Corn and Food: a Brief History of a Long Journey

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Corn and Food: a Brief History of a Long Journey dx.doi.org/10.5154/r.rga.2017.59.007 Corn and Food: A brief history of a long journey Alba González Jácome Abstract This article attempts to summarize the most significant contributions of an extensive number of studies made about corn, from its domestication until its dissemination. Its broad dispersal is due to the role it has had in the sustenance of human groups which have lived in the territory that is presently Mexico. This grass, whose uses are numerous and transcend its role as food, has had, and continues to have a series of elements that makes it a pivotal factor in various aspects of social and economic life, and in the cosmovision of those who daily cultivate and/or consume it. In the Pre-Hispanic past, besides being a staple food, it was a fundamental part of forms of the social organization, the economy, ideology, cosmovision, religion, ceremonies and rituals of Mesoamerican cultures. The main point of the article is in regards to food and the processes of change related to this plant that has been the focus of study for many researchers and from several points of view (geneticists, biologists, biochemists, archaeologists, historians, anthropologists, sociologists, agronomists, dieticians, nutritionists, economists). In Mexico, corn has also been used as an intrinsic element in exhibitions, books related to art, culture and food. There is no intention to cover everything that has been written about corn, but rather to give the reader a general idea of some advances in the studies carried out about this grass and its relationship to food over time. Keywords: Sustenance, food, beverages, diffusion, domestication, history, corn. Maíz y alimentación. Historia breve de un largo viaje Resumen Este artículo intenta resumir los aportes más significativos de un importante número de estudios realizados sobre el maíz, desde su domesticación hasta su difusión. Su amplia difusión se debe al papel que ha tenido en la alimentación de los grupos humanos que han vivido en el territorio de lo que ahora es México. Esta gramínea, cuyos usos son múltiples y trascienden los alimenticios, ha tenido y aún tiene una serie de elementos que la hacen eje importante en varios aspectos de la vida social, económica y en la cosmovisión de quienes la cultivan y la consumen cotidianamente. En el pasado prehispánico, además de ser alimento básico, era parte fundamental en las formas de organización social, la economía, ideología, cosmovisión, religión, ceremonias y rituales de los mesoamericanos. El punto central del texto es el referente a la alimentación y sus procesos de cambio relacionados con esta planta, que ha sido objeto de estudio de numerosos investigadores y desde varios puntos de vista (genetistas, biólogos, bioquímicos, arqueólogos, historiadores, antropólogos, sociólogos, agrónomos, dietistas, nutriólogos, economistas). En México se ha utilizado también como elemento fundamental en exposiciones y en libros relacionados con arte, cultura y alimentación. No se pretende abarcar todo lo que se ha escrito sobre el maíz, sin embargo, se espera dar al lector una idea general de los principales avances en los estudios realizados sobre esta gramínea y su relación con la alimentación a través del tiempo. Palabras clave: Alimentación, comida, difusión, domesticación, historia, maíz. _______________________________________________ Universidad Iberoamericana A. C., actualmente labora en la Universidad Autónoma Chapingo. Centros Regionales, Chapingo, Texcoco, Estado de México. Corresponding author: [email protected] Received: July 31, 2017 Accepted: September 26, 2017 Revista de Geografía Agrícola núm. 60 / 9 Alba González Jácome Introduction Introducción The first steps Los primeros pasos The antiquity of domesticated corn disseminated La antigüedad del maíz domesticado difundido en in the Americas and used by human beings in el Continente Americano y manejado por los seres Mexico dates back to eight or nine thousand years humanos en México, se remonta a unos nueve u BC, although many millenniums had to pass so ocho mil años aC, aunque tuvieron que pasar varios that after a series of attempts, trial and error, and milenios para que después de una serie de manejos, genetic transformation, it would become a basic ensayos y transformaciones genéticas, se volviera un grain for human consumption (Hastorf, 2009; grano básico en la alimentación humana (Hastorf, Iltis, 1983; Galinat, 1988; Piperno, Ranareb, Holstb, 2009; Iltis, 1983; Galinat, 1988; Piperno, Ranareb, Iriarted, & Dickauc 2009; Staller, Tykot, & Benz, 2006; Holstb, Iriarted, & Dickauc, 2009; Staller, Tykot, & Wheatherwax, 1955; Wilkes, 1989). The first steps were Benz, 2006; Wheatherwax, 1955; Wilkes, 1989). Los taken by human groups (bands) of hunter-gatherers, primeros pasos fueron dados por grupos humanos and the first cultivators, who initially included (bandas) de cazadores/recolectores y los primeros various uses for teosinte (obtaining sugars, eating cultivadores que inicialmente incluyeron varios the toasted unripened spikes or panicle) (Iltis, 1983) usos del teosinte (obtención de azúcares, consumo and (Iltis, 2006), until it gave fruit or converted into a de la espiga o panícula verde tostada) (Iltis, 1983) e grain, which was initially eaten fresh, as well as was (Iltis, 2006), hasta su conversión en un grano que toasted and ground to make flour, although it was also inicialmente se comía fresco como verdura o era roasted or boiled in water. tostado y molido para obtener harina; aunque The oldest evidence of the domestication of también se asaba o se cocía en agua. teosinte is the corn phytoliths that were found in the Las evidencias más antiguas de la domesticación rocky refuge of Xihuatoxtla in the Rio Balsas Basin in del teosinte son los fitolitos de maíz que se hallaron the present state of Guerrero in Mexico. They were en el refugio rocoso Xihuatoxtla en la cuenca media associated with a well-stratified deposit and a group del río Balsas, actual estado de Guerrero, México. of stone tools (dual faced tips, crude tools, chippings, Los cuales estaban asociados con depósitos bien stone axes, and the stone bases, footless metates, for estratificados y un conjunto de herramientas de grinding), whose radiocarbon dating is of 8,700 years piedra (puntas bifaciales, herramientas simples, BC, and presently is the most reliable proof of the lascas, hachas de piedra y bases de piedra para moler origin of Mesoamerican corn and of the first foods o metates sin patas), cuyas fechas de radiocarbono derived from cultivated plants (Piperno & Flannery, indican una antigüedad de unos 8 mil 700 años aC, 2001; Piperno et al., 2007; Piperno et al., 2009). y son, hasta ahora, las pruebas más fehacientes del The first steps in the domestication of corn origen mesoamericano del maíz y de los primeros occurred in the milpa (cornfield) and kitchen gardens alimentos derivados de plantas cultivadas (Piperno & as very ancient traditional agricultural systems in Flannery, 2001; Piperno et al., 2007; Piperno et al., 2009). Mexico; its main function was to supply food for the Los primeros pasos en la domesticación del maíz human groups and for their domesticated animals, as ocurrieron en la milpa y el huerto como sistemas well as to integrate into daily life a series of important agrícolas tradicionales muy antiguos en México; products such as medicinal plants which made up su función principal era abastecer de alimento a part of the herbal medicine which continues to be los grupos humanos y sus animales domésticos, important today; securing meat from wild animals, además de integrar a la vida cotidiana una serie its preparation and participation in rituals1, and de productos importantes como las plantas 1 As occurs in the chatanate ceremony with the Nahuatls in Guerrero where a basket filled with recently harvested ears of corn picked on February 2 is blessed since it will be used in the following planting season. Revista de Geografía Agrícola núm. 60 / 10 Corn and Food: A brief history of a long journey seed conservation; the making of different items medicinales que formaban parte de una herbolaria such as fibers to make creels and to catch fish; que sigue teniendo importancia hasta nuestros woven containers to store grains or carry products días; la obtención de carne de animales silvestres, such as straw baskets (jabas), chatanates (a basket su preparación y la participación en rituales1 y la made of leaves, where offerings are made to the conservación de semillas; la fabricación de múltiples dead), containers for tortillas, baggage (petacas) for elementos como fibras para hacer nasas y capturar trips; woven rugs, floor coverings for sleeping, and peces; recipientes tejidos para almacenar granos o doorway coverings for the entrances to houses. acarrear productos como jabas, tenates, chatanates, In these agricultural systems wood and charcoal tortilleros, maletas (petacas) para transportar for cooking, for heating and lighting the rocky equipaje en los viajes; tejido de tapetes, esteras shelters, caves, and living areas; wood for building; para dormir y cubiertas para tapar las entradas de fungi for eating and rituals; trees to shade houses; las viviendas. places to put beehives which produced honey and En estos sistemas agrícolas fue importante para wax for candles; recreational areas and places to los pobladores la leña y el carbón para cocinar, obtain other products were important. Skeletal calentar e iluminar los refugios rocosos, cuevas y remains of wild animals that were important for their viviendas; madera para construcción; hongos para food have been found that were related to these consumo alimenticio y ritual; árboles que brindaban items (Vanderwarker, 2006). sombra a las casas; lugares para colocar los panales The consumption of tender corn (on the cob, de abejas que producían miel, cera para velas; áreas sweet corn (choclo), chuqllu, corn cobs (jojoto)), para recreación y para extraer otros productos. permitted the making of foods such as tamales, Asociados a estos elementos se han encontrado whose existence is known in the Mayan area since restos óseos de animales silvestres que fueron parte 500 AD.
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