TUNGUSO SIBIRICA

Herausgegeben von Michael Weiers

Band 41

2017 Harrassowitz Verlag · Wiesbaden Bayarma Khabtagaeva

The Ewenki dialects of Buryatia and their relationship to Khamnigan Mongol

2017 Harrassowitz Verlag · Wiesbaden Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.dnb.de abrufbar.

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For further information about our publishing program consult our website http://www.harrassowitz-verlag.de © Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden 2017 This work, including all of its parts, is protected by copyright. Any use beyond the limits of copyright law without the permission of the publisher is forbidden and to penalty. This applies particularly to reproductions, translations, microfilms and storage and processing in electronic systems. Printed on permanent/durable paper. Printing and binding: KN Digital Printforce GmbH, Stuttgart Printed in Germany ISSN 0946-0349 ISBN 978-3-447-10914-7 Dedicated to the memory of Ágnes Paulik

Contents

Preface ...... 11 Introduction ...... 13 The topic of the research ...... 13 The sources of data ...... 14 Notes on the transcription ...... 16 The Tungusic languages ...... 17 The Ewenki people and their language ...... 18 Geographic location ...... 18 Siberian Ewenki dialects ...... 19 Studies of the Ewenki language ...... 21 Common Ewenki phonetic features ...... 23 The Ewenki people of Buryatia ...... 26 Language status ...... 28 North-Baikal and Baunt Ewenki people ...... 29 Barguzin Ewenki people ...... 30 Nercha Ewenki people ...... 34 Ewenki dialects in Buryatia ...... 35 Research on Ewenki dialects in Buryatia ...... 35 North-Baikal and Baunt Ewenki study ...... 36 Studies of Barguzin Ewenki ...... 36 Studies of Nercha Ewenki ...... 36 The common phonetic and semantic features of Ewenki dialects of Buryatia .... 37 Phonetic and semantic peculiarities of North-Baikal Ewenki ...... 39 Phonetic and semantic peculiarities of Baunt Ewenki ...... 41 Phonetic and semantic peculiarities of Barguzin Ewenki ...... 41 Phonetic and semantic peculiarities of Nercha Ewenki ...... 44 Studies on Mongolic-Ewenki linguistic relations ...... 45 Research on Mongolic elements in Ewenki ...... 45 Studies on Ewenki loanwords from other languages ...... 47 The Mongolic sources of borrowings ...... 47 Khamnigan Mongol ...... 48 The main phonetic features of Common Khamnigan Mongol ...... 49 Archaic features ...... 49 Shared features of Common Khamnigan Mongol and Dagur ...... 52 Shared features of Common Khamnigan Mongol and Buryat ...... 53 Shared features of Common Khamnigan Mongol and Khalkha-Oyrat ...... 54 Shared features of Common Khamnigan Mongol and Oyrat ...... 54 Phonetic peculiarities of Onon Khamnigan Mongol ...... 54 The list of Mongolic elements in Ewenki dialects of Buryatia ...... 57 Criteria ...... 143 Phonetic criteria ...... 143 ...... 143 Short vowels ...... 143 The “breaking” of initial e ...... 143 The preservation of initial i ...... 144 The regressive assimilation of i ...... 144 8 Contents

či ...... 145 ǰi ...... 146 si ...... 147 ki ...... 149 Word medial i with other consonants ...... 149 The change of ö > u ...... 150 The preservation of vowels in the second syllable ...... 151 The preservation of u in the non-initial syllable ...... 151 The change of u > o in the first syllable ...... 152 Secondary long vowels ...... 153 The preservation of the VGV pattern ...... 153 The change VgV > VwV ...... 154 The development of secondary long vowel ...... 155 The shortening of Mongolic long vowels ...... 156 Vowel labialization ...... 156 Secondary long vowels in place of original short vowels ...... 157 Diphthongs ...... 160 Consonants ...... 162 h- ...... 162 Middle Mongol VqV and VkV ...... 163 The preservation ...... 163 Voicing ...... 164 Labial consonants ...... 165 b ...... 165 m ...... 167 Dental and alveolar consonants ...... 167 t ...... 167 d ...... 168 č ...... 169 ǰ ...... 171 s ...... 173 The palatal consonant y ...... 176 Velar consonants ...... 177 q ...... 177 k ...... 179 γ ...... 180 g ...... 182 Liquid consonants ...... 183 l ...... 183 r ...... 184 Nasal consonants ...... 184 n ...... 184 ŋ ...... 186 Consonant clusters ...... 186 Compound words ...... 188 Hybrid words ...... 189 Morphological criteria ...... 190 The use of suffixes ...... 190 Mongolic elements with Ewenki suffixes ...... 190 Denominal Noun suffixes (NN) ...... 190 Deverbal Noun suffixes (VN) ...... 192 Contents 9

Denominal verbum suffixes (NV) ...... 193 Deverbal verbum suffixes (VV) ...... 193 Change of the original word classes ...... 194 Semantic criteria ...... 195 Change in semantics ...... 195 Buryat elements of Turkic origin ...... 195 Buryat lexical meaning ...... 196 Khamnigan Mongol lexical meaning ...... 196 Words borrowed twice by Ewenki ...... 196 Conclusion ...... 199 References ...... 203 Online sources ...... 214 Index of the Literary Mongolian words ...... 215

Preface The research on Ewenki dialects reported on here began in 2008. Thanks to the Hungarian State Eötvös Fellowship, for three months, from April to June, 2008, I had an opportunity to start collecting materials in the library of the Institute for Asian and African Studies at the University of Helsinki in Finland and regularly consult with Professor Juha Janhunen. At this point I would like to extend my gratitude to him for his insights and helpful advice over the years. After my return back home to Hungary, Professor Katalin Kőhalmi started to regularly tutor me at her home in Tungusic Studies, Ewenki and Manchu languages until the end of her life in 2012. Without her teaching and support this book would not have come into existence. I am very grateful to my fate that I could learn from her. In August, 2009 I had the opportunity to carry out fieldwork among the Barguzin Ewenki people of the Kurumkan Region of Buryatia in Russia. In the village of Alla, where I carried out my fieldwork, I could hear in person some of the specific grammatical features of the language and experience some of the peculiarities of the material culture of Barguzin Ewenkis. I would like to express my thanks to my female informants Baranova Avgustina Lavrent’evna, Delbonova Anna Nikolaevna, Berel’tueva Engel’sina Mukhanaevna, and Malakshinova Lyubov’ Batorovna, who worked long hours with me. The fieldwork among them reinforced my idea to write this book. At this point I want to thank my relatives – Nimaev’s family: tetja Vera and djadja Bator, who gave me refuge during my stay in Alla. I am also grateful to the Professor of the Ewenki language at Buryat State University - Yelizaveta Fedorovna Afanas’jeva, who kindly shared her Ewenki materials with me. A special word of thanks is due to Professor András Róna-Tas for his insights and helpful remarks throughout over the years. I am also grateful to Professor Michael Weiers for accepting my book for the series Tunguso-Sibirica. I also wish to thank Professor Marianne Bakró-Nagy, Professor István Kenesei and Professor Mária Ivanics who assisted me in publishing this book. I would like to extend my gratitude to Prof. Stefan Georg, Dr. Hans Nugteren and Dr. José Andrés Alonso de la Fuente for their advice and invaluable comments. Furthermore, I sincerely thank my colleagues and friends for their feedback and support: Prof. Elisabetta Ragagnin, Dr. Veronika Zikmundova, Prof. Claus Schönig, Prof. Alexander Vovin, Prof. Edward Vajda, Dr. Sándor Szeverényi, Dr. Ildikó Sárközi, and Dr. Béla Kempf. I am also grateful to Dr. Anna Fenyvesi for checking my English. I wish to express my deepest gratitude to my mother Galina Zhigmitovna and my father Abido Cydypovich, my sister Namsalma and my daughter Emese for all their support throughout all these long years, without whom this book would have never come into existence. Last but not least, I would like to thank the Turcology Institute of the Free University Berlin for their financial support. This book is dedicated to the memory of my friend Ágnes Paulik, who was not only a curator of the Oriental Collection at the University Library, University of Szeged, since its foundation and a good specialist in Turkic and Armenian Studies but also a wonderful person and friend.

Szeged, July, 2017 Bayarma Khabtagaeva

Introduction The topic of the research In 1985 Gerhard Doerfer’s famous book Mongolo-Tungusica on Mongolic loanwords in Tungusic languages was published. This monograph began a new era in the research of Mongolic-Tungusic contacts from the point of view of Altaic studies. It is a well-known fact that Doerfer was one of the scholars who did not accept the genetic relationship between . In his book he examined the Mongolic loanwords in Tungusic languages with statistical methods. Every Tungusic word was examined from an etymological perspective, thereby a great number of Mongolic loanwords ultimately turned out to be of Turkic origin. This book is still used nowadays as a handbook among researchers of Altaic studies. In my study I concentrate especially on Mongolic loanwords in Ewenki dialects spoken in the territory of Buryatia. There are some reasons that motivated me in researching this topic. First, I wanted to clarify the status of early Mongolic (i.e. not Buryat) and later Mongolic or Buryat layers. The question is how great the difference is. Second, I wanted to find out the “daguroid” criteria which were examined by Doerfer (1985: 156-161; 161-169). In my opinion in order to understand and clarify these criteria it is important to use comparative data of Dagur and Khamnigan Mongol languages. Since the publication of Doerfer’s monograph in 1985 we have had a lot of new investigated data from the languages in question and their dialects (Engkebatu 1984; Todaeva 1986; Janhunen 1990; 2003a: 83-101; Damdinov 1988; 1993; 1995; Damdinov & Sundueva 2015). In addition to them, archaic Modern Mongol languages of Qinghai-Gansu area and their comparative phonology (Nugteren 2011) have been recently explored, which is also important for our research. Third, I wanted to determine how old the Mongolic influence on the languages spoken in Siberia was. Research into Mongolic elements in Siberian Turkic (Kałużyński 1962; Tatarincev 1976; Rassadin 1980; Khabtagaeva 2009) shows that the Mongolic influence occurred relatively late, e.g. one of the most important features is the disappearance of the Middle Mongol initial consonant h-. This feature is also characteristic of the Yakut elements of Mongolic origin in Ewenki dialects of Yakutia (Khabtagaeva 2011). My recent investigations of Mongolic elements in Yeniseian also indicate this feature, which strengthens the relatively late period of Mongolic influence on Yeniseian languages (Khabtagaeva 2015). The present study may play a role in Proto-Tungusic reconstructions. Even the earliest Tungusic linguistic sources are quite late. They practically date from the time of the and are monuments of the Jurchen language (for details, see Ligeti 1948). This material, however, only provides some data regarding southern Tungusic languages. There is no material on the northern languages from the early period. The first short lists of Ewenki words and phrases had been put down in the end of the 17th and in the 18th century by European travelers and scholars, including Witsen (1692), Messerschmidt (1720-1727) and Strahlenberg (1730). In the same century was compiled the Comparative Dictionary of Pallas, which contains 285 Russian words translated into the ‘Asiatic’ languages, including Ewenki dialects as well (Atkine 1997: 111-112). The lack of early sources on the northern Tungusic group makes us understand the important role played by the Gilyak, Yeniseian, Yakut and Mongolic loanwords of the Ewenki language in the reconstruction of the Proto-Tungusic language. 14 Introduction

The sources of data The lexical material of the Ewenki dialects in my research was collected from the well- known Ewenki-Russian dictionary by Glafira Makar’yevna Vasilevich, mostly based on her fieldwork (Vasilevič 1958). The Literary Ewenki (= LEwenki) forms are also cited from this dictionary. Some dialectal data are accumulated from the small Ewenki-Russian thematic dictionary by Afanas’eva (2004). The material collected during my fieldwork among Barguzin Ewenki people also is included (Khabtagaeva 2010/2011). The Nercha Ewenki material from Castrén’s (= C) monograph (1856) was also checked. In the Ewenki list of Mongolic elements every Ewenki word has a reconstructed Mongolic form and the morphological structure. Curly brackets are used to indicate the Ewenki or Mongolic suffix with its function and source in the literature. The functions and examples of the Ewenki suffixes were checked in the publications of Vasilevič (1958: 744-799), Boldyrev (1987) and Nedjalkov (1997). The functions of Mongolic suffixes were checked in Poppe’s Grammar of Written Mongolian (= GWM) (1954), and a small list was compiled by me (Khabtagaeva 2009: 279-291). The Russian meanings of the Ewenki words were translated into English for the readers’ convenience. Some comparative data from Middle Mongol sources, Literary Mongolian (= LM), and modern non-archaic and archaic are listed. I also give the bibliographical references of Comparative dictionary of Tungusic languages edited by Cincius (= SSTMJA) and Doerfer (1985), who dealt with and indicated the Mongolic elements in Tungusic languages. If the Mongolic word is of Turkic origin, the Old Turkic form is also provided. The data are cited from Clauson’s dictionary (1972). The Chinese data were taken from The Chinese-English dictionary (1979). The Middle Mongol sources1 are given according to the writing systems with which they were noted down: Middle Mongol sources in the Uyghur script: • Precl.Mo. = Preclassical documents from the 13th to 17th centuries, written in the Uyghur . The material was cited from Ligeti (1963; 1965; 1967) and Tumurtogoo (2006); Middle Mongol sources in the Chinese script: • MNT = Mongqol-un ni’uča tobčiyan. The Secret History of the – the earliest Mongolic text compiled in the 13th century and transcribed with . The meanings of the words cited from Ligeti’s transcription (1964; 1971) are drawn from Haenisch’s 1939 dictionary; • ZY = Zhi-yuan yiyu – the Middle Mongol text in Chinese transcription from 1264-1294. The material was taken from Kara (1990); • HY = Hua-yi yi-yu – the Middle Mongol text in Chinese transcription from 1389, which was compiled during the Ming Dynasty. The data were collected from Mostaert (1977) and checked in Haenisch’s 1957 and Lewicki’s 1959 dictionaries; • Yiyu = Beilu yiyu – the copy of the glossary dates from the 16th century, but the material is earlier. The data are cited from Apatóczky (2009);

1 The time for Middle Mongol period comprises approximately from the 13th to the 16th century. The material is mixed, originates from a vast territory and written in several writing systems. Kempf (2013: 19-20) after Rybatzki (2003: 57) set up a definition of Middle Mongol term, which excludes the written sources in Pre-classical Mongolian. The sources of data 15

Middle Mongol sources in ‘Phags-pa script: • ‘Phags-pa = ‘Phags-pa material – the Mongolic inscriptions written in the square script invented in 1269 and used until the collapse of the in 1368. The material is cited from Poppe (1957) and Tumurtogoo (2010); Middle Mongol sources in the : • Leiden = the anonymous manuscript Kitâb-i Majmû’ Tarjumân-î Turkî va ‘Ajamî va Muġalî va Fârsî from Leiden is dated to 1345, the material was taken from Poppe’s 1927 edition; • Ibn-Muh. = The Arabic–Mongol dictionary Ḥilyat al-Insân va Ḥalbat al-Lisân of Ibn-Muhanna is from the first half of the 14th century. The material was cited from Poppe (1938); • Muq. = Mukaddimat al- Adab of of Abû’l-Qâsim Maḥmûd - the Mongolic source was noted down by Muslim scholars in the 15th century and written in the the Arabic script. The data were taken from Poppe (1938); • Rasulid = The Rasûlid Hexaglott – the Middle Mongol source in the Arabic script from 1363, the data from which were published by Golden (2000); • Ist. = The Mongolian dictionary from Istanbul - the Mongolic source written in the Arabic script in the late 15th or early 16th centuries. The data were published by Ligeti (1962); Middle Mongol sources in the Armenian script: • Kirakos = The Armenian–Mongolic glossary of Kirakos - a glossary written in 1270, the data were cited via Ligeti (1965b). The Literary Mongolian (= LM) is a written language and the link between the various Mongolic languages. The data were taken from the Mongolian–English dictionary by Lessing (1996). Modern Mongol languages are cited in two groups: non-archaic and archaic. The non- archaic group includes the following languages: • Buryat is the northern, non-archaic Mongolic language, the standardized language of Buryatia. The data are from the dictionary by Čeremisov (1973); • Khalkha is the central, non-archaic Mongolic language, the standardized language of . The data are from the dictionaries by Bawden (1997) and Kara (1998); • Kalmuck is the western, non-archaic Mongolic language, the standardized language of Kalmykia. The data are from Ramstedt’s dictionary (1935). The Modern archaic group is classified into the following languages: • Khamnigan Mongol is the north-eastern archaic Mongolic language, which includes three dialects (Janhunen 2003a): KhamniganO = the Trans-Baikalian or Onon Khamnigan dialect is spoken in the Aga National District of Chita Province, Russia. The data are from the dictionary by Damdinov and Sundueva (2015); KhamniganDS = the Dadal sum Khamnigan Mongol dialect is spoken in the northeastern part of Mongolia in the Khentei Province in Dadal sum. The data are cited from Kőhalmi’s 1959 paper;

16 Introduction

KhamniganM = the Khamnigan Mongol dialect of Mongolia is spoken in Mongolia in Khentei and Dornod Provinces. The data are from Mišig’s 1961 and Rinčen’ 1968 works.2 KhamniganMa = the Manchurian Khamnigan dialect is spoken in the northeastern part of , in the Khulun Buir district. The data are from Janhunen (1990). • Dagur is the northeastern archaic Mongolic language spoken in different parts of China as the Khulun Buir district (Inner Mongolia), and Heilonjiang and Xingjiang provinces. The Dagur data are mostly from dictionary by Engkebatu (1984), but also checked in Todaeva’s 1986 and Poppe’s 1930 monographs; • Eastern Yugur is the southern archaic Mongolic language spoken in the Gansu province of China. It is important to differentiate Eastern Yugurs from Western Yugur people, who speak a Turkic language. The Eastern Yugur data are from Bulčilaγu’s dictionary (1985); The following languages, Monguor, Baoan and Santa form a separate Shirongol group: • Monguor is the southern archaic Mongolic language, which has two dialects: Huzhu Monguor (or Mongghul) and Minhe Monguor (or Mangghuer). The dialects are spoken the Qinghai-Gansu region, and in recent literature they have been referred to as independent languages. The Huzhu Monguor data are from the dictionary by Khasbaatar (1985), while the data of Minhe Monguor from various works as Smedt and Mostaert (1933), Todaeva (1973) and Slater (1996); • Baoan is the southern archaic Mongolic language spoken in Gansu and Qinghai provinces of China. The data are from the dictionary by Chen Naixiong (1985) and also checked in Todaeva (1966); • Santa or Dongxiang, the last language of the Shirongol group, is a southern archaic Mongolic language, also spoken in Gansu and Qinghai provinces of China as Monguor and Baoan. The data are from Bökhe’s 1983 dictionary; • Moghol is the peripheral Mongolic language spoken in northern Afghanistan. The data are from Weiers (1972).

For details of various views on the classification of Mongolic languages, see Janhunen (2003: xvi-xviii), Rybatzki (2003: 57-82), Nugteren (2011: 22-23), and Khabtagaeva (2013: 158-159). Notes on the transcription The transcription of Tungusic and Mongolic data follows general principles employed in Tungusic (SSTMJa 1: xvii) and Mongolic Studies, respectively. E.g. the palatal glide consonant is given as /j/ in the Tungusic data, while in the Mongolic and Turkic data it has been kept as /y/. It is important to note that the traditional transcription system which is used in most publications on Mongolic is close to the transcription used in Turkic Studies (Johanson & Csató 1998: xviii-xxii).

2 Unfortunately, the work on Khamnigan Mongol published by Yu Wonsoo (2011) was available to the author after finishing the manuscript and was not used here.