Motherboards and CPUs Part 1
CTEC1465/2018S Computer System Support
Motherboards and CPUs (1) 1 Learning Objectives
• Differentiate between motherboard components and explain their purposes. • Differentiate between CPU types and choose an appropriate cooling method. • Configure and apply BIOS settings. • Install and configure expansion cards.
Motherboards and CPUs (1) 2 Motherboards
• The motherboard is the main circuit board in a personal computer.
• It's made up of various components, including the CPU and other electronic devices, wires, and adapter sockets to which additional circuit boards and devices can be attached.
Motherboards and CPUs (1) 3 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherboard#mediaviewer/File:Acer_E360_SocketMotherboards and CPUs (1) 4 _939_motherboard_by_Foxconn.svg Motherboard Components
Component Function CPU The chip that processes instructions, manipulates data, and controls the interactions of the other components in your computer. Expansion slots Slots into which you can plug additional circuit boards to expand the capabilities of your computer.
Motherboards and CPUs (1) 5 Motherboard Components
Component Function AGP graphics A slot into which you can plug an AGP adapter slot graphics adapter card, which produces the output displayed on your monitor. Hard drive A header into which you can plug interface cables to connect hard drives, CD connectors drives, and DVD drives to the system.
Motherboards and CPUs (1) 6 Motherboard Components
Component Function Floppy drive A header into which you can plug the interface cable to connect a floppy drive to the connector system. Optical drive IDE or SCSI connector to connect a interface CD or DVD drive to the system. connector
Motherboards and CPUs (1) 7 Motherboard Components
Component Function Power Connector to which you connect the connections output of the power supply to provide electrical power to the motherboard. Older systems have a pair of connectors rather than a single connector. RAM slots Slots into which you insert memory modules to add system memory to your PC.
Motherboards and CPUs (1) 8 Motherboard Components
Component Function PS/2 mouse and Ports into which you can plug PS/2- keyboard ports style keyboard and mouse connectors. USB ports One or more ports into which you can plug cables to connect USB devices to your PC.
Motherboards and CPUs (1) 9 Motherboard Components
Component Function IEEE One or more ports into which you 1394/FireWire can plug cables to connect FireWire port devices to your PC. Serial/ One or more ports into which you RS-232 ports can plug cables to connect serial devices, such as modems or mice, to your PC.
Motherboards and CPUs (1) 10 Motherboard Components
Component Function Parallel port One or more ports into which you can plug cables to connect parallel devices, such as printers, to your PC. CMOS battery A battery to provide power for maintaining system configuration information, date, and time, while your PC is turned off or disconnected from the outlet.
Motherboards and CPUs (1) 11 Motherboard Components
Component Function Network Network interface circuitry built into (Ethernet/WiFi) the motherboard to enable interface connections to a network without using an add-on adapter card. Video connector Video circuitry built into the (VGA/DVI/HDMI motherboard, which provides a video ) connector on the back of the system case.
Motherboards and CPUs (1) 12 Motherboard Components
Component Function Fan connectors Cooling fans connected directly to the motherboard use 3- or 4-pin Molex connectors. Other fans are connected to the power supply instead of to the motherboard.
Motherboards and CPUs (1) 13 Jumpers
• Jumpers (small conductive sheaths) and jumper pins are used to manually configure settings on the motherboard. • When jumper pins, arranged in pairs, are connected by a jumper, an electrical circuit is completed, which presents a signal to the motherboard. • In older computers, jumpers were used to configure CPU and other settings. • They can also be used to clear and reset CMOS settings.
Motherboards and CPUs (1) 14 Motherboard
• The motherboard is sometimes called the system board or main board.
• However, the latter term is typically used to describe the main circuit board in non-PC devices, such as alarm systems, televisions, and so forth.
Motherboards and CPUs (1) 15 Daughterboard
• A daughter board is a circuit board that connects to a circuit board (sometimes, though not normally, a motherboard) to provide or assist with its functions. • Daughter boards are often used with video cards to add more video- processing capabilities. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daughterboard
Motherboards and CPUs (1) 16 Form Factor
• The form factor of a motherboard is its size and shape. • In addition, the form factor describes the power supply and case that can be used with a motherboard. • It also describes the general physical layout of the components on the motherboard.
Motherboards and CPUs (1) 17 Form Factor
• Of course, motherboards must fit into cases, which means that screw holes or retaining clip locations between motherboards and cases must match. • Standardized dimensions and mounting layouts help make sure that components work together.
Motherboards and CPUs (1) 18 Form Factor
Form factor Dimensions Notes ATX 9.6 by 12 inches Standard created by Intel in 1996 and still one of the most popular form factors. Mini-ATX 8.2 by 11.2 inches Micro-ATX 9.6 by 9.6 inches Released in 1996. Offered fewer slots than the ATX form. A smaller power supply could be used in PCs with this motherboard design. Mini-ITX 6.7 by 6.7 inches Standard created by VIA Technologies in 2003. Nano-ITX 4.7 by 4.7 inches Standard created by VIA Technologies in 2004. Pico-ITX 3.9 by 2.8 inches Standard created by VIA Technologies in 2007. Motherboards and CPUs (1) 19 Computer Buses
• In computer terminology, a bus is a communication pathway. • A PC has multiple buses to enable communication among the various components of the PC. • A bus is defined by various characteristics, including how many bits it can transmit at one time, which signaling techniques are used across it, and how fast it can transfer data.
Motherboards and CPUs (1) 20 Bus Types
– Address - The bus that transmits memory addresses between the CPU and the RAM. The memory controller also plays a crucial role between the RAM and the CPU. – Data - The bus that transfers data between the CPU and the RAM. It's known as the system bus or system data bus . – Expansion - The bus to which add-on adapter cards are connected in order to enhance the functionality of the PC.
Motherboards and CPUs (1) 21 Expansion Slots
• Each mother board has slots to accommodate additional components to expand the capabilities of your computer. • By installing cards into expansion slots that connect to an expansion bus, you can add new hardware to your PC.
• e.g., Wi-Fi adapter
Motherboards and CPUs (1) 22 Expansion Slots - Legacy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_Standard_Architecture
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VESA_Local_Bus
Motherboards and CPUs (1) 23 Expansion Slots - Legacy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_Channel_architecture
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_Graphics_Port
Motherboards and CPUs (1) 24 Audio/Modem Riser (AMR) slot
• Intel developed the AMR standard to support modems and audio cards. • An AMR slot provides both audio and modem support. • This slot moved analog input/output functions off the motherboard and onto an external card. • An AMR-compatible motherboard includes no other analog I/0 functions. • Such motherboards don't have to be subjected to time-consuming Federal Communications Commission (FCC) certification tests. • Thus, AMR-compatible motherboards are faster and cheaper to produce.
Motherboards and CPUs (1) 25 Communications and Networking Riser (CNR) slot • Intel developed the CNR riser slot standard as an expansion of the AMR slot idea. • The CNR expansion slot supports specialized modems, audio cards, and network cards. • CNR also provides for extensions that would enable manufacturers to create CNR-based cards to support new technologies, such as cable modems and DSL modems. • AMR slots are typically located in the middle of the motherboard, but CNR slots are usually near the edge. • Both slots are normally brown. • A motherboard has either an AMR slot or a CNR slot, not both.
Motherboards and CPUs (1) 26 Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) • The PCI standard was developed by Intel Corporation and introduced in 1992. • The current crop of PCI adapters and expansion slots generally implements the PCIe specification. • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventional_P CI • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI-X • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express
Motherboards and CPUs (1) 27 Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) • The PCI specification supports bus speeds of either 33 MHz or 66 MHz. • It also supports both a 32-bit and a 64-bit bus design. • With a 32-bit implementation at 33 MHz, the PCI bus supports a peak transfer rate of 133 MBps. • In a 64-bit implementation at 66 MHz, the PCI bus supports a peak transfer rate of 533 MBps.
Motherboards and CPUs (1) 28 Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) • The PCI-eXtended (PCI-X) standard was developed to address several shortcomings in the PCI standard, most importantly to increase bandwidth for high- performance components, running at 133 MHz and transferring up to a theoretical maximum of 1.06 Gpbs. • PCI-X has been replaced in newer systems with the PCIe standard.
Motherboards and CPUs (1) 29 PCIe
• PCI Express (PCIe) uses serial communication instead of the parallel communication that PCI uses. • A connection between a PCIe device and the system is known as a link. • Each link uses a dedicated, bidirectional, serial, point-to-point connection called a lane. • In PCIe version 1.0, each lane can transfer 2.5 Gbps (0.25 GBps) of data simultaneously in each direction using 8b/10b encoding.
Motherboards and CPUs (1) 30 PCIe
• A link can use more than one lane at a time, but all links must support at least a single-lane connection. • This is referred to as an "x1" (pronounced "by-one") link. • PCIe supports x1, x2, x4, x8, x12, x16, and x32 bus widths • PCIe cards can't connect to the system through PCI buses, but they are compatible with software that uses the PCI standard. • PCIe cards physically fit into slots designed for their lane configuration or higher (up-plugging) but not into slots designed for lower lane configurations (down-plugging).
Motherboards and CPUs (1) 31 PCI
Motherboards and CPUs (1) 32 Mini PCI
• Mini PCI was added to the PCI standard to create expansion devices for laptops. • Mini PCI is a 32-bit standard that runs at 33 MHz. • Mini PCI devices include wireless adapters, hard drive controllers, sound cards, and Bluetooth adapters.
Motherboards and CPUs (1) 33 Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP)
• The Accelerated Graphics Port (often shortened to AGP) is a high- speed point-to-point channel for attaching a video card to a computer's motherboard, primarily to assist in the acceleration of 3D computer graphics. • Originally it was designed as a successor to PCI type connections. • Since 2004, AGP has been progressively phased out in favor of PCI Express (PCIe). • By mid-2008, PCIe cards dominated the market and only a few AGP models were available. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_Graphics_Port Motherboards and CPUs (1) 34 Chipsets
• In older PCs, separate microchips were used to provide each individual function. • For example, one chip controlled the processor's interaction with memory, another managed the CPU's interaction with add-on peripherals, and so forth. • The cost and complexity of designing motherboards with many separate chips led designers to integrate the functions into single chips or sets of chips.
Motherboards and CPUs (1) 35 Chipsets
• A chipset is one or more chips, packaged into a single unit and sold together, that performs a set of functions in a computer. • The term is used most often to describe the core features of a computer, which often include: – Memory control – Video display functions – System bus functions – System management functions – Audio functions
Motherboards and CPUs (1) 36 Chipsets
• The chipset doesn't actually include the CPU. • However, each chipset is designed to support a select few CPUs. • Sometimes the term "chipset" is used with video adapter cards. • In such cases, the (video) chipset combines what used to be separate video chips into a single chip or unit.
Motherboards and CPUs (1) 37 Northbridge and Southbridge chips
• Two of the most important components of a PC chipset are the Northbridge and Southbridge chips. • Together with the CPU, these chips define the characteristics and capabilities of the computer. • The Northbridge chip controls interactions among the CPU, memory and cache, AGP and PCIE video control circuitry, and the Southbridge.
Motherboards and CPUs (1) 38 Northbridge and Southbridge chips
• The Southbridge chip controls interactions between buses and devices not controlled by the Northbridge, including the standard PCI expansion bus, floppy drive controller, and serial, parallel, and PS/2 keyboard and mouse ports. • More modern systems have taken integration even further, transferring most Northbridge functions such as memory and video control into the CPU itself. • As a result, a motherboard purchased today might have only a single Controller Hub, essentially an enhanced Southbridge that performs all chipset functions.
Motherboards and CPUs (1) 39 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northbridge_(computing)
Motherboards and CPUs (1) 40