Willem Mengelberg Als Č.-Dirigent

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Willem Mengelberg Als Č.-Dirigent Tschaikowsky-Gesellschaft Mitteilungen 18 (2011) S. 42-203 Willem Mengelberg als Čajkovskij-Dirigent (Ronald de Vet) Abkürzungen, Ausgaben, Literatur sowie Hinweise zur Umschrift und zur Datierung: http://www.tschaikowsky-gesellschaft.de/index_htm_files/abkuerzungen.pdf Copyright: Tschaikowsky-Gesellschaft e.V. / Tchaikovsky Society, Sodener Str. 45a, D-61462 Königstein im Taunus [email protected] / www.tschaikowsky-gesellschaft.de Redaktion: Thomas Kohlhase (1994-2011), zusammen mit Kadja Grönke (2006-2008), Lucinde Braun und Ronald de Vet (seit 2012) ISSN 2191-8627 Willem Mengelberg als Čajkovskij-Dirigent Willem Mengelberg als Čajkovskij-Dirigent von Ronald de Vet Inhaltsübersicht Vorbemerkungen I. Willem Mengelberg. Leben und Wirken Jugendjahre und musikalische Ausbildung ..................................................................... 45 Frühe Čajkovskij-Aufführungen in den Niederlanden .................................................... 47 Mengelberg als Orchestererzieher und Interpret ............................................................. 58 Die Dirigierpartituren ...................................................................................................... 79 Grammophon- und Rundfunkaufnahmen........................................................................ 83 Die niederländischen Aufführungen der Pathétique im Jahre 1944................................ 86 II. Čajkovskij und Mengelberg in zeitgenössischen Konzertkritiken Westeuropa und Amerika Niederlande...................................................................................................................... 96 Deutschland ................................................................................................................... 108 Österreich....................................................................................................................... 125 Dänemark....................................................................................................................... 128 Belgien........................................................................................................................... 130 Frankreich...................................................................................................................... 133 Italien............................................................................................................................. 142 Ungarn ........................................................................................................................... 143 England.......................................................................................................................... 144 Amerika ......................................................................................................................... 152 III. Mengelberg in Rußland Allgemeines................................................................................................................... 170 Die fünfte Symphonie in Moskau.................................................................................. 171 Die fünfte Symphonie in St. Petersburg ........................................................................ 176 Änderungen in der fünften und sechsten Symphonie.................................................... 178 Die sechste Symphonie in St. Petersburg ...................................................................... 190 Die sechste Symphonie in Moskau................................................................................ 197 Rußland und Mengelberg .............................................................................................. 199 Verzeichnis der häufig verwendeten Literatur.............................................................203 42 Willem Mengelberg als Čajkovskij-Dirigent Vorbemerkungen Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt den niederländischen Dirigenten Willem Mengelberg (1871– 1951) als Čajkovskij-Dirigenten und -Interpreten vor. Dabei stützt er sich vorwiegend auf Archivmaterial, das im umfangreichen Willem-Mengelberg-Archiv im Nederlands Muziek Instituut (www.nederlandsmuziekinstituut.nl) in Den Haag aufbewahrt wird, sowie auf zeitgenössische russische Rezensionen von Mengelbergs Konzerten, die der Verfasser in russischen Bibliotheken und Archiven gesammelt hat. Die Grammophonaufnahmen Men- gelbergs werden zwar aufgelistet, aber nicht besprochen. Im Mengelberg-Archiv, das 100 laufende Regalmeter mißt, sind nicht nur die Mehr- zahl von Mengelbergs Dirigierpartituren und ein großer Teil seiner Korrespondenz erhalten geblieben, sondern auch eine sehr große Sammlung von Zeitungsausschnitten mit Konzert- rezensionen aus seiner gesamten Laufbahn, die sich (nach drei Jahre in Luzern) von 1895 bis einschließlich 1944 erstreckte. Der Beitrag besteht aus drei Teilen. Der erste beschreibt, nach einer kurzen biographischen Skizze, die Rolle Mengelbergs im niederländischen und internationalem Musikleben, den Stellenwert der Werke Čajkovskijs in seinem Repertoire und die Beurteilung des Musikers und der Person Mengelberg durch seine Zeitgenossen. Das Ende dieses Teils handelt von den Aufführungen der Pathétique, die Mengelberg 1944 in den Niederlanden dirigiert hat. Der zweite Teil bietet eine Anthologie von Ausschnitten aus Rezensionen von Kon- zerten in West-Europa und Amerika, in denen Mengelberg Werke Čajkovskijs dirigiert hat. Wenn nicht anderweitig nachgewiesen, entstammen diese Ausschnitte dem Willem- Mengelberg-Archiv des Nederlands Muziek Instituut. Einige Rezensionen beleuchten vor allem Mengelbergs Dirigierstil, andere die aufgeführten Werke, wieder andere widmen sich beiden Aspekten. So liefert dieser Artikel auch einen Beitrag zur Rezeptionsge- schichte Čajkovskijs am Ende des 19. und in den ersten Jahrzehnten des 20. Jahrhunderts. Der dritte Teil präsentiert Rezensionen der Čajkovskij-Aufführungen, die Mengelberg zwischen 1909 und 1911 in Moskau und St. Petersburg dirigiert hat. Auch von seinen be- rüchtigten Kürzungen im Finale der fünften Symphonie und der Frage nach ihrer Authenti- zität ist dabei die Rede sowie von den programmatischen und aufführungspraktischen Hinweisen, die ihm Čajkovskijs Bruder Modest bei seinen Aufenthalten in Rußland zur 5. und 6. Symphonie gegeben hat. *** Der Verfasser ist an erster Stelle Herrn Dr. Frits Zwart, dem Direktor des Nederlands Muziek Instituut zu Dank verpflichtet für die Möglichkeit, die Nachforschungen in Ruß- land als Gast-Mitarbeiter des Nederlands Muziek Instituut auszuführen, und für die Erlaubnis, den Text mit mehreren Abbildungen aus dem Willem-Mengelberg-Archiv zu bereichern. Frau Dr. Polina Vajdman, Čajkovskij-Museum in Klin, ist der Verfasser sehr dankbar für die Hilfe, die sie ihm bei der Klärung verschiedener Fragen geleistet hat. Frau Dr. Lucinde Braun (Prien) verdankt er die freundliche Vermittlung einer Kopie des Pathéti- que-Autographs aus dem Čajkovskij-Museum und mehrere Hinweise. Herr Prof. Dr. Eric Derom aus Gent (Belgien) hat dem Verfasser freundlicherweise seine noch nicht publizier- ten Inventare aller ausländischen Konzerte Mengelbergs zur Verfügung gestellt, welche die Recherchen sehr erleichtert haben; dafür sei ihm an dieser Stelle sehr herzlich gedankt. 43 Willem Mengelberg als Čajkovskij-Dirigent Herrn Ing. N.P.H. Steffen aus Kampen (Niederlande) ist der Verfasser sehr verbunden für detaillierte Auskünfte bezüglich niederländischer Erstaufführungen Mengelbergs von Wer- ken Čajkovskijs. Herrn James H. North verdankt der Verfasser, durch freundliche Vermitt- lung von Herrn Derom, eine vollständige Übersicht über die Konzerte, welche Mengelberg in Amerika gegeben hat. Frau G. L. Retrovskaja, Musikbibliothek der Šostakovič-Philhar- monie in St. Petersburg, dankt der Verfasser für ihr Interesse und ihre nützlichen Hinweise. Nicht zuletzt dankt er den Mitarbeitern des Nederlands Muziek Instituut (NMI), der Koninklijke Bibliotheek (KB) in Den Haag, der Universitätsbibliotheken in Leiden und Amsterdam, des Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (NIOD) in Amsterdam und der folgenden russischen Bibliotheken und Archive für die immer gern und vorzüglich geleistete Hilfe: Staatliches Zentrales Museum für Musikkultur (Glinka-Museum), Moskau (GCMMK), Russische Nationalbibliothek, St. Petersburg (RNB), Staatliche Theaterbibliothek, St. Petersburg (GTB), Staatliches Museum für Theater und Musik, St. Petersburg, Wissenschaftliche Bibliothek des Russischen Instituts für Kunstgeschichte, St. Peters- burg. Автор выражает большую благодарность сотрудникам следующих институтов: Государственный центральный музей музыкальной культуры им. М.И. Глинки, Москва, Российская Национальная Библиотека, Санкт-Петербург, Государственная Театральная Библиотека, Санкт-Петербург, Государственный музей театрального и музыкального искусства, Санкт-Петер- бург, Научная библиотека Российского Института Истории Искусств, Санкт-Петербург. 44 Willem Mengelberg als Čajkovskij-Dirigent Willem Mengelberg. Leben und Wirken Jugendjahre und musikalische Ausbildung Willem Mengelberg wurde am 28. März 18711 in Utrecht geboren. Er entstammte einer Künstlerfamilie aus Köln. Sein Vater, Friedrich Wilhelm Mengelberg (1837-1919), wurde als Architekt, Bildhauer und Maler ausgebildet, u.a. in der von seinem Großvater 1822 ge- gründeten Werkstatt, der sogenannten ‘Mengelbergschen Sonntagsschule für Bauleute’, in der schon viele Mitglieder der Familie Mengelberg eine Beschäftigung gefunden hatten. 1861 gründete er in seinem Geburtsort Köln eine eigene Werkstatt. Nach einigen Jahren machten
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