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ALEMANA GERMAN, ALEMÁN, ALLEMAND Language

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ALEMANA GERMAN, ALEMÁN, ALLEMAND Language ALEMANA GERMAN, ALEMÁN, ALLEMAND Language family: Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Middle German, East Middle German. Language codes: ISO 639-1 de ISO 639-2 ger (ISO 639-2/B) deu (ISO 639-2/T) ISO 639-3 Variously: deu – Standard German gmh – Middle High german goh – Old High German gct – Aleman Coloniero bar – Austro-Bavarian cim – Cimbrian geh – Hutterite German kksh – Kölsch nds – Low German sli – Lower Silesian ltz – Luxembourgish vmf – Main-Franconian mhn – Mócheno pfl – Palatinate German pdc – Pennsylvania German pdt – Plautdietsch swg – Swabian German gsw – Swiss German uln – Unserdeutssch sxu – Upper Saxon wae – Walser German wep – Westphalian Glotolog: high1287. Linguasphere: [show] Beste izen batzuk (autoglotonimoa: Deutsch). deutsch alt german, standard [GER]. german, standard [GER] hizk. Alemania; baita AEB, Arabiar Emirerri Batuak, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgika, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brasil, Danimarka, Ekuador, Errumania, Errusia (Europa), Eslovakia, Eslovenia, Estonia, Filipinak, Finlandia, Frantzia, Hegoafrika, Hungaria, Italia, Kanada, Kazakhstan, Kirgizistan, Liechtenstein, Luxenburgo, Moldavia, Namibia, Paraguai, Polonia, Puerto Rico, Suitza, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Txekiar Errepublika, Txile, Ukraina eta Uruguain ere. Dialektoa: erzgebirgisch. Hizkuntza eskualde erlazionatuenak dira Bavarian, Schwäbisch, Allemannisch, Mainfränkisch, Hessisch, Palatinian, Rheinfränkisch, Westfälisch, Saxonian, Thuringian, Brandenburgisch eta Low saxon. Aldaera asko ez dira ulerkorrak beren artean. high german alt german, standard [GER]. hochdeutsch alt german, standard [GER]. ALEMANIA german, standard (deutsch, hochdeutsch, high german) [GER] 75.300.000 hiztun (1990). Herrialde gustietako populazio osoa 100.000.000 lehen hizkuntzatzat dutenak (1999, WA); 128,000.000 barne eginik 2. hizkuntzatzat dutenak (1999, WA). Halaber mintzatua beste 40 herrialdetan ere, hauen artean AEB, Arabiar Emirerri Batuak, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgika, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brasil, Danimarka, Ekuador, Errumania, Errusia (Europa), Eslovakia, Eslovenia, Estonia, Filipinak, Finlandia, Frantzia, Hegoafrika, Hungaria, Italia, Kanada, Kazakhstan, Kirgizistan, Liechtenstein, Luxenburgo, Moldavia, Namibia, Paraguai, Polonia, Puerto Rico, Suitza, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Txekiar Errepublika, Txile, Ukraina eta Uruguain. Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Middle German, East Middle German. Dialektoa: erzgebirgisch. Hizkuntz eskualde erlazionatuenak dira Bavarian, Schwäbisch, Allemannisch, Mainfränkisch, Hessisch, Palatinian, Rheinfränkisch, Wetsfälisch, Saxonian,Thuringian, Brandenburgisch eta Low Saxon. Aldaera asko ez dira batere ulergarriak beren artean. Aleman estandarra da Goi Aleman aldaera bat, Saxoniakoaren garapena, XVI. eta XVII. mendeetan idazkera estandar bihurtzeko onespen handia irabazi zuena. Goi Alemanak adierazten ditu Rhin Garaiko dialektoak eta hizkuntzak. % 60ko antz lexikala ingelesarekin, % 29koa frantsesarekin. Hizkuntza nazionala, hiztegia, gramatika; poesia, egunkariak, irrati-emakizunak, filmak, TB, bideoak. LIECHTENSTEIN german, standard [GER] Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Middle German, East Middle German. Hainbat dialekto aleman. Hizkuntza nazionala. Ikus sarrera nagusia Alemanian. LUXENBURGO german, standard [GER] 9.200 edo gehiago hiztun (1993, Johnstone). Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Middle German, East Middle German. Industriako langileek eta landatar herriak 2. hizkuntzatzat erabilia. Eskolan 2. hizkuntza bezala irakasten da. Hizkuntza nazionala. Ikus sarrera nagusia Alemanian. SUITZA german, standard [GER] Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Middle German, East Middle German. Gutxik dute ama hizkuntza. Hizkuntza ofiziala. Hezkuntzan erabiltzen den hizkuntza nagusia Schwyzerdütsch-(german) eskualdean eta rheto-romansch mintzaira eskualdean. Ikus sarrera nagusia Alemanian. TXEKIAR ERREPUBLIKA german, standard [GER] 50.000 hiztun (1998). Erzgebirge-n, Txekiar Errepublikaren muga ondoan. Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Middle German, East Middle German. Dialektoa: erzgebirgisch. Elebitasuna txekierarekin. Ikus sarrera nagusia Alemanian. Hizkuntza / lengua: alemana / german / alemán / allemand. Hiztunak / hablantes (2001): 94.200.000 eta beste milioi batzuk bigarren hizkuntzatzat dutenak (Rafael del Moral). Herrialdea / país: Alemania (74.960.000), Austria (7.500.000), Suiza (4.560.000), Frantzia (1.510.000), AEB (1.800.000), Brasil (900.000), Polonia (500.000), Kanada (480.000), Kzajstan (470.000), Errusia (350.000), Italia (310.000), Argentina (300.000), Australia (110.000), Belgika (100.000). HISTORIA. Germaniar familiako mendebaldeko adarreko indoeuropar hizkuntza, holandera, yidisa eta afrikaansaren senidea. Alemanak beren buruari deutch deitzen diote. Eslaviar hiztunek nemec deitzen diete, hots, “gure hizkuntza mintzatzen ez dutenak” (errusieraz nenienski esaten da alemana). XIV. mendera arte latina izan zen Inperio sakro erromatar germaniarrraren dokumentu idatzietako hizkuntza ofiziala. Luis IVa enperadorearen erreinaldian (1314-1347), alemana onartu zen gorteko dokumentuen hizkuntzatzat eta hizkuntza ofizialtzat udaletan eta baita Saxonia eta Meissengo gorteetan eta Leipzig eta Wittenberg-eko unibertsitateetan ere. 1500ean jada klase kultoen hizkuntza zen eta izaera publikoa zuten dokumentu idatziena ere bai. Martin Lutherrek Biblia itzultzeak asko hedatu zuen. HISTORIA. Lengua indoeuropea de la rama occidental de la familia germánica, a la que también pertenecen el holandés, el yídis y el afrikaans. Los alemanes se llaman a sí mismos Honela bada, XVII. mendearen hasieran esan daiteke bazegoela idazteko arautegi bat. Gaur duen idazkera XVIII. mendearen erdialdean finkatu zen, baina hala ere idazle deutch. Los hablantes de lenguas eslavas los llaman nemec, que significa “no hablantes de nuestra lengua” (alemán se dice nenienski en ruso). aleman askok, hala nola Leibnizek (1646-1716), ia obra guztia latinez idatzi zuten. Hasta mediados del s. XIV el latín fue la lengua oficial en los documentos escritos del sacro Imperio romano germánico. En el reinado del emperador Luis IV (1314-1347), el alemán se adoptó como la lengua de los documentos de la corte, como lengua oficial en muchos ayuntamientos y también en las cortes de Sajonia y Meissen. y en las universidades de 1898an adituen batzorde batek ahoskatzeko arautegi bat erredaktatu zuen, Deutsche Buhnenaussprache (Gaurko ahoskera alemana), normalean ontzat emana. XX. m.aren Leipzig y Wittenberg. En 1500 ya era la lengua de las clases cultas y de los documentos escritos de uso público. La traducción de la Biblia de Martín Lutero contribuyó a su extensión. hasieran hainbat idaztarau aurkitzen ziren. 1901ean ortografia batzeko asmoz nazioarteko konferentzia bat bildu zen. Así, a principios del s. XVII se puede hablar de una norma escrita. Su forma actual no se consolida hasta mediados del s. XVIII, lo que no impide que durante tal periodo muchos escritores alemanes, como Leibniz (1646-1716) escribieran en latín casi toda su obra. En 1898 una comisión de expertos redacta las normas de pronunciación, Deutsche Buhnenaussprache (Pronunciación alemana actual), que fueron generalmente bien acogidas. A Hainbat germano-hiztun talde ezberdin bereiz daitezke klarki: suaboak, saxoiak, austriarrak eta suitzarrak. principios del s. XX existían todavía varias normas escritas. En 1901 se reúne una conferencia internacional con la intención de unificar la ortografía. Germaniko okzidentalaren mintzaera ezberdinak normalean goi-alemana eta behe-alemana dira, “2. mutazio kontsonantikoa” (II Lautverschiebung) delakoaren arabera Se pueden distinguir con claridad los diferentes grupos germano-hablantes: suabos, sajones, austriacos y suizos. banatuak. Las diferentes hablas del germánico occidental se dividen tradicionalmente en alto y bajo alemán, de acuerdo con el fenómeno de la “2ª mutación consonántica” (II Lehen testu alemanak VIII. m.koak dira: latindar eskuizkribuetako glosa batzuk eta poema epiko bateko hainbat lerro. Lautverschiebung). Europaren erdialdean eragin eta prestigio handiak ditu. Afrikan garai batean izan zituen kolonia zaharretan apenas duen eraginik: Togo, Kamerun, Ruanda eta Namibian. Los primeros textos en alemán datan del s. VIII: se trata de algunas glosas de manuscritos latinos, y unas cuantas líneas de un poema épico. Italieraz tedesco da aleman gentilizioa adierazteko. Haren jatorria theodiscus Erdi Aroko latinean du, hizkuntza germaniko batean, *þiudiskaz (herrikoa, herritarra) proto- Grande es su influencia y prestigio en Europa central. Apenas quedan restos de su influencia en las antiguas colonias africanas: Togo, Camerún, Ruanda y Namibia. germanikoan, hots, *þeudō (herria) + *-iscaz (“-ish, -ic, -al”). Ingelesezko forma zaharra þéodisc da, goi alemanaren forma zaharra diustic (1090ean Annolied-en testatua). Annolied (Annoren edo san Annoren eresia) biko errimadunetan konposaturiko obra bat da, 1077 eta 1081 urteen artean Sigburgueko Michaelsberg abadian monje Tedesco es el término italiano para expresar el gentilicio alemán. Su origen deriva del latín medieval theodiscus, de una lengua germánica, del proto-germánico *þiudiskaz (del batek idatzia. pueblo, popular, vernacular), de *þeudō (pueblo) + *-iscaz (“-ish, -ic, -al”). La forma del antiguo inglés es þéodisc, la forma antigua del alto alemán es diustic (atestado ca. 1090 en Annolied). Annolied (“Cantar de Anno o de san Annón) es una obra en pareados en alto alemán medio
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