Parents of Children with Mental Disability (GAMA) Mozambican Association of Mental Health Users Lázaro Tomás Maputo (AMUSAM) Lúcia Chissengue Mozambican Association of the Visually Impaired (AMDV) Maputo Mozambican Association of Blind People and Visually Mateus Cristiano Gaza Impaired (ACAMO) Mateus H. Mateus ACAMO ------Mergina Jossaie ADEMO Maputo Province Nelso Mahesse ADEMO Maputo Province Olutobi Ayeni WFD, United Kingdom United Kingdom Ricardo Moresse ADEMO Maputo Rosita Chionissi ACRIDEME Maputo Samito Zunguza AJODEMO Maputo Samo Chaúque ADEMO Maputo Province Association of Young Technicians with Disabilities of Sérgio Guivala Maputo Mozambique (CINFORTÉCNICA) Teresa Muianga Mozambique Women's Association (AMAMUS) Maputo
88 3. Consultation Workshop in the Central Region (Sofala, Manica, Tete and Zambézia) on the Political, Social and Economic Inclusion of People with Disability in Mozambique
This workshop was held on 8 February 2019 in the city of Beira, Sofala.
The objective of the workshop was to bring together stakeholders in the northern region, different associations of people with disability, members of provincial governments and representatives of national and international civil society organisations working in the field of disability. The main objective of the regional consultations was to identify, among people with disability themselves, the main political, social and economic challenges and barriers they experienced and to determine their aspirations and desires for the design of the national agenda for the area of disability in Mozambique.
Alberto António Mozambican Association for People with Disability (ADEMO) Sofala Alberto Simão ADEMO ------Angelina Cravina Association of Women with Disability in Sofala Province Sofala (AMOPODESO) Antónia Piri Pir Mozambique Deaf Association (ASSUMO) Sofala Antónia Tete Provincial Directorate of Gender, Children and Social Action, Sofala Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Action, Government of the Republic of Mozambique António Cabrito Provincial Directorate of Gender, Children and Social Action, Tete Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Action, Government of the Republic of Mozambique António Daniel Sign Language Interpreter Sofala António Nhangoemete Miracles in Mozambique (MiM) Sofala Armanda de Sousa Provincial Directorate of Science and Technology, Higher Sofala Education and Vocational Technical Education, Ministry of Science and Technology, Higher Education and Professional Technical Education, Government of the Republic of Mozambique Armando Eforte ADEMO Sofala Armando Manuel ADEMO Zambézia Azevedo Mudendere ADEMO Sofala Bacar Bale Mozambican Association for the Victims of Road Unsafety Sofala (AMIVIRO) Carlitos Álvaro Mozambican Organisation for Rehabilitation Based in the Sofala Community (OREBACOM) Carlos Chico Provincial Directorate of Gender, Children and Social Action, Zambézia Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Action, Government of the Republic of Mozambique Catarina Marrucana ASSUMO Sofala Cesaltina Artur Provincial Directorate of Gender, Children and Social Action, Sofala Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Action, Government of the Republic of Mozambique
89 Chacupa Chimoio Provincial Directorate of Gender, Children and Social Action, Sofala Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Action, Government of the Republic of Mozambique Chico Conga ADEMO Sofala Clementina Agostinho ADEMO Sofala Cristina Humo OREBACOM Sofala Daniel Sauguiza ADEMO Sofala Delton Muianga Westminster Foundation for Democracy (WFD), Maputo Mozambique Dolvina Tomas Association Woman Law and Development (MULEIDE) Sofala Domingos Antonio Institute of Social Action (INAS) - Delegation of the Sofala Sofala Province, Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Action, Government of the Republic of Mozambique Domingos Madala Provincial Directorate of Education and Human Sofala Development, Ministry of Education and Human Development, Government of the Republic of Mozambique Dortina Escova Directorate of Public Works, Housing, Government of the Sofala Republic of Mozambique Eugénio Tomás Provincial Directorate of Gender, Children and Social Action, Manica Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Action, Government of the Republic of Mozambique Félix José ADEMO Sofala Filipe Boca Sofala Child Protection Network Association (SOPROC) Francisco Erale Provincial Directorate of Gender, Children and Social Action, Tete Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Action, Government of the Republic of Mozambique Genito Lóbua Committee on Social Affairs, Gender, Technology and Maputo Social Communication of the Assembly of the Republic of Mozambique Gilda Pente Association of Christian Help Sofala Hilária Garrine ESMABAMA Association Sofala Hilário Ntefula ADEMO Tete Inês Chefinha Association Voice of Women in Sofala (AVOMS) Sofala Isabel Mabingo ADEMO Sofala Isabel Vicente Christian Council of Mozambique Sofala Jill Lovell Institute Mission for Education Sofala João Vetio Youth Association for the Prevention and Fight against Sofala Epidemics (AJUPCE) Jorge Emílio ADEMO Sofala Jorge Manhique National Expert in Human Rights for Disability - Global Fund Maputo for People with Disability José Chico ADEMO Sofala José Cundiza Forum of Mozambican Associations for People with Sofala Disability (FAMOD) José Dikson Provincial Directorate of Gender, Children and Social Action, Sofala Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Action, Government of the Republic of Mozambique José Matoeca FAMOD Manica Lifeterio Fernandes Government Secretary for Sofala Province, Government of Sofala the Republic of Mozambique Lord Chissiva Licungo University Sofala
90 Luís Jeque Mozambique Development Centre for the Deaf (NUDESMO) Sofala Manuel João ADEMO Sofala Margarida Tesoura Solid Foundation/Firme Alicerce Sofala Maria Alfandega Institute of Vocational Training and Labour Studies Alberto Sofala Cassimo, Ministry of Labour, Employment and Social Security, Government of the Republic of Mozambique Martinho Daniel ADEMO Sofala Mussa Abacar SACATUCUA Association Sofala Nelson Joaquim Provincial AIDS Council, National AIDS Council, Government Sofala of the Republic of Mozambique Nuro Issufo TV Surdo Mozambique Association (TV SURDO) Sofala Passado Changaveza Mozambican Association for Youth with Disability Sofala (AJODEMO) Pedro Macarusse People-to-people Development Aid, School of Teachers for Sofala the Future Prof. Gilbert Khadiagala University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa South Africa Puleze Luís ADEMO Sofala Rabeca Mandevo MiM Sofala Ricardo Moresse ADEMO Maputo Samuel Daniel TV SURDO Sofala Sara Charles Sign Language Interpreter Sofala Sergio Domingos dos Forum of Mozambican Associations of People with Disability Tete Reis (FAMOD) Sérgio Mouia FAMOD Sofala Vilma Beto Beira Commercial Association (ACB) Sofala Virgílio Mubai Social Activist Sofala Zacarias Zicai Light for the World, Mozambique Sofala Zacarias Zicai Ligth for The World, Moçambique Sofala
91 4 . Consultation Workshop in the Northern Region (Nampula, Cabo Delgado and Niassa) on Political, Social and Economic Inclusion of People with Disability in Mozambique
This workshop was held on 5 February 2019 in the city of Nampula.
The objective of the workshop was to bring together stakeholders in the northern region, different associations of people with disability, members of provincial governments and representatives of national and international civil society organisations working in the field of disability. The main objective of the regional consultations was to identify, among people with disability themselves, the main political, social and economic challenges and barriers they experienceed and to determine their aspirations and desires for the design of the national agenda for the area of disability in Mozambique.
Forum of Mozambican Associations for the Disabled Acácio Niassa (FAMOD) Adelaide Marques FAMOD Nampula Aida Mariamo Mozambique Deaf Association (ASSUMO) Nampula Mozambican Association for people with Disability Aissa Horácio Nampula (ADEMO) Mozambique Youth Association for People with Disability Alberto Paco Nampula (AJODEMO) Ali Afito FAMOD Nampula Amimo Máquina ADEMO Cabo Delegado Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Action, António Muchave Maputo Government of the Republic of Mozambique (MGCAS) Argentina Caetano FAMOD Nampula Augusto Amisse ADEMO Nampula Bernardo ADEMO Nampula Camilo Morreira FAMOD Nampula Mozambique Association for Blind People and Visually Carlitos Inácio Nampula Impaired (ACAMO) Carlos Guedes ADEMO Maputo Carlota Ali ADEMO Nampula Cipriano Vilhena ACAMO Nampula Westminster Foundation for Democracy (WFD), Delton Muianga Maputo Mozambique Diocleciana Paulo ADEMO Nampula Francisco Suade Provincial Directorate of Children and Social Action Cabo Delegado Committee on Gender Social Affairs, Technology and Genito Lóbua Social Communication of the Assembly of the Republic of Maputo Mozambique
92 Prof. Gilbert Khadiagala University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa South Africa Gulamo Hassine ACAMO Nampula Gulamo Yassine ACAMO Nampula Hilário Mecuna ADEMO ------Ilda Brau ADEMO Nampula Imamo Cheche FAMOD Cabo Delegado Ivone Baessa ADEMO Nampula João Mucuamuene ADEMO Nampula National Expert in Human Rights for Disability - Global Jorge Manhique Maputo Fund for People with Disability Juma Alberto ADEMO Nampula Lúcia Bula ADEMO Niassa Muamisse Alif ADEMO Nampula Muzé Sualé Sign Language Interpreter Nampula Provincial Directorate of Gender, Children and Social Natália Mulauiha Nampula Action Paulino Raimundo AJODEMO Nampula Paulo Curatane ADEMO Nampula Ricardo Moresse ADEMO Maputo Zaima Saide FAMOD Nampula
93 5. Workshop on the Design of Terms of Reference and Issues to Conduct Regional Consultations for Designing the National Agenda for Political, Social and Economic Inclusion of People with Disability in Mozambique
This workshop was held on 30 January 2019, in Maputo city.
The main objective of this workshop was to bring together the key national and international stakeholders (government, civil society, international development agencies, and cooperation groups and academia) who work and are interested in the political, social and economic inclusion of people with disability in Mozambique.
Abanes Ndanda Magazine Independente Maputo Agostinho Folide Mozambique Deaf Association (ASUMO) Maputo Alves Manhiça Westminster Foundation for Democracy (WFD) Maputo André Carvalho Social Activist Maputo António Muchave Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Action, Government of Maputo the Republic of Mozambique Arnaldo Namburete British Council, Mozambique, Maputo Bruno Zita National Commission of Human Rights (CNDH) Maputo Cantol Pondja Forum of Mozambican Associations for People with Disability Maputo (FAMOD) Carlos Guedes Mozambican Association for people with Disability (ADEMO) Maputo Carlos Quembo Association for Fighting Poverty and Helping People with Maputo Disabilities (APODEMOS) Claive Juizo WFD, Mozambique Maputo Cristina Machel Movement Education for All (MEPT) Maputo Delton Muianga WFD Maputo Denisse Monteiro International Organisation of Labour (OIT) Maputo Edina Kozma United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), Mozambique Maputo Elena Pani Italian Association Amici di Raoul Follereau (AIFO), Mozambique Maputo Elodie Finel Humanity and Inclusion, Mozambique Maputo Elsa Dimand Mozambique National Association of Municipalities (ANAMM) Maputo Francesca Bruschi Italian Development Cooperation Agency Maputo Gaia Segola UNICEF, Mozambique Maputo Genito Lóbua Committee on Social Affairs, Gender, Technology and Social Maputo Communication of the Assembly of the Republic of Mozambique Gilbert Khadiagala University of Witwatersrand Johannesburg, South Africa South Africa Graciano Langa Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Action, Government of Maputo the Republic of Mozambique Inocência Amós Mozambique Association for Blind People and Visually Impaired Maputo (ACAMO) Jorge Manhique National Expert for Human Rights for Disability - Global Fund Maputo for People with Disability Judite Carolina United Nations Organisation for Education, Science and Maputo Culture (UNESCO)
94 Laura Souto Committee on Social Affairs, Gender, Technology and Social Maputo Communication of the Assembly of the Republic of Mozambique Marília Tivane Mozambique Association of Relatives and Friends of Deaf Maputo People (AMOFAS) Nathaly Guzmán United Nations Fund for Population (UNFPA) Maputo Ricardo Moresse ADEMO Maputo Selma Loala SOICO Foundation (FUNDASO) Maputo Sérgio Miguel Mozambique Association for Blind People and Visually Impaired Maputo (ACAMO) Terezinha Da Silva WLSA - Mozambique, Maputo Valentine Penson Humanity and Inclusion, Mozambique Maputo Zacarias Zicai Light for the World, Mozambique Sofala
95 6. National Conference on Public Policies and Strategies to Promote the Social, Economic and Political Inclusion of People with Disability in Mozambique
This event was the first activity of the programme in Mozambique that took place in Maputo city on 27 and 28 September 2018.
The main objective of this national conference was to establish the basis for the creation of a formal and democratic space for a dialogue between the key national and regional stakeholders in the area of disability on the political, social and economic inclusion of people with disability in Mozambique.
Acácio Beleza Assembly of the Republic of Mozambique Maputo Aida Matsinhe Jornal Magazine, Mozambique Maputo Alberto Mate Water and Sanitation Observatory (OAS) Maputo Albino Duvane Forum of Mozambican Associations of People with Disability Maputo (FAMOD) Amélia Manjate Ministry of Labour, Employment and Social Security, Maputo Government of the Republic of Mozambique Amimo Máquina Mozambican Association for People with Disability (ADEMO) Cabo Delegado Amina Chitava Technical Secretariat for Electoral Administration (STAE) Maputo Amina Issa Right to Play, Mozambique Maputo Ana Miguel Mozambique Human Rights League (LDH) Maputo Ana Sousa Mozambican Association of Judges (AMJ) Maputo Anastácio Chembeze Institute of Vocational Training and Labour Studies Alberto Maputo Cassimo, Ministry of Labour, Employment and Social Security, Government of the Republic of Mozambique Angelina Mucavele Mozambique Association for Blind People and Impaired Maputo Vision (ACAMO) Antónia Piri Pir Mozambique Deaf Association (ASSUMO) Sofala António Muchave Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Action, Government Maputo of the Republic of Mozambique António Nhamtubo ADEMO Maputo Astrid Ramecgurt Embassy of France in Mozambique Maputo Benilde Mourana Luana Semeia Sorrisos Cooperative Maputo Brito Soca Ministry of Public Works, Housing and Water Resources, Maputo Government of the Republic of Mozambique (MOPHRH) Bruno Zita Centre for Human Rights at the Eduardo Mondlane Maputo University Cantol Pondja FAMOD Maputo Carlos Guedes ADEMO Maputo Charles Maibave Mozambican Association for the Visually Impaired (AMDV) Maputo Claive Juizo Westminster Foundation for Democracy (WFD), Maputo Mozambique Cláudio Mate ADEMO Maputo
96 Constantino Sitoe Centre of Resources for Inclusive Education (CREI) Maputo Cornélia Bombo Luana Semeia Sorrisos Cooperative Maputo Dalia David Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany in Maputo Mozambique, Maputo Dávio David Jornal Zambeze, Mozambique Maputo Delma Comissário Independent Consultant Delton Muianga WFD, Mozambique Maputo Dianah Msipa Centre for Human Rights at the University of Pretoria, South South Africa Africa Dulce Cumaio National Institute of Employment (INEP) - Ministry of Maputo Labour, Employment and Social Security, Government of the Republic of Mozambique Edna Suleimane Ministry of Health, Government of the Republic of Maputo Mozambique Elisa Dabula Televisão de Moçambique (TVM) Maputo Emerson Chiloveque TV Surdo, Mozambique Maputo Ercilda Mazivilazita Institute for Vocational Training and Labour Studies Alberto Maputo Cassimo (IFPELAC), Ministry of Labour, Employment and Social Security, Government of the Republic of Mozambique Farida Gulamo FAMOD Maputo Fátima Bandeira WFD, Mozambique Maputo Fernando Dias Ministry of Youth and Sports, Government of the Republic of Maputo Mozambique Flávia Changule Higher Institute of Science and Technology of Mozambique Maputo (ISCTEM) Francesca Bruschi Italian Development Cooperation Agency, Maputo Maputo Gabriel De Barros TV Surdo, Mozambique Maputo Giada Gelli Italian Association Amici di Raoul Follereau (AIFO), Maputo Mozambique Henry Kenrick Deputy High Commissioner of the United Kingdom in Maputo Mozambique Hugo Machemba National Commission on Human Rights (CNDH) Maputo Innocentia Mgijima-Konopi Centre for Human Rights of the University of Pretoria, South South Africa Africa Inocêncio Zandamela ASSUMO) Sofala Ivana Stakteas ADEMO ------Janete Magaia LDH Maputo Jéssica Adelaide Academic League for Community Development (LADC) Maputo João Magaia FAMOD Maputo Province João Vembane N’weti – Communication for Health Maputo Joaquim Machate Ministry of Veterans (MICO) Maputo Joaquina Titos FAMOD ------Jorge Emílio ADEMO ---- José Macou AMDV Maputo José Victor ACAMO Maputo Judas Manhique Municipal Assembly of Maputo City Maputo Laura Amélia Mozambique Association for the Support of People with Maputo Albinism (ALBINOZ)
97 Leonardo Duarte Jornal Txopela Maputo Lestre Madeira Rádio ZFM, Mozambique Maputo Leta Timba Mozambican Association of Deaf Women (AMAMUS) Maputo Lúcia Simbine Pedagogic University (UP) Maputo Luís Mutondo Mozambican Debt Group (GMD) Maputo Lura Mozambique Association for Youth with Disability Maputo (AJODEMO) Manuel Amisse Network for the Assistance of Victims of Mines (RAVIM) Maputo Maria Karlsen Mozambican Association of Judges (AMJ) Maputo Maria Manguana National Directorate of Special Education, - Ministry of Maputo Education and Human Development, Government of the Republic of Mozambique Mateus Cristiano ACAMO Maputo Nelson Mahesse ADEMO Maputo Nizia Gomes Mozambique In Action Association Maputo Orlando Machuza ACAMO Maputo Pedro Chimuze Journalism School of Mozambique Maputo Reno Albino Jornal Remate Maputo Ricardo Moresse ADEMO Maputo Rui Maquene Humanity and Inclusion, Mozambique Maputo Sandra Guite FAMOD Maputo Saquina Chivale MICO Maputo Sérgio Mundlovo SEKELEKANI – Communication for Development, Maputo Mozambique Shamila Premugy GMD Maputo Sidónio Tembe GMD Maputo Sofia Machuvene TV Surdo, Mozambique Maputo Sousa Camanguira TV Surdo, Mozambique Maputo Stélio Ramos Light for the World, Mozambique Maputo Tánia Cossa Academic League for Community Development (LADC) Maputo Vanessa Ah-Hoy Activist Maputo Verna Saúte Mozambican Association of Dentists (AMMD) Maputo William Oluchina Centre of Human Rights of the University of Pretoria, South South Africa Africa
98 Focus Groups to Discuss the Consultation Process on Political, Social and Economic Inclusion of People with Disability in Mozambique Focus Groups
The working sessions in focus groups were aimed at identifying and ascertaining the aspirations and wishes of people with different types of disability about the main challenges and barriers to better intervention of sectorial public policies to bring abouteffective political, social and economic inclusion of these groups in the public spaces of the country.
Association of Mozambican Deaf Women (AMAMOS) Mozambican Association of Mental Health Users (AMUSAM) Mozambique Association for the Support of People with Albinism (ALBINOZ) Association for Deaf Youth of Mozambique (AJOSMO)
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Interviews
Interviews were conducted with different organisations, government and cooperation and development agencies. The objective was to allow the recounting of experiences regarding ongoing actions and possible recommendations on the effective political, social and economic inclusion of people with disability in Mozambique, by different actors who work directly or indirectly in the area of disability.
Luis Bitone National Committee on Human Rights, Republic of Maputo Mozambique
Nathaly Guzmán United Nations Fund for the Population (UNFPA) Maputo
Nguma Jone Provincial Directorate for Gender, Children and Social Action, Nampula Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Action, Republic of Mozambique
Albachir Macassar Ministry of Justice, Constitutional and Religious Affairs, Maputo Republic of Mozambique
Maria Manguana Ministry of Education, Republic of Mozambique Maputo
Maria Mate Ministry of Labour, Employment and Social Security, Republic Maputo of Mozambique
Hubert Neuwrith Austrian Development Agency Maputo
Olimpio Zavale National Institute of Statistics, Republic of Mozambique Maputo
100 Gallery of the Consultation Process on Political, Social and Economic Inclusion of People with Disability in Mozambique