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ALEMANA GERMAN, ALEMÁN, ALLEMAND Language

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ALEMANA GERMAN, ALEMÁN, ALLEMAND

Language family: Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Middle German, East Middle German.

Language codes:
ISO 639-1 ISO 639-2 de ger (ISO 639-2/B) deu (ISO 639-2/T)

  • Variously:
  • ISO 639-3

deu – Standard German gmh – Middle High german goh – Old High German gct – Aleman Coloniero bar – Austro-Bavarian cim – Cimbrian geh – Hutterite German kksh – Kölsch nds – Low German sli – Lower Silesian ltz – Luxembourgish vmf – Main-Franconian mhn – Mócheno pfl – Palatinate German pdc – Pennsylvania German pdt – Plautdietsch swg – Swabian German gsw – Swiss German uln – Unserdeutssch sxu – Upper Saxon wae – Walser German wep – Westphalian
Glotolog: high1287. Linguasphere: [show] Beste izen batzuk (autoglotonimoa: Deutsch).

deutsch alt german, standard [GER]. german, standard [GER] hizk. Alemania; baita AEB, Arabiar Emirerri Batuak, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgika, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brasil, Danimarka, Ekuador, Errumania, Errusia (Europa), Eslovakia, Eslovenia, Estonia, Filipinak, Finlandia, Frantzia, Hegoafrika, Hungaria, Italia, Kanada, Kazakhstan, Kirgizistan, Liechtenstein, Luxenburgo, Moldavia, Namibia, Paraguai, Polonia, Puerto Rico, Suitza, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Txekiar Errepublika, Txile, Ukraina eta Uruguain ere. Dialektoa: erzgebirgisch. Hizkuntza eskualde erlazionatuenak dira Bavarian, Schwäbisch, Allemannisch, Mainfränkisch, Hessisch, Palatinian, Rheinfränkisch, Westfälisch, Saxonian, Thuringian, Brandenburgisch eta Low saxon. Aldaera asko ez dira ulerkorrak beren artean.

high german alt german, standard [GER]. hochdeutsch alt german, standard [GER].

ALEMANIA

german, standard (deutsch, hochdeutsch, high german) [GER] 75.300.000 hiztun (1990). Herrialde gustietako populazio osoa 100.000.000 lehen hizkuntzatzat dutenak (1999, WA); 128,000.000 barne eginik 2. hizkuntzatzat dutenak (1999, WA). Halaber mintzatua beste 40 herrialdetan ere, hauen artean AEB, Arabiar Emirerri Batuak, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgika, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brasil, Danimarka, Ekuador, Errumania, Errusia (Europa), Eslovakia, Eslovenia, Estonia, Filipinak, Finlandia, Frantzia, Hegoafrika, Hungaria, Italia, Kanada, Kazakhstan, Kirgizistan, Liechtenstein, Luxenburgo, Moldavia, Namibia, Paraguai, Polonia, Puerto Rico, Suitza, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Txekiar Errepublika, Txile, Ukraina eta Uruguain. Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Middle German, East Middle German. Dialektoa: erzgebirgisch. Hizkuntz eskualde erlazionatuenak dira Bavarian, Schwäbisch, Allemannisch, Mainfränkisch, Hessisch, Palatinian, Rheinfränkisch, Wetsfälisch, Saxonian,Thuringian, Brandenburgisch eta Low Saxon. Aldaera asko ez dira batere ulergarriak beren artean. Aleman estandarra da Goi Aleman aldaera bat, Saxoniakoaren garapena, XVI. eta XVII. mendeetan idazkera estandar bihurtzeko onespen handia irabazi zuena. Goi Alemanak adierazten ditu Rhin Garaiko dialektoak eta hizkuntzak. % 60ko antz lexikala ingelesarekin, % 29koa frantsesarekin. Hizkuntza nazionala, hiztegia, gramatika; poesia, egunkariak, irrati-emakizunak, filmak, TB, bideoak.

LIECHTENSTEIN

german, standard [GER] Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Middle German, East Middle German. Hainbat dialekto aleman. Hizkuntza nazionala. Ikus sarrera nagusia Alemanian.

LUXENBURGO

german, standard [GER] 9.200 edo gehiago hiztun (1993, Johnstone). Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Middle German, East Middle German. Industriako langileek eta landatar herriak 2. hizkuntzatzat erabilia. Eskolan 2. hizkuntza bezala irakasten da. Hizkuntza nazionala. Ikus sarrera nagusia Alemanian.

SUITZA

german, standard [GER] Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Middle German, East Middle German. Gutxik dute ama hizkuntza. Hizkuntza ofiziala. Hezkuntzan erabiltzen den hizkuntza nagusia Schwyzerdütsch-(german) eskualdean eta rheto-romansch mintzaira eskualdean. Ikus sarrera nagusia Alemanian.

TXEKIAR ERREPUBLIKA

german, standard [GER] 50.000 hiztun (1998). Erzgebirge-n, Txekiar Errepublikaren muga ondoan. Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Middle German, East Middle German. Dialektoa: erzgebirgisch. Elebitasuna txekierarekin. Ikus sarrera nagusia Alemanian.

Hizkuntza / lengua: alemana / german / alemán / allemand. Hiztunak / hablantes (2001): 94.200.000 eta beste milioi batzuk bigarren hizkuntzatzat dutenak (Rafael del Moral).

Herrialdea / país: Alemania (74.960.000), Austria (7.500.000), Suiza (4.560.000), Frantzia (1.510.000), AEB (1.800.000), Brasil (900.000), Polonia (500.000), Kanada (480.000), Kzajstan (470.000), Errusia (350.000), Italia (310.000), Argentina (300.000), Australia (110.000), Belgika (100.000).

HISTORIA. Germaniar familiako mendebaldeko adarreko indoeuropar hizkuntza, holandera, yidisa eta afrikaansaren senidea. Alemanak beren buruari deutch deitzen diote. Eslaviar hiztunek nemec deitzen diete, hots, “gure hizkuntza mintzatzen ez dutenak” (errusieraz nenienski esaten da alemana). XIV. mendera arte latina izan zen Inperio sakro erromatar germaniarrraren dokumentu idatzietako hizkuntza ofiziala. Luis IVa enperadorearen erreinaldian (1314-1347), alemana onartu zen gorteko dokumentuen hizkuntzatzat eta hizkuntza ofizialtzat udaletan eta baita Saxonia eta Meissengo gorteetan eta Leipzig eta Wittenberg-eko unibertsitateetan ere. 1500ean jada klase kultoen hizkuntza zen eta izaera publikoa zuten dokumentu idatziena ere bai. Martin Lutherrek Biblia itzultzeak asko hedatu zuen. Honela bada, XVII. mendearen hasieran esan daiteke bazegoela idazteko arautegi bat. Gaur duen idazkera XVIII. mendearen erdialdean finkatu zen, baina hala ere idazle aleman askok, hala nola Leibnizek (1646-1716), ia obra guztia latinez idatzi zuten.
HISTORIA. Lengua indoeuropea de la rama occidental de la familia germánica, deutch. Los hablantes de lenguas eslavas los llaman nemec, que significa “no hablantes de nuestra lengua” (alemán se dice nenienski en ruso). Hasta mediados del s. XIV el latín fue la lengua oficial en los documentos escritos del sacro Imperio romano germánico. En el reinado del emperador Luis IV (1314-1347), el alemán se adoptó como la lengua de los documentos de la corte, como lengua oficial en muchos ayuntamientos también en las cortes de Sajonia Meissen. en las universidades de Leipzig Wittenberg. En 1500 ya era la lengua de las clases cultas de los documentos escritos de uso público. La traducción de la Biblia de Martín Lutero contribuyó su extensión. Así, principios del s. XVII se puede hablar de una norma escrita. Su forma actual no se consolida hasta mediados del s. XVIII, lo que no impide que durante tal periodo muchos

  • a
  • la que también pertenecen el holandés, el yídis
  • y
  • el afrikaans. Los alemanes se llaman
  • a
  • sí mismos

  • y
  • y
  • y

1898an adituen batzorde batek ahoskatzeko arautegi bat erredaktatu zuen, Deutsche Buhnenaussprache (Gaurko ahoskera alemana), normalean ontzat emana. XX. m.aren hasieran hainbat idaztarau aurkitzen ziren. 1901ean ortografia batzeko asmoz nazioarteko konferentzia bat bildu zen.

  • y
  • y
  • a

aescritores alemanes, como Leibniz (1646-1716) escribieran en latín casi toda su obra. En 1898 una comisión de expertos redacta las normas de pronunciación, Deutsche Buhnenaussprache (Pronunciación alemana actual), que fueron generalmente bien acogidas. principios del s. XX existían todavía varias normas escritas. En 1901 se reúne una conferencia internacional con la intención de unificar la ortografía.
A
Hainbat germano-hiztun talde ezberdin bereiz daitezke klarki: suaboak, saxoiak, austriarrak eta suitzarrak. Germaniko okzidentalaren mintzaera ezberdinak normalean goi-alemana eta behe-alemana dira, “2. mutazio kontsonantikoa” (II Lautverschiebung) delakoaren arabera banatuak.

  • Se pueden distinguir con claridad los diferentes grupos germano-hablantes: suabos, sajones, austriacos
  • y
  • suizos.

  • Las diferentes hablas del germánico occidental se dividen tradicionalmente en alto
  • y
  • bajo alemán, de acuerdo con el fenómeno de la “2ª mutación consonántica” (II

Lehen testu alemanak VIII. m.koak dira: latindar eskuizkribuetako glosa batzuk eta poema epiko bateko hainbat lerro. Europaren erdialdean eragin eta prestigio handiak ditu. Afrikan garai batean izan zituen kolonia zaharretan apenas duen eraginik: Togo, Kamerun, Ruanda eta Namibian. Italieraz tedesco da aleman gentilizioa adierazteko. Haren jatorria theodiscus Erdi Aroko latinean du, hizkuntza germaniko batean, *þiudiskaz (herrikoa, herritarra) proto-

Lautverschiebung).

Los primeros textos en alemán datan del s. VIII: se trata de algunas glosas de manuscritos latinos, Grande es su influencia prestigio en Europa central. Apenas quedan restos de su influencia en las antiguas colonias africanas: Togo, Camerún, Ruanda

  • y
  • unas cuantas líneas de un poema épico.

  • y
  • y
  • Namibia.

germanikoan, hots, *þeudō (herria) testatua). Annolied (Annoren edo san Annoren eresia) biko errimadunetan konposaturiko obra bat da, 1077 eta 1081 urteen artean Sigburgueko Michaelsberg abadian monje Tedesco es el término italiano para expresar el gentilicio alemán. Su origen deriva del latín medieval theodiscus, de una lengua germánica, del proto-germánico *þiudiskaz (del

  • +
  • *-iscaz (“-ish, -ic, -al”). Ingelesezko forma zaharra þéodisc da, goi alemanaren forma zaharra diustic (1090ean Annolied-en

  • batek idatzia.
  • pueblo, popular, vernacular), de *þeudō (pueblo)

Annolied). Annolied (“Cantar de Anno de san Annón) es una obra en pareados en alto alemán medio compuesta por un monge de la abadía de Michaelsberg en Sigburgo entre 1077 1081.

  • +
  • *-iscaz (“-ish, -ic, -al”). La forma del antiguo inglés es þéodisc, la forma antigua del alto alemán es diustic (atestado ca. 1090 en

oy

HIZKUNTZA. Ezaugarri nagusiak.

Fonetika. A) Fonetika eta ortografia oso errazak ditu, baina gramatika zaila, zailtasun sintaktikoa. B)

u

eta

o

labializatu egiten dira,

u

[ü] bezala eta

o

  • [ö] bezala
  • LENGUA. Principales características.

Fonética. A) Su fonética ortografía son fáciles, pero sus dificultades están en la gramática, en la complicación sintáctica. B) Se caracteriza por la labialización de la como [ü]) de la (pronunciada [ö]; por la pronunciación tensa de las vocales largas la relajación de las breves. En las palabras tomadas del francés, que son numerosas, las ozena da bokal aurrean eta bokal artean. D) Azentu nagusia hitzaren lehen silabak vocales se nasalizan. C) En cuanto las consonantes, se caracteriza por la articulación linguogutural de la r; el ensordecimiento de las consonantes finales b, d, g, en p, t, k, respectivamente; la aparición de las africadas pf ts; por la pronunciación de la grafía letra como labiodental sonora v, de la letra como labiodental sorda f. La es sonora ante vocal en posición intervocálica. D) El acento principal recae en la primera sílaba de la palabra. En las combinaciones verbales es la raíz no el prefijo la sílaba que cuenta ahoskatuz; bokal luzeak era tentsoan ahoskatzen dira eta laburrak erlaxatuz. Frantsesetik hartutako hitzetan -asko dira oso- bokalak sudurkaritu egiten dira. C) Kontsonanteei buruz, nabarmentzen dira fonemaren ahoskera mihi-guturala egitea; amaierako b, d, hurrenez hurren p, t, gortzea; pf eta ts afrikatuak agertzea eta fonema ezpain-horzkari ozen ahoskatzea eta letra ezpain-horzkari gor ahoskatzea. y

u

(pronunciada

  • r
  • g
  • k
  • w

y

o

y

  • v
  • v
  • f
  • s

a

  • hartzen du. Aditz konbinazioetan erroa da eta ez aurrizkia azentuan agintzen duen silaba.
  • y
  • y
  • o

w

y

  • v
  • s

  • y
  • y

para el acento.

Morfosintaxis. A) Dispone de

  • 3
  • géneros (masculino, femenino
  • y
  • neutro) sin reglas para atribuirlos
  • a
  • unas
  • u
  • otras palabras;
  • 2
  • números (singular
  • y
  • plural)
  • y
  • 4
  • casos (nominativo,

  • Morfosintaxia. A) Hiru genero ditu (maskulinoa, femeninoa eta neutroa) eta araurik ez generoa hitzei aplikatzeko;
  • 2
  • numero (singularra eta plurala) eta
  • 4
  • kasu
  • acusativo, genitivo

la conjugación verbal como para la variación del grupo nominal, se identifican con más facilidad las partes de la oración que en el caso de otras lenguas menos flexivas. Una dificultad añadida para los extranjeros es la existencia de dobletes en verbos como poder deber, según tengan un sentido físico moral: Puedo salir: können; tengo permiso para salir: dürfen. C) Para crear palabras nuevas el alemán emplea la composición como procedimiento puede encadenar dos más palabras plenas, añadir prefijos derivar con técnico. E) Los 10 primeros números en

  • y
  • dativo) que sirven para declinar los sustantivos
  • y
  • también los adjetivos calificativos. B) Como posee un rico sistema de terminaciones gramaticales, tanto para

(nominatiboa, akusatiboa, genitiboa eta datiboa), izenak eta adjektibo kalifikatzaileak deklinatzeko balio dutenak. B) Bai aditzen jokaerarako bai eta izen-multzoen bariaziorako amaiera gramatikalen sistema oso aberatsa duenez, perpausaren zatiak hobeto identifikatzen dira hain malgukariak ez diren hizkuntzetan baino. Atzerritarrentzat zailtasun bat gehiago gertatzen dira aditz-bikoteak hala nola ahal izan edo behar izan, segun esanahi fisikoa ala morala duten. Irten naiteke: können; irtetzeko baimena badut: dürfen. C) Hitz berriak sortzeko alemana konposizioaz baliatzen da eta bi hitz oso edo gehiago katea ditzake, aurrizkiak erantsi edota atzizkiekin sortu: Oberbaumeister, Handelsluftalhrt; Geteilheit; teilbar. D) Lexiko poetiko, filosofiko, zientifiko eta teknikorako bereziki da aberatsa alemana. E) Hona hemen alemanez lehenengo 10 zenbakiak: eins (1), zwei (2), drei (3), vier (4), fünf (5), sechs (6), sieben (7), acht (8), neun (9), zehn (10).

  • o
  • o

  • y
  • o
  • y

  • sufijos: Oberbaumeister, Handelsluftalhrt; Geteilheit; teilbar. D) Es un idioma particularmente rico en el léxico poético, filosófico, científico
  • y

alemán son: eins (1), zwei (2), drei (3), vier (4), fünf (5), sechs (6), sieben (7), acht (8), neun (9), zehn (10). Escritura. Alfabeto latino más Ää, Öö, Üü ortográficas si lo comparamos con sus lenguas vecinas, el francés Nacionalsocialista, que concluyó que los trazos se realizaban con mayor rapidez que los góticos. Los libros de aquella escritura son ahora difíciles de leer para los alemanes.

  • y
  • ß. Todos los sustantivos se escriben con la primera letra en mayúscula, pero aparte de esta originalidad, tiene muy pocas trabas

  • o
  • el inglés. En 1941 abandonó los caracteres góticos para escribir con los latinos por decisión del gobierno

Idazkera. Latindar alfabetoa gehi Ää, Öö, Üü eta ß. Substantibo guztiak lehenengo letra maiuskularekin idazten dira, baina bitxitasun hau aparte, oso traba ortografiko gutxi ditu inguruko hizkuntzekin alderatuz gero, hala nola frantses edo ingelesarekin. 1941ean abandonatu zituen karaktere gotikoak latindarrekin idazteko, gobernu Nazionalsozialistak hala erabakita, latindar marrak gotikoak baino azkarrago egin zitezkeela ondorioztatu baitzuen. Idazkera gotikoz idatzitako liburuak gaur alemanek nekez irakurri ahal dituzte.

GRAMATIKAK, METODOAK, ESKULIBURUAK

EL IDIOMA ALEMÁN, Nuevo método, Don Camilo Vallés, Tercer curso, AHN, 18x11,5,

100 or., Madrid, Urterik gabe.

EL IDIOMA ALEMÁN, Nuevo método, Don Camilo Vallés, Primer curso, AHN, 18x11,5, 36

or., Madrid, Urterik gabe.

EL IDIOMA ALEMÁN, Nuevo método, Don Camilo Vallés, Primer curso, AHN, 18x11,5, 102

or., Madrid, Urterik gabe. EL IDIOMA ALEMÁN, Nuevo método, 2. edizioa, AHN, Madrid, 1936. EL IDIOMA ALEMÁN, Nuevo método, AHN, (?).
*******
DEUTSCH, Erstes Buch, Berlitz, Paris, 1961.
*******
LES MOTS ALLEMANDS, groupés d’après l’étymologie, Bossert et Beck, 524 or., Paris, Urterik gabe.

LES MOTS ALLEMANDS, groupés d’après le sens, Bossert et Beck, 162 or., Paris, 1908. LES MOTS ALLEMANDS, exercices groupés d’après le sens, Bossert et Beck, 198 or., Paris, Urterik gabe.

*******
EL ALEMÁN SIN ESFUERZO, Assimil, A. Chérel, Paris, MCMLII. EL ALEMÁN SIN ESFUERZO, Assimil, A. Chérel, Paris, 1965.
*******

ALEMÁN-ESPAÑOL, Pequeño diccionario, comprende unas 30.000 voces, Diccionarios ITER, 12,5x9, 628 or., Barcelona, 1940.

*******
DEUTSCH FÜR AUSLÄNDER, Teil 1, Leichte Anfang, Hermann Kessler, Hattingen, 1973. DEUTSCH FÜR AUSLÄNDER, Teil 1a, Leichte Aufgaben, Hermann Kessler, Hattingen, 1973.

DEUTSCH FÜR AUSLÄNDER, Teil 2, Schneller Foprtgang, Hermann Kessler, Hattingen, 1973.

DEUTSCH FÜR AUSLÄNDER, Teil 2a, Kurze Übungen, Hermann Kessler, Hattingen, 1972.

DEUTSCH FÜR AUSLÄNDER, Teil 2b, Kurze Geschichten, Hermann Kessler, Hattingen, 1972.

DEUTSCH FÜR AUSLÄNDER, Teil 3, Deutschlandkunde, Hermann Kessler, Hattingen, 1972.

*******

ÜBUNGSBUCH ZUR DEUTSCHEN GRUNDGRAMMATIK, Stufe 1, Mirton Verlag,

Temeswar 2002, Maria Pink, Auflage 2002, 29x20,5, München, 2002.

ÜBUNGSBUCH ZUR DEUTSCHEN GRUNDGRAMMATIK, Stufe 2, Mirton Verlag,

Temeswar 2003, Maria Pink, Auflage 2002, 29x20,5, München, 2003.

*******

GRAMÁTICA ALEMANA, Clave de los temas, Ollendorff, Eduardo Benot, 155 or., Madrid, 1896.

GRAMÁTICA ALEMANA, Reformado, Ollendorff, Eduardo Benot, 680 or., Madid, 1896.

*******

GRAMÁTICA ALEMANA, Méthode Gaspey- Otto - Sauer, Enrique Ruppert, 19x11,5, 443 or., Heidelberg, 1891.

GRAMÁTICA ALEMANA, Méthode Gaspey- Otto - Sauer, Émile Otto, 15ème édition, 20x13, 474 or., Heidelberg, 1897.

GRAMÁTICA ALEMANA, Méthode Gaspey- Otto - Sauer, Enrique Ruppert, 19x11,5, 474 or., Heidelberg, 1923.

GRAMÁTICA ALEMANA, Método teórico-práctico, Gaspey - Otto - Sauer, Enrique Ruppert eta Ricardo Ruppert, 9. edizioa, 19x11,5, 439 or., Heidelberg, 1938.

GRAMÁTICA SUCINTA DE LA LENGUA ALEMANA, 10. edizioa, Méthode Gaspey -

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  • Review of Louden, Mark. 2016. Pennsylvania Dutch: the Story of an American Language

    Review of Louden, Mark. 2016. Pennsylvania Dutch: the Story of an American Language

    Journal of Amish and Plain Anabaptist Studies Volume 4 Issue 2 Special section: Old Colony Mennonites Article 10 2016 Review of Louden, Mark. 2016. Pennsylvania Dutch: The Story of an American Language. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. Pp. 473. Steve Hartman Keiser Follow this and additional works at: https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/amishstudies Part of the German Language and Literature Commons Please take a moment to share how this work helps you through this survey. Your feedback will be important as we plan further development of our repository. Recommended Citation Keiser, Steve Hartman. 2016. "Review of Louden, Mark. 2016. Pennsylvania Dutch: The Story of an American Language. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. Pp. 473." Journal of Amish and Plain Anabaptist Studies 4(2):222-27. This Book Reviews is brought to you for free and open access by IdeaExchange@UAkron, the institutional repository of The University of Akron in Akron, Ohio, USA. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Amish and Plain Anabaptist Studies by an authorized administrator of IdeaExchange@UAkron. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. 222 Journal of Amish and Plain Anabaptist Studies 4(2) helpfully peaceful role, during the formation of the EPMC, of such bishops as David Thomas and Raymond Charles of the Lancaster Conference, and Homer Bomberger and Isaac Sensenig among those withdrawing. (3) There is due recognition of and appreciation for the remarkableness of the Lancaster Conference’s “amiable”
  • Indian Commons, Privatization, Deprivatization, and Hutterites

    Indian Commons, Privatization, Deprivatization, and Hutterites

    Economic Evolution on the Northern Plains of the United States: Indian Commons, Privatization, Deprivatization, and Hutterites By John Baden and Jennifer Mygatt Foundation for Research on Economics and the Environment (FREE) June 2006 Introduction In Garrett Hardin’s 1968 “Tragedy of the Commons,” published in Science, Hardin argued that unmanaged commons lead to “ruin.” “Ruin is the destination toward which all men rush, each pursuing his own best interest in a society that believes in the freedom of the commons. Freedom in a commons brings ruin to all.”1 Alternatives to an open- access commons include privatization, government-managed incentives (such as taxes and subsidies), and government land ownership through U.S. agencies such as the Bureau of Land Management, Bureau of Reclamation, United States Forest Service, and the National Park Service. Political economists and economists almost always favor privatization.2 Over the last century and a half in the Great Plains of the United States, a combination of privatization and multi-veined government subsidy has resoundingly failed to produce a thriving society. And it is only getting worse. Here, we outline the history of European settlement on the Great Plains, from the 19th century to the present. We will focus on the history of the Plains as a commons, as well as environmental and social factors precluding successful European settlement there. We will address the demographic changes of the last two hundred years, and will finish with a successful case study illustrating the human ecology of niche filling. Locating the Great Plains The Great Plains lie west of the central lowlands and east of the Rocky Mountains.
  • Masarykova Univerzita Filozofická Fakulta Ústav

    Masarykova Univerzita Filozofická Fakulta Ústav

    Masarykova univerzita Filozofická fakulta Ústav jazykovědy a baltistiky Magisterská diplomová práce 2019 Ekaterina Smirnova Masaryk University Faculty of Arts Department of Linguistics and Baltic Studies General Linguistics Bc. Ekaterina Smirnova The Etymological Characteristics of Basic Food Names in English, Russian, Czech and Norwegian Master’s Diploma Thesis 2019 I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this work and that I have used only the sources listed in the bibliography. Brno 30.11.2019 3 I would like to thank my supervisor, PhDr. Pavla Valčáková, CSc., for her assistance and guidance with my work. I would also like to thank my family for endless love and incredible support all the way from Murmansk. 4 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION 8 RUSSENORSK 14 FOOD 20 Language and etymology 22 I Russian 22 II Czech 26 III English 28 IV Norwegian 30 CEREALS 32 CEREAL FOODS (PORRIDGE) 33 Language and Etymology 34 I, II Russian, Czech 34 III English 35 IV Norwegian 36 SPELT 40 Language and etymology 41 I Russian 41 II Czech 42 III English 42 IV Norwegian 42 PANICUM / MILLET 44 Language and etymology 45 I Russian 45 II Czech 45 III English 46 IV Norwegian 47 BREAD 50 Language and etymology 51 I, II Russian and Czech 51 III, IV English and Norwegian 52 VEGETABLES 55 Language and etymology 55 5 I Russian 55 II Czech 56 III English 56 IV Norwegian 57 RADISH 59 Language and etymology 60 I Russian 60 II Czech 61 III English 61 IV Norwegian 62 ONION 63 Language and etymology 63 I Russian 63 II Czech 65 III English 65 IV Norwegian 67 CARROT 68 Language and etymology.
  • Inflectional Paradigms Have a Base: Evidence from S-Dissimilation in Southern German Dialects

    Inflectional Paradigms Have a Base: Evidence from S-Dissimilation in Southern German Dialects

    Morphology (2007) 17:151–178 DOI 10.1007/s11525-007-9112-z ORIGINAL PAPER Inflectional paradigms have a base: evidence from s-Dissimilation in Southern German dialects T. A. Hall Æ John H. G. Scott Received: 7 March 2007/Accepted: 4 June 2007/Published online: 15 September 2007 © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2007 Abstract In many varieties of Southern German the contrast between /s/ and /∫/ is neutralized to [∫] before /p t/ anywhere within a word (e.g. Post [po∫t] ÔmailÕ), but neutralization does not occur before inflectional suffixes (e.e. ku¨ss-t [kyst] ‘kiss (3 SG)’). It will be argued that the underapplication of neutralization before inflectional suffixes is an example of a Paradigm Uniformity effect: Neutralization is blocked from applying to the final /s/ of a stem so that it will retain a constant shape in a paradigm. Underapplication in examples like [kyst] follows from a requirement that the stem in a derived word be identical to the unaffixed base. By contrast, the German data will be shown to be problematic for the Optimal Paradigms model (McCarthy 2005), since this approach does not allow for a base in inflectional paradigms. Keywords Paradigm uniformity Æ Base identity Æ Optimality Theory Æ German Æ Swabian Æ Realize Morpheme Æ Homophony T. A. Hall (&) Æ John H. G. Scott Department of Germanic Studies, Indiana University, Ballantine Hall 644, 1020 Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405-7103, USA e-mail: [email protected] J. H. G. Scott [email protected] 123 152 T. A. Hall, John H. G. Scott 1 Introduction In many southern German dialects (e.g.
  • Partitive Article

    Partitive Article

    Book Disentangling bare nouns and nominals introduced by a partitive article IHSANE, Tabea (Ed.) Abstract The volume Disentangling Bare Nouns and Nominals Introduced by a Partitive Article, edited by Tabea Ihsane, focuses on different aspects of the distribution, semantics, and internal structure of nominal constituents with a “partitive article” in its indefinite interpretation and of potentially corresponding bare nouns. It further deals with diachronic issues, such as grammaticalization and evolution in the use of “partitive articles”. The outcome is a snapshot of current research into “partitive articles” and the way they relate to bare nouns, in a cross-linguistic perspective and on new data: the research covers noteworthy data (fieldwork data and corpora) from Standard languages - like French and Italian, but also German - to dialectal and regional varieties, including endangered ones like Francoprovençal. Reference IHSANE, Tabea (Ed.). Disentangling bare nouns and nominals introduced by a partitive article. Leiden ; Boston : Brill, 2020 DOI : 10.1163/9789004437500 Available at: http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:145202 Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version. 1 / 1 Disentangling Bare Nouns and Nominals Introduced by a Partitive Article - 978-90-04-43750-0 Downloaded from PubFactory at 10/29/2020 05:18:23PM via Bibliotheque de Geneve, Bibliotheque de Geneve, University of Geneva and Universite de Geneve Syntax & Semantics Series Editor Keir Moulton (University of Toronto, Canada) Editorial Board Judith Aissen (University of California, Santa Cruz) – Peter Culicover (The Ohio State University) – Elisabet Engdahl (University of Gothenburg) – Janet Fodor (City University of New York) – Erhard Hinrichs (University of Tubingen) – Paul M.
  • Definitionen in Wörterbuch Und Text

    Definitionen in Wörterbuch Und Text

    Definitionen in W¨orterbuch und Text: Zur manuellen Annotation, korpusgestutzten¨ Analyse und automatischen Extraktion definitorischer Textsegmente im Kontext der computergestutzten¨ Lexikographie Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie an der kulturwissenschaftlichen Fakult¨at der Technischen Universit¨at Dortmund vorgelegt im Mai 2010 von Irene Magdalena Cramer geboren in Frankfurt am Main Stand Februar 2011 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung3 2 Zum Wort Definition, seiner Bedeutung und Verwendung9 2.1 Zum Einstieg in die Definitionstheorie................ 12 2.2 Ursprunge¨ der Definition oder: Wozu?................ 14 2.2.1 Zur Etymologie........................ 14 2.2.2 Platon............................. 14 2.2.3 Aristoteles........................... 16 2.3 Definitionen als Werkzeug des Erkenntnisgewinns.......... 17 2.4 Mehr zum Wozu: Blaise Pascal und John Locke........... 19 2.4.1 Blaise Pascal.......................... 20 2.4.2 John Locke.......................... 21 2.4.3 Zusammenfassung....................... 22 2.5 Vom Wozu und Wann: Ludwig Wittgenstein, Definitionen und Spracherwerb........ 23 2.5.1 Ludwig Wittgenstein und die verweisende Definition..... 23 2.5.2 Definitionen und Spracherwerb................ 25 2.5.3 Zusammenfassung....................... 27 2.6 Wozu und Wann in Lexikographie, Terminographie, den Wissenschaften und im Alltag. 29 2.6.1 Die Funktion der terminologischen Definition........ 29 2.6.2 Die Funktion der wissenschaftlichen Definition........ 31 2.6.3 Die Funktion der lexikographischen Definition........ 36 2.6.4 Die Funktion der Alltagsdefinition.............. 44 i ii 2.6.5 Zusammenfassung....................... 48 2.7 Die Pragmatik des Definierens.................... 49 2.8 Was definieren Definitionen?..................... 55 2.9 Bestandteile.............................. 57 2.9.1 Der Definitor: grundlegende Annahmen........... 57 2.9.2 Definiendum und Definiens: grundlegende Annahmen.... 63 2.10 Definitionstypen von Isidor de Sevilla bis heute...........
  • Polarity-Reversing Affirmative Particles

    Polarity-Reversing Affirmative Particles

    Polarity-reversing Affirmative Particles A Feature of Standard Average European (SAE) Elena Vera Moser Department of Linguistics Independent Project for the Degree of Master 30 HEC Typology and Linguistic Diversity Spring 2019 Examiner: Mats Wirén Supervisor: Ljuba Veselinova Expert reviewer: Henrik Liljegren Polarity-reversing Affirmative Particles A Feature of Standard Average European (SAE) Abstract Polarity-reversing affirmative particles are a phenomenon that has largely been overlooked in previous research. A polarity-reversing affirmative particle is used to express disagree- ment with the polarity of a preceding negative statement. It is a typical answer strategy in Swedish, German, Dutch as well as in French. In fact, findings from previous cross-linguistic studies suggest, though without further detail, that polarity-reversing affirmative particles are a phenomenon predominantly found in European and more specifically in Germanic languages (Da Milano 2004; Roelofsen & Farkas 2015; Moser 2018). The aim of this study is to examine the hypotheses presented in Moser (2018). The goals are to investigate the distribution of polarity- reversing affirmative particles in Europe on the one hand, and to examine the phenomenon in Swedish, German, Dutch and French from a diachronic perspective on the other hand. On the basis of these endeavors, this study is embedded in the framework of areal typology. This study brings forth highly interesting findings in view of the discussion of Standard Average European and the Charlemagne Sprachbund. Keywords: polarity-reversing affirmative particle, linguistic area, European languages Polaritetsomvändande Affirmativa Partiklar Ett Kännetecken av Standard Average European (SAE) Sammanfattning Polarity-reversing affirmative particles (sv. polaritetsomvändande affirmativa partiklar) är ett fenomen som har örbisetts i tidigare forskning.
  • Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Middle German, East Middle German

    Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Middle German, East Middle German

    1 ALEMANA GERMAN, ALEMÁN, ALLEMAND Language family: Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Middle German, East Middle German. Language codes: ISO 639-1 de ISO 639-2 ger (ISO 639-2/B) deu (ISO 639-2/T) ISO 639-3 Variously: deu – Standard German gmh – Middle High german goh – Old High German gct – Aleman Coloniero bar – Austro-Bavarian cim – Cimbrian geh – Hutterite German kksh – Kölsch nds – Low German sli – Lower Silesian ltz – Luxembourgish vmf – Main-Franconian mhn – Mócheno pfl – Palatinate German pdc – Pennsylvania German pdt – Plautdietsch swg – Swabian German gsw – Swiss German uln – Unserdeutssch sxu – Upper Saxon wae – Walser German wep – Westphalian Glotolog: high1287. Linguasphere: [show] 2 Beste izen batzuk (autoglotonimoa: Deutsch). deutsch alt german, standard [GER]. german, standard [GER] hizk. Alemania; baita AEB, Arabiar Emirerri Batuak, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgika, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brasil, Danimarka, Ekuador, Errumania, Errusia (Europa), Eslovakia, Eslovenia, Estonia, Filipinak, Finlandia, Frantzia, Hegoafrika, Hungaria, Italia, Kanada, Kazakhstan, Kirgizistan, Liechtenstein, Luxenburgo, Moldavia, Namibia, Paraguai, Polonia, Puerto Rico, Suitza, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Txekiar Errepublika, Txile, Ukraina eta Uruguain ere. Dialektoa: erzgebirgisch. Hizkuntza eskualde erlazionatuenak dira Bavarian, Schwäbisch, Allemannisch, Mainfränkisch, Hessisch, Palatinian, Rheinfränkisch, Westfälisch, Saxonian, Thuringian, Brandenburgisch eta Low saxon. Aldaera asko ez dira ulerkorrak beren artean.
  • The High German of Russian Mennonites in Ontario by Nikolai

    The High German of Russian Mennonites in Ontario by Nikolai

    The High German of Russian Mennonites in Ontario by Nikolai Penner A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in German Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2009 © Nikolai Penner 2009 Author’s Declaration I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ii Abstract The main focus of this study is the High German language spoken by Russian Mennonites, one of the many groups of German-speaking immigrants in Canada. Although the primary language of most Russian Mennonites is a Low German variety called Plautdietsch, High German has been widely used in Russian Mennonite communities since the end of the eighteenth century and is perceived as one of their mother tongues. The primary objectives of the study are to investigate: 1) when, with whom, and for what purposes the major languages of Russian Mennonites were used by the members of the second and third migration waves (mid 1920s and 1940-50s respectively) and how the situation has changed today; 2) if there are any differences in spoken High German between representatives of the two groups and what these differences can be attributed to; 3) to what extent the High German of the subjects corresponds to the Standard High German. The primary thesis of this project is that different historical events as well as different social and political conditions witnessed by members of these groups both in Russia (e.g.
  • National Minorities, Minority and Regional Languages in Germany

    National Minorities, Minority and Regional Languages in Germany

    National minorities, minority and regional languages in Germany National minorities, minority and regional languages in Germany 2 Contents Foreword . 4 Welcome . 6 Settlement areas . 8 Language areas . 9 Introduction . 10 The Danish minority . 12 The Frisian ethnic group . 20 The German Sinti and Roma . 32 The Sorbian people . 40 Regional language Lower German . 50 Annex I . Institutions and bodies . 59 II . Legal basis . 64 III . Addresses . 74 Publication data . 81 Near the Reichstag building, along the Spree promenade in Berlin, Dani Karavan‘s installation “Basic Law 49” shows the articles of Germany‘s 1949 constitution on 19 glass panes. Photo: © Jens Kalaene/dpa “ No person shall be favoured or disfavoured because of sex, parentage, race, language, homeland and origin, faith, or religious or political opinions.” Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, Art. 3 (3), first sentence. 4 Foreword Four officially recognized national minorities live in Germany: the Danish minority, the Frisian ethnic group, the German Sinti and Roma, and the Sorbian people. The members of national minorities are German na- tionals and therefore part of the German legal order. They enjoy all rights and freedoms granted under the Basic Law without any restrictions. This brochure describes the history, the settlement areas and the organizations of the national minorities in Germany and explores how they see themselves Dr Thomas de Maizière, Member and how they live while trying to preserve their cultural of the German Bundestag roots. Each of the four minorities identifies itself in Federal Minister of the Interior particular through its own language. As language is an Photo: © Press and Information Office of the Federal Government important part of their identity, it deserves particular protection.