DOCSLIB.ORG

United States National Museum

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
United States National Museum Q 11 U563 CRLSSI . e I ^ t UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 218 Papers 1 to 11 Contributions FROM THE Museum OF History and Technology SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION O WASHINGTON. DC. ^ 1959 WS'n NOV 16 1959 ISSUED NOVl 61959 Smithsonian Institution UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Remington Kellooo Director Smith, Director Trank a. Taylor, Director Albert C. Museum oj jXatural History Afiisfum of ///'A"V 'iiiil Tirhwiliniv Publications of the United States National Museum include two The scientific publications of the United Stales National Museum States National Museum scries, Proceedings oj the United States National Museum and United Bulletin. dealing with the In these series are published original articles and monographs facts in the collections and work of the Museum and setting forth newly acquired Copies of fields of Anthropolog)', Biology, Geolog)', History, and Technology. each publication are distributed to libraries and scientific organizations and to specialists and others interested in the dififerent subjects. separate The Proceedings, begun in 1878, are intended for the publication, in size, with the form, of shorter papers. These are gathered in volumes, octavo in publication date of each paper recorded in the taljle of contents of the volume. separate In the Bulletin series, the first of which was issued in 1875, appear longer, publications consisting of monographs (occasionally in several parts) and volumes either octavo or in which are collected works on related subjects. Bulletins are papers re- qiiarto in size, depending on the needs of the presentation. Since 1902 lating to the botanical collections of the Museum have been published in the Bulletin series under the heading Contributions Jrom the United Stales National Herbarium. John S. Lea Editor, United Stales Motional Museum Ernest E. Biebichauser, Senior Editor Frank Dobias, Art Editor United States Government Printing Office, VVAsiiiNcr(i\. 1059 For sale by the Siipi-rintcndcnt of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Oflice VVashinRt.in .?S. D C. - Piiec S2.50 NOV 10 1959 . Papers Page 1 The Scholfield wool-carding machines 1 Grace L. Rogers 2. John Dccrc's steel plow 15 Edward C. Kendall 3. The beginnings of cheap steel 27 Philip W. Bishop 4. The Auburndale Watch Company 49 Edwin A. Battison 5. Development of the phonograph at Alexander Graham Bell's Volta Laboratory 69 Leslie J. Newville 6. On the origin of clockwork, perpetual inoiioii devices, and the compass . 81 Derek J. de Solla Price 7. Mine pumping in Agricola's lime and later 113 Robert P. Multhai'f 8. The natural philosophy of William Gilbert and Ills jjredccessors .... 121 W. James King 9. Concstoga wagons in Braddock's campaign, 175.S 141 Donald H. Berkebile 10. Old English patent medicines in America 155 George B. Griffeniiagen and James Harvey Young 11. Why Bewick succeeded : A note on the history of wood engraving ... 185 Jacob Kainen 111 Introduction THE STAFF OF THE MUSEUM OF HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY, a young Subdivision of the Smithsonian Institution's United States National Museum is pleased to present this its first collection of pul)lished papers. This volume of the United Slates A'alional Museum Bulletin series marks another step in the century-long effort of dedi- cated Smithsonian curators to develop a complete national musuem of the United States—a museum which through its scholarly research and puljlications, as well as through its collections and exhil)its, will increase and diffuse knowledge of the cul- tural, scientific, and technological history of the Nation, including its heritage from older cultures and scholarship. This volume was conceived by Robert P. Multhauf, head curator of the Museum's Department of Science and Technology, as a tribute to Mr. Greville Bathe for his fine contributions to the history of technology. It is equally a recognition of the inspiration which the work of Bathe and other historians of science and engineering has provided, during the past quarter-century, to museum curators collecting and interpreting the objects that record our history. Greville Bathe's stout works on Oliver Evans and Jacob Perkins and his enter- taining Engineer's miscellany comprise in themselves a complete justification for the study of the history of technology. In Oliver Evans the view of the exciting period spanning the transition from American colonies to United States is illuminated as it seldom is in political or narrative history. Insights into the problems of authoring and publishing, the efforts of the colonies to encourage and protect inventors, remon- strances against the threat of technological unemployment, the struggle with the wilderness and all obstacles to communications, the promotion of manufacturies west of the Alleghenies, consultations between the country's leaders and the mecha- nicians, are only a few of the dividends found in this day to day account of great inventor and a daring risk-taker. In Jacob Perkins, Bathe descrilies a surprising export of skill and scientific inquiry from the new world to the old. One cannot read these works—or the papers presented here—without recog- nizing that technological progress is a mainstream of cultural development. It is equally evident that these studies provide background for viewing present day problems in true perspective and that the knowledge they impart helps us to cope more successfully with technology's smashing impact on our lives. It is encouraging that the time was found by the authors of these papers to study and write while they were engaged in planning facilities and exhibits for the new Museum ol History and Technology building now under construction. This promises a program that will accelerate when the building is opened. The imaginative design of this volume of the Bulletin series is the work of the Editorial and Publications Division of the Smithsonian Institution, with the as,sist- ance and cooperation of the Government Printing Office. Frank \. Tavior. Director Museum of History and Technology July 22, 1959 Washington, D.C. Contributions from The Museum of History and Technology: Paper 1 The Scholfield Wool-Carding Machines Grace L. Rogers PRIMITIVE CARDING 3 THE FIRST MECHANICAL CARDS 5 JOHN AND ARTHUR SCHOLFIELD S THE NEV^'BURYPORT WOOLEN MANUFACTORY 9 THE SCHOLFIELD NL-\CHINES U — By Grace L. Rogers THE SCHOLFIELD WOOL-CARDING MACHINES First to appear among the inventions that sparked the industrial revolution in textile making ivas the flying shuttle, then various devices to spin thread and yarn, and lastly machines to card the raiv fibers so they could be spun and woven. Carding is thus the im- portant first step. For processing short-length wool fibers its mechanization proved most dijficult to achieve. To the United States in 1793 came John and Arthur Scholfield, bringing with them the knowledge of how to build a successful wool- carding machine. From this contribution to the technology of our then itifatit country developed another new industry. The Author: Grace L. Rogers is curator of textiles. Museum of History and Technology!, in the Smithsonian Institution' s United States National Museum. CARDING IS THE NECESSARY preliminary step by Primitive Carding which individual short fiiacrs of wool or cotton The earliest method of carding wool was probably are separated and cleaned of foreign materials so they one in which, by use of the fingers alone, the tufts were can be spun into yarn. The thoroughness of the card- |)ulled apart, the foreign particles loosened and ex- ing determines the quality of the yarn, while the posi- tracted, and the fibers blended. Fuller's teasels tion in which the carded fibers are laid determines its (thistles with hooked points, Dispasactis fullomtm). now type. The fibers are laid parallel in order to spin a better known for raising the nap on woven woolens, smooth compact yarn, or they arc crossed and inter- were also used at a very early date for carding. The mingled to produce a soft bulky yarn. teasels were mounted on a pair of small rectangular frames with handles; and from this device developed the familiar small hand card (see fig. 2), measuring . i .\n Scholfifxd Wooi.-Card- Figure Origi.nal about 8 inches by 5 inches, in which card clothing INO Machink, built by .Arthur Scholfield or under (wire teeth embedded in leather) was mounted on a his immediate direction between 1803 and 1814, as board with the wire teeili bent and angled toward the exhibited in the hall of textiles of the U. S. National handle. The wool was placed on one card and a sec- Museum {cat. no. Tiiroo). The exhibits in this ond card was dragged acro.ss it, the two hands pulling hall are part of those being prepared for the enlarged away from each other. This action separated the hall of textiles in the new Museum of History and Technology now under construction. (Smilhsoiiian fibers and laid them parallel to the handle, in a thin in this sev- /i/iolo 45396.) film. After the fibers had been carded wav P.VPF.R 1 : SCHOLFIELD WOOL-CARDLNG M.ACHINES 4712 -50- — Figure 2. Hand Cards "Used on Plantation or Marv C. Purvis," Nelson County, Vir- ginia, during early i8oo's and now in U. S. National Museum {cat. no. T2848; Smitluonian photo 37258). Figure 3. -The First Machine in Lewis Paul's British Patent 636, Issued August 30, 1748. The treadle moved the card-covered board B\ , in a horizontal direction as necessary to perform the carding operation. With the aid of the needlcslick the fibers were removed separately from each of the 16 cards .V. The carded fibers were placed on a narrow cloth band, which unrolled from the small cylinder G, on the left, and was rolled up with the fibers on the cylinder /, at the right. .Miif.r I. 'V I'AI IS SrncniAimN inny oitiit lilt fyti/ulf/ (i FIC I III The uffitr (mil / II., ,,„,tl..l ,1 r,.t ,.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Official Standard of the Old English Sheepdog General Appearance: a Strong, Compact, Square, Balanced Dog
    Page 1 of 2 Official Standard of the Old English Sheepdog General Appearance: A strong, compact, square, balanced dog. Taking him all around, he is profusely, but not excessively coated, thickset, muscular and able-bodied. These qualities, combined with his agility, fit him for the demanding tasks required of a shepherd's or drover's dog. Therefore, soundness is of the greatest importance. His bark is loud with a distinctive "pot- casse" ring in it. Size, Proportion, Substance: Type, character and balance are of greater importance and are on no account to be sacrificed to size alone. Size - Height (measured from top of withers to the ground), Dogs: 22 inches (55.8 centimeters) and upward. Bitches: 21 inches (53.3 centimeters) and upward. Proportion - Length (measured from point of shoulder to point of ischium (tuberosity) practically the same as the height. Absolutely free from legginess or weaselness. Substance - Well muscled with plenty of bone. Head - A most intelligent expression. Eyes - Brown, blue or one of each. If brown, very dark is preferred. If blue, a pearl, china or wall-eye is considered typical. An amber or yellow eye is most objectionable. Ears - Medium sized and carried flat to the side of the head. Skull - Capacious and rather squarely formed giving plenty of room for brain power. The parts over the eyes (supra-orbital ridges) are well arched. The whole well covered with hair. Stop - Well defined. Jaw - Fairly long, strong, square and truncated. Attention is particularly called to the above properties as a long, narrow head or snipy muzzle is a deformity.
    [Show full text]
  • AN INTRODUCTORY GRAMMAR of OLD ENGLISH Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies
    AN INTRODUCTORY GRAMMAR OF OLD ENGLISH MEDievaL AND Renaissance Texts anD STUDies VOLUME 463 MRTS TEXTS FOR TEACHING VOLUme 8 An Introductory Grammar of Old English with an Anthology of Readings by R. D. Fulk Tempe, Arizona 2014 © Copyright 2020 R. D. Fulk This book was originally published in 2014 by the Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies at Arizona State University, Tempe Arizona. When the book went out of print, the press kindly allowed the copyright to revert to the author, so that this corrected reprint could be made freely available as an Open Access book. TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE viii ABBREVIATIONS ix WORKS CITED xi I. GRAMMAR INTRODUCTION (§§1–8) 3 CHAP. I (§§9–24) Phonology and Orthography 8 CHAP. II (§§25–31) Grammatical Gender • Case Functions • Masculine a-Stems • Anglo-Frisian Brightening and Restoration of a 16 CHAP. III (§§32–8) Neuter a-Stems • Uses of Demonstratives • Dual-Case Prepositions • Strong and Weak Verbs • First and Second Person Pronouns 21 CHAP. IV (§§39–45) ō-Stems • Third Person and Reflexive Pronouns • Verbal Rection • Subjunctive Mood 26 CHAP. V (§§46–53) Weak Nouns • Tense and Aspect • Forms of bēon 31 CHAP. VI (§§54–8) Strong and Weak Adjectives • Infinitives 35 CHAP. VII (§§59–66) Numerals • Demonstrative þēs • Breaking • Final Fricatives • Degemination • Impersonal Verbs 40 CHAP. VIII (§§67–72) West Germanic Consonant Gemination and Loss of j • wa-, wō-, ja-, and jō-Stem Nouns • Dipthongization by Initial Palatal Consonants 44 CHAP. IX (§§73–8) Proto-Germanic e before i and j • Front Mutation • hwā • Verb-Second Syntax 48 CHAP.
    [Show full text]
  • "Ich Höre Gern Diesen Dialekt, Erinnert Mich an Meine Urlaube in Kärnten
    "Ich höre gern diesen Dialekt, erinnert mich an meine Urlaube in Kärnten ... ": A survey of the usage and the popularity of Austrian dialects in Vienna John Bellamy (Manchester) A survey of over 200 Austrians was undertaken in Vienna to investigate the extent to which they say they use dialect. They were asked if they speak dialect and if they do, in which situations they would switch to using predominantly Hochsprache. The responses have been analysed according to age, gender, birthplace (in Austria) and occupation to find out if the data reveals underlying correlations, especially to see if there have been any developments of note since earlier studies (for example, Steinegger 1995). The same group of informants were also asked about their opinions of Austrian dialects in general and this paper details their answers along with the reasons behind their positive or negative responses in this regard. The data collected during this survey will be compared to other contemporary investigations (particularly Soukup 2009) in an effort to obtain a broader view of dialect usage and attitudes towards dialect in Vienna and its environs. Since a very similar study was undertaken at the same time in the UK (Manchester) with more or less the same questions, the opportunity presents itself to compare dialect usage in the area in and around Vienna with regional accents and usage in the urban area of Manchester. References will be made during the course of the presentation to both sets of data. Language planning in Europe during the long 19th century: The selection of the standard language in Norway and Flanders Els Belsack (VU Brussel) The long 19th century (1794-1914) is considered to be the century of language planning par excellence.
    [Show full text]
  • Old Frisian, an Introduction To
    An Introduction to Old Frisian An Introduction to Old Frisian History, Grammar, Reader, Glossary Rolf H. Bremmer, Jr. University of Leiden John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam / Philadelphia TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of 8 American National Standard for Information Sciences — Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bremmer, Rolf H. (Rolf Hendrik), 1950- An introduction to Old Frisian : history, grammar, reader, glossary / Rolf H. Bremmer, Jr. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Frisian language--To 1500--Grammar. 2. Frisian language--To 1500--History. 3. Frisian language--To 1550--Texts. I. Title. PF1421.B74 2009 439’.2--dc22 2008045390 isbn 978 90 272 3255 7 (Hb; alk. paper) isbn 978 90 272 3256 4 (Pb; alk. paper) © 2009 – John Benjamins B.V. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publisher. John Benjamins Publishing Co. · P.O. Box 36224 · 1020 me Amsterdam · The Netherlands John Benjamins North America · P.O. Box 27519 · Philadelphia pa 19118-0519 · usa Table of contents Preface ix chapter i History: The when, where and what of Old Frisian 1 The Frisians. A short history (§§1–8); Texts and manuscripts (§§9–14); Language (§§15–18); The scope of Old Frisian studies (§§19–21) chapter ii Phonology: The sounds of Old Frisian 21 A. Introductory remarks (§§22–27): Spelling and pronunciation (§§22–23); Axioms and method (§§24–25); West Germanic vowel inventory (§26); A common West Germanic sound-change: gemination (§27) B.
    [Show full text]
  • Beginning Old English / Carole Hough and John Corbett
    © Carole Hough and John Corbett 2007 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Beginning Old Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. English Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this Carole Hough and John Corbett work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2007 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN-13: 978–1–4039–9349–6 hardback ISBN-10: 1–4039–9349–1 hardback ISBN-13: 978–1–4039–9350–2 paperback ISBN-10: 1–4039–9350–5 paperback This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
    [Show full text]
  • History of English Language (Eng1c03)
    School of Distance Education HISTORY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE (ENG1C03) STUDY MATERIAL I SEMESTER CORE COURSE MA ENGLISH (2019 Admission ONWARDS) UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION Calicut University P.O, Malappuram Kerala, India 673 635. 190003 History of English Language Page 1 School of Distance Education UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION STUDY MATERIAL FIRST SEMESTER MA ENGLISH (2019 ADMISSION) CORE COURSE : ENG1C03 : HISTORY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE Prepared by : 1. Smt.Smitha N, Assistant Professor on Contract (English) School of Distance Education, University of Calicut. 2. Prof. P P John (Retd.), St.Joseph’s College, Devagiri. Scrutinized by : Dr.Aparna Ashok, Assistant Professor on Contract, Dept. of English, University of Calicut. History of English Language Page 2 School of Distance Education CONTENTS 1 Section : A 6 2 Section : B 45 3 Section : C 58 History of English Language Page 3 School of Distance Education Introduction As English Literature learners, we must know the evolution of this language over the past fifteen hundred years or more. This course offers an overview of the History of English Language from its origin to the present. This SLM will have three sections: Section A briefly considers the early development of English Language and major historical events that had been made changes in its course. Section B takes up the changes that have taken place in English through Foreign invasions in 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, besides it discusses the contribution of major writers to enrich this language. In the Section C, we trace out the evolution of standard English and the significance of English in this globalized world where technology reigns.
    [Show full text]
  • History of the English Language
    History of the English Language John Gavin Marist CLS Spring 2019 4/4/2019 1 Assumptions About The Course • This is a survey of a very large topic – Course will be a mixture of history and language • Concentrate on what is most relevant – We live in USA – We were colonies of Great Britain until 1776 • English is the dominant language in – United Kingdom of England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland – Former Colonies: USA, Canada, Republic of Ireland, Australia, New Zealand and several smaller scattered colonies 4/4/2019 2 Arbitrary English Language Periods - Course Outline - Period Dates Old English 450 CE to 1066 CE Middle English 1066 CE to 1450 CE Early Modern English 1450 CE to 1700 CE Modern English 1700 CE to present Note: • These periods overlap. • There is not a distinct break. • It’s an evolution. 4/4/2019 3 Geography 4/4/2019 4 Poughkeepsie England X 4/4/2019 5 “England”: not to be confused with British Isles, Great Britain or the United Kingdom Kingdom of England • England (927) • add Wales (1342) Kingdom of Great Britain • Kingdom of England plus Kingdom of Scotland (1707) United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801) • All of the British Isles United Kingdom of GrB and Northern Ireland (1922) • less4/4/2019 the Republic of Ireland 6 Language in General 4/4/2019 7 What is a Language? A language is an oral system of communication: • Used by the people of a particular region • Consisting of a set of sounds (pronunciation) – Vocabulary, Grammar • Used for speaking and listening Until 1877 there was no method for recording speech and listening to it later.
    [Show full text]
  • Scandinavian Loans in Old and Middle English
    Scandinavian loans in Old and Middle English http://germanic.zxq.net/ON-Engloans.html Scandinavian loans in Old and Middle English, and their legacy in the dialects of England and modern standard English (Updated 15 October 2011) Word colourscolours: green = Old Norse (ON) and Old English (OE); red = Modern English; maroon = Middle English (ME); blue = Modern English dialect; purple = cognates in Modern Scandinavian and German * Old English examples cited are given in an Early West Saxon form unless stated. ** Modern Scandinavian parallels are given where these seem appropriate, and are represented in Modern Norwegian form. This means Norwegian Bokmål unless stated otherwise, i.e. in such cases where Nynorsk or even Danish forms are closer to the ON than the Bokmål ones. Opening remarks Some ON words were already beginning to find their way into Old English, mostly due to Viking raids and later settlement (in the Danelaw ) in England. However the full extent of Norse influence on English did not become clear until the Middle English period of the language, c.1150-1500. The reasons behind this are complex, as is the sometimes subtle interplay between ON and Old English in the early period. Old English and ON were probably mutually intelligible to quite a degree, and this situation both accelerated borrowing and hindered it, depending upon region, the speakers' ethnic background and the words concerned themselves. If a word in ON already had an identical or very similar parallel in Old English, the chances are it would not find its way into Standard English, linguistic excess usually being a bad thing.
    [Show full text]
  • Chronological Divisions in the History of English
    CHRONOLOGICAL DIVISIONS IN THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH. SHORT SURVEY OF PERIODS The historical development of a language is a continuous uninterrupted process without sudden breaks or rapid transformations. Therefore any periodization imposed on language history by linguists, with precise dates, might appear artificial, if not arbitrary. Yet in all language histories divisions into periods and cross-sections of a certain length, are used for teaching and research purposes. The commonly accepted, traditional periodization divides English history into three pe- riods: Old English (OE), Middle English (ME) and New English (NE). OE begins with the Germanic settlement of Britain (5th c.) and ends with the Norman Conquest (1066); ME begins with the Norman Conquest and ends on the introduction of printing (1475), which is the start of the New English period (NE) which lasts to the present day. A famous English scholar Henry Sweet divides the three main periods into early, classical, and late. Division into chronological periods is based on two aspects: external and internal (extra-linguistic and intra-linguistic). The following periodization of English history is based on the above-mentioned three periods; it subdivides the history of the English language into seven periods differing in linguistic situation and the nature of linguistic changes. 1. The first – pre-written or pre-historical – period, which may be termed Early Old English, lasts from the West Germanic invasion of Britain till the beginning of writing, i.e. from the 5th to the end of the 7th c. It is the stage of tribal dialects of the West Germanic invaders (Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Frisians).
    [Show full text]
  • Study of Prefixes in Old English, Old High German and Gothic
    Study of Prefixes in Old English, Old High German and Gothic Pranjal Srivastava1 Abstract— In this paper, we explore the meaning(s) of the on- prefix in Old English its corresponding prefixes in Gothic and Old High German. To do so, we compare and analyze the uncompounded (without prefix) and compounded (with prefix) meanings of strong Verbs listed in the book ’Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben’ (a dictionary of Germanic Verbs and their forms in its daughter languages) and put forward possible meanings of the prefix and their possible sources. We observed three major meaning clusters: 1) The prefix denoted a reversal or weakening of the original uncompounded meaning 2) The prefix denoted a the action being done in a face-to-face capacity, to either positive or Fig. 1. The relationship between languages. negative effect 3) The prefix indicated a relationship between the Germanic Gothic Old English Old High German action done and the doer of the action. en- in- on- in(t)- and- and- on- in(t)- These results enable an in-depth study of the prefixes und- und- on- in(t)- that are derived from the original Proto-Germanic language. TABLE I Prefix correspondences across researched languages I. INTRODUCTION II. BACKGROUND The West Germanic (WGmc.) language family is the 2 The Germanic languages are a subfamily of the Indo- largest member of the three branches of the Germanic European family of languages. The last common ances- Language family (by native speakers) [1] [4]. Members tor of the Germanic languages, called Proto-Germanic of the WGmc.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of English
    The History of English History The Four Periods of English • Pre-English (3000 B.C.- 500 A. D.) • Old English (500 A.D.- 1066) • Middle English (1066-1485) • Modern English (1485- Present) Pre-English • Proto-Indo-European – About 5000 years ago – Asia Minor or southeast Europe – Ancestry of most language of • Europe • North India • Iran – Proto= First Indo= India European= Europe Pre-English • Anglo Saxons – Germanic tribes consisting of the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes • Settled along the North Sea, in what today is northern Germany – Germanic (the Anglo-Saxon’s form of Proto-Indo-European) is the ancestor of modern English • Loan words: words that one language borrows from another Old English • Eventually Anglo-Saxons spread to Britain • Picts (a group of independent, fierce people) inhabited the northern part of the islands – Painted themselves blue and howl as they raided neighbors • Romans – Brought Anglo-Saxons in to prevent Picts from raiding them Old English • Romans stopped ruling Britain • Anglo-Saxons took over – Called the island “Engla land” or the land of the Angles – Language was Englisc (AKA: Old English) – Many sounds used by Anglo-Saxons we have lost Old English • Writing – At first Anglo Saxons wrote with angular looking alphabet • Runes – Then Irish monks taught them a rounded form of letters • Insular hand – Many of the spellings of Old English have changed in Modern English Anglo Saxon Runes Middle English • 1066 – Anglo-Saxons conquered by Normans • Spoke Norman French – Marks beginning of Middle English • Many French
    [Show full text]
  • Arjen Versloot: the Runic Frisian Vowel System. the Earliest History
    UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) The Runic Frisian vowel system: the earliest history of Frisian and Proto-Insular North Frisian Versloot, A.P. Publication date 2014 Document Version Final published version Published in Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Versloot, A. P. (2014). The Runic Frisian vowel system: the earliest history of Frisian and Proto-Insular North Frisian. Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik, 72, 35-62. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/rodopi/abag/2014/00000072/00000002/art00002 General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:26 Sep 2021 Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 72 (2014), 35-62 THE RUNIC FRISIAN VOWEL SYSTEM 1 THE EARLIEST HISTORY OF FRISIAN AND PROTO-INSULAR NORTH FRISIAN Arjen P.
    [Show full text]