DOCSLIB.ORG

The Phonology and Lexicon of Early Modern Mongolian and Late Southern Middle Mongol As Documented in a 17Th Century Ming Chinese-Mongolian Dictionary

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Phonology and Lexicon of Early Modern Mongolian and Late Southern Middle Mongol As Documented in a 17Th Century Ming Chinese-Mongolian Dictionary Andrew Shimunek* THE PHONOLOGY AND LEXICON OF EARLY MODERN MONGOLIAN AND LATE SOUTHERN MIDDLE MONGOL AS DOCUMENTED IN A 17TH CENTURY MING CHINESE-MONGOLIAN DICTIONARY ABSTRACT Although the existence of early Ming lexicographical sources on the Mongol language, e.g. Hua-Yi yryu ¥ 3H~H! (1389), has been known for quite a while, certain late Ming dictionaries from the 16th and 17th centuries have also been treated as exclusively "Middle Mongol" sources in the previous literature (e.g. Manduqu 1995, Apatoczky 2009, and Rykin 2011, 2012), despite the fact that such texts were composed centuries after the Mongol Empire, and despite identifiable Modern Mongolian phonological innovations evident in these texts. In this article I present a preliminary analysis of Beilu Kao i~~~, a 17th century Ming dictionary of Mongolian, and demonstrate its value in elucidating information on the phonology and lexicon of Early Modern Mongolian and Late Southern Middle Mongol. Previous scholarship has largely treated the Beilu Kao and other * This paper presents some results from research funded by a postdoctoral fellowship in Mongolian Studies at the Universiti degli Studi di Napoli "L'Orientale". I am grateful to my fellowship advisor Prof. Donatella Guida for selecting me for this fellowship, which has given me the opportunity to continue my research on this topic. I also thank Prof. Michele Bernardini for his helpful advice and for generously giving me a copy of Buhe & Liu's Bonan sketch which I used in this paper; an anonymous peer reviewer who provided helpful comments on a previous draft of this paper; and Jason Glavy for making his freely downloadable Soyombo font (available at <www.reocities.com/jglavy/asian.html». which I have employed in this paper. Any remaining errors are entirely my own. MINGQING YANJIUXVIII (2013-14) ISSN 1724-8574 © Universita degli Studi di Napoli "L'Orientale" Downloaded from Brill.com09/30/2021 11:47:54PM via free access Andrew Shimunek variants of Beilu yryu as a unitary source representing a single language. In fact, the Beilu Kao is a mixed lexicographical source, including wordforms copied from early Middle Mongol lexicographical works, as well as late Southern Middle Mongol dialectal forms, and most importantly, transcriptions of Early Modem Mongolian, as I will demonstrate in this paper. 1. Introduction While relatively good philological data exists on the phonology and lexicon of Middle Mongol, there is very little evidence on the period immediately following it, a stage of Mongolic which we may term 'Early Modern Mongolian', as it deviates significantly from Middle Mongol phonology, exhibiting a number of innovations characteristic of Modern Mongolian (or 'Mongolian Proper,).l See below for my definition of 'Early Modern Mongolian': Early Modem Mongolian: The Mongolian language (i.e. the language which later developed into present-day Mongolian Proper and its dialects, including Khalkha, Baarin, Chakhar, Khorchin, Aru Khorchin, etc.) in the post-Middle Mongol period, beginning around the late 16th century, extending at least through the 17th century, and ending sometime before the early 20th century (the approximate end date remains to be determined) . Very little work has been undertaken on the phonology, morphology, lexicon, or syntax of this period of Mongolian.2 Among the few studies in this area of research, we may note Lee et al.'s (2000) study of 17th century Written Mongol chronicles and Sagdarsiiren's (2006) observations on 17'h -century Mongolian phonology based on 1 In my periodization, 'Early Middle Mongol' (13 th c. to 14th c.) refers to Middle Mongol as spoken during the the Mongol Empire; 'Late Middle Mongol' (15 th c. to early 16th c.) refers to Middle Mongol as spoken after the Mongol Empire; and 'Early Modem Mongolian' denotes Mongolian as spoken beginning around the late 16 th century and extending at least through the 17th century, if not later. 2 Note that Mongolian here refers to Mongolian Proper, excluding other Mongolic languages like Oirat, Buryat, Daur, etc. 98 Downloaded from Brill.com09/30/2021 11:47:54PM via free access The Phonology and Lexicon ofEarly Modern Mongolian the identification of a number of non-standard spellings in Written Mongol texts of that time period. Sagdarsiiren's methodology has allowed him to identify several phonological innovations in 17 th century Mongolian, evidence of what I term 'Early Modern Mongolian'. The most important phonological innovation Sagdarsiiren has uncovered is the fact that already by the 17th century, the so-called 'vowel hiatus' of Middle Mongol-which is commonly transcribed in philological works on Middle Mongol as V/V2 (e.g. MMgI ne'ii­ 'nomadize, move' and gijrii'esiin 'game animal' 3 )-had monophthongized. As evidence of this, Sagdarsiiren notes the following "mistakes (an.n,aa)" in the 17th century chronicle Sir-a Tuytiji (2006: 135), which I have arranged in table format for easy comparison. The phonological reconstructions are my own: 4 Table 1. Spoken Early Modern Mongolian phonology in the Sir-a Tuyuji Sir-a Classical Early Modem Mongolian Semantic value Tuyuji Mongol reconstruction <nti-> <negti-> *nu:- 'move, nomadize' 'game animal' (or <gorostin> <gortigestin> *gorosUn 'Siberian Roe Deer') These forms represent contemporary 17th century Mongol speech, and are clear evidence of Early Modern Mongolian forms. Note also the present-day Modern Khalkha Mongolian reflexes Hyy- [nu:-] 'move, nomadize' and ropooc [go'ros] 'game animal' or 'Siberian Roe Deer'. 3 These Middle Mongol forms are from Kuribayashi's (2009) study of the Secret History oj the Mongols. 4 In this paper I follow a linguistic transcription of Mongol, rather than the traditional philological transcription. Thus, what appear as Ii and ii in Mongolistic philological transcription of Middle Mongol and Modern Khalkha are rendered phonologically by me as [0 ~ e] and [u]. Likewise, 0 and u in philological transcription are rendered by me as [::>] and [u], respectively. 99 Downloaded from Brill.com09/30/2021 11:47:54PM via free access Andrew Shimunek 2. The Ming Chinese transcriptions In addition to data identified, or potentially identifiable, following Sagdarsiiren's methodology, there are also a significant number of Ming Chinese transcriptions of Early Modern Mongolian attesting phonological innovations that greatly diverge from early Middle Mongol and resemble Modern Mongolian. In particular, Beilu Kao jt~ ~, a 17th century text found in juan 227 of Mao Yuanyi's ~TC{ii (1594 - ca. 1640) Wu Bei Zhi fff:tlr;§, consists of a 57-page Chinese­ Mongolian dictionary. 5 Beilu Kao is believed to be a variant of a Chinese-Mongolian dictionary, the earliest extant copy of which dates to the late 16th century.6 Although previous work on Beilu Kao and other late Ming Chinese­ Mongolian dictionaries (e.g. Manqudu 1995; Apatoczky 2009a, 2009b; and Rykin 2011, 2012) have treated the transcriptions contained therein exclusively as transcriptions of Middle Mongol, 7 careful observation of the texts reveals that Beilu Kao is in fact a mixed lexicon, including a large number of transcriptions of Middle Mongol, most likely copied from earlier lexicographical materials such as Yuan or early Ming dictionaries, and a significant number of transcriptions which show evidence of the beginnings of Modern Mongolian phonology, morphology, and lexicon, which we must conclude are contemporary 17th century Ming transcriptions of Early Modern Mongolian. This article is restricted to Early Modern Mongolian phonology and lexicon in Beilu MO. I plan to address the morphophonology and morpho syntax of the data in a future study. 5 According to Apatoczky (2009a), Beilu Kao (or "Beiluyrytl') is datable to 1621, and it appears to incorporate a significant amount of transcriptions from an earlier Chinese-Mongolian dictionary whose earliest extant copy is datable to 1599. 6 See Rykin (2011, 2012) and Apatoczky (2009a, 2009b) for details on Beilu Kao and related texts. 7 Apatoczky (2009a, 2009b) considers it to be a Middle Mongol dictionary with "dialectal traces". 100 Downloaded from Brill.com09/30/2021 11:47:54PM via free access The Phonology and Lexicon of Early Modern Mongolian 2.1. Phonological evidence of Early Modem Mongolian 2.1.1. Periodization of the Chinese transcriptions A considerable number of Mongol words in Beilu Kao are transcribed two or more times-once in Late Old Mandarin transcriptions of Middle Mongol, and sometimes also in genuine contemporary 17th century Ming Mongolian, i.e. Early Modern Mongolian. For example, note the following dual transcriptions: 8 Table 2. Middle Mongol and Early Modern Mongolian dual transcriptions Middle Mongol transcription in BLK Earl~ Modem Mongolian in BLK LOM Gl. MMgl Source MSC Gl. EModM Source BLK BLK [ocS'E)l] [JCS'E)l] *hukh;)r 9948: *ukh~r 9986: (*xukh;)jl) 4- (Ukh3") 4- 7a 2a BLK BLK [;k~] [fJt~] *h3tu-n 9936: *3W 9963: (*xw3tun) £ (W3tU) £ 7a 8b BLK BLK [OC~Jtt£] [fi~~] *hulafian 9980: ~;r *ula1) 9974: (*xulafian)9 U (ulal) 8a 7a BLK BLK [lJ<::~] [~:ff~] *Situ 9949: *Sutii 9973: (*t>itu) 3f (t>utu) 5f 3a 3a 8 The Late Old Mandarin forms are based on Coblin (2007) and Pulleyblank (1991), with considerations from later research. Specifically, I revise Coblin's (2007) syllable-initial glottal stop *[1] (the asterisk is added by me) to * [fi], following considerations in Hill (2009). Note that I have not included the tones of the Late Old Mandarin or Modern Mandarin forms since they are irrelevant to the reconstruction of the Mongol forms. 9 Note that the character tt£ is written in 'Phagspa Script with an initial r2 (Cob. #669), which indicates a *[fi] onset, following considerations in Hill (2009). 101 Downloaded from Brill.com09/30/2021 11:47:54PM via free access Andrew Shimunek BLK BLK [n:f;~gl] [fl(;W5l] *utur 9941: B *otiir 9966: (*utw) B (W;)tu3") 8a 4c Note the phonological similarity of the Early Modern Mongolian forms in the table above to present-day Modern Khalkha YX3P ['uxi}r], 0,lJ.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • From Animal to Name, Remarks on the Semantics of Middle Mongolian Personal Names
    Volker Rybatzki University of Helsinki From animal to name, remarks on the semantics of Middle Mongolian personal names In 2006 I published my dissertation, “Die Personennamen und Titel der mit- telmongolischen Dokumente: Eine lexikalische Untersuchung”, in the series of the Institute for Asian and African Studies at Helsinki (Publications of the In- stitute for Asian and African Studies 8).1 At that time, I planned to publish in the near future a revised version of the work (together with additional chapters on semantics, word formation, etc.). As it happened, however, a great quantity of new material of Middle Mongolian (including numerous personal names and titles) was published at that time: the materials discovered in Dunhuang at the end of the 1990s and at the beginning of the new millennium (Peng & Wang 2000, 2004a–b), as well as the materials found in Qaraqoto and preserved in Huhhot (Yoshida & Cimeddorji 2008), this last publication includes also some unique Middle Mongolian fragments e.g. hPags-pa written in cursive script. At this point, a revised publication would have meant rewriting the whole disserta- tion; for that reason, the whole plan was abandoned. Other research interests also led to this decision. Already partly written, however, were some sections of the revised version: a treatment of semantics and word formation, an overview of Middle Mongolian literature (in its broadest sense), and an additional chapter dealing with the names of Buddhas, Bodhisattvas and other Buddhist entities. As I believe that these chapters might still be of some interest to the scientific world, I hereby present the chapter on the semantics of Middle Mongolian per- sonal names as a token of gratitude to my teacher Juha Janhunen.
    [Show full text]
  • ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N 4823 Date: 2017-05-24
    ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N 4823 Date: 2017-05-24 ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 Coded Character Set Secretariat: Japan (JISC) Doc. Type: Disposition of comments Title: Disposition of comments on PDAM1.2 to ISO/IEC 10646 5th edition Source: Michel Suignard (project editor) Project: JTC1 02.10646.00.01.00.05 Status: For review by WG2 Date: 2017-05-24 Distribution: WG2 Reference: SC2 N4518 Medium: Paper, PDF file Comments were received from the following members: China, Ireland, Japan, Mongolia, UK, and USA. The following document is the disposition of those comments. The disposition is organized per country. Note – With some minor exceptions, the full content of the ballot comments has been included in this document to facilitate the reading. The dispositions are inserted in between these comments and are marked in Underlined Bold Serif text, with explanatory text in italicized serif. As a result of this disposition, a new PDAM1.3 ballot will be initiated. It is expected to be the last PDAM ballot for Amendment 1 before a DAM ballot is initiated. Page 1 Following these dispositions, the following changes were done to the Amendment repertoire: Xiangqi game symbols 30 characters removed (U+1F270..U+1F28D) from the Enclose Ideographic Supplement block (U+1F200..U+1F2FF) and replaced by 14 characters (U+1FA60..U+1FA6D) in a new block: Chess Symbols (U+1FA00..U+1FA6F) with names and code points as follows: 1FA60 RED XIANGQI GENERAL 1FA61 RED XIANGQI MANDARIN 1FA62 RED XIANGQI ELEPHANT 1FA63 RED XIANGQI HORSE 1FA64 RED XIANGQI CHARIOT 1FA65 RED XIANGQI CANNON 1FA66 RED XIANGQI SOLDIER 1FA67 BLACK XIANGQI GENERAL 1FA68 BLACK XIANGQI MANDARIN 1FA69 BLACK XIANGQI ELEPHANT 1FA6A BLACK XIANGQI HORSE 1FA6B BLACK XIANGQI CHARIOT 1FA6C BLACK XIANGQI CANNON 1FA6D BLACK XIANGQI SOLDIER Small Historic Kana The characters proposed at 1B127..1B12F are removed from this amendment.
    [Show full text]
  • Töwkhön, the Retreat of Öndör Gegeen Zanabazar As a Pilgrimage Site Zsuzsa Majer Budapest
    Töwkhön, The ReTReaT of öndöR GeGeen ZanabaZaR as a PilGRimaGe siTe Zsuzsa Majer Budapest he present article describes one of the revived up to the site is not always passable even by jeep, T Mongolian monasteries, having special especially in winter or after rain. Visitors can reach the significance because it was once the retreat and site on horseback or on foot even when it is not possible workshop of Öndör Gegeen Zanabazar, the main to drive up to the monastery. In 2004 Töwkhön was figure and first monastic head of Mongolian included on the list of the World’s Cultural Heritage Buddhism. Situated in an enchanted place, it is one Sites thanks to its cultural importance and the natural of the most frequented pilgrimage sites in Mongolia beauties of the Orkhon River Valley area. today. During the purges in 1937–38, there were mass Information on the monastery is to be found mainly executions of lamas, the 1000 Mongolian monasteries in books on Mongolian architecture and historical which then existed were closed and most of them sites, although there are also some scattered data totally destroyed. Religion was revived only after on the history of its foundation in publications on 1990, with the very few remaining temple buildings Öndör Gegeen’s life. In his atlas which shows 941 restored and new temples erected at the former sites monasteries and temples that existed in the past in of the ruined monasteries or at the new province and Mongolia, Rinchen marked the site on his map of the subprovince centers. Öwörkhangai monasteries as Töwkhön khiid (No.
    [Show full text]
  • India & Mongolia in the Middle Ages – More Than Just a Connection
    Ancient History of Asian Countries India & Mongolia in the Middle Ages – More Than Just a Connection By Mohan Gopal Author Mohan Gopal The Taj Mahal area and traced his lineage to a line of Turkic-Mongol warlords who alternately plagued, plundered, ruled and governed in greater or If there is one monument which conjures up an image of India, it lesser components a vast region which roughly spans the areas of is the Taj Mahal. It was constructed c. 1631 at the behest of Emperor present-day Turkey, southern Russia, the northern Middle East, Shah Jahan as the ultimate memorial and place of eternal rest for his central Asia, northern Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and northern India. beloved wife, Mumtaj. The Taj, as it is commonly referred to, is for The most commonly known name in this lineage was Tamerlane, romanticists across the globe, the ultimate architectural poem of love born in 1336 in central Asia, also known as Timur the Lame, Timur etched in white marble with floral motifs inlaid with precious stones; the Great or Timur the Horrible, depending on which perspective one a monument of perfect geometrical balance and symmetry. In this took – that of his huge territorial conquests or the countless and mausoleum lie the tombs of Emperor Shah Jahan and his beloved endless massacres and lootings which formed the basis of them. queen. Babur chose the former perspective and with pride considered It may come as a surprise to many that this widely admired, loved himself a Timurid, a descendant of the mighty Timur. and romanticized world artefact which has come to be known as a Babur’s mother was Qutlugh Nigar Khanum.
    [Show full text]
  • Preliminary Agenda
    ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 N4505-A DATE: 2014-02-23 ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set (UCS) - ISO/IEC 10646 Secretariat: ANSI DOC TYPE: Preliminary Agenda TITLE: Preliminary Agenda Meeting # 62 SOURCE: Mike Ksar, Convener PROJECT: JTC 1.02.18 – ISO/IEC 10646 STATUS: ACTION ID: ACT – Review preliminary agenda in document N4505-A and provide feedback to Convener DUE DATE: 2014-02-18 DISTRIBUTION: SC2/WG2 members and Liaison organizations MEDIUM: Electronic NO. OF PAGES: 4 Below is a copy of the preliminary agenda for the upcoming meeting 62 of JTC1/SC2/WG2. Please review and provide feedback. Mike Ksar ISO/IEC/JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 Convener Phone: +1 408 255-1217 22680 Alcalde Rd. e-mail: [email protected] Cupertino, CA 95014 – U. S. A. ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 N4505-A DATE: 2014-02-23 Preliminary Agenda – Meeting # 62 Topic (Document No.) Proposed Outcome 1. Opening and roll call (N4401) Update Distribution List 2. Approval of the agenda (N4505-A) Approved agenda 3. Approval of minutes of meeting 61 (N4403) Approved Minutes 4. Review action items from previous meeting (N4403-AI) Updated Action Item List 5. JTC1 and ITTF matters 6. SC2 matters: 6.1. SC2 Program of Work FYI 6.2. FDAM2 Results of 3rd edition – 100% approved (N4532) FYI 6.3. Results of PDAM1 subdivision proposal (N4531) FYI 6.4. Summary of Voting DIS – 4th edition (N4524 & N4524-A) Consider and progress 6.5. Draft additional Repertoire DIS – 4th edition (N4459) Consider and Progress 6.6.
    [Show full text]
  • 85 3. Modern Development of the Cm Vowels
    Mongolic phonology and the Qinghai-Gansu languages Nugteren, H. Citation Nugteren, H. (2011, December 7). Mongolic phonology and the Qinghai-Gansu languages. LOT dissertation series. Utrecht : LOT, Netherlands Graduate School of Linguistics. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/18188 Version: Not Applicable (or Unknown) Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the License: Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/18188 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). 3. MODERN DEVELOPMENT OF THE CM VOWELS 3.1. Introduction In the following pages the main developments of each CM vowel will be discussed. Each section will start with the „default‟ development, which need not be the most frequent development. The quality of unaccented vowels is rather unstable in the QG languages, and easily influenced by the consonant environment. After the default reflexes the most common conditioned changes will be discussed. Whenever poss- ible the focus will be on correspondences of historical and comparative importance. In all modern languages the CM vowels underwent several changes, which are correlated to changes in the vowel system of each language as a whole. Such changes often affect the number of vowel phonemes, and modify or undermine vowel harmony. On the level of the lexeme such changes affect both the quantity and quality of the vowels. In all three peripheries we find that the original vocalism is simplified. In general the distinction between *ï and *i is (all but) absent, and the number of phonemic rounded vowel qualities was reduced. The Dagur system and the Shirongol system are the result of different routes of simplification.
    [Show full text]
  • Negation in Mongolic
    SUSA/JSFOu 95, 2015 Benjamin BROSIG (Stockholm) Negation in Mongolic This paper attempts to give a functional overview of negation in the Mongolic language family. In Early Middle Mongol, standard, prohibitive and perhaps ascriptive negation were coded by the preverbal negators ese for perfective/past, ülü for imperfective/non- past and büü for most moods including imperatives. It contrasted with the locative- existential-possessive negator ügei, which could also negate results and constituents. In most modern Mongolic languages, ügei made inroads into standard and ascriptive negation, competing with busi ‘other’ for ascriptive negation starting from Late Middle Mongol. Possessive constructions, while always based on ügei, are expressed through a range of different syntactic patterns, and a new locative-existential negator alga devel- oped in one area. Newly developed verbal negators include the broadly used former resultative verbal negator -üüdei, and -sh, a more restricted reflex of busi. The change of negator position had consequences for its scope and interaction with other categories, which are discussed in some detail for Khalkha. While prohibitives always remained preverbal, preventives emerged from declaratives, acquiring modal characteristics. In this paper, I intend to present a sketch of the development of negation in Mongolic. In contrast to previous research, I will not structure the investigation around cog- nates, but rather explore how different functions are expressed in the individual lan- guages. Following the line of (then-ongoing) research by Ljuba Veselinova (2013), the functional categories to be investigated include verbal declarative negation, existen- tial, locative and possessive negation, the ascriptive negation of adjectives and nouns and, additionally, verbal preventives and prohibitives.
    [Show full text]
  • WG2 Meeting Unicode 2011 N4005 Agenda
    ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 N4005-A Date: 2011-06-03 mikeksar ! 6/3/11 9:41 AM Deleted: 2 Draft Agenda– Meeting # 58 Topic (Document No.) Proposed Outcome 1. Opening and roll call (N4001) Update WG2 Distribution List 2. Approval of the agenda (N4005-A) Approved agenda 3. Approval of minutes of meeting 57 (N3903) Approved Minutes 4. Review action items from previous meeting (N3903-AI) Updated Action Item List 5. JTC1 and ITTF matters: FYI 5.1. Results of voting on ISO/IEC 10646 2nd Edition (N3993) 5.2. Publication of ISO/IEC 10646 – 2nd Edition; includes AMD 8 6. SC2 matters: FYI 6.1. SC2 Program of Work FYI 6.2. Calling Notice and Draft Agenda for the 17th Plenary Meeting of ISO/IEC JTC1/SC 2 to be held in Helsinki, Finland, 2011-06-10 (N3994) 6.3. Draft WG2 report to SC2 (N4045) FYI 6.4. Submittals to ITTF – 2nd Edition (N3993) FYI 6.5. Ballot results Prepare Disposition of Comments 6.5.1. 3rd Edition (N4014.zip) – Text (N3967.zip) 6.5.2. PDAM1 – 3rd Edition (N4009.zip) – Text (N3968.zip) 6.6. JTC1 SC35: Comments on ISO/IEC JTC1/SC35 N1579 Proposal to incorporate symbols of ISO/IEC 9995-7:2009 and Amendment 1 into the UCS [=ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N3897] (N3996) (N4085) 6.7. Draft Technical Report Cultural and Linguistic Interoperability – Definitions and relationship between symbols, icons, animated icons, pictograms, characters and glyphs (N3927) 6.8. Proposal to encode missing Latin small capital and modifier letters (N4068, N4085) 6.9.
    [Show full text]
  • ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 N4350 Date: 2013-05-07
    ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 N4350 Date: 2013-05-07 ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 Universal Character Set (UCS) - ISO/IEC 10646 Secretariat: ANSI Title: SC2/WG2 partial document register (N4250 – N4427) Source: Mike Ksar – Convener Action: Review contributions for the next SC2/WG2. Distribution: SC2/WG2 experts and Liaison Organizations SC2/WG2 Register Document Ranges File Name Document Ranges From To File size N4350 N4250 – N4350 2012-10-03 2013-05-07 350KB N4250 N4256 – N4384 2012-10-01 2012-11-06 512KB N4100 N4046 – N4255 2010-10-08 2012-02-27 397KB N4000 N3800 – N4045 2008-10-08 2011-05-11 440KB N3800 N3505 – N3948 2008-08-17 2010-10-14 550KB N3550 N3550 - N3599 2008-04-07 2009-03-30 460KB N3450 N3288 – N3547 2007-07-23 2008-10-16 634KB N3400 N3250 – N3476 2007-09-05 2008-04-24 450KB + N3350 N3250 – N3436 2007-09-05 2008-04-09 428KB N3250 N3000 – N3316 2005-01-27 2007-08-29 508KB + N3000 N2855 – N3107 2005-01-27 2006-01-10 278KB N2950 N2650 – N3006 2003-10-27 2005-09-15 644KB N2700 N2190 – N2721 2003-03-14 2004-02-09 1220KB N2300 N1600 – N2360 with some Links 1997-07-04 2001-04-05 1550KB N1500 N1400 – N1604 1996-08-02 1997-07-04 589KB N1300 N0001 – N1270 with some Links 1984/June 1986 1995-10-20 255KB N1299 N1200 – N1465 1995-05-03 1996-11-28 311KB Number T I T L E Source Date N4427 IRG Meeting Summary Lu Qin Pending N4426 IRG Meeting No.
    [Show full text]
  • Soyombo Test Case for the Universal Shaping Engine
    A Soyombo test case for the Universal Shaping Engine These slides were first presented by John Hudson (Tiro Typeworks) at the 38th International Unicode Conference, as part of a larger, joint presentation with Andrew Glass (Microsoft) entitled Shaping in the Post-Tofu Era.* The overall presentation consisted of an introduction to the background and business case for the new Universal Shaping Engine, followed by the Soyombo test case as illustrated in these slides, and then a live demo of the Soyombo font in use in a virtual machine running a build of the new engine with preliminary Soyombo data. The Universal Shaping Engine (USE) is a new Unicode layout engine within the Microsoft Uniscribe layout component, introduced in the Windows 10 technical preview. The strategic goal of USE is to dramatically reduce the amount of time between the proposal of a script for encoding in the Unicode Standard and support for that script in software, which currently averages eight years. The business case for USE focuses on the diminishing returns on investment in dedicated shaping engines for individual scripts, especially for historical and minority scripts with few and sometimes impoverished users. Unlike previous, script-specific shaping engines, the Universal Shaping Engine is based on a generic cluster model that requires no specialised knowledge of a particular writing system, but only a set of character property data from the Unicode Standard. This data is employed by USE to handle some aspects of cluster-level reordering—e.g. left-side vowels for Indic scripts—, but most of the responsibility for script behaviour resides with the font’s OpenType Layout (OTL) tables.
    [Show full text]
  • Mongolian Studies in the Nordic Countries : a Brief Historical Survey
    Title Mongolian Studies in the Nordic Countries : A Brief Historical Survey Author(s) JANHUNEN, Juha Citation 北方人文研究, 5, 43-55 Issue Date 2012-03-31 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/49269 Type bulletin (article) Note Special Contribution File Information 04journal05-janhuen.pdf Instructions for use Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP 〈Special Contribution〉 Mongolian Studies in the Nordic Countries: A Brief Historical Survey Juha JANHUNEN Helsinki University The Nordic countries form a region of five relatively small and sparsely inhabited kingdoms and republics in Northern Europe: Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Iceland. In spite of their small populations, these countries have made considerable contributions to the exploration of the rest of the world. Sweden and Norway, in particular, but also Denmark with its possession of Greenland, have been active exploring the Arctic and Antarctic regions, but in addition to this line of research there is a great tradition of Asian studies, which also comprises Finland. Among the geographical targets of Finnish and Scandinavian scholars in Asia, Mongolia has always occupied an important place. However, to some extent, the field of Mongolian studies in the different Nordic countries has had different backgrounds and motives. Particularly conspicuous differences exist between Finland, on the one hand, and the Scandinavian countries, on the other. The present paper summarizes the history of the field and highlights some of the results achieved.* The Beginnings of Mongolian studies in Finland Among the Nordic countries, Finland has the longest and broadest tradition in Mongolian studies. This is due to two circumstances: First, between 1809 and 1917 Finland was an autonomous Grand Duchy under the Russian Empire, and Finnish scholars were freely able to travel in the eastern parts of Russia and from there enter also Mongolia.
    [Show full text]
  • The Phonology and Lexicon of Early Modern Mongolian and Late Southern Middle Mongol As Documented in a 17Th Century Ming Chinese-Mongolian Dictionary
    Andrew Shimunek* THE PHONOLOGY AND LEXICON OF EARLY MODERN MONGOLIAN AND LATE SOUTHERN MIDDLE MONGOL AS DOCUMENTED IN A 17TH CENTURY MING CHINESE-MONGOLIAN DICTIONARY ABSTRACT Although the existence of early Ming lexicographical sources on the Mongol language, e.g. Hua-Yi yryu ¥ 3H~H! (1389), has been known for quite a while, certain late Ming dictionaries from the 16th and 17th centuries have also been treated as exclusively "Middle Mongol" sources in the previous literature (e.g. Manduqu 1995, Apatoczky 2009, and Rykin 2011, 2012), despite the fact that such texts were composed centuries after the Mongol Empire, and despite identifiable Modern Mongolian phonological innovations evident in these texts. In this article I present a preliminary analysis of Beilu Kao i~~~, a 17th century Ming dictionary of Mongolian, and demonstrate its value in elucidating information on the phonology and lexicon of Early Modern Mongolian and Late Southern Middle Mongol. Previous scholarship has largely treated the Beilu Kao and other * This paper presents some results from research funded by a postdoctoral fellowship in Mongolian Studies at the Universiti degli Studi di Napoli "L'Orientale". I am grateful to my fellowship advisor Prof. Donatella Guida for selecting me for this fellowship, which has given me the opportunity to continue my research on this topic. I also thank Prof. Michele Bernardini for his helpful advice and for generously giving me a copy of Buhe & Liu's Bonan sketch which I used in this paper; an anonymous peer reviewer who provided helpful comments on a previous draft of this paper; and Jason Glavy for making his freely downloadable Soyombo font (available at <www.reocities.com/jglavy/asian.html».
    [Show full text]