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BRAZILIAN JOURNAL of AFRICAN STUDIES Revista Brasileira De Estudos Africanos ISSN 2448-3915 | e-ISSN 2448-3923 BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF AFRICAN STUDIES Revista Brasileira de Estudos Africanos Porto Alegre, v.2, n.4 Jul./Dec. 2017 Brazilian Jul./Dec. Journal of Porto Alegre v.2 n.4 p. 1-239 2017 African Studies ABOUT THE JOURNAL The Brazilian Journal of African Studies is a biannual publication, in digital and printed format, dedicated to the research, reflection and propagation of original scientific articles with emphasis on the analysis of International Relations, Organizations and Integration, Security and Defense, Political Systems, History, Geography, Economic Development, Social Structures and their Transformations and Schools of Thought. RBEA is essentially academic, linked to the Brazilian Centre for African Studies (CEBRAFRICA) of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). The RBEA has as target audience researches, professors and students interested in the specificities of the African continent and its international insertion. Alongside such perspective, the Journal intends to expand the debate about the Brazilian projection world widely, the Brazilian cooperation efforts (including in the Defense field) with the African countries in the South Atlantic perimeter and the construction of a regional identity in face of a scenario of geopolitical transformations. INDEXES This work was supported by the Journal Edition Supportive Program (PAEP) - UFRGS 2 EDITORIAL TEAM / EQUIPE EDITORIAL CHIEF EDITOR /EDITOR CHEFE Analúcia Danilevicz Pereira (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) DEPUTY EDITOR /EDITOR ADJUNTO Paulo Visentini (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) EDITORIAL BOARD /CONSELHO EDITORIAL Ajay Dubey (Jawaharlal Nehru University, India) Ángel Dalmau Fernández (CIPI, Cuba) Antônio Joaquim Calundungo (Universidade Agostinho Neto, Angola) Beatriz Bissio (Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) Chris Landsberg (University of Johannesburg, South Africa) Cyril Obi (Social Science Research Council, United States of America) Fábio Morosini (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) Hilário Cau (Instituto Superior de Relações Internacionais, Mozambique) Ian Taylor (University of St Andrews, Scotland) Kamilla Raquel Rizzi (Universidade Federal do Pampa, Brazil) Karl Gerhard Seibert (UNILAB, Brazil) Li Anshan (Peking University, China) Luiz Dario Teixeira Ribeiro (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) Vladimir Shubin (Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia) EDITION ASSISTANTS /ASSISTENTES DE EDIÇÃO Amabilly Bonacina (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) Rafaela Pinto Serpa (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) Salvatore Xerri (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) CONSULTATIVE BOARD /CONSELHO CONSULTIVO Alfa Oumar Diallo (Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Brazil) Andrei Tokarev (Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia) Aparajita Biswas (University of Mumbai, India) Diego Pautasso (Escola Superior de Propaganda e Marketing – Sul, Brazil) Eduardo Migon (Escola de Comando e Estado-Maior do Exército, Brazil) Fantu Cheru (American University, United States of America) Gladys Lechini (Universidad Nacional de Rosário, Argentina) Henry Kam Kah (University of Buea, Cameroon) Igor Castellano da Silva (Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil) John Akokpari (University of Cape Town, South Africa) José Carlos dos Anjos (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) José Rivair Macedo (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) Leila Hernandez (Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil) Lito Nunes Fernandes (Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas, Guinea-Bissau) Lotfi Kaabi (Institut Tunisien des Études Stratégiques, Tunisia) Mamadou Alpha Diallo (UNILA, Brazil) Mamoudou Gazibo (Université de Montréal, Canada) Marina de Mello Souza (Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil) Nathaly Silva Xavier Schütz (Universidade Federal do Pampa, Brazil) Paris Yeros (Universidade Federal do ABC, Brazil) Tim Murithi (Free State University, South Africa) Renu Modi (University of Mumbai, India) Wolfgang Adolf Karl Döpcke (Universidade de Brasília, Brazil) This edition also counted on review of the researchers Ana Simão, Ana Tettamanzy, Eduardo Svartman, Sylvio de Souza Ferreira, Maíra Baé and Sônia Ranincheski. 3 BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF AFRICAN STUDIES Revista Brasileira de Estudos Africanos © Centro Brasileiro de Estudos Africanos - UFRGS Cover: Vitória Kramer Layout: Amabilly Bonacina and Rafaela Pinto Serpa Design: Tiago Oliveira Baldasso The Brazilian Journal of African Studies is available online both in English and Portuguese at www.seer.ufrgs.br/rbea CONTACT INFO Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Faculdade de Ciências Econômicas Av. João Pessoa, 52, sala 18C - 1° andar CEP 90040-000 - Centro - Porto Alegre/RS - Brazil Phone: +55 51 3308.3272 / 3308.3348 E-mail: [email protected] seer.ufrgs.br/rbea ufrgs.br/cebrafrica CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION (CIP) Responsible: Biblioteca Gládis W. do Amaral, Faculdade de Ciências Econômicas da UFRGS Revista Brasileira de Estudos Africanos / Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Faculdade de Ciências Econômicas, Centro Brasileiro de Estudos Africanos. – Ano 2, n. 4 (jul./ dez. 2017). – Porto Alegre : UFRGS/FCE/CEBRAFRICA, 2017 - Semestral. ISSN 2448-3915 e-ISSN 2448-3923 1. África. 2. Relações internacionais. 3. Integração regional. 4. Segurança internacional. 5. Política de defesa. CDU 327 4 Volume 2, Number 4 (Jul./Dec. 2017) CONTENTS Editor’s Note 7 Analúcia Danilevicz Pereira The dynamics of Africa in world affairs: from Afro-pessimism to 11 Afro-optimism? Sharkdam Wapmuk, Oluwatooni Akinkwotu The CPLP as a mechanism of acting for Brazil in the South Atlantic: 30 the increase of cooperation, the challenges and the possibilities of leadership Kamilla Raquel Rizzi, Isabella Cruzichi da Silva Opportunities and challenges for Mozambique from the Indian 62 expansion in Africa Hetalben Haribhai Patel Political parties and the effectiveness of political competition in a 93 comparative perspective: the case of Mozambique and Brazil Fidel Terenciano Public and language policies: strategies and challenges in 111 combating social inequalities in Mozambique Alexandre António Timbane, José Gil Vicente Ritual use of currency in Laimbwe history, Cameroon 137 Henry Kam Kah From convenient hibernation to circumstantial desperation: hate 160 speech, party political communication and the Nigeria’s 2015 general elections Mike Omilusi Mainstreaming corruption poverty and development in Nigeria 184 Jolaade Omede, Arinze Ngwube New media and democracy in Nigeria: an appraisal of the 198 opportunities and threats in the terrain Dauda Ishaya Suntai, Tordue Simon Targema Peace Journalism practice and development in the Northeast 210 of Nigeria: focus group discussion with some members of NTA correspondents’ Damaturu, Yobe State Aondover Eric Msughter 5 BOOK REVIEW “USA – Africa: the policy of President B. Obama administration. 227 2009 – 2014”, and “USA – Africa: the policy of President B. Obama administration. 2015 – 2016. Chronicle of events” by Andrey Urnov Vladimir Shubin “O tempo da juventude: emprego, política e mudanças sociais em 232 África” by Alcinda Honwana Hélder Pires Amâncio Partners 237 Submission Standards 239 The responsibility for the content of the articles is of their respective authors. A responsabilidade do conteúdo dos artigos é de seus respectivos autores. Brazilian Jounal of African Studies e-ISSN 2448-3923 | ISSN 2448-3915 | Porto Alegre | v.2, n.4 | Jul./Dez. 2017 6 Brazilian Journal of African Studies e-ISSN 2448-3923 | ISSN 2448-3915 | v.2, n.4 | p. 7-10 | Jul./Dec. 2017 EDITOR’S NOTE Analúcia Danilevicz Pereira December/2017 The international system is characterized by unequal power relations. The power of a state is, therefore, measured by its capacity to define and execute decisive politics in both the economic and military fields. The shift in strategic rivalries that characterized the post-Cold War has been altering the global outlook in successive stages that clearly demonstrate the displacement/emergence of power poles. From the “structural programs” offered by the western financial organisms in the 90s to the restructuring of the African Union, in the 2000s, the African continent moved from a “lost” decade to a new phase in which the idea of development became, once again, the most fundamental demand. Certainly, the overcoming of neocolonialism and the search for autonomy and new partners will not spare Africa from a Euro-American reaction, and neither from the power struggles of the local elites. However, even though destabilizing actions challenge the capabilities of African states, the political maturing is a reality. In this number of the Brazilian Journal of African Studies, the focus of the discussion proposed by the researchers are exactly the political challenges faced by the African states, elites and societies. In the fourth number of the BJAS, we present ten papers and two book reviews from international researchers. Sharkdam Wapmuk and Oluwatooni Akinkwotu examine, from a historical perspective, Africa in the world relations, from slavery to colonialism. The authors also discuss the condition of the African states in the global politics and political economy, in the international organizations – mainly the UN – and the African relations with the traditional and emerging economic powers in the paper The dynamics of Africa in world affairs: from Afro-pessimism to Afro-optimism?. The CPLP as a Brazil’s mechanism of acting in the South Atlantic:
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