DOCSLIB.ORG

Language Abbreviations

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Language Abbreviations Abbreviations Language abbreviations Abaz Abaza Da Danish Abkh Abkhaz Dar Dargwa Ady Adyghe Du Dutch Agh Aghul Akk Akkadian EBasq Basque (East) Alb Albanian (Tosk) Elfd Elfdalian Andi Andi Eng English AngRo Angloromani Est Estonian AnNo Anglo-Norman Etr Etruscan Arab Arabic Arm Armenian Far Faroese Ash Ashkun Finn Finnish Ass Assamese Fr French Ass Assyrian Fri Frisian Av Avestan Friu Friulian Avar Avar Azb Azerbaijani Gag Gagauz Gau Gaulish Bal Baluchi Geo Georgian Basq Basque Ger German Bat Batsbi Ben Bengali Gil Gilaki BeRu Belorussian Gm Germanic (branch) Bes Beshta Goth Gothic Bhi Bhili Guj Gujarati BHS Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Bre Breton Hatt Hattic Bryth Brythonic Hin Hindi BSl Balto-Slavic (branch) Hitt Hittite Bud Budukh Hun Hungarian Bul Bulgarian Hurr Hurrian Cat Catalan Ice Icelandic CBalt Common Baltic IE Indo-European (family) CCelt Common Celtic IIr Indo-Iranian (branch) CCirc Common Circassian Ing Ingush CeItIb Celtiberian Ir Irish CFin Common Finnic It Italian CFU Common Finno-Ugric Chech Chechen Ka Kashmiri CIE Common Indo-European Kab Kabardian CIIr Common Indo-Iranian KarB Karachay-Balkar Cir Common Iranian Kartv Kartvelian (family) ClArm Classical Armenian Kat Kati ClGr Classical Greek Kaz Kazakh Co Cornish Khi Khinalug CoSl Common Slavic Cr Croatian Kho Khowar CRom Common Romance Khot Khotanese CrTat Crimean Tatar Khw Khwarshi Cscand Common Scandinavian Kon Konkani CSem Common Semitic Kryz Kryz CSl Common Slavic KuKur Kurdish (Kurmanji) CT Common Tocharian Kum Kumauni CTk Common Turkic Kumy Kumyk Cz Czech KuSor Kurdish (Sorani) https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110367416-205 x Abbreviations Lad Ladin OIr Old Irish Lah Lahnda OIt Old Italian Lak Lak OMar Old Marathi Lat Latin ON Old Norse Latv Latvian OPer Old Persian Laz Laz OPol Old Polish Lez Lezgian OPor Old Portuguese LG Low German OPro Old Provençal Lith Lithuanian OPru Old Prussian LLat Late Latin OR Oriya Luw Luwian ORu Old Russian Lyc Lycian OS Old Saxon Lyd Lydian Osc Oscan OSp Old Spanish Mai Maithili Oss Ossetian (Iron) Mald Maldivian OSw Old Swedish Manx Manx OTHeb Old Testament Hebrew Mar Marathi OTk Old Turkic Marw Marwari OWel Old Welsh MedLat Medieval Latin Mess Messapian Pa Pali Mgr Megrelian PAAs Proto-Afro-Asiatic MHG Middle High German PAlb Proto-Albanian MiBre Middle Breton Par Parachi MiCo Middle Cornish PArm Proto-Armenian MiDu Middle Dutch Pas Pashto MiEng Middle English PBalt Proto-Baltic MiFr Middle French PBryth Proto-Brythonic MiGr Middle Greek PBSl Proto-Balto-Slavic MiIr Middle Irish PCelt Proto-Celtic MiWel Middle Welsh PGalRom Proto-Gallo-Romance MLat Medieval Latin PD Proto-Dagestanian MLG Middle Low German Per Persian MoArm Modern Armenian PFi Proto-Finnic MoGr Modern Greek PFU Proto-Finno-Ugric MPer Middle Persian PGm Proto-Germanic Phoe Phoenician Nep Nepali Phr Phrygian Norw Norwegian PIAr Proto-Indo-Aryan NorwB Norwegian (Bokmål) PIbRom Proto-Ibero-Romance NorwN Norwegian (Nynorsk) PIE Proto-Indo-European NoSa Northern Saami PIIr Proto-Indo-Iranian OAw Old Awadhi PIr Proto-Iranian OBre Old Breton PItal Proto-Italic OCat Old Catalan Pkt Prakrit Occ Occitan PKv Proto-Kartvelian OChin Old Chinese PN Proto-Nakh OCo Old Cornish PNGm Proto-North-Germanic OCS Old Church Slavonic PNWC Proto-Northwest Caucasian OCz Old Czech Pol Polish ODan Old Danish Por Portuguese ODu Old Dutch Pras Prasun OGut Old Gutnish Pro Provençal OE Old English PRom Proto-Romance OFr Old French PSl Proto-Slavic OFran Old Franconian PSSl Proto-South-Slavic OFri Old Frisian PT Proto-Tocharian OGeo Old Georgian PU Proto-Uralic OGuj Old Gujarati Pu Punjabi OHG Old High German PZ Proto-Zan Language abbreviations xi Raj Rajasthani Sinh Sinhalese RoAr Romani (Arli) Skt Sanskrit RoBGur Romani (Banatiski Gurbet) Slo Slovene RoBu Romani (Bugurdži) Slovak Slovakian RoBur Romani (Burgenland) Sog Sogdian RoCr Romani (Crimean) Sp Spanish RoDol Romani (Dolenjski) StAr Standard Arabic RoEr Romani (Sofia Erli) Sw Swedish RoESl Romani (East Slovak) Sva Svan RoGu Romani (Gurvari) SwGer Swiss German RoGur Romani (Gurbet) Syr Syriac RoHuV Romani (Hungarian Vend) RoKa Romani (Kale) TA Tocharian A RoKel Romani (Kelderash) Tab Tabasaran RoKoA Romani (Kosovo Arli) Taj Tajik RoLat Romani (Latvian) Tal Talysh RoLith Romani (Lithuanian) TB Tocharian B RoLov Romani (Lovara) Thr Thracian Rom Romanian Tre Tregami Roma Romansh Tsakh Tsakhur RoMaA Romani (Macedonian Arli) Tur Turkish RoMDj Romani (Macedonian Džambazi) Turk Turkic (family) RoNR Romani (North Russian) Turkm Turkmen RoPr Romani (Prekmurski) Tuv Tuvan RoRo Romani (Romungro) RoSe Romani (Sepečides) Uby Ubykh RoSGu Romani (Sremski Gurbet) Udi Udi RoSi Romani (Sinte) Ugar Ugaritic RoUr Romani (Ursari) Ukr Ukrainian RoVe Romani (Veršend) Umbr Umbrian RoWe Romani (Welsh) Ur Urdu Ru Russian USorb Upper Sorbian Rut Rutul Uygh Uyghur Uzb Uzbek SAlt Southern Altai Sard Sardinian VulL Vulgar Latin ScGae Scottish Gaelic SCr Serbo-Croatian Wai Waigali ScRo Scandoromani Wak Wakhi Scy Scythian Wall Walloon Sem Semitic (family) WBasq Basque (West) Ser Serbian Wel Welsh Shug Shughni Sic Sicilian Yag Yagnobi Sin Sindhi Yi Yiddish xii Abbreviations Grammar abbreviations (listed glossings target grammatical categories not fund in Leipzig glossing rules) a alternans (gender) (appendix) abl. ablative abs. absolutive acc. accusative AD adessive (glossing) adj adjective (appendix) all. allative ALLOC allocutive agreement (glossing) anim. animated c common gender (appendix) com. comitative dat. dative erg. ergative f feminine (appendix) gen. genitive infl inflected form (appendix) instr. instrumental loc. locative m masculine (appendix) MPASS middle-passive (glossing) n neuter (appendix) nom. nominative nt. neuter obl. oblique perl. perlative pl plural (appendix) pl. plural ppart preterite participle (appendix) s substantive (appendix) sg singular (appendix) sg. singular vn verbal noun (appendix) voc. vocative Other abbreviations and symbols xiii Other abbreviations and symbols < derived from, inherited from ← borrowed from b. big c. certain coll. collective comp. compound der. derivation dim. diminutive esp. especially etym. etymology f. female gen. generic l. large lit. literary m. male migr. migration word orig. originally pl. plural ref. reference s. small sing. singular spe. specific sth. something substr. substrate symb. sound symbolic uct. uncertain w. wild y. young.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • When Political Institutions Use Sociolinguistic Concepts
    IJSL 2020; 263: 13–18 David Karlander* When political institutions use sociolinguistic concepts https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2020-2076 Abstract: In this essay, David Karlander examines what happens when concepts developed by scholars of language circulate and become embedded in policies and law. In exploring how the distinction between a “language” and a “dialect” became encoded in the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (ECRML), Karlander examines the consequences when applied to the status and state support of minority languages in Sweden. What counts as a language, he demonstrates, is not simply an “academic” matter. When sociolinguistics enters the public arena, it has the potential to affect the political and social standing of real communities. Keywords: European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (ECRML), language policy, Meänkieli, Övdalsk (Elfdalian, Övdalian), politics of linguistics How do committee-type bodies contribute to the formation, circulation, and societal impact of sociolinguistics? How have such institutions inserted socio- linguistic concepts into institutional or political practice? How has sociolinguistics reacted to the reuse of its conceptual goods? These are some of the important questions that Monica Heller poses in her September 2018 Items essay on the SSRC’s Committee on Sociolinguistics. In what follows, I delve further into them. Like Heller, I turn my attention to the borderlands between policymaking, advocacy, and academic research. However, rather than exploring how commit- tee-type institutions attempt to influence or regulate the research priorities of academics, I will focus on processes through which sociolinguistic notions are put to practice by nonacademic institutions. As an example, I discuss some dimensions of the implementation of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (ECRML), a European treaty on “the protection of the historical regional or minority languages of Europe” under the auspices of the Council of Europe (CoE).
    [Show full text]
  • DORIC DICTIONARY Doric Is the Traditional Dialect of the North East of Scotland
    DORIC DICTIONARY Doric is the traditional dialect of the North East of Scotland. It has its roots in the farming and fishing communities that made up the area. In the last 20 years it has seen a revival and is gaining more recognition and being taught at schools. The list below shows favourite Doric / Scots words or phrases with their Dictionary definition and comments underneath. Aberdeenshire Council would like to thank pupils and staff at Banff Academy, in a project with the Elphinstone Institute Aberdeen University for providing a Doric Dictionary to use on the website: http://banffmacduffheritagetrail.co.uk Auld Auld. Old. Compare with Old Scots Ald. Aye! Aye. Yes. Unknown. Bairn A child, baby, infant. Old Norse Barn. Baltic BALTIC, prop.n. Sc. printers slang usage with def. art.: a jocular term for a watercloset (Edb. 1800–74), sc. as being a chilly place, often frozen in cold weather. Black Affrontit Ashamed or deeply embarrassed, from Old French Affronter. Blether To talk foolishly or in a trivial way; to prattle, speak boastfully; a chatterbox, from Old Norse blaðra – to utter inarticulately, move the tongue to and fro. Bonnie Bonnie, Bonny, Beautiful, pretty. Late 15th century. Bonnie Bonnie, bonny, boannie. Beatiful, pretty, good, excellent, fine. Origin not known, although my 8 year old told me it was because of the French word bonne - good. Good theory. Bosie To cuddle. NE Scots, reduced form of bosom. Bourach. Whit a Bourach! A crowd, group, cluster. A disorderly heap or mess. A muddle, a mess, a state of confusion. Probably from Gaelic, búrach a mess or shambles.
    [Show full text]
  • The Influence of Old Norse on the English Language
    Antonius Gerardus Maria Poppelaars HUSBANDS, OUTLAWS AND KIDS: THE INFLUENCE OF OLD NORSE ON THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE HUSBANDS, OUTLAWS E KIDS: A INFLUÊNCIA DO NÓRDICO ANTIGO NA LÍNGUA INGLESA Antonius Gerardus Maria Poppelaars1 Abstract: What have common English words such as husbands, outlaws and kids and the sentence they are weak to do with Old Norse? Yet, all these examples are from Old Norse, the Norsemen’s language. However, the Norse influence on English is underestimated as the Norsemen are viewed as barbaric, violent pirates. Also, the Norman occupation of England and the Great Vowel Shift have obscured the Old Norse influence. These topics, plus the Viking Age, the Scandinavian presence in England, as well as the Old Norse linguistic influence on English and the supposed French influence of the Norman invasion will be described. The research for this etymological article was executed through a descriptive- qualitative approach. Concluded is that the Norsemen have intensively influenced English due to their military supremacy and their abilities to adaptation. Even the French-Norman French language has left marks on English. Nowadays, English is a lingua franca, leading to borrowings from English to many languages, which is often considered as invasive. But, English itself has borrowed from other languages, maintaining its proper character. Hence, it is hoped that this article may contribute to a greater acknowledgement of the Norse influence on English and undermine the scepticism towards the English language as every language has its importance. Keywords: Old Norse Loanwords, English Language, Viking Age, Etymology. Resumo: O que têm palavras inglesas comuns como husbands, outlaws e kids e a frase they are weak a ver com os Nórdicos? Todos esses exemplos são do nórdico antigo, a língua dos escandinavos.
    [Show full text]
  • Language Contact at the Romance-Germanic Language Border
    Language Contact at the Romance–Germanic Language Border Other Books of Interest from Multilingual Matters Beyond Bilingualism: Multilingualism and Multilingual Education Jasone Cenoz and Fred Genesee (eds) Beyond Boundaries: Language and Identity in Contemporary Europe Paul Gubbins and Mike Holt (eds) Bilingualism: Beyond Basic Principles Jean-Marc Dewaele, Alex Housen and Li wei (eds) Can Threatened Languages be Saved? Joshua Fishman (ed.) Chtimi: The Urban Vernaculars of Northern France Timothy Pooley Community and Communication Sue Wright A Dynamic Model of Multilingualism Philip Herdina and Ulrike Jessner Encyclopedia of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism Colin Baker and Sylvia Prys Jones Identity, Insecurity and Image: France and Language Dennis Ager Language, Culture and Communication in Contemporary Europe Charlotte Hoffman (ed.) Language and Society in a Changing Italy Arturo Tosi Language Planning in Malawi, Mozambique and the Philippines Robert B. Kaplan and Richard B. Baldauf, Jr. (eds) Language Planning in Nepal, Taiwan and Sweden Richard B. Baldauf, Jr. and Robert B. Kaplan (eds) Language Planning: From Practice to Theory Robert B. Kaplan and Richard B. Baldauf, Jr. (eds) Language Reclamation Hubisi Nwenmely Linguistic Minorities in Central and Eastern Europe Christina Bratt Paulston and Donald Peckham (eds) Motivation in Language Planning and Language Policy Dennis Ager Multilingualism in Spain M. Teresa Turell (ed.) The Other Languages of Europe Guus Extra and Durk Gorter (eds) A Reader in French Sociolinguistics Malcolm Offord (ed.) Please contact us for the latest book information: Multilingual Matters, Frankfurt Lodge, Clevedon Hall, Victoria Road, Clevedon, BS21 7HH, England http://www.multilingual-matters.com Language Contact at the Romance–Germanic Language Border Edited by Jeanine Treffers-Daller and Roland Willemyns MULTILINGUAL MATTERS LTD Clevedon • Buffalo • Toronto • Sydney Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Language Contact at Romance-Germanic Language Border/Edited by Jeanine Treffers-Daller and Roland Willemyns.
    [Show full text]
  • The Shared Lexicon of Baltic, Slavic and Germanic
    THE SHARED LEXICON OF BALTIC, SLAVIC AND GERMANIC VINCENT F. VAN DER HEIJDEN ******** Thesis for the Master Comparative Indo-European Linguistics under supervision of prof.dr. A.M. Lubotsky Universiteit Leiden, 2018 Table of contents 1. Introduction 2 2. Background topics 3 2.1. Non-lexical similarities between Baltic, Slavic and Germanic 3 2.2. The Prehistory of Balto-Slavic and Germanic 3 2.2.1. Northwestern Indo-European 3 2.2.2. The Origins of Baltic, Slavic and Germanic 4 2.3. Possible substrates in Balto-Slavic and Germanic 6 2.3.1. Hunter-gatherer languages 6 2.3.2. Neolithic languages 7 2.3.3. The Corded Ware culture 7 2.3.4. Temematic 7 2.3.5. Uralic 9 2.4. Recapitulation 9 3. The shared lexicon of Baltic, Slavic and Germanic 11 3.1. Forms that belong to the shared lexicon 11 3.1.1. Baltic-Slavic-Germanic forms 11 3.1.2. Baltic-Germanic forms 19 3.1.3. Slavic-Germanic forms 24 3.2. Forms that do not belong to the shared lexicon 27 3.2.1. Indo-European forms 27 3.2.2. Forms restricted to Europe 32 3.2.3. Possible Germanic borrowings into Baltic and Slavic 40 3.2.4. Uncertain forms and invalid comparisons 42 4. Analysis 48 4.1. Morphology of the forms 49 4.2. Semantics of the forms 49 4.2.1. Natural terms 49 4.2.2. Cultural terms 50 4.3. Origin of the forms 52 5. Conclusion 54 Abbreviations 56 Bibliography 57 1 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Official Standard of the Old English Sheepdog General Appearance: a Strong, Compact, Square, Balanced Dog
    Page 1 of 2 Official Standard of the Old English Sheepdog General Appearance: A strong, compact, square, balanced dog. Taking him all around, he is profusely, but not excessively coated, thickset, muscular and able-bodied. These qualities, combined with his agility, fit him for the demanding tasks required of a shepherd's or drover's dog. Therefore, soundness is of the greatest importance. His bark is loud with a distinctive "pot- casse" ring in it. Size, Proportion, Substance: Type, character and balance are of greater importance and are on no account to be sacrificed to size alone. Size - Height (measured from top of withers to the ground), Dogs: 22 inches (55.8 centimeters) and upward. Bitches: 21 inches (53.3 centimeters) and upward. Proportion - Length (measured from point of shoulder to point of ischium (tuberosity) practically the same as the height. Absolutely free from legginess or weaselness. Substance - Well muscled with plenty of bone. Head - A most intelligent expression. Eyes - Brown, blue or one of each. If brown, very dark is preferred. If blue, a pearl, china or wall-eye is considered typical. An amber or yellow eye is most objectionable. Ears - Medium sized and carried flat to the side of the head. Skull - Capacious and rather squarely formed giving plenty of room for brain power. The parts over the eyes (supra-orbital ridges) are well arched. The whole well covered with hair. Stop - Well defined. Jaw - Fairly long, strong, square and truncated. Attention is particularly called to the above properties as a long, narrow head or snipy muzzle is a deformity.
    [Show full text]
  • AN INTRODUCTORY GRAMMAR of OLD ENGLISH Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies
    AN INTRODUCTORY GRAMMAR OF OLD ENGLISH MEDievaL AND Renaissance Texts anD STUDies VOLUME 463 MRTS TEXTS FOR TEACHING VOLUme 8 An Introductory Grammar of Old English with an Anthology of Readings by R. D. Fulk Tempe, Arizona 2014 © Copyright 2020 R. D. Fulk This book was originally published in 2014 by the Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies at Arizona State University, Tempe Arizona. When the book went out of print, the press kindly allowed the copyright to revert to the author, so that this corrected reprint could be made freely available as an Open Access book. TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE viii ABBREVIATIONS ix WORKS CITED xi I. GRAMMAR INTRODUCTION (§§1–8) 3 CHAP. I (§§9–24) Phonology and Orthography 8 CHAP. II (§§25–31) Grammatical Gender • Case Functions • Masculine a-Stems • Anglo-Frisian Brightening and Restoration of a 16 CHAP. III (§§32–8) Neuter a-Stems • Uses of Demonstratives • Dual-Case Prepositions • Strong and Weak Verbs • First and Second Person Pronouns 21 CHAP. IV (§§39–45) ō-Stems • Third Person and Reflexive Pronouns • Verbal Rection • Subjunctive Mood 26 CHAP. V (§§46–53) Weak Nouns • Tense and Aspect • Forms of bēon 31 CHAP. VI (§§54–8) Strong and Weak Adjectives • Infinitives 35 CHAP. VII (§§59–66) Numerals • Demonstrative þēs • Breaking • Final Fricatives • Degemination • Impersonal Verbs 40 CHAP. VIII (§§67–72) West Germanic Consonant Gemination and Loss of j • wa-, wō-, ja-, and jō-Stem Nouns • Dipthongization by Initial Palatal Consonants 44 CHAP. IX (§§73–8) Proto-Germanic e before i and j • Front Mutation • hwā • Verb-Second Syntax 48 CHAP.
    [Show full text]
  • Comments Received for ISO 639-3 Change Request 2015-046 Outcome
    Comments received for ISO 639-3 Change Request 2015-046 Outcome: Accepted after appeal Effective date: May 27, 2016 SIL International ISO 639-3 Registration Authority 7500 W. Camp Wisdom Rd., Dallas, TX 75236 PHONE: (972) 708-7400 FAX: (972) 708-7380 (GMT-6) E-MAIL: [email protected] INTERNET: http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/ Registration Authority decision on Change Request no. 2015-046: to create the code element [ovd] Ӧvdalian . The request to create the code [ovd] Ӧvdalian has been reevaluated, based on additional information from the original requesters and extensive discussion from outside parties on the IETF list. The additional information has strengthened the case and changed the decision of the Registration Authority to accept the code request. In particular, the long bibliography submitted shows that Ӧvdalian has undergone significant language development, and now has close to 50 publications. In addition, it has been studied extensively, and the academic works should have a distinct code to distinguish them from publications on Swedish. One revision being added by the Registration Authority is the added English name “Elfdalian” which was used in most of the extensive discussion on the IETF list. Michael Everson [email protected] May 4, 2016 This is an appeal by the group responsible for the IETF language subtags to the ISO 639 RA to reconsider and revert their earlier decision and to assign an ISO 639-3 language code to Elfdalian. The undersigned members of the group responsible for the IETF language subtag are concerned about the rejection of the Elfdalian language. There is no doubt that its linguistic features are unique in the continuum of North Germanic languages.
    [Show full text]
  • A Penn-Style Treebank of Middle Low German
    A Penn-style Treebank of Middle Low German Hannah Booth Joint work with Anne Breitbarth, Aaron Ecay & Melissa Farasyn Ghent University 12th December, 2019 1 / 47 Context I Diachronic parsed corpora now exist for a range of languages: I English (Taylor et al., 2003; Kroch & Taylor, 2000) I Icelandic (Wallenberg et al., 2011) I French (Martineau et al., 2010) I Portuguese (Galves et al., 2017) I Irish (Lash, 2014) I Have greatly enhanced our understanding of syntactic change: I Quantitative studies of syntactic phenomena over time I Findings which have a strong empirical basis and are (somewhat) reproducible 2 / 47 Context I Corpus of Historical Low German (‘CHLG’) I Anne Breitbarth (Gent) I Sheila Watts (Cambridge) I George Walkden (Konstanz) I Parsed corpus spanning: I Old Low German/Old Saxon (c.800-1050) I Middle Low German (c.1250-1600) I OLG component already available: HeliPaD (Walkden, 2016) I 46,067 words I Heliand text I MLG component currently under development 3 / 47 What is Middle Low German? I MLG = West Germanic scribal dialects in Northern Germany and North-Eastern Netherlands 4 / 47 What is Middle Low German? I The rise and fall of (written) Low German I Pre-800: pre-historical I c.800-1050: Old Low German/Old Saxon I c.1050-1250 Attestation gap (Latin) I c.1250-1370: Early MLG I c.1370-1520: ‘Classical MLG’ (Golden Age) I c.1520-1850: transition to HG as in written domain I c.1850-today: transition to HG in spoken domain 5 / 47 What is Middle Low German? I Hanseatic League: alliance between North German towns and trade outposts abroad to promote economic and diplomatic interests (13th-15th centuries) 6 / 47 What is Middle Low German? I LG served as lingua franca for supraregional communication I High prestige across North Sea and Baltic regions I Associated with trade and economic prosperity I Linguistic legacy I Huge amounts of linguistic borrowings in e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Old Frisian, an Introduction To
    An Introduction to Old Frisian An Introduction to Old Frisian History, Grammar, Reader, Glossary Rolf H. Bremmer, Jr. University of Leiden John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam / Philadelphia TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of 8 American National Standard for Information Sciences — Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bremmer, Rolf H. (Rolf Hendrik), 1950- An introduction to Old Frisian : history, grammar, reader, glossary / Rolf H. Bremmer, Jr. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Frisian language--To 1500--Grammar. 2. Frisian language--To 1500--History. 3. Frisian language--To 1550--Texts. I. Title. PF1421.B74 2009 439’.2--dc22 2008045390 isbn 978 90 272 3255 7 (Hb; alk. paper) isbn 978 90 272 3256 4 (Pb; alk. paper) © 2009 – John Benjamins B.V. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publisher. John Benjamins Publishing Co. · P.O. Box 36224 · 1020 me Amsterdam · The Netherlands John Benjamins North America · P.O. Box 27519 · Philadelphia pa 19118-0519 · usa Table of contents Preface ix chapter i History: The when, where and what of Old Frisian 1 The Frisians. A short history (§§1–8); Texts and manuscripts (§§9–14); Language (§§15–18); The scope of Old Frisian studies (§§19–21) chapter ii Phonology: The sounds of Old Frisian 21 A. Introductory remarks (§§22–27): Spelling and pronunciation (§§22–23); Axioms and method (§§24–25); West Germanic vowel inventory (§26); A common West Germanic sound-change: gemination (§27) B.
    [Show full text]
  • Modeling a Historical Variety of a Low-Resource Language: Language Contact Effects in the Verbal Cluster of Early-Modern Frisian
    Modeling a historical variety of a low-resource language: Language contact effects in the verbal cluster of Early-Modern Frisian Jelke Bloem Arjen Versloot Fred Weerman ILLC ACLC ACLC University of Amsterdam University of Amsterdam University of Amsterdam [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Abstract which are by definition used less, and are less likely to have computational resources available. For ex- Certain phenomena of interest to linguists ample, in cases of language contact where there is mainly occur in low-resource languages, such as contact-induced language change. We show a majority language and a lesser used language, that it is possible to study contact-induced contact-induced language change is more likely language change computationally in a histor- to occur in the lesser used language (Weinreich, ical variety of a low-resource language, Early- 1979). Furthermore, certain phenomena are better Modern Frisian, by creating a model using studied in historical varieties of languages. Taking features that were established to be relevant the example of language change, it is more interest- in a closely related language, modern Dutch. ing to study a specific language change once it has This allows us to test two hypotheses on two already been completed, such that one can study types of language contact that may have taken place between Frisian and Dutch during this the change itself in historical texts as well as the time. Our model shows that Frisian verb clus- subsequent outcome of the change. ter word orders are associated with different For these reasons, contact-induced language context features than Dutch verb orders, sup- change is difficult to study computationally, and porting the ‘learned borrowing’ hypothesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Binary Tree — up to 3 Related Nodes (List Is Special-Case)
    trees 1 are lists enough? for correctness — sure want to efficiently access items better than linear time to find something want to represent relationships more naturally 2 inter-item relationships in lists 1 2 3 4 5 List: nodes related to predecessor/successor 3 trees trees: allow representing more relationships (but not arbitrary relationships — see graphs later in semester) restriction: single path from root to every node implies single path from every node to every other node (possibly through root) 4 natural trees: phylogenetic tree image: Ivicia Letunic and Mariana Ruiz Villarreal, via the tool iTOL (Interative Tree of Life), via Wikipedia 5 natural trees: phylogenetic tree (zoom) image: Ivicia Letunic and Mariana Ruiz Villarreal, via the tool iTOL (Interative Tree of Life), via Wikipedia 6 natural trees: Indo-European languages INDO-EUROPEAN ANATOLIAN Luwian Hittite Carian Lydian Lycian Palaic Pisidian HELLENIC INDO-IRANIAN DORIAN Mycenaean AEOLIC INDO-ARYAN Doric Attic ACHAEAN Aegean Northwest Greek Ionic Beotian Vedic Sanskrit Classical Greek Arcado Thessalian Tsakonian Koine Greek Epic Greek Cypriot Sanskrit Prakrit Greek Maharashtri Gandhari Shauraseni Magadhi Niya ITALIC INSULAR INDIC Konkani Paisaci Oriya Assamese BIHARI CELTIC Pali Bengali LATINO-FALISCAN SABELLIC Dhivehi Marathi Halbi Chittagonian Bhojpuri CONTINENTAL Sinhalese CENTRAL INDIC Magahi Faliscan Oscan Vedda Maithili Latin Umbrian Celtiberian WESTERN INDIC HINDUSTANI PAHARI INSULAR Galatian Classical Latin Aequian Gaulish NORTH Bhil DARDIC Hindi Urdu CENTRAL EASTERN
    [Show full text]