DOCSLIB.ORG

From Vlibras to Opensigns: Towards an Open Platform for Machine Translation of Spoken Languages Into Sign Languages

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
From Vlibras to Opensigns: Towards an Open Platform for Machine Translation of Spoken Languages Into Sign Languages From VLibras to OpenSigns: Towards an Open Platform for Machine Translation of Spoken Languages into Sign Languages Tiago Ara´ujo · Rostand Costa · Manuella Lima · Guido Lemos June, 2018 1 Introduction In order to allow adequate access of information for deaf people, one solution is to translate/interpret The World Health Organization estimates that approx- spoken contents into the associated SL. However, con- imately 466 million people worldwide have some level sidering the volume and dynamism of information in of hearing loss[31]. In Brazil, according to the 2010 cen- some environments and platforms, such as the Web, sus of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statis- performing this task using human interpreters is a very tics (IBGE), there are approximately 9.7 million Brazil- difficult task, considering the high volume of content ians with some type of hearing loss, representing around that is published daily on the Internet. In the context 5.1% of its population[13]. of Digital TV, the support for sign languages is gener- This relevant part of the population faces several ally limited to a window with a human sign language challenges for accessing information, since it is gener- interpreter, which is displayed overlaying the video pro- ally available in written or spoken language. The main gram. This solution has high operational costs for gen- problem is that most deaf people are not proficiency eration and production of the contents (cameras, stu- in reading and writing the spoken language of their dio, staff, among others), needs full-time human inter- country. One of the possible explanations is the fact preters, which ends up restricting its use to a small por- that these languages are based on sounds[25]. A study tion of the TV programming. To address this question carried out in 2005 with 7 to 20 years old Dutch deaf pragmatically, one of the most promising approaches is persons found that only 25% of them had a reading ca- the use of machine translation (MT) tools from spoken pacity equal or greater than a 9-year-old child without languages into SLs. disability [30]. Proportionately to the number of SL, there are also One of the reasons for this difficulty is that the deaf several parallel initiatives to develop machine trans- communicate naturally through sign languages (SL), lation tools for SLs, usually focused on a single lan- 1 and spoken languages are just a \second language". guage/country[11,17,24]. Most of these text-to-sign ma- Each SL is a natural language, with its own lexicon and chine translation tools, although they were developed grammar, developed by each deaf community over time, independently in their respective countries, have sim- as well as each non-deaf community develop its spoken ilarities in approach, scope, and architecture. In gen- languages. Thus, there is no unique SL. Although there eral, the basic functionalities are present in some form are some similarities between all these languages, each in most of them. Some examples are the extraction of country usually has its own, some even more than one the text to be translated from audio and subtitles, the - by 2013, there were already over 137 sign languages generation of a sign language video, incorporation of cataloged around the world[4]. the sign language videos into the original videos (e.g, on Digital TV), dactilology and rendering of signs by plugins and mobile applications, etc. There are also sim- Digital Video Applications Lab (LAVID) Informatics Center (CI) - Federal University of Paraiba 1 In this paper, we use the acronym text-to-sign to repre- (UFPB) sent the translation of texts from spoken languages into sign E-mail: fmaritan,rostand,manuella,[email protected] languages. 2 Tiago Ara´ujoet al. ilarities in the structure and behavior of components, further enhance digital inclusion and accessibility, in such as APIs and backends of communication, transla- technologies such as Digital TV, Web and Cinema, es- tion and control. pecially in the poorest countries. The main points of variation are usually the spe- cific mechanism of machine translation and the sign lan- guage dictionary (visual representation of signs). Con- 2 Machine Translation Platforms for Sign sidering the use of avatars for representing the content Languages in the sign language, the process of creating the visual represention of signs is usually similar (e.g., a set of 2.1 Sign Languages animations) and generally depends on the allocation of The communication of people with hearing impairment financial and human resources, regardless of the tech- occurs through formal gestural languages, called Sign nology used. Languages (SL). SL are languages that use gestures, To reduce this problem, the objective of this pa- facial and body expressions, instead of sounds in com- per is to propose an open, comprehensive and extensi- munication. They have a proper linguistic system that ble platform for text-to-sign translation in various us- is independent of spoken languages and effectively ful- age scenarios and countries, including Digital TV. In fills the communication needs of the human being, be- the proposed platform, the common components share cause they have the same complexity and expressiveness generic functionalities, including the creation and ma- of the spoken languages [21]. nipulation of the SL dictionaries. Only the translation SLs have properties common to other human lan- mechanism and the dictionary itself are interchange- guages[21], such as: able, being specific for each SL. To accelerate the de- velopment, we used the Su´ıteVLibras2 tools and com- { Flexibility and Versatility: SL present several possi- ponents as a basis[2]. bilities of use in different contexts; Our proposal is the concentration of efforts and re- { Arbitrarities: the word is arbitrary because it is al- sources around an unique solution can provide some ways a convention recognized by the speakers - the cutting edge gains, such as the definition of patterns for sign languages also have words where there is no the industry standard and greater functional flexibility relation between form and meaning; for the common components, and also allow advances { Discontinuity: minimal differences between words in the state-of-the-art, such as sharing techniques and and their meanings are discontinued through the heuristics among translation mechanisms. distribution they present at different linguistic lev- A single standardized platform with centralized pro- els; cessing of multiple sign languages can also serve as a { Creativity/Productivity: there are infinite ways of catalyst for more advanced translation services, such expressing the same idea with different rules; as incorporating text-to-textIn this paper, we use the { Dual articulation: the human languages present units acronym text-to-text to represent the translation of texts of smaller articulations, without meanings, that com- between spoken or written languages. conversion. Thus, bined with others form units of meaning; we can integrate available translation mechanisms be- { Standard: there is a set of rules shared by a group tween spoken languages to allow Deaf in Brazil or Spain of people; to understand a text in English, for example. { Structural Dependency: elements of the language can Another contribution is to leverage the emergence not be combined at random, there is a structural de- of a common core machine translator that can be ex- pendence between them. tended/adapted to other languages and regionalisms. Generally, each country has its own sign language. Reducing the effort to make a new SL available may The Brazilian Sign Language (Libras), Portuguese Ges- 2 The Suite VLIBRAS is the result of a partnership be- tural Language (LGP), Angolan Sign Language and tween the Brazilian Ministry of Planning, Development and Mozambican Sign Language (LMS) are the SL of Brazil, Management (MP), through the Information Technology Sec- Portugal, Angola and Mozambique, respectively, just to retariat (STI) and the Federal University of Para´ıba(UFPB), name a few countries with the same oral linguistic base and consists of a set of tools (text, audio and video) for the Brazilian Sign Language (Libras), making computers, (ie, Portuguese). As in spoken languages, there are also mobile devices and Web platforms accessible to deaf. Cur- variations within the sign language itself, caused by re- rently, VLibras is used in several governmental and private gionalisms and/or other cultural differences. sites, among them the main sites of the Brazilian government It is relatively common to assume that sign lan- (brasil.gov.br), Chamber of Deputies (camara.leg.br) and the Federal Senate (senado.leg.br) ). Further information can be guages are flagged versions of their respective spoken obtained from http://www.vlibras.gov.br. languages. However, although there are similarities, SLs VLibras to OpenSigns 3 are autonomous languages, possessing singularities that chine translation services for the other components 3 distinguish them from spoken languages and each other and also hosts the repository of 3D models of the Libras SL [21]. signs that are used by the avatar to render the acces- The relevant cultural differences that impact the sible content after the translation. Currently, the Signs modes of environmental representation are reflected in Dictionary of the Su´ıte VLibras has around 13,500 considerable differences between sign languages. modeled signs, one of the largest bases of the kind in the world. Finally, there is the WikiLibras, a Web tool for the collaborative modeling of signs in Libras, which allows 2.2 Machine Translation Platforms volunteers to participate in the process of building and expanding the signs dictionary, through the specifica- Machine translation systems for sign languages are gen- tion of the movements of each signal. erally divided into three main classes: Rule-Based Ma- chine Translation (RBMT), Statistical Machine Trans- lation (SMT) and Example-Based Machine Translation 3 Open Signs: A Proposal of a Multilingual (EBMT) [26].
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Prayer Cards | Joshua Project
    Pray for the Nations Pray for the Nations Abkhaz in Ukraine Abor in India Population: 1,500 Population: 1,700 World Popl: 307,600 World Popl: 1,700 Total Countries: 6 Total Countries: 1 People Cluster: Caucasus People Cluster: South Asia Tribal - other Main Language: Abkhaz Main Language: Adi Main Religion: Non-Religious Main Religion: Unknown Status: Minimally Reached Status: Minimally Reached Evangelicals: 1.00% Evangelicals: Unknown % Chr Adherents: 20.00% Chr Adherents: 16.36% Scripture: New Testament Scripture: Complete Bible www.joshuaproject.net www.joshuaproject.net Source: Apsuwara - Wikimedia "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 Pray for the Nations Pray for the Nations Achuar Jivaro in Ecuador Achuar Jivaro in Peru Population: 7,200 Population: 400 World Popl: 7,600 World Popl: 7,600 Total Countries: 2 Total Countries: 2 People Cluster: South American Indigenous People Cluster: South American Indigenous Main Language: Achuar-Shiwiar Main Language: Achuar-Shiwiar Main Religion: Ethnic Religions Main Religion: Ethnic Religions Status: Minimally Reached Status: Minimally Reached Evangelicals: 1.00% Evangelicals: 2.00% Chr Adherents: 14.00% Chr Adherents: 15.00% Scripture: New Testament Scripture: New Testament www.joshuaproject.net www.joshuaproject.net Source: Gina De Leon Source: Gina De Leon "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 Pray for the Nations Pray for the Nations Adi in India Adi Gallong in India
    [Show full text]
  • The Deaf of Mozambique
    Profile Year: 2015 People and Language Detail Report Language Name: Mozambican Sign Language ISO Language Code: mzy The Deaf of Mozambique The Mozambican Sign Language Community Among the poorest of the poor in Mozambique, the Mozambican Deaf typically are unemployed or under-employed. This forces them to remain with their (hearing) family to have regular income, moving to a city to try to find employment or joining a local Deaf gang. Local churches have tried to reach out to meet the needs of the Deaf, but the need is quite large. Most Deaf live for “today.” Many fall into sexual immorality as well as drugs, alcohol, gangs, and stealing to survive. As a Deaf population within a hearing one, the Mozambican Deaf struggle from the same things that most Deaf globally do: ● Most are born to hearing parents, but do not usually learn language or values from them. They often lack anything more than basic communication skills with family members. ● Their difficulty is not the inability to hear, but the great barrier to communicating with the surrounding dominant culture, especially acquiring photo by DOOR International information. ● In Mozambique, many hearing families still consider the birth of a deaf child to be a curse for some previous sin or wrong. Primary Religion: Mozambique formally recognized Mozambican Sign Language as an Non-religious __________________________________________________ indigenous language in 2005. But it has only three schools for the deaf, with Disciples (Matt 28:19): limited use of Mozambican Sign Language (oral methods are employed: to Less than 2% read lips, speak and read __________________________________________________ Portuguese).
    [Show full text]
  • Dr. Ellen Simon Chair of the Exam Board
    Supervisor: Prof. dr. Mieke Van Herreweghe Co-supervisor: Dr. Ellen Simon Chair of the Exam Board: Prof. dr. Liliane Haegeman Members of the PhD Exam Committee: Prof. dr. Katrien Deroey Prof. dr. Caroline Kerfoot Prof. dr. Miriam Taverniers Prof. dr. Carola Strobl Faculteit Letteren & Wijsbegeerte Marcos Abílio Nhapulo Strategic and Extensive Reading in English as a Foreign Language among Mozambican University Students Proefschrift voorgelegd tot het behalen van de graad van Doctor in deTaalkunde Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements to obtain the PhD-degree in Linguistics 2016 Declaration “I declare that Strategic and Extensive Reading in English as a Foreign Language among Mozambican University Students is my own work, that has never been presented for obtaining any degree or in another context and that it constitutes the result of my personal research. This Dissertation is submitted in fulfilment of the requirements to obtain the PhD- degree in Linguistics, at Ghent University, Faculty of Arts and Philosophy” Ghent - Belgium, November, 2016. Signed: Marcos Nhapulo v Keywords English as a Foreign Language English Language Teaching Extensive Reading Learner Beliefs and Expectations Mozambican University Students Reading Attitudes Reading Comprehension Reading Speed Reading Strategies Reading Strategy Instruction Tertiary Education vii Acknowledgements Reading comprehension is crucial in language learning and throughout the four years of research I have learnt how to become a good, strategic and a fluent reader. This was thanks to all the people and researchers I have met during my research. I believe that without their contributions this dissertation would not have been possible. I owe a great debt of gratitude to my supervisor Mieke Van Herreweghe for her patience and knowledge she shared with me.
    [Show full text]
  • LSA 2016 Annual Meeting Handbook.Pdf
    Meeting Handbook Linguistic Society of America American Dialect Society American Name Society North American Association for the History of the Language Sciences Society for Pidgin and Creole Linguistics Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas The Association for Linguistic Evidence 90th Annual Meeting Marriott Marquis Washington, DC 7-10 January, 2016 NATIVE AMERICAN ANALYZED ORAL TEXTS NOW AVAILABLE DOWNLOADABLE PDF e-BOOKS – $10 EACH Available titles: Mayan Texts I, II, and III; Louanna Furbee (1976, 1979, 1980) Otomi Parables, Folktales, and Jokes; H. Russell Bernard and Jesús Salinas Pedraza (1976) Yuman Texts ; Margaret Langdon (1976) Caddoan Texts ; Douglas R. Parks (1977) Northern California Texts ; Victor Golla and Shirley Silver (1977) Northwest Coast Texts ; Barry F. Carlson (1977) Coyote Stories; William Bright (1978) Crow Texts ; Dorothea V. Kaschube (1978) Northern Iroquoian Texts ; Marianne Mithun and Hanni Woodbury (1980) Coyote Stories II; Martha B. Kendall (1980) ORDER ONLINE AT WWW.PRESS.UCHICAGO.EDU INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AMERICAN LINGUISTICS Editors: David Beck and Donna Gerdts IJAL is a world forum for the study of all languages native to North, Central, and South America. SSILA member rate now available at www.ssila.org SIGNS AND SOCIETY – OPEN ACCESS Editor: Richard J. Parmentier Signs and Society is a new multidisciplinary journal in the humanities and social sciences focusing on the study of sign process (or semiosis) in the realms of social action, cognition, and cultural form. www.journals.uchicago.edu
    [Show full text]
  • Prayer Cards (216)
    Pray for the Nations Pray for the Nations Deaf in Aruba Deaf in Antigua and Barbuda Population: 800 Population: 500 World Popl: 48,206,860 World Popl: 48,206,860 Total Countries: 216 Total Countries: 216 People Cluster: Deaf People Cluster: Deaf Main Language: Language unknown Main Language: Language unknown Main Religion: Christianity Main Religion: Christianity Status: Superficially reached Status: Superficially reached Evangelicals: Unknown % Evangelicals: Unknown % Chr Adherents: 92.9% Chr Adherents: 92.5% Scripture: Unspecified Scripture: Unspecified www.joshuaproject.net www.joshuaproject.net "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 Pray for the Nations Pray for the Nations Deaf in UAE Deaf in Afghanistan Population: 20,000 Population: 398,000 World Popl: 48,206,860 World Popl: 48,206,860 Total Countries: 216 Total Countries: 216 People Cluster: Deaf People Cluster: Deaf Main Language: Language unknown Main Language: Afghan Sign Language Main Religion: Islam Main Religion: Islam Status: Minimally Reached Status: Unreached Evangelicals: Unknown % Evangelicals: Unknown % Chr Adherents: 8.55% Chr Adherents: 0.05% Scripture: Unspecified Scripture: Translation Needed www.joshuaproject.net www.joshuaproject.net "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 Pray for the Nations Pray for the Nations Deaf in Algeria Deaf in Azerbaijan Population: 223,000 Population: 77,000 World Popl: 48,206,860 World Popl: 48,206,860 Total Countries:
    [Show full text]
  • A Bottom-Up Approach to Language Education Policy in Mozambique Henriksen, Sarita Monjane
    Roskilde University Language attitudes in a primary school a bottom-up approach to language education policy in Mozambique Henriksen, Sarita Monjane Publication date: 2010 Document Version Early version, also known as pre-print Citation for published version (APA): Henriksen, S. M. (2010). Language attitudes in a primary school: a bottom-up approach to language education policy in Mozambique. Roskilde Universitet. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain. • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 05. Oct. 2021 RRoosskkiillddee UUnniivveerrssiittyy DDeeppaarrttmmeenntt ooff CCuullttuurree aanndd IIddeennttiittyy Language Attitudes in a Primary School: A Bottom-Up Approach to Language Education Policy in Mozambique Sarita Monjane Henriksen 31-08-2010 LANGUAGE ATTITUDES IN A PRIMARY SCHOOL: A BOTTOM-UP APPROACH TO 31. august 2010 LANGUAGE EDUCATION POLICY IN MOZAMBIQUE RRoosskkiillddee UUnniivveerrssiittyy DDeeppaarrttmmeenntt ooff CCuullttuurree aanndd IIddeennttiittyy LLaanngguuaaggee AAttttiittuuddeess iinn aa PPrriimmaarryy SScchhooooll:: AA BBoottttoomm--UUpp AApppprrooaacchh ttoo LLaanngguuaaggee EEdduuccaattiioonn PPoolliiccyy iinn MMoozzaammbbiiqquuee SSaarriiitttaa MMoonnjjjaannee HHeennrriiikksseenn 2 LANGUAGE ATTITUDES IN A PRIMARY SCHOOL: A BOTTOM-UP APPROACH TO 31.
    [Show full text]
  • BRAZILIAN JOURNAL of AFRICAN STUDIES Revista Brasileira De Estudos Africanos
    ISSN 2448-3915 | e-ISSN 2448-3923 BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF AFRICAN STUDIES Revista Brasileira de Estudos Africanos Porto Alegre, v.2, n.4 Jul./Dec. 2017 Brazilian Jul./Dec. Journal of Porto Alegre v.2 n.4 p. 1-239 2017 African Studies ABOUT THE JOURNAL The Brazilian Journal of African Studies is a biannual publication, in digital and printed format, dedicated to the research, reflection and propagation of original scientific articles with emphasis on the analysis of International Relations, Organizations and Integration, Security and Defense, Political Systems, History, Geography, Economic Development, Social Structures and their Transformations and Schools of Thought. RBEA is essentially academic, linked to the Brazilian Centre for African Studies (CEBRAFRICA) of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). The RBEA has as target audience researches, professors and students interested in the specificities of the African continent and its international insertion. Alongside such perspective, the Journal intends to expand the debate about the Brazilian projection world widely, the Brazilian cooperation efforts (including in the Defense field) with the African countries in the South Atlantic perimeter and the construction of a regional identity in face of a scenario of geopolitical transformations. INDEXES This work was supported by the Journal Edition Supportive Program (PAEP) - UFRGS 2 EDITORIAL TEAM / EQUIPE EDITORIAL CHIEF EDITOR /EDITOR CHEFE Analúcia Danilevicz Pereira (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) DEPUTY
    [Show full text]
  • Sad List.Xlsx
    HUB CONTINENT HUB COUNTRY LANGUAGE NAME SPEAKER POPULATION Africa Algeria Algerian Sign Language Africa Algeria Chenoua 76300 Africa Algeria Korandje 3000 Africa Algeria Tumzabt 150000 Africa Angola !O!ung 5630 Africa Angola Bolo 2630 Africa Angola Maligo 2230 Africa Angola Mbwela 222000 Africa Angola Ndombe 22300 Africa Angola Ngandyera 13100 Africa Angola Nkangala 22300 Africa Angola Nyengo 9380 Africa Angola Sama 24200 Africa Benin Anii 45900 Africa Benin Gbe, Saxwe 170000 Africa Botswana !Xóõ 4200 Africa Botswana ||Ani 1000 Africa Botswana ||Gana 2000 Africa Botswana Kgalagadi 40100 Africa Botswana Kua 820 Africa Botswana Tsoa 6540 Africa Burkina Faso Bolon 22920 Africa Burkina Faso Dagaari Dioula 21000 Africa Burkina Faso Dogoso 9000 Africa Burkina Faso Karaboro, Western 30200 Africa Burkina Faso Nuni, Northern 45000 Africa Burkina Faso Pana 7800 Africa Burkina Faso Samo, Matya 105230 Africa Burkina Faso Samo, Maya 38000 Africa Burkina Faso Seeku 17000 Africa Burkina Faso Sénoufo, Senara 50000 Africa Burkina Faso Toussian, Northern 19500 Africa Burkina Faso Viemo 8000 Africa Burkina Faso Wara 4500 Africa Cameroon Ajumbu 200 Africa Cameroon Akum 1400 Africa Cameroon Ambele 2600 Africa Cameroon Atong 4200 Africa Cameroon Baba 24500 Africa Cameroon Bafanji 17000 Africa Cameroon Bafaw-Balong 8400 Africa Cameroon Bakaka 30000 Africa Cameroon Bakoko 50000 Africa Cameroon Bakole 300 1 HUB CONTINENT HUB COUNTRY LANGUAGE NAME SPEAKER POPULATION Africa Cameroon Balo 2230 Africa Cameroon Bamali 10800 Africa Cameroon Bambili-Bambui 10000 Africa
    [Show full text]
  • Méthodes Pour Informatiser Les Langues Et Les Groupes De Langues `` Peu Dotées ''
    Méthodes pour informatiser les langues et les groupes de langues “ peu dotées ” Vincent Berment To cite this version: Vincent Berment. Méthodes pour informatiser les langues et les groupes de langues “ peu dotées ”. Autre [cs.OH]. Université Joseph-Fourier - Grenoble I, 2004. Français. tel-00006313 HAL Id: tel-00006313 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00006313 Submitted on 23 Jun 2004 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITÉ JOSEPH FOURIER, GRENOBLE 1 UFR D'INFORMATIQUE ET MATHÉMATIQUES APPLIQUÉES THÈSE présentée et soutenue publiquement le 18 mai 2004 par Vincent BERMENT pour obtenir le titre de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ JOSEPH FOURIER Spécialité INFORMATIQUE MÉTHODES POUR INFORMATISER DES LANGUES ET DES GROUPES DE LANGUES « PEU DOTÉES » Jury : M. Bruno OUDET Président M. Yves LEPAGE Rapporteur M. Jean VÉRONIS Rapporteur M. Christian BOITET Directeur M. Gilles DELOUCHE Examinateur M. Mathieu LAFOURCADE Examinateur M. Claude DEL VIGNA Invité THÈSE PRÉPARÉE AU SEIN DU GETA, LABORATOIRE CLIPS (IMAG, UJF, INPG & CNRS) Remerciements Au moment où ce travail s’achève, je tiens à remercier : Monsieur Bruno Oudet, professeur à l'Université Joseph Fourier, à l’origine du Chapitre Français de l’Internet Society et de la Fête de l’Internet, qui m'a fait l'honneur de présider le jury.
    [Show full text]
  • Ajude/Icye Mozambique Work Profile
    icye 2020 - WORK PROFILE 2019 Icye longtermvolunteer placement AJUDE/ICYE MOZAMBIQUE AJUDE – Associaçao Juvenil Para o Desenvolvimento do Voluntariado em Moçambique Rua da Mesqueta 222, Flat 15 Maputo AJUDE/ICYE Mozambique LongTerm Volunteer Placement 2018/19 PRESENTATION DEAR EXCHANGEE: Thank you very much for giving a little of your time to make a tour around this booklet and we are very confident that at the end your will finally decide in which project you would like to be placed during your exchange year in Mozambique. This booklet contains details of ICYE’s projects in Mozambique, in which you can volunteer from August 2018 or January 2019, for a period of 6 or 12 months. As you may notice during your tour to this guide you will easily perceive that our projects are diversified but mainly social projects (children, orphanages, youth, HIV/AIDS, etc); human rights (including children and youth rights, HIV/AIDS discrimination and stigmatization, etc); media and information projects; research projects on social science and etc. In all these range of possibilities and after having touring on the booklet you may finally decide in which project you would like to volunteer for during your exchange period. Note that, for some reasons some projects are highly demanded, we advise you to shortlist three different work placements preferences. We have to say that this booklet has been produced with the collaboration of the ICYE past volunteers in Mozambique and some of the data may be outdated but we trust your sense of understanding and flexibility in case this information has been changed.
    [Show full text]
  • Prayer Cards (216)
    Pray for the Nations Pray for the Nations Deaf in Afghanistan Deaf in Albania Population: 398,000 Population: 14,000 World Popl: 48,206,860 World Popl: 48,206,860 Total Countries: 216 Total Countries: 216 People Cluster: Deaf People Cluster: Deaf Main Language: Afghan Sign Language Main Language: Albanian Sign Language Main Religion: Islam Main Religion: Islam Status: Unreached Status: Minimally Reached Evangelicals: Unknown % Evangelicals: Unknown % Chr Adherents: 0.05% Chr Adherents: 30.47% Scripture: Translation Needed Scripture: Translation Needed www.joshuaproject.net www.joshuaproject.net "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 Pray for the Nations Pray for the Nations Deaf in Algeria Deaf in American Samoa Population: 223,000 Population: 300 World Popl: 48,206,860 World Popl: 48,206,860 Total Countries: 216 Total Countries: 216 People Cluster: Deaf People Cluster: Deaf Main Language: Algerian Sign Language Main Language: Language unknown Main Religion: Islam Main Religion: Christianity Status: Unreached Status: Superficially reached Evangelicals: Unknown % Evangelicals: Unknown % Chr Adherents: 0.28% Chr Adherents: 95.1% Scripture: Translation Needed Scripture: Unspecified www.joshuaproject.net www.joshuaproject.net "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 Pray for the Nations Pray for the Nations Deaf in Andorra Deaf in Angola Population: 200 Population: 339,000 World Popl: 48,206,860 World Popl: 48,206,860 Total
    [Show full text]
  • 1. a Survey of African Languages Harald Hammarström
    1. A survey of African languages Harald Hammarström 1.1. Introduction The African continent harbors upwards of 2,000 spoken indigenous languages – more than a fourth of the world’s total. Using ISO 639-3 language/dialect divisions and including extinct languages for which evidence exists, the tally comes to 2,169. The main criterion for the ISO 639-3 language identification is mutual intelligibil- ity, but these divisions are not infrequently conflated with sociopolitical criteria. This causes the tally to be higher than if the language/dialect division were to be based solely on intelligibility. Based solely on mutual intelligibility, the number would be approximately 85 % of the said figure (Hammarström 2015: 733), thus around 1,850 mutually unintelligible languages in Africa. A lower count of 1,441 is obtained by treating dialect chains whose endpoints are not mutually intelligible as one and the same language (Maho 2004). The amount of information available on the language situation varies across different areas of Africa, but the entire continent has been surveyed for spoken L1 languages on the surface at least once. However, so-called “hidden” languages that escaped earlier surveys continue to be discovered every year. These are all languages that are spoken by a (usually aging) fraction of a population who other- wise speak another (already known) language. The least surveyed areas of Africa include Northern Nigeria, Eastern Chad, South Sudan and various spots in the Republic of Congo, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Angola. The situation is entirely different with respect to sign languages (cf. Padden 2010: 19).
    [Show full text]