DOCSLIB.ORG

For King and What Country?

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
For King and What Country? For King and What Country? Chinggisid-Timurid Conceptions of Rulership and Political Community in Relation to Territory, 1370–1530 by Shuntu Kuang A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations University of Toronto © Copyright by Shuntu Kuang 2020 For King and What Country? Chinggisid-Timurid Conceptions of Rulership and Political Community in Relation to Territory, 1370–1530 Shuntu Kuang Doctor of Philosophy Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations University of Toronto 2020 Abstract This thesis investigates Chinggisid-Timurid conceptions of rulership and political community in relation to territory, focusing on Perso-Islamic Central Asia and Iran during the period 1370–1530. It also discusses the thirteenth-century Mongol-ruled world for backdrop, and highlights the distinctiveness of the said conceptions through comparisons with contemporaneous European and East Asian/Ming Chinese conceptions of the same. This is a study of a chapter in the history of “international states system” before the European model of international states system became the global standard. The political culture of the Chaghatayids, Ilkhanids, and Timurids included conceptions of rulership and political community vis-à-vis territory that were rooted in a mix of Mongol and Perso-Islamic traditions. In the early thirteenth century, the Mongols conceived of a qan (khan) as leading an ulus, that is, a mobile demographic entity not defined by specific territory. Tājīk historians in Mongol service appeared to have understood this, though a number of them also attributed certain territorial characteristics to ulus. The matter becomes more complicated when Chinggisid-Timurid chancellery documents/diplomatic ii letters are considered, as unlike their European and East Asian counterparts, these documents lacked straightforward claims of rulership over politico-administrative territory. At the same time, a certain representation of rulership over territories, in the form of “pādeshāhs of wilāyats,” can be found in the histories, but this was evidently neither a formal nor a pronounced representation. By 1402, the Timurids no longer recognized a Chinggisid khan as their overlord, but they also did not clearly articulate what this meant in terms of the political community to which they belonged—especially, did they still belong to the ulus of Chaghatay? This study seeks answers to a basic question concerning the Chaghatayids, the Ilkhanids, and especially the fifteenth-century Timurids: “What was their country?” iii In memory of my mentor and 恩師 Professor Allison Busch (1969–2019) iv Acknowledgments I owe my education at the University of Toronto to many remarkable ladies and gentlemen. These brief acknowledgements could hardly express the extent of my gratitude to them. Had it not been for Alan Qo’a, there would not be Chinggisid-Timurid history as we know it. Thus, long before this humble thesis was conceived, nay, long before this worthless one chanced upon the world thirty-two years ago, an untold debt had already been owed to the blessing that is womanhood. Verily, this is beyond doubt! It is therefore fitting that this worthless one first acknowledges the great women who guided and supported him over the past six years. Professor Subtelny took this worthless one under her wings and performed the miracle of making a “researcher” out of him! Her course on the history of Iran was an indispensable foundation for my doctoral specialization. And when she was on sabbatical, she still took time every week to read Persian historical texts with me. During the years of my thesis writing, Prof. Subtelny closely reviewed every chapter, and did the same for the full draft—twice. Her care and guidance run through every vein of this thesis. In 2013, I came to the University of Toronto’s Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations (NMC) because I knew for sure that I wish to concentrate in Timurid history under Prof. Subtelny’s mentorship. Which angel was it who guided the ignorant Shuntu to the wisest decision of his life?! Mrs. Anna Sousa, our graduate administrator until her retirement in 2019, was our mama bear, who made sure that every one of us cubs was given warmth. From the day I arrived at NMC, to my comprehensive exams, to the late stage of my thesis, it was Mrs. v Sousa who made sure that I had the best logistical backing, without which I would have become the dictionary’s picture for “unmitigated disaster.” I would also like to bow in salute to all the staff members who served at NMC from 2013 to 2020 for their amazing daily support. Professor Linda Northrup taught me early Islamic-world history, opening my eyes to historical narratives about the early Muslim community that I had failed to learn elsewhere. Prof. Northrup oversaw one of my comprehensive exams, and took time from retirement to be the internal examiner of my thesis. She was also my first TA supervisor. I am simply fortunate to have enjoyed Prof. Northrup’s guidance throughout my doctoral training. Professor Beatrice Manz is a most admired scholar of Timurid history. Her work The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane was for all intents and purposes my introductory textbook that opened the gates to the subfield. It was my distinct honor and privilege to have Prof. Manz as the external examiner of my thesis and to have her come from Tufts University, Boston, to attend my thesis defense amidst the harsh Toronto winter. Professor Tirzah Meacham was our graduate coordinator during the early years of my studies at NMC, and I am most grateful to Prof. Meacham for constantly making sure that I was on track at every stage. Professor Heather Baker was my TA supervisor, and she represented to me the highest standard of devotion to teaching. If I become a teacher one day, I will look to Prof. Baker as an example. Professor Azita Taleghani gave me the study abroad experience in Iran that I never had. Her course on Iranian historical linguistics, taught partially in Persian, was the neatest course I took at NMC. vi I now must acknowledge the great women of my own generation who gave me their caring support over the years. In my first year at NMC, bacım Lale was the leader of our Ottoman Turkish reading group. She generously read Ottoman Turkish with us, as I stumbled over the texts. In later years, Bacım took care of me on more occasions than I could possibly count. Whenever I had trouble, I could seek her advice and sympathy. During my preparation for comprehensive exams, Bacım sat with me to read Yazdī’s Ẓafarnāma. And during my years of nomadizing between summer and winter pastures, Bacım, bacı erim Samad, and Mary Jiejie gave me warm hospitality and refuge. Their kindness forms the most beautiful part of my memories in Toronto. My good sister Parisa has been a great friend since I arrived at NMC. In my first year as a PhD student, I enjoyed the Persian conversation group that she organized for us. And during my preparation for comprehensive exams, Parisa generously spent time with me to read Rashīd al-Dīn’s Jāmiʿ al-tawārīkh. Whenever I had questions about Persian, I could always count on her to show me the way. And we owe the incredible 21st Annual NMC Graduate Students’ Association Symposium to Parisa’s leadership and hard work. I cannot thank enough Maryna Kravets Hocam for aiding and supporting Dr. Lee Joo- Yup and me in our project “A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and Y- DNA Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples.” A special thanks to Dr. Noha Abou-Khatwa for generously taking time to teach me the details of Arabic diacritics. vii As well, a great big shout out to Dr. Tracy Spurrier, Queen of Mesopotamia. I will never forget Tracy taking me and Usman to Costco in Toronto—an effective cure for American homesickness! At home in the US, my big sister, Jie, continued to be my unwavering pillar of stability and support. There will not be enough that I could do in this lifetime to thank her. Surely, it is now time to express gratitude to our ata-aqa! Professor Victor Ostapchuk spent countless hours teaching me to read Ottoman Turkish historical texts. For my comprehensive exams and thesis, Prof. Ostapchuk was a de facto supervisor. It is simply enjoyable to listen to Prof. Ostapchuk’s commentary on all things! He never holds back and has a most down-to-earth sense of humor. I hope I will always get to see Prof. Ostapchuk when I visit NMC. 師兄 Dr. Lee Joo-Yup has been a mentor, a supporter, and an elder brother of mine. He opened my eyes to historical facts via the scientific method, and enhanced my research training through opportunities to participate in his projects. At the same time, he uniquely helped me rethink important life questions. As a research historian, Dr. Hyeong represents to me the highest combined moral-and-academic standard of the profession. Furthermore, he, Hyeongsu, and the wonderful children, Jae-Hyeon, Jae-Jun, and Jae-In, gave me comfort and support throughout the years of my doctoral studies and during the most critical and meaningful of times. A special taʿẓīm to big barādar, Abolfazl, for his years of moral and tangible support! I could always count on him for help when I got stuck with Persian texts. Anecdote: One late afternoon, in the NMC Graduate Lounge, Abolfazl had but a small sandwich for lunch, but viii when I came, he did not hesitate to first offer it to me. May he continue on the Sufi path, ever closer to union with the Truth.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mongolian Place Names in Fernão Mendes Pinto's Peregrinação
    Acta Orientalia Hung. 74 (2021) 2, 223–239 DOI: 10.1556/062.2021.00013 Mongolian place names in Fernão Mendes Pinto’s Peregrinação AFONSO XAVIER CANOSA*1 and BENJAMIN BROSIG2 1 Facultade de Filoloxía e Tradución; Tradución e Paratradución (TI4), Universidade de Vigo, Campus Universi- tário Lagoas-Marcosende, C.P. 36310 Vigo (Galiza) 2 Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica, 128, Section 2, Academia Road 115, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. E-mail: [email protected] Received: December 12, 2019 • Accepted: August 11, 2020 © 2021 The Authors ABSTRACT Th e Mongolic term khaan (‘king’), for which there is full correspondence, semantic and phonological, in sixteenth century Portuguese cão, is used as a starting-point to identify the graphemes that correspond to several Mongolic consonants in place names transcribed in the chapters related to the Tartars in Fernão Mendes Pinto’s Peregrinação (1614). With the deduced rules of pronunciation at hand, it is possible to estab- lish new pairs of lexical correspondences and solve a brief lexicon extracted from the list of Tartar toponyms. KEYWORDS Fernão Mendes Pinto, Classical Mongol, Portuguese, historical geography, Mongolian place names, Asian toponymy, Peregrinação * Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Unauthenticated | Downloaded 09/30/21 09:23 AM UTC 224 Acta Orientalia Hung. 74 (2021) 2, 223–239 1. INTRODUCTION Peregrinação (Pilgrimage) is the title given in Portuguese (original first edition, 1614; translated into English in 1653) to a long report, written as memories in the last period of his life, by Fernão Mendes Pinto (c. 1510–1583), a Portuguese sailor, diplomat and merchant who spent 21 years of his life in Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • Glaciers in Xinjiang, China: Past Changes and Current Status
    water Article Glaciers in Xinjiang, China: Past Changes and Current Status Puyu Wang 1,2,3,*, Zhongqin Li 1,3,4, Hongliang Li 1,2, Zhengyong Zhang 3, Liping Xu 3 and Xiaoying Yue 1 1 State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science/Tianshan Glaciological Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; [email protected] (Z.L.); [email protected] (H.L.); [email protected] (X.Y.) 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 3 College of Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; [email protected] (Z.Z.); [email protected] (L.X.) 4 College of Geography and Environment Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 18 June 2020; Accepted: 11 August 2020; Published: 24 August 2020 Abstract: The Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China is the largest arid region in Central Asia, and is heavily dependent on glacier melt in high mountains for water supplies. In this paper, glacier and climate changes in Xinjiang during the past decades were comprehensively discussed based on glacier inventory data, individual monitored glacier observations, recent publications, as well as meteorological records. The results show that glaciers have been in continuous mass loss and dimensional shrinkage since the 1960s, although there are spatial differences between mountains and sub-regions, and the significant temperature increase is the dominant controlling factor of glacier change. The mass loss of monitored glaciers in the Tien Shan has accelerated since the late 1990s, but has a slight slowing after 2010. Remote sensing results also show a more negative mass balance in the 2000s and mass loss slowing in the latest decade (2010s) in most regions.
    [Show full text]
  • Protagonist of Qubilai Khan's Unsuccessful
    BUQA CHĪNGSĀNG: PROTAGONIST OF QUBILAI KHAN’S UNSUCCESSFUL COUP ATTEMPT AGAINST THE HÜLEGÜID DYNASTY MUSTAFA UYAR* It is generally accepted that the dissolution of the Mongol Empire began in 1259, following the death of Möngke the Great Khan (1251–59)1. Fierce conflicts were to arise between the khan candidates for the empty throne of the Great Khanate. Qubilai (1260–94), the brother of Möngke in China, was declared Great Khan on 5 May 1260 in the emergency qurultai assembled in K’ai-p’ing, which is quite far from Qara-Qorum, the principal capital of Mongolia2. This event started the conflicts within the Mongolian Khanate. The first person to object to the election of the Great Khan was his younger brother Ariq Böke (1259–64), another son of Qubilai’s mother Sorqoqtani Beki. Being Möngke’s brother, just as Qubilai was, he saw himself as the real owner of the Great Khanate, since he was the ruler of Qara-Qorum, the main capital of the Mongol Khanate. Shortly after Qubilai was declared Khan, Ariq Böke was also declared Great Khan in June of the same year3. Now something unprecedented happened: there were two competing Great Khans present in the Mongol Empire, and both received support from different parts of the family of the empire. The four Mongol khanates, which should theo- retically have owed obedience to the Great Khan, began to act completely in their own interests: the Khan of the Golden Horde, Barka (1257–66) supported Böke. * Assoc. Prof., Ankara University, Faculty of Languages, History and Geography, Department of History, Ankara/TURKEY, [email protected] 1 For further information on the dissolution of the Mongol Empire, see D.
    [Show full text]
  • Without Land, There Is No Life: Chinese State Suppression of Uyghur Environmental Activism
    Without land, there is no life: Chinese state suppression of Uyghur environmental activism Table of Contents Summary ..............................................................................................................................2 Cultural Significance of the Environment and Environmentalism ......................................5 Nuclear Testing: Suppression of Uyghur Activism ...........................................................15 Pollution and Ecological Destruction in East Turkestan ...................................................30 Lack of Participation in Decision Making: Development and Displacement ....................45 Legal Instruments...............................................................................................................61 Recommendations ..............................................................................................................66 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................69 Endnotes .............................................................................................................................70 Cover image: Dead toghrak (populus nigra) tree in Niya. Photo courtesy of Flickr 1 Summary The intimate connection between the Uyghur people and the land of East Turkestan is celebrated in songs and poetry written and performed in the Uyghur language. Proverbs in Uyghur convey how the Uyghur culture is tied to reverence of the land and that an individual’s identity is inseparable
    [Show full text]
  • Power, Politics, and Tradition in the Mongol Empire and the Ilkhanate of Iran
    OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 08/08/16, SPi POWER, POLITICS, AND TRADITION IN THE MONGOL EMPIRE AND THE ĪlkhānaTE OF IRAN OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 08/08/16, SPi OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 08/08/16, SPi Power, Politics, and Tradition in the Mongol Empire and the Īlkhānate of Iran MICHAEL HOPE 1 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 08/08/16, SPi 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6D P, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © Michael Hope 2016 The moral rights of the author have been asserted First Edition published in 2016 Impression: 1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Control Number: 2016932271 ISBN 978–0–19–876859–3 Printed in Great Britain by Clays Ltd, St Ives plc Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only.
    [Show full text]
  • Climate Vulnerability in Asia's High Mountains
    Climate Vulnerability in Asia’s High Mountains COVER: VILLAGE OF GANDRUNG NESTLED IN THE HIMALAYAS. ANNAPURNA AREA, NEPAL; © GALEN ROWELL/MOUNTAIN LIGHT / WWF-US Climate Vulnerability in Asia’s High Mountains May 2014 PREPARED BY TAYLOR SMITH Independent Consultant [email protected] This report is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the responsibility of WWF and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. THE UKOK PLATEAU NATURAL PARK, REPUBLIC OF ALTAI; © BOGOMOLOV DENIS / WWF-RUSSIA CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .........................................1 4.2.1 Ecosystem Restoration ........................................... 40 4.2.2 Community Water Management .............................. 41 State of Knowledge on Climate Change Impacts .................. 1 4.3 Responding to Flooding and Landslides ....................... 41 State of Knowledge on Human Vulnerability ......................... 1 4.3.1 Flash Flooding ......................................................... 41 Knowledge Gaps and Policy Perspective .............................. 3 4.3.2 Glacial Lake Outburst Floods .................................. 42 Recommendations for Future Adaptation Efforts ................. 3 4.3.3 Landslides ............................................................... 43 4.4 Adaptation by Mountain Range ....................................... 44 Section I 4.4.1 The Hindu Kush–Karakorum–Himalaya Region
    [Show full text]
  • The Coins of the Later Ilkhanids
    THE COINS OF THE LATER ILKHANIDS : A TYPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS 1 BY SHEILA S. BLAIR Ghazan Khan was undoubtedly the most brilliant of the Ilkhanid rulers of Persia: not only a commander and statesman, he was also a linguist, architect and bibliophile. One of his most lasting contribu- tions was the reorganization of Iran's financial system. Upon his accession to the throne, the economy was in total chaos: his prede- cessor Gaykhatf's stop-gap issue of paper money to fill an empty treasury had been a fiasco 2), and the civil wars among Gaykhatu, Baydu, and Ghazan had done nothing to restore trade or confidence in the economy. Under the direction of his vizier Rashid al-Din, Ghazan delivered an edict ordering the standardization of the coinage in weight, purity, and type 3). Ghazan's standard double-dirham became the basis of Iran's monetary system for the next century. At varying intervals, however, the standard type was changed: a new shape cartouche was introduced, with slight variations in legend. These new types were sometimes issued at a modified weight standard. This paper will analyze the successive standard issues of Ghazan and his two successors, Uljaytu and Abu Said, in order to show when and why these new types were introduced. Following a des- cription of the successive types 4), the changes will be explained through 296 an investigation of the metrology and a correlation of these changes in type with economic and political history. Another article will pursue the problem of mint organization and regionalization within this standard imperial system 5).
    [Show full text]
  • Il-Khanate Empire
    1 Il-Khanate Empire 1250s, after the new Great Khan, Möngke (r.1251–1259), sent his brother Hülegü to MICHAL BIRAN expand Mongol territories into western Asia, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel primarily against the Assassins, an extreme Isma‘ilite-Shi‘ite sect specializing in political The Il-Khanate was a Mongol state that ruled murder, and the Abbasid Caliphate. Hülegü in Western Asia c.1256–1335. It was known left Mongolia in 1253. In 1256, he defeated to the Mongols as ulus Hülegü, the people the Assassins at Alamut, next to the Caspian or state of Hülegü (1218–1265), the dynasty’s Sea, adding to his retinue Nasir al-Din al- founder and grandson of Chinggis Khan Tusi, one of the greatest polymaths of the (Genghis Khan). Centered in Iran and Muslim world, who became his astrologer Azerbaijan but ruling also over Iraq, Turkme- and trusted advisor. In 1258, with the help nistan, and parts of Afghanistan, Anatolia, of various Mongol tributaries, including and the southern Caucasus (Georgia, many Muslims, he brutally conquered Bagh- Armenia), the Il-Khanate was a highly cos- dad, eliminating the Abbasid Caliphate that mopolitan empire that had close connections had nominally led the Muslim world for more with China and Western Europe. It also had a than 500 years (750–1258). Hülegü continued composite administration and legacy that into Syria, but withdrew most of his troops combined Mongol, Iranian, and Muslim after hearing of Möngke’s death (1259). The elements, and produced some outstanding defeat of the remnants of his troops by the cultural achievements.
    [Show full text]
  • View a Copy of This Licence, Visit
    Ibrayeva et al. Herit Sci (2021) 9:90 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-021-00564-7 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Interdisciplinary approach to studying written nomadic sources in the context of modern historiology Akmaral Ibrayeva1* , Assemgul Temirkhanova2, Zaure Kartova1, Tlegen Sadykov2, Nurbolat Abuov1 and Anatoliy Pleshakov1 Abstract This article uses an interdisciplinary approach to analyze textual sources from nomadic civilization. Linguistic analysis has been increasingly used due to the emergence of a huge array of autochthonous and authentic written sources. It is impossible to extract the necessary historical information from those sources without using a new research method. This study aims to apply discourse analysis to medieval textual sources called edicts published in 1400–1635 by the leaders of the Central Asian states. This approach is expected to enable a detailed study of the structure of edicts, as well as speech patterns and terms used in the text. The results of the study revealed the structure of the examined edicts, as well as socio-cultural, economic, and communicative features of the nomadic society. First, the discourse repertoire of Edicts from Sygnak is rather unique, as evidenced by comparative analysis of patents from the cities of Sygnak, Sayram and Turkestan located in the Syr Darya basin. Second, edicts in this study refect the result of the mutual infuence of sedentary and mobile lifeways. Third, the arguments behind certain speech patterns used in the examined edicts emerged under the infuence of Turkic traditions. Keywords: Discourse analysis, Document structure, Edicts, Nomadic civilization, Oral historiology Introduction documents with the content and legal form characteristic One of the major challenges of nomadic research is the to contracts.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mongol City of Ghazaniyya: Destruction, Spatial Reconstruction, and Preservation of the Urban Heritage1
    Atri Hatef Naiemi The Mongol City of Ghazaniyya: Destruction, Spatial Reconstruction, and Preservation of the Urban Heritage1 Hülegü Khan (r. 1256-1265), a grandson of Chinggis Khan, founded the Ilkhanate in Iran in 1256 as the southwestern sector of the Mongol Empire. Mongol campaigns in Iran in the thirteenth century caused extensive destruction in different aspects of the Iranians’ social life and built environment. However, the political stability after the arrival of Hülegü intensified the process of urban development. Along with the reconstruction of the cities that had been extensively destroyed during the Mongol attack, the Ilkhans founded a number of new settlements. Their architectural and urban projects were mostly conducted in the northwest of present-day Iran, with some exceptions, for instance the city of Khabushan in Khurasan which was largely rebuilt by Hülegü and the notables of his court.2 In western Iran, Hülegü firstly focused his attention on the reconstruction of Baghdad, but following the designation of Azerbaijan as the headquarters of the Mongols, his urban development activities extended to this region. Maragha was chosen as the first capital of the Mongols and the most 1 This article has been adapted from a lecture presented in November 2019 at the Aga Khan Program in MIT. The research for this project has been facilitated by fellowship held with the Aga Khan program of MIT. I would like to thank Professors Nasser Rabbat and James Wescoat for their hospitality during the four months I spent at MIT in 2019. 2 In addition to Hülegü, Ghazan Khan also erected magnificent buildings in Khabushan.
    [Show full text]
  • City Walls and Nomads: Archaeological Parallels in the Post-Hellenistic and Medieval Periods 1
    _________________________________________________ ART-SANAT 2014/1 _________________________________________________ CITY WALLS AND NOMADS: ARCHAEOLOGICAL PARALLELS IN THE POST-HELLENISTIC AND MEDIEVAL PERIODS 1 KAZİM ABDULLAEV Dr., Mimar Sinan Güzel Sanatlar Üniversitesi Taşınabilir Kültür Varlıklarını Koruma ve Onarım Yüksekokulu [email protected] ABSTRACT Article concerns one of the weakly studied topics in Central Asian archaeology specifically category of the sites with waste free space between the fortification wall and citadel in the center. Usually on this space there no traces of any permanent buildings. Author suggests seeing in this type the transitional form from nomadic type of city with yurts located inside the walls around the central construction (yurt or palace of the leader) to the sedentary form. In the article there are examples of these sites in Central Asia of ancient and medieval periods. Keywords: Central Asia, archaeology, nomad, city walls, settlement, sedentary ŞEHİR DUVARLARI VE GÖÇEBELER: HELLENİSTİK ÇAĞ SONRASI VE ORTA ÇAĞ DÖNEMLERİNDE ARKEOLOJİK PARALELLER ÖZET Makale, Orta Asya arkeolojisinde az incelenmiş olan merkezdeki kale ile şehir suru arasında geniş boş alan bulunan yerleşimleri ele alır. Genellikle bu alanda kalıcı binaların izlerine rastlanmaz. Yazar bu tipte, sur içinde merkezi yapının (yurt veya liderin sarayı) etrafında yurtların yer aldığı göçebe şehir biçiminden yerleşik biçime geçişin görüldüğünü öne sürer. Makalede, Antik Çağ ve Orta Çağ dönemlerinde Orta Asya’daki bu yerleşim örneklerinden bahsedilmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Orta Asya, arkeoloji, göçebe, şehir duvarları, yerleşim, yerleşik. 1 I express my deep gratitude to O. Grabar and J. Bernheim for their valuable advice and assistance in the preparation of this article. In this article : I am introducing new materials and thoughts developed from the following works: K.
    [Show full text]
  • Zhanat Kundakbayeva the HISTORY of KAZAKHSTAN FROM
    MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN THE AL-FARABI KAZAKH NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Zhanat Kundakbayeva THE HISTORY OF KAZAKHSTAN FROM EARLIEST PERIOD TO PRESENT TIME VOLUME I FROM EARLIEST PERIOD TO 1991 Almaty "Кazakh University" 2016 ББК 63.2 (3) К 88 Recommended for publication by Academic Council of the al-Faraby Kazakh National University’s History, Ethnology and Archeology Faculty and the decision of the Editorial-Publishing Council R e v i e w e r s: doctor of historical sciences, professor G.Habizhanova, doctor of historical sciences, B. Zhanguttin, doctor of historical sciences, professor K. Alimgazinov Kundakbayeva Zh. K 88 The History of Kazakhstan from the Earliest Period to Present time. Volume I: from Earliest period to 1991. Textbook. – Almaty: "Кazakh University", 2016. - &&&& p. ISBN 978-601-247-347-6 In first volume of the History of Kazakhstan for the students of non-historical specialties has been provided extensive materials on the history of present-day territory of Kazakhstan from the earliest period to 1991. Here found their reflection both recent developments on Kazakhstan history studies, primary sources evidences, teaching materials, control questions that help students understand better the course. Many of the disputable issues of the times are given in the historiographical view. The textbook is designed for students, teachers, undergraduates, and all, who are interested in the history of the Kazakhstan. ББК 63.3(5Каз)я72 ISBN 978-601-247-347-6 © Kundakbayeva Zhanat, 2016 © al-Faraby KazNU, 2016 INTRODUCTION Данное учебное пособие is intended to be a generally understandable and clearly organized outline of historical processes taken place on the present day territory of Kazakhstan since pre-historic time.
    [Show full text]