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Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Middle German, East Middle German 1 ALEMANA GERMAN, ALEMÁN, ALLEMAND Language family: Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Middle German, East Middle German. Language codes: ISO 639-1 de ISO 639-2 ger (ISO 639-2/B) deu (ISO 639-2/T) ISO 639-3 Variously: deu – Standard German gmh – Middle High german goh – Old High German gct – Aleman Coloniero bar – Austro-Bavarian cim – Cimbrian geh – Hutterite German kksh – Kölsch nds – Low German sli – Lower Silesian ltz – Luxembourgish vmf – Main-Franconian mhn – Mócheno pfl – Palatinate German pdc – Pennsylvania German pdt – Plautdietsch swg – Swabian German gsw – Swiss German uln – Unserdeutssch sxu – Upper Saxon wae – Walser German wep – Westphalian Glotolog: high1287. Linguasphere: [show] 2 Beste izen batzuk (autoglotonimoa: Deutsch). deutsch alt german, standard [GER]. german, standard [GER] hizk. Alemania; baita AEB, Arabiar Emirerri Batuak, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgika, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brasil, Danimarka, Ekuador, Errumania, Errusia (Europa), Eslovakia, Eslovenia, Estonia, Filipinak, Finlandia, Frantzia, Hegoafrika, Hungaria, Italia, Kanada, Kazakhstan, Kirgizistan, Liechtenstein, Luxenburgo, Moldavia, Namibia, Paraguai, Polonia, Puerto Rico, Suitza, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Txekiar Errepublika, Txile, Ukraina eta Uruguain ere. Dialektoa: erzgebirgisch. Hizkuntza eskualde erlazionatuenak dira Bavarian, Schwäbisch, Allemannisch, Mainfränkisch, Hessisch, Palatinian, Rheinfränkisch, Westfälisch, Saxonian, Thuringian, Brandenburgisch eta Low saxon. Aldaera asko ez dira ulerkorrak beren artean. high german alt german, standard [GER]. hochdeutsch alt german, standard [GER]. ALEMANIA german, standard (deutsch, hochdeutsch, high german) [GER] 75.300.000 hiztun (1990). Herrialde gustietako populazio osoa 100.000.000 lehen hizkuntzatzat dutenak (1999, WA); 128.000.000 barne eginik 2. hizkuntzatzat dutenak (1999, WA). Halaber mintzatua beste 40 herrialdetan ere, hauen artean AEB, Arabiar Emirerri Batuak, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgika, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brasil, Danimarka, Ekuador, Errumania, Errusia (Europa), Eslovakia, Eslovenia, Estonia, Filipinak, Finlandia, Frantzia, Hegoafrika, Hungaria, Italia, Kanada, Kazakhstan, Kirgizistan, Liechtenstein, Luxenburgo, Moldavia, Namibia, Paraguai, Polonia, Puerto Rico, Suitza, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Txekiar 3 Errepublika, Txile, Ukraina eta Uruguain. Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Middle German, East Middle German. Dialektoa: erzgebirgisch. Hizkuntz eskualde erlazionatuenak dira Bavarian, Schwäbisch, Allemannisch, Mainfränkisch, Hessisch, Palatinian, Rheinfränkisch, Wetsfälisch, Saxonian,Thuringian, Brandenburgisch eta Low Saxon. Aldaera asko ez dira batere ulergarriak beren artean. Aleman estandarra da Goi Aleman aldaera bat, Saxoniakoaren garapena, XVI. eta XVII. mendeetan idazkera estandar bihurtzeko onespen handia irabazi zuena. Goi Alemanak adierazten ditu Rhin Garaiko dialektoak eta hizkuntzak. %60ko antz lexikala ingelesarekin, %29koa frantsesarekin. Hizkuntza nazionala, hiztegia, gramatika; poesia, egunkariak, irrati-emakizunak, filmak, TB, bideoak. LIECHTENSTEIN german, standard [GER] Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Middle German, East Middle German. Hainbat dialekto aleman. Hizkuntza nazionala. Ikus sarrera nagusia Alemanian. LUXENBURGO german, standard [GER] 9.200 edo gehiago hiztun (1993, Johnstone). Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Middle German, East Middle German. Industriako langileek eta landatar herriak 2. hizkuntzatzat erabilia. Eskolan 2. hizkuntza bezala irakasten da. Hizkuntza nazionala. Ikus sarrera nagusia Alemanian. SUITZA 4 german, standard [GER] Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Middle German, East Middle German. Gutxik dute ama hizkuntza. Hizkuntza ofiziala. Hezkuntzan erabiltzen den hizkuntza nagusia Schwyzerdütsch-(german) eskualdean eta rheto-romansch mintzaira eskualdean. Ikus sarrera nagusia Alemanian. TXEKIAR ERREPUBLIKA german, standard [GER] 50.000 hiztun (1998). Erzgebirge-n, Txekiar Errepublikaren muga ondoan. Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Middle German, East Middle German. Dialektoa: erzgebirgisch. Elebitasuna txekierarekin. Ikus sarrera nagusia Alemanian. Hizkuntza / lengua: alemana / german / alemán / allemand. Hiztunak / hablantes (2001): 94.200.000 eta beste milioi batzuk bigarren hizkuntzatzat dutenak (Rafael del Moral). Herrialdea / país: Alemania (74.960.000), Austria (7.500.000), Suiza (4.560.000), Frantzia (1.510.000), AEB (1.800.000), Brasil (900.000), Polonia (500.000), Kanada (480.000), Kzajstan (470.000), Errusia (350.000), Italia (310.000), Argentina (300.000), Australia (110.000), Belgika (100.000). oOo HISTORIA. Germaniar familiako mendebaldeko adarreko indoeuropar hizkuntza, holandera, yidisa eta afrikaansaren senidea. Alemanak beren buruari deutch deitzen diote. Eslaviar hiztunek nemec deitzen diete, hots, “gure hizkuntza mintzatzen ez dutenak” (errusieraz nenienski esaten da alemana). XIV. mendera arte latina izan zen Inperio sakro erromatar germaniarrraren dokumentu idatzietako hizkuntza ofiziala. Luis IVa enperadorearen erreinaldian (1314-1347), alemana onartu 5 zen gorteko dokumentuen hizkuntzatzat eta hizkuntza ofizialtzat udaletan eta baita Saxonia eta Meissengo gorteetan eta Leipzig eta Wittenberg-eko unibertsitateetan ere. 1500ean jada klase kultoen hizkuntza zen eta izaera publikoa zuten dokumentu idatziena ere bai. Martin Lutherrek Biblia itzultzeak asko hedatu zuen. Honela bada, XVII. mendearen hasieran esan daiteke bazegoela idazteko arautegi bat. Gaur duen idazkera XVIII. mendearen erdialdean finkatu zen, baina hala ere idazle aleman askok, hala nola Leibnizek (1646-1716), ia obra guztia latinez idatzi zuten. 1898an adituen batzorde batek ahoskatzeko arautegi bat erredaktatu zuen, Deutsche Buhnenaussprache (Gaurko ahoskera alemana), normalean ontzat emana. XX. m.aren hasieran hainbat idaztarau aurkitzen ziren. 1901ean ortografia batzeko asmoz nazioarteko konferentzia bat bildu zen. Hainbat germano-hiztun talde ezberdin bereiz daitezke klarki: suaboak, saxoiak, austriarrak eta suitzarrak. Germaniko okzidentalaren mintzaera ezberdinak normalean goi-alemana eta behe-alemana dira, “2. mutazio kontsonantikoa” (II Lautverschiebung) delakoaren arabera banatuak. Lehen testu alemanak VIII. m.koak dira: latindar eskuizkribuetako glosa batzuk eta poema epiko bateko hainbat lerro. Europaren erdialdean eragin eta prestigio handiak ditu. Afrikan garai batean izan zituen kolonia zaharretan apenas duen eraginik: Togo, Kamerun, Ruanda eta Namibian. Italieraz tedesco da aleman gentilizioa adierazteko. Haren jatorria theodiscus Erdi Aroko latinean du, hizkuntza germaniko batean, *þiudiskaz (herrikoa, herritarra) proto-germanikoan, hots, *þeudō (herria) + *-iscaz (“-ish, -ic, -al”). Ingelesezko forma zaharra þéodisc da, goi alemanaren forma zaharra diustic (1090ean Annolied-en testatua). Annolied (Annoren edo san Annoren eresia) biko errimadunetan konposaturiko obra bat da, 6 1077 eta 1081 urteen artean Sigburgueko Michaelsberg abadian monje batek idatzia. HIZKUNTZA. Ezaugarri nagusiak. Fonetika. A) Fonetika eta ortografia oso errazak ditu, baina gramatika zaila, zailtasun sintaktikoa. B) u eta o labializatu egiten dira, u [ü] bezala eta o [ö] bezala ahoskatuz; bokal luzeak era tentsoan ahoskatzen dira eta laburrak erlaxatuz. Frantsesetik hartutako hitzetan -asko dira oso- bokalak sudurkaritu egiten dira. C) Kontsonanteei buruz, nabarmentzen dira r fonemaren ahoskera mihi-guturala egitea; amaierako b, d, g hurrenez hurren p, t, k gortzea; pf eta ts afrikatuak agertzea eta w fonema v ezpain- horzkari ozen ahoskatzea eta v letra f ezpain-horzkari gor ahoskatzea. s ozena da bokal aurrean eta bokal artean. D) Azentu nagusia hitzaren lehen silabak hartzen du. Aditz konbinazioetan erroa da eta ez aurrizkia azentuan agintzen duen silaba. Morfosintaxia. A) Hiru genero ditu (maskulinoa, femeninoa eta neutroa) eta araurik ez generoa hitzei aplikatzeko; 2 numero (singularra eta plurala) eta 4 kasu (nominatiboa, akusatiboa, genitiboa eta datiboa), izenak eta adjektibo kalifikatzaileak deklinatzeko balio dutenak. B) Bai aditzen jokaerarako bai eta izen-multzoen bariaziorako amaiera gramatikalen sistema oso aberatsa duenez, perpausaren zatiak hobeto identifikatzen dira hain malgukariak ez diren hizkuntzetan baino. Atzerritarrentzat zailtasun bat gehiago gertatzen dira aditz-bikoteak hala nola ahal izan edo behar izan, segun esanahi fisikoa ala morala duten. Irten naiteke: können; irtetzeko baimena badut: dürfen. C) Hitz berriak sortzeko alemana konposizioaz baliatzen da eta bi hitz oso edo gehiago katea ditzake, aurrizkiak erantsi edota atzizkiekin sortu: Oberbaumeister, Handelsluftalhrt; Geteilheit; teilbar. D) Lexiko poetiko, filosofiko, zientifiko eta teknikorako bereziki da aberatsa alemana. E) Hona hemen alemanez lehenengo 10 zenbakiak: eins (1), zwei (2), drei (3), vier (4), fünf (5), sechs (6), sieben (7), acht (8), neun (9), zehn (10). 7 Idazkera. Latindar alfabetoa gehi Ää, Öö, Üü eta ß. Substantibo guztiak lehenengo letra maiuskularekin idazten dira, baina bitxitasun hau aparte, oso traba ortografiko gutxi ditu inguruko hizkuntzekin alderatuz gero, hala nola frantses edo ingelesarekin. 1941ean abandonatu zituen karaktere gotikoak latindarrekin idazteko, gobernu Nazionalsozialistak hala erabakita, latindar marrak gotikoak baino azkarrago egin zitezkeela ondorioztatu baitzuen. Idazkera gotikoz idatzitako liburuak gaur alemanek nekez irakurri ahal dituzte. *** HISTORIA. Lengua indoeuropea
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