DOCSLIB.ORG

Tagalog Support for Languagetool

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Tagalog Support for Languagetool Tagalog Support for LanguageTool Nathaniel Oco Allan Borra De La Salle University - Manila De La Salle University - Manila 2401 Taft Avenue Malate, Manila City 2401 Taft Avenue Malate, Manila City 1004 Metro Manila, Philippines 1004 Metro manila, Philippines +639178477549 +639174591073 [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT 25, 2011, already includes Tagalog support. This paper outlines the different processes and issues involved in Aside from Tagalog, LanguageTool also supports Asturian, adding a Tagalog support for LanguageTool. LanguageTool is an Belarusian, Breton, Catalan, Chinese, Czech, Danish, Dutch, open-source rule-based style and grammar checker that English, Esperanto, French, Galician, Icelandic, Italian, Khmer, implements a manual-based rule-creation approach. Details of the Lithuanian, Malayalam, Polish, Russian, Slovak, Slovenian, different LanguageTool resources are discussed in this paper. The Spanish, Swedish, Ukrainian, and Romanian. different linguistic considerations, technical considerations, and language properties of Tagalog – that were captured and handled This paper aims to explain the processes and issues involved in – are also discussed and outlined. The system was tested using 50 adding a new language support – Tagalog support – for correct and 50 incorrect sentences collected from different LanguageTool. sources. LanguageTool processed the correct sentences in 53 milliseconds and the incorrect sentences in 80 milliseconds. The 2. GRAMMAR CHECKING Tagalog support scored 95.83% for precision, 46% for recall, and Grammar Checking is the process of detecting if there is error in 72% for accuracy. an input. Mark Johnson [Johnson, personal communication] added that grammar checking entails locating where the error is Categories and Subject Descriptors and notifying the user about the error. [5] agrees, adding that F.4.2 [Mathematical Logic and Formal Languages]: Grammars grammar checking also entails providing a feedback, which can and Other Rewriting System – grammar types. include possible corrections with linguistic explanations. Grammar checkers can then be defined as programs that can I.5.0 [Pattern Recognition]: General. detect if there is error in an input, locate the error, notify the user I.7.1 [Document and Text Processing]: Document and Text about the error, and provide relevant feedback. Editing – languages, spelling. [15] identified three approaches in grammar checking – syntax- based approach, statistics-based approach, and rule-based General Terms approach. Algorithms, Languages. Syntax-based approach relies on parsing and grammar formalisms (e.g. CFG, LFG). An error is detected if parsing fails and an error Keywords is located using tree structures, graphs, and other methods. Tagalog, Grammar Checking, LanguageTool, Rules, NLP Tools. Examples of Filipino Grammar checkers that utilize this approach are PanPam [10] and [6]. 1. INTRODUCTION Statistics-based approach relies on properly annotated corpus (e.g. LanguageTool, developed by [15], is an open-source rule-based Penn Treebank, Brown Corpus) to train the language model. An style and grammar checker that implements a manual-based rule- error is detected and located using probability. [15] explained that creation approach. It is publicly available through sequences describing correct sentences will occur often in the LanguageTool’s website [13]. LanguageTool has a growing list of corpus while sequences describing incorrect sentences will occur supported languages. The authors of this paper developed and less in the corpus or probably not at all. submitted a new language support – Tagalog support – for Rule-based approach relies on rules, which are matched against LanguageTool to provide a readily-available Tagalog Grammar the input to check and locate errors. LanguageTool is an example Checker [16]. LanguageTool version 1.5, released last September of this approach. [11] classifies grammar checkers under this approach into two – manual-based and automatic-based. Manual- based grammar checkers use manual means to develop rules while automatic-based grammar checkers use automatic means to develop rules. In LanguageTool, rules are manually created and are added or modified incrementally. 64 Proceedings of the 8th National Natural Language Processing Research Symposium, pages 64-71 De La Salle University, Manila, 24-25 November 2011 3. POS TAGGING Part-of-speech or POS is a lexical category that defines the function of words. POS Tagging or POST is the process of labeling words with POS. The list of POS used to label words is called a tagset. POS Tagging is heavily utilized in LanguageTool. 4. LANGUAGETOOL LanguageTool can run as a stand-alone program or as an extension to word editors like OpenOffice1 or LibreOffice2. It uses two major linguistic resources to perform grammar checking. These resources are the tagger dictionary and the rule file. LanguageTool, as a stand alone program, splits an input into sentences. Each sentence is split into words and each word is assigned a tag based on the declarations in the tagger dictionary. The words and their tags are checked against the rules in the rule file. If there is a match, a feedback is shown to the user. Figure 1 shows a screenshot of LanguageTool as a stand-alone program Figure 2. LanguageTool as an OpenOffice Extension and Figure 2 shows a screenshot of LangaugeTool as an OpenOffice extension. Both figures demonstrate the feedback 5. LANGUAGETOOL RESOURCES mechanism of LanguageTool. This section discusses and outlines LanguageTool resources – the tagger dictionary and the rule file – and the tagset used for the tagger dictionary. 5.1 Tagger Dictionary The tagger dictionary is a text file used to tag words in an input. Each declaration in the text file follows a tab-separated three- column format. The first column is the token, the second column is base form of the token, and the third column is the tag of the token. The interpretation for the base form of the token is left to the discretion of the language maintainer. This could be the root word or any other interpretation. In total, the Tagalog tagger dictionary has approximately 8,000 word declarations. This number, with Tagalog support as a new language support, pales in comparison with 350,000-word English tagger dictionary and the 530,000-word French tagger dictionary. Table 1 demonstrates word declarations and shows sample entries from the Tagalog tagger dictionary. Table 1. Tagalog Tagger Dictionary Declatations Token Base Form Tag mapanirang mapanira ADMO S anim anim ADNU sa sa DECN DAT ng ng DECN GEN ho ho MAHM nila nila PNGP RD P nilang nila PNGP RD P Figure 1. LanguageTool as a stand-alone program pumupusta pumupusta VACF IN B yakapin yakapin VOBF NE B kakukumpisal kakukumpisal VOTF RC B kalilibing kalilibing VOTF RC B 1 http://www.openoffice.org/ 2 http://www.libreoffice.org/ 65 5.2 Tagset for the Tagger Dictionary 6. LINGUISTIC CONSIDERATIONS [17] developed a tagset for Tagalog using the Penn Treebank3 This section discusses and outlines the different linguistic Tagset as guide. [14] modified this tagset with the aid of linguists considerations in developing a Tagalog support for and experts in the field. The original tagset proposed by [17] and LanguageTool. the modifications by [14] were used as basis in developing the tagset for the tagger dictionary. 6.1 POS and Lexical Categories The tagset for the tagger dictionary defines the different tags used [19] and [18] identified several Tagalog POS. These are article or in word declarations. The tagset is composed of POS and lexical pantukoy, noun or pangngalan, pronoun or panghalip, verb or categories, which could be followed by one or more attributes pandiwa, adjective or pang-uri, adverb or pang-abay, preposition with a white space separating them. The third column in Table 1 or pang-ukol, conjunction or pangatnig, interjection or shows sample tag declarations. The table in the appendix shows pandamdam, and ligatures or pang-angkop. These POS, except the tagset developed for the tagger dictionary. pantukoy, and other lexical categories (e.g. markers and particles) compose the tagset. The table in the appendix shows the POS and Lexical Categories used. 5.3 Rule File The rules are stored in an xml file. The input is matched against patterns in the rule file, which describe incorrect sentences. A rule 6.2 Ligatures file is composed of elements and attributes. The three main According to [18], ligatures or pang-angkop in Tagalog, are elements of a rule file are: pattern, message, and example. Pattern words or morphemes that link a modifier to the word being refers to the token or sequence of tokens to be matched. Message modified. Figure 4 demonstrates an example. refers to the feedback, which can include possible suggestions. Example refers to incorrect and correct sentences demonstrating Maganda Babae = Magandang babae the rule’s usage. Figure 3 shows a rule from the Tagalog rule file. Beautiful Woman = Beautiful woman Adjective Noun <rule id="NOUN_SI_PUNCT" name="noun si punct (si noun punct)"> <pattern case_sensitive="no" mark_from="0" mark_to="-1"> Mabilis Bata = Mabilis na bata <token postag="(NPRO|NCOM).*" postag_regexp="yes"/> Fast Child = Fast Child <token regexp="yes">si|sina</token> Adjective Noun <token postag="(PSNP|PSNQ|PSNE|PSNC)" postag_regexp="yes"/> Figure 4. Ligature Usage </pattern> To handle words with ligatures, a separate tagset needs to be allotted. However, this would result in a large tagset. To solve this <message>Do you mean
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Nineteenth-Century Thomist from the Far East:
    The Nineteenth-Century Thomist from theF ar East: Cardinal Zeferino González, OP (1831–1894) Levine Andro H. Lao1 Center for Theology, Religious Studies and Ethics University of Santo Tomás, Manila, Philippines Abstract: In light of the celebration of the five centuries of Christianity in the Philippines, this article hopes to reintroduce Fr. Zeferino González, OP, to scholars of Church history, philosophy, and cultural heritage. He was an alumnus of the University of Santo Tomás, a Cardinal, and a champion of the revival of Catholic Philosophy that led to the promulgation of Leo XIII’s encyclical Aeterni Patris. Specifically, this essay presents, firstly, the Cardinal’s biography in the context of his experience as a missionary in the Philippines; secondly, the intellectual tradition in Santo Tomás in Manila, which he carried with him until his death; and lastly, some reasons for his once-radiant memory to slip into an undeserved forgetfulness. Keywords: Zeferino González, Thomism in Asia, Aeterni Patris, Christian Philosophy, History of Philosophy n the 1880s, the University of Santo Tomás had two grand celebrations that were associated with Fr. Zeferino González, OP (1831–1894). The first pompous festivity was held in 1880 when the University received Pope Leo XIII’s encyclical Aeterni Patris;2 the second was when Fray Zeferino (as how I1 Levine Andro Hernandez Lao can be contacted at [email protected]. He teaches at the Ecclesiastical Faculty of Philosophy, University of Santo Tomas, Manila. https://orcid.org/0000- 0002-1136-2432. This study was funded by the 2020 National Research Award given by the National Commission for Culture and Arts (Philippines).
    [Show full text]
  • Dissertations, Department of Linguistics
    UC Berkeley Dissertations, Department of Linguistics Title Reflexivization: A Study in Universal Syntax Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3sv079tk Author Faltz, Leonard M Publication Date 1977 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph end reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will finda good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap.
    [Show full text]
  • Phrase Structure and Grammatical Relations in Tagalog
    Phrase Structure and Grammatical Relations in Tagalog Paul R. Kroeger Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Linguistics Stanford University August, 1991 (Note: some corrections and other minor editorial changes are included in this version, but the list of references has unfortunately been lost.) Abstract This dissertation presents an analysis of Tagalog within the framework of Lexical-Functional Grammar. Tagalog is a non-configurational language in which the grammatical subject does not occupy a unique structural position. Nevertheless, the grammar of Tagalog makes crucial reference to the notion of grammatical subjecthood. This fact shows that grammatical subjecthood cannot be defined in terms of a specified position in surface phrase structure. More generally, the Tagalog data shows that grammatical relations must be defined independently of phrase structure, semantic structure and pragmatic functions, strongly supporting a conception of linguistic structure in which these various kinds of information are modeled as independent subsystems of the grammar. A large number of syntactic tests are presented which uniquely identify the nominative argument as the grammatical subject. It is argued that the apparent ambiguity of subjecthood properties in Tagalog is due to the Actor’s semantic and pragmatic prominence, together with the fact that non-subject Actors are always terms (non-oblique arguments) in Tagalog, unlike passive agents in English. Evidence is presented which shows that the nominative argument does not have the properties of a “topic”, as it is frequently analyzed, whether this concept is defined in terms of discourse continuity or pragmatic function. Crucial evidence for the non-configurationality of Tagalog comes from rules governing the co-reference of personal pronouns and the position of clitic elements.
    [Show full text]
  • Grammar and Information Structure a Study with Reference to Russian
    Grammar and Information Structure a study with reference to Russian Published by LOT Janskerkhof 13 3512 BL Utrecht The Netherlands phone: +31 30 253 6006 fax: +31 30 253 6406 e-mail: [email protected] http://www.lotschool.nl Cover illustration by Ilya Ruderman ISBN 978-90-78328-32-2 NUR 616 Copyright © 2007: Natalia Slioussar. All rights reserved. Grammar and Information Structure a study with reference to Russian Grammatica en Informatiestructuur een studie met betrekking tot het Russisch (met een samenvatting in het Nederlands) Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit Utrecht op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof.dr. W.H. Gispen, ingevolge het besluit van het college voor promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op woensdag 4 juli 2007 des ochtends te 10.30 uur door Natalia Slioussar geboren op 16 november 1980 te Sint-Petersburg, Russische Federatie Promotoren: prof.dr. E.J. Reuland prof.dr. F.N.K. Wijnen prof.dr. T.V. Chernigovskaya Contents Acknowledgements .................................................................................ix 1 Introduction ........................................................................................1 1.1 What does the grammatical IS system encode and how? ...........4 1.1.1 IS notions in the grammar elude definition................................4 1.1.2 Activation network model of the discourse IS system .................6 1.1.3 Discourse IS notions in the activation network model ................8 1.1.4 From discourse to syntax: what is encoded and how? ..............11
    [Show full text]
  • Annotated Bibliographies; *Austro
    DOCUME T'RESUME ED 132 860 FL 008 262 .1UTHOR Johnson, Dora B.; And Others TITLE Languages of Southeast Asia and the Pacific. A'Survey of Materials for the Study of the Uncommonly Taught. Languages. INSTITUTION Center for Applied Linguis ics, Arlington, Va. SPONS AGENCY Office of Education (DHEW) Washington, D.C. PUB DATE 76 CONTRACT 300-75-0201 NOTE 73p. AVAILABLE FROMCenter for Applied Linguistics, 1611 North Kent Street, Arlington, Virginia 22209 ($3.95 each fascicle; complete set of 8, $26.50) EDRS PRICE MR-$0.83 HC-$3.50 Plus Postage._ DESCRIPTORS Adult Educacion; *Annotated Bibliographies; *Austro Asiatic Languages; Buriese; Cambodian; Dialects; Dictionaries; Indonesian; .*Indonesiin Languages; *Instructional Materials; -Language Instruction; Language Variation; Lao; Malay; Reading Materials; *Sino Tibetan Languages; Thai; *Uncommonly Taught Languages; Vietnamese IDENTIFIERS Burma; Cambodia; Indonesia; *Languages of the Pacific; Laos; Malaysia; Philippines; Thailand; _Vietnam ABSTRACT This is an annotated bibliography of basic tools of access for the study of the uncommonly taught languages of Southeast Asia and the Pacific. It is one of eight fascicles which constitute a .revision of "A Provisional Survey of Materials for the Study of the Neglected Languages" (CAL 1969). The emphasis is on materials for the adult whose native language is English. Languages are grouped according to the following classifications: Burma (and Yunnan Cambodia, Laos, and Thailand; Vietnam; Indonesia and Malaysia; Philippines; Languages of the Pacific. Under each language heading, the items are arranged as follows:(1) teaching materials; (2) readers;(3) gLammars; and (4) dictionaries. Annotations are descriptive rather than critical. Wherever possible each entry contains the following bibliographical information: author, title, place of publication, date, and pagination.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Juliana Reyes 11 December 2010 SECRETS of TAGALOG HEADLINES REVEALED!: an Examination of Tagalog Head- Line Grammar ABSTRACT
    Juliana Reyes 11 December 2010 SECRETS OF TAGALOG HEADLINES REVEALED!: An examination of Tagalog head- line grammar ABSTRACT “Award to Artist Who Gives Slums a Human Face” -- If we see that on a newspaper, we under- stand it despite the fact that it's not a grammatically correct phrase: it's missing articles and verbs, but we know how to read headlinese. We “speak” it. Armed with our native speaker knowledge of English headlinese, could we “speak” a different language's headlinese? Or would it be utterly foreign? Are there different rules to every kind of headlinese? This thesis investigates this ques- tion by identifying and describing certain features of the headlinese of Tagalog. I then compare Tagalog headlinese to that of English. I found that English and Tagalog share certain features, such as many kinds of ellipsis, or omissions, but differ when it comes to other features, like sen- tence inversion and tense usage. Tagalog seems to have a unique headline grammar, most nota- bly because of the complete syntactic shuffle seen in its headlinese: Tagalog, a VOS language, has headlines that almost always appeared in SVO form, much like headlines in English. 1. INTRODUCTION Headlines: they’re short, pithy, sometimes clever. They serve to summarize information and seduce the reader into jumping into the article (Bell 1991:189). A headline should also inform the reader quickly and accurately and/or pique a reader’s interest (Schneider 2000: 48). If that’s not enough, a headline must also conform to a certain register, one that differs from that of spo- ken or written, “neutral” English.
    [Show full text]
  • The Case System of Tagalog Verbs
    PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Senie� B - No. 21 THE CASE SYSTEM OF TAGALOG VERBS by Teresita V. Ramos Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Ramos, T.V. The case system of Tagalog verbs. B-27, viii + 178 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1974. DOI:10.15144/PL-B27.cover ©1974 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. -------------------------------- PACIFIC LINGUISTICS is published by the Ling ui��ie CiAeie 06 CanbeAAa and consists of four series: SERIES A - OCCASI ONAL PAPERS SERIES B - MONOGRAPHS SERIES C - BOOKS SERIES V - SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS . ED ITOR: S.A. Wurm . ASSOCIATE EDITORS : D.C. Laycock , C.L. Voorhoeve. ALL CORRESPONDENCE concerning PACIFIC LINGUISTICS, including orders and su bscriptions, should be addressed to: The Secretary , PACIFIC LINGUISTICS, Department of Linguistics , School of Pacific Studies , The Australian National University , Canberra , A. C.T. 2600. Australia. Copyright (§) Teresita V. Ramos. First published 1974. The editors are indebted to the Australian National University for help in the production of this series. ' This publication was made possible by an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund. National Library of Australia card number and ISBN 0 85883 115 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT vi LIST OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS viii CH APTER I. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. The Tagalog Language 1 1. 2. Tagalog Linguistic Studies 1 1. 3. Theoretical Orientation 3 CHAPTER II. TAGALOG DEEP STRUCTURE CASES 15 2.1. The Use of Case in Philippine Studies 15 2.2.
    [Show full text]
  • A Bicolano-To-Tagalog Transfer-Based Machine Translation System
    International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8 Issue-2S8, August 2019 A Bicolano-to-Tagalog Transfer-Based Machine Translation System Ria Ambrocio Sagum Abstract—The Bicolano-Tagalog Transfer-based Machine issue can be attributed to the reason why MT researchers Translation System is a unidirectional machine translator for opted to use statistical based MT systems. languages Bicolano and Tagalog. The transfer-based approach is In the development of MT system for dialects, a researcher divided into three phase: Pre-Processing Analysis, Morphological needs to consider different strategy [6][7]: whether Transfer, and Sentence Generation. The system analyze first the source language (Bicolano) input to create some internal translation from source language to target language takes representation. This includes the tokenizer, stemmer, POS tag and place in a single stage (direct translation), two stages (via an parser. Through transfer rules, it then typically manipulates this ‘interlingua’), or via the ‘transfer’ approach, where the internal representation to transfer parsed source language translation proceeds in the three stages [8][9][10]. syntactic structure into target language syntactic structure. The use of transfer-based approach does not require large Finally, the system generates Tagalog sentence from own amount of word aligned data for translation that is not easily morphological and syntactic information. Each phase will undergo training and evaluation test for the competence of available for Philippine dialects. In transfer-based machine end-results. Overall performance shows a 71.71% accuracy rate. translation, the text input is transformed into an abstract representation, and then its equivalent in the target language Keywords: Machine Translation, Transfer-based, POS tagging, is generated using bilingual dictionaries and grammar rules Morphological Transfer, language model, Language Translation.
    [Show full text]
  • Generative Approaches to Syntactic Typology George Gibbard
    Generative Approaches to Syntactic Typology George Gibbard Table of Contents Sec. Heading Page 0 Introduction 1 1 Introduction to Theoretical Issues in Syntactic Typology 4 1.1 Basic Word Order Typology 6 1.2 Subject, Object, Accusativity, Ergativity 10 1.3 Review 20 2 Syntactic Typology and Western Malayo-Polynesian Languages 23 3 Is Tagalog ergative? If not, what is it? 26 3.1 Case 27 3.2 Voice 28 3.2.1 Active 29 3.2.2 Transitive Passive 30 3.2.3 Intransitive Passive 33 3.3 Comparison of Tagalog and Acehnese 36 3.4 Review 37 3.5 Voicelessness 39 3.5.1 Existentials 40 3.5.2 "Recent past" 45 3.5.3 The meaning of "voicelessness" 47 3.6 Two Levels of Subject Assignment 50 3.7 Syntactic Status of Two Subjects 53 4 Syntactic Typology Revisited 59 5 Comparison between English and Tagalog 63 Bibliography 70 Generative Approaches to Syntactic Typology o. Introductionl This thesis aims to be a limited exploration of the field of syntactic typology, examining critically two different proposals that have been made for classifying languages in different subfields of syntax. It is my contention that neither of these widely accepted classifications is really workable, as both attempt to treat problems in one area of syntax independently of that area's interactions with other syntactic rules. I find that the treatment of any given area of syntax must generally be dependent on assumptions about the proper theoretical description of other areas of syntax, and thus that any typological theory with such limited scope is bound to fail.
    [Show full text]
  • Syntactic Features of Tagalog Verbs
    This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received 68-11,933 KESS, Joseph Francis, 1942- SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF TAGALOG VERBS. University of Hawaii, Ph.D., 1967 Language and Literature, linguistics University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan ~ JOSEPH FRANCIS KESS 1968 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF TAGALOG VERBS A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT ,OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN LINGUISTICS SEPTEMBER 1967 By Joseph Francis Kess Dissertation Committee: Howard P. McKaughan, Chairman George W. Grace Byron W. Bender Donald M. Topping Norito Fujioka ABSTRACT Linguists have long faced the task of formulating comprehensive and yet accurate gr~mmars. Before such gram­ mars can be written for Philippine languages, certain basic features of verb structure must be investigated. This study investigates some of the syntactic features of Tagalog verbs e,s a step toward the formulation of a more compre­ hensive grammar than is currently available. The syntactic features as defined for this study are morphological, subcategorizational, and selectional. The first refers to the cooccurrence potential of verb stems with certain affixes which mark grammatial relations be­ tween the verb and its topic. The second set of features refers to cooccurrence restrictions between the verb and its various sentence complements. The third set of features refers to cooccurrence restrictions of a collocational nature between the verb and its complements. Thus, verbs are first examined for cooccurrence with a battery of nine affixes, which. mark four basic verbal construction types: Actor-focus, Goal-focus, Locative­ focus, and Implicative-focus.
    [Show full text]
  • A Legacy of the Propaganda: the Tripartite View of Philippine History by Dr
    A Legacy of the Propaganda: The Tripartite View of Philippine History by Dr. Zeus A. Salazar The broad division of most national histories in the Third World into: precolonial, colonial, and post-colonial has its equivalent in Philippine historiography and historical consciousness. The Filipino view, however, was worked out even before the Spaniards were driven out of the country. It was, in fact, a major weapon in the ideological armory of the Filipino struggle against the Spanish colonial regime. Elaborated during the Propaganda Movement, it became the historical worldview of the Revolution which was considered to be the final struggle to bring about the period of freedom from colonial bondage. Imbibed by Filipinos of today as part of the revolutionary heritage, it still dominates ordinary Filipino thinking about Philippine history and history as such. By inextricably attaching our people's history to the colonial phenomenon, it in fact still nourishes what has been called "colonial mentality" down to the very depths of the popular (and, to an extent, even professional) historical consciousness. During the Propaganda and the Revolution, however, this tripartite view of our national history had a positive effect on the burgeoning national psyche. Its power as an idée-force came from its being a highly emotive reaction against the Spanish bipartite view of Philippine history which had supplanted an earlier Filipino historical consciousness. The Indigenous and the Spanish Views We had, at the arrival of the Spaniards an indigenous sense
    [Show full text]
  • Flanagan Paul - Thesis - Input
    A Cross-Linguistic Investigation of the Order of Attributive Adjectives Paul James Flanagan A thesis submitted to the Department of English and History, Edge Hill University, in fulfilment of the EHU requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy March 2014 1 Contents: List of Figures and Tables …………………………………………………………………………………………… 4 List of Abbreviations …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6 Declaration …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8 Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9 Acknowledgements ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 10 Chapter 1: Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 11 1.1 Poly-adjectival Nominal Phrases (PNPs) 1.2 Key Concepts and Theorists 1.3 Focus Languages 1.4 Structure of Thesis Chapter 2: The Adjective Class ………………………………………………………………………………....... 18 2.1 Identifying the Adjective Class 2.2 The Universality of the Adjectival Category 2.3 Cross-linguistic Variation in Property Concepts 2.4 The Syntax of Poly-adjectival Nominal Phrases 2.5 Summary Chapter 3: Research Design ………………………………………………………………………………………… 38 3.1 Research Questions, Aims and Outcomes 3.2 Methodology 3.3 Sampling 3.4 Ethical Considerations Chapter 4: The Adjective Class in English: Background ………………………………………………… 58 4.1 Identification and Morphosyntax 4.2 Subclassification into Functional/Semantic Sets 4.3 Ordering of Multiple Adjectives 4.4 Summary Chapter 5: English Data ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 85 5.1 The Questionnaire 5.2 Quantitative Results 5.3 Qualitative Data and Discussion 5.4
    [Show full text]