DOCSLIB.ORG

Module 2 Serial Communication Standards and Devices Introduction

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Module 2 Serial Communication Standards and Devices Introduction Module 2 Serial Communication Standards and Devices Introduction Serial communication is common method of transmitting data between a computer and a peripheral device. Serial communication is the process of sending data one bit at a time, sequentially, over a single communication line to a receiver. Parallel communication is a method of conveying multiple binary digits (bits) simultaneously in data transmission. Synchronous Transmission: The sender and receiver should have synchronized clocks before data transmission. Asynchronous Transmission does not require a clock but it adds a parity bit to the data before transmission. Simplex, Half-Duplex, and Full-Duplex Communication Links Communication Protocol: A protocol is a standard adopted, which tells the way in which the bits of a frame must be sent from a device to another device or system. The microcontroller can access devices via several serial interfaces. In real time application serial connections are typically used to limit no: of wire/connections required to communicate between the functional modules. UART: Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter UART is a serial communication device that performs parallel to serial data conversion at the transmitter and serial to parallel data conversion at the receiver side. UART is being used in many applications GPS Receivers, Bluetooth Modules, GSM and GPRS Modems, Wireless Communication systems and RFID based systems. Features It is a simple half-duplex, asynchronous, serial protocol Simple communication between two equivalent nodes. Any node can initiate communication. Since connection is half-duplex, the two lanes of communication are completely independent. It is universal since its parameters (format, speed ..) are configurable. It is ‘asynchronous’ since it doesn’t have a clock. Baud Rate: It is the no: of bits transmitted/received per second UART packet format Working of UART: In UART serial communication, the data is transmitted asynchronously. instead of clock signals, UART uses some special bits called start and stop bits. These bits are added to the actual data packet at the beginning and end respectively. These additional bits allow the receiving UART to identify the actual data. Connections for UART UART Characteristics The speed of communication (measured in bauds) is predetermined on both ends. A general rule of thumb is to use 9600 bauds for wired communication. UART implements error-detection in the form of parity bit. Parity Bit •Parity bit is HIGH when number of 1’s in the Data is odd. •Respectively, it is LOW when number of 1’s in the Data is even. HDLC (HIGH- LEVEL Data Link Control) The OSI’s data link protocol A bit-oriented protocol that supports both half –duplex and full duplex communication over point to point & multipoint link. On transmitting side, HDLC receives data from an application, and delivers it to the receiver on the other side of the link On the receiving side, HDLC accepts the data and delivers it to the higher level application layer There are two formats Standard HDLC and Extended HDLC for and 28 and 216 destination devices or systems, respectively. For any HDLC communication session one station is designated primary and the other secondary. A session can use one of the following connection modes: 1. Normal unbalanced: The secondary station responds only to the primary station. 2. Asynchronous: The secondary station can initiate a message 3. Asynchronous balanced : Both stations send and receive over its part of a duplex line. HDLC Frame Structure Flag bits (both opening and closing flags):8 bits( 01111110 or 7E hex) Address bits : 8 bits in Standard HDLC format and 16 bits in extended format Control field: The control field distinguishes between the three different types of frames used in HDLC, namely information, control and unnumbered frames. The first one or two bits of the field determine the type of frame. Information field: The information field does not have a length specified by HDLC. In practice, it normally has a maximum length determined by a particular implementation. Information frames (also known as I-frames) are the only frames that carry information bits which are normally in the form of a fixed-length block of data of several kilobytes in length Frame check sequence: The FCS field contains error-checking bits, normally 16 bit with a provision for increasing this to 32. If the FCS fails, the frame is discarded. Types of Frames in HDLC o Information frames: contain user data o Supervisory frames: flow/error control (ACK/ARQ) o Unnumbered frames: variety of control functions Instruction Frames The first bit of control field is always zero, i.e. the presence of zero at this place indicates that it is I-frame. Bit number 2, 3 & 4 in control field is called N(S) that specifies the sequence number of the frame. Thus it specifies the number of the frame that is currently being sent. Since it is a 3.bit field, only eight sequence numbers are possible 0, 1,2,3,4,5,6, 7 (000 to 111). Bit number 5 in control field is P/F i.e. Poll/Final and is used for these two purposes. It has, meaning only when it is set i.e. when P/F=1. It can represent the following two cases. (i) It means poll when frame is sent by a primary station to secondary (when address field contains the address of receiver). (ii) It means final when frame is sent by secondary to a primary (when the address field contains the address of the sender). Bit number 6, 7, and 8 in control field specifies N(R) i.e. the sequence number of the frame expected in return in two-way communication. Supervisory frames S-frame carries control information, primarily data link layer flow and error controls. It does not contain information field. The first two bits in the control field of S-frame are always 10. Then there is a bit code field that specifies four types of S-frame with combination 00,01, 10, 11 as shown in table :- (i) RR, Receive Ready-used to acknowledge frames when no I-frames are availab1e (ii) REJ Reject-used by the receiver to send a NAK when error has occurred. (iii) RNR Receive Not Ready-used for flow control. (iv) SREJ Selective Reject-indicates to the transmitter that it should retransmit the frame. • There is no N(S) field in control field of S-frame as S-frames do not transmit data. • P/F bit is the fifth bit and serves the same purpose as discussed earlier. • Last three bits in control field indicates N(R) i.e. they correspond to the ACK or NAK value. Unnumbered frame • U-frames are reserved for system management and information carried by them is used for managing the link • Information field in U-frame does not carry user information rather, it carries system management information. • U-frame is identified by the presence of 11 in the first and second bit position in control field. • These frames do not contain N(S) or N(R) in control field. • U-frame contains two code fields, one two hit and other three bit. • These five bits can create upto 32 different U-frames. • .P/F bit in control field has same purpose as discussed earlier. HDLC Operation Initialization: S-frames specify mode and sequence numbers, U-frames acknowledge Data Transfer: I-frames exchange user data, S-frames acknowledge and provide flow/error control Disconnect: U-frames initiate and acknowledge SCI (Serial Connect Interface) SCI is a UART asynchronous mode port SCI is port with Full-duplex mode SCI is programmable for transmission and for reception This interface uses three dedicated pins: transmit dara(TXD), receive data(RXD), and SCI serial clock –SCLK(optional for synchronous communication). It supports industry standard asynchronous bit rates and protocols as well as high speed (upto 5 Mbps for a 40-MHZ clock) synchronous data transmission. The SCI consists of separate transmit and receive sections whose operations can be asynchronous with respect to each other. The Serial Communications Interface (SCI) module is a relatively slow, asynchronous communication port that is widely used to communicate with other embedded systems and devices The SCI configuration allows for a number of options for data transmission and reception. In the simplest configuration, ten bits are involved : a start bit (logical 0), the 8 data bits, and a stop bit (logical 1). An example transmission waveform, is shown below. Serial in and serial out lines baud rate not separately program The signals used in SCI are listed in the figure below SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) SPI is a Full‐duplex Synchronous communication protocol. It is Fast, easy to use, and simple Common serial interface on many microcontrollers It Supports Single master and Multiple slaves Simple 8-bit exchange between two devices. o Master initiates transfer and generates clock signal o Slave device selected by master One-byte at a time transfer The signals used in SPI are listed in the figure below Fig: single master and single slave SCLK is the serial clock from master. MOSI (Master Out Slave In) is the output from master MISO (Master In Slave Out) is the input to the master. Data is shifted out of the master's MOSI pin and in it's MISO pin Data transfer is initiated by simply writing data to the SPI data register. All data movement is coordinated by SCK. Slave select may or may not be used depending on interfacing device. Device selection as master or slave can be done by applying a signal to input SS pin. When this pin is 0, then the device act as Master. When this pin is 1, then the device act as slave.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Rs-232 Rs-422 Rs-485
    ConceptConcept ofof SerialSerial CommunicationCommunication AgendaAgenda Serial v.s. Parallel Simplex , Half Duplex , Full Duplex Communication RS-485 Advantage over RS-232 SerialSerial v.s.v.s. ParallelParallel Application: How to Measure the temperature in a long distance? Measuring with a DAC card: 1200 m Remote sensor Control room T/C wire T/C A/D noise Application: How to Measure the temperature in a long distance? Measuring with a remote I/O module: 1200 m Remote sensor Control room T/C Remote I/O Standard Serial Communication T/C signal, 4-20mA, 0-5V… Noise rejection (Differential signal) MostMost PopularPopular 33 typestypes ofof SerialSerial Comm.Comm. z Most commonly available Tx Rx Rx Tx z Simple wiring CTS RTS z Low cost RTS CTS RS-232 z Short length (40 ft) DTR DSR DSR DTR Bar code reader z Slow data rates GND GND z Subject to noise Tx+ z High data rates Tx- z Longer cable lengths (4000 ft) Rx+ Rx- RS-422 z Full-duplex GND z Noise rejection PLC z Multipoint application (Up to 32 units) z Low cost Data+ z Longer cable lengths (4000 ft) Data- RS-485 zNoise immunity GND zHalf-duplex PLC SerialSerial V.S.V.S. ParallelParallel CommunicationCommunication Serial Communication Transfer the data bit by bit Synchronous Data Transfer Bit Send Data Receive Data Parallel Communication Transfer the all data simultaneously Asynchronous Data Transfer Bit Bit Bit Bit Bit Bit Bit Bit Send Data Receive Data SimplexSimplex ,, HalfHalf DuplexDuplex ,, FullFull DuplexDuplex CommunicationCommunication SimplexSimplex CommunicationCommunication Simplex Communication : – Data in a simplex channel is always one way.
    [Show full text]
  • Distributed Systems
    14-760: ADVANCED REAL-WORLD NETWORKS LECTURE 17 * SPRING 2019 * KESDEN SERIAL COMMUNICATION Courtesy 18-349 SERIAL VS. PARALLEL TX Serial MCU 1 RX MCU 2 signal Data[0:7] Parallel MCU 1 MCU 2 3 WHY SERIAL COMMUNICATION? 4 • Serial communication is a pin-efficient way of sending and receiving bits of data • Sends and receives data one bit at a time over one wire • While it takes eight times as long to transfer each byte of data this way (as compared to parallel communication), only a few wires are required • Typically one to send, one to receive (for full-duplex), and a common signal ground wire • Simplistic way to visualize serial port • Two 8-bit shift registers connected together • Output of one shift register (transmitter) connected to the input of the other shift register (receiver) • Common clock so that as a bit exits the transmitting shift register, the bit enters the receiving shift register • Data rate depends on clock frequency SIMPLISTIC VIEW OF SERIAL PORT OPERATION Transmitter Receiver n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 n n+1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 n+1 7 n+2 0 1 2 3 4 5 n+2 6 7 n+3 0 1 2 3 4 n+3 5 6 7 n+4 0 1 2 3 n+4 4 5 6 7 n+5 0 1 2 n+5 3 4 5 6 7 n+6 0 1 n+6 2 3 4 5 6 7 n+7 0 n+7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 n+8 n+8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Interrupt raised when Interrupt raised when Transmitter (Tx) is empty Receiver (Rx) is full a Byte has been transmitted a Byte has been received and next byte ready for loading and is ready for reading SIMPLE SERIAL PORT Receive Buffer Register 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Receive Shift Register Transmit Shift Register 0 1 2 3 4 5
    [Show full text]
  • Enhanced Communications Protocol Serial Port
    Enhanced Communications Protocol Serial Port Huey lope below. Shakier Muffin may very threefold while Andrej remains bloody-minded and hypertonic. Foreordained Bartlett overshoots excellently. Why degaussing is missing the linux, it is connected to have various commands from serial communications control signals going into digital Specifies the stac algorithm on the CAIM card for the port. Enhanced communication protocols there is ready for access control equipment costs, required for this interface configuration mode is also occurs waiting for other. The protocol such a real plant as a standard ports for wio lte module can be a single instrument approaches built around, said serial manager. Scanner 1131 Sensia. This communications option uses the NITP protocol to communication with the serial. Its serial manager is installed handlers should be improved accuracy of remote device in some way is processed. Hart communication port interface also values that. Moreover our enhanced security features and mass device management. Homeyduino allows you. Modbus communication problems. However, we recommend that you configure the working interface first. ASCII character key string or byte value serial communication protocols. This allows additional watchdog logic to monitor multiple slave devices for communication faults not detected by the Serial Interface. These protocols are called a protocol for controlling train simulator on device which would still often erred in parallel process to be included a communications in. Data Transmission Parallel vs Serial Transmission Quantil. This prompt type is standard Ethernet protocol; the same used on an empty internal computer network. LZS and MPPC data compression algorithms. For communications with Modbus devices any way these methods can be utilized.
    [Show full text]
  • Serial Communication Buses
    Computer Architecture 10 Serial Communication Buses Made wi th OpenOffi ce.org 1 Serial Communication SendingSending datadata oneone bitbit atat oneone time,time, sequentiallysequentially SerialSerial vsvs parallelparallel communicationcommunication cable cost (or PCB space), synchronization, distance ! speed ? ImprovedImproved serialserial communicationcommunication technologytechnology allowsallows forfor transfertransfer atat higherhigher speedsspeeds andand isis dominatingdominating thethe modernmodern digitaldigital technology:technology: RS232, RS-485, I2C, SPI, 1-Wire, USB, FireWire, Ethernet, Fibre Channel, MIDI, Serial Attached SCSI, Serial ATA, PCI Express, etc. Made wi th OpenOffi ce.org 2 RS232, EIA232 TheThe ElectronicElectronic IndustriesIndustries AllianceAlliance (EIA)(EIA) standardstandard RS-232-CRS-232-C (1969)(1969) definition of physical layer (electrical signal characteristics: voltage levels, signaling rate, timing, short-circuit behavior, cable length, etc.) 25 or (more often) 9-pin connector serial transmission (bit-by-bit) asynchronous operation (no clock signal) truly bi-directional transfer (full-duplex) only limited power can be supplied to another device numerous handshake lines (seldom used) many protocols use RS232 (e.g. Modbus) Made wi th OpenOffi ce.org 3 Voltage Levels RS-232RS-232 standardstandard convertconvert TTL/CMOS-levelTTL/CMOS-level signalssignals intointo bipolarbipolar voltagevoltage levelslevels toto improveimprove noisenoise immunityimmunity andand supportsupport longlong cablecable lengthslengths TTL/CMOS → RS232: 0V = logic zero → +3V…+12V (SPACE) +5V (+3.3V) = logic one → −3V…−12V (MARK) Some equipment ignores the negative level and accepts a zero voltage level as the "OFF" state The "dead area" between +3V and -3V may vary, many receivers are sensitive to differentials of 1V or less Made wi th OpenOffi ce.org 4 Data frame CompleteComplete one-byteone-byte frameframe consistsconsists of:of: start-bit (SPACE), data bits (7, 8), stop-bits (MARK) e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • A Gumstix-Based MIDI-To-OSC Converter
    midOSC: a Gumstix-Based MIDI-to-OSC Converter Sebastien´ Schiesser Institute for Computer Music and Sound Technology Zurich University of the Arts Baslerstrasse 30, 8048 Zurich, Switzerland [email protected] Abstract [14], sent to the remote-controlled devices location and con- A MIDI-to-OSC converter is implemented on a commer- verted back to MIDI. Until now, this has been done at each cially available embedded linux system, tighly integrated conversion point through a Max/MSP patch running on a with a microcontroller. A layered method is developed which computer connected to a MIDI interface. This is very de- permits the conversion of serial data such as MIDI to OSC manding in terms of hardware: in the backstage system of formatted network packets with an overall system latency the mAe, a computer is dedicated to conversion purposes below 5 milliseconds for common MIDI messages. only. And when MIDI devices are present on stage, an ad- The Gumstix embedded computer provide an interest- ditional laptop with interface is required. ing and modular platform for the development of such an The mAe is intended to be modular and to support several embedded applications. The project shows great potential “I/O hubs”, where audio and control data are collected and to evolve into a generic sensors-to-OSC ethernet converter dispatched. In order to avoid dependence on a converting which should be very useful for artistic purposes and could computer at each hub, it seemed appropriate to use a dedi- be used as a fast prototyping interface for gesture acquisition cated converter which can run independently, be stacked in devices.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Serial Communication
    Technical Tutorial Introduction to Serial Communication Introduction to Serial Communication Technical Tutorial 2002 – 12 - 06 Technical Tutorial Introduction to Serial Communication Table of Contents 1: Introduction 1.1. DCE and DTE Devices 1.2. Synchronous data transfer 1.3. Asynchronous data transfer 2: RS232 2.1. RS232 on DB9 (9-pin D-type connector) 2.2. RS232 on DB25 (25-pin D-type connector) 2.3. RS232 on RJ-45 2.4. Signal Description 2.5. Limitations of RS232 3: RS422 and RS485 3.1. RS422 Serial Communication 3.2. RS485 Serial Communication 3.3. Converters 4: Summary Table 5: Serial Interface of Sena Products 5.1. HelloDevice Lite series 5.2. HelloDevice Pro series 5.3. HelloDevice Super series 5.4. IALink100 Series 5.5. VTS Series 2 Technical Tutorial Introduction to Serial Communication 1. Introduction The purpose of this application note is to attempt to describe the main elements in Serial Communication. This application note attempts to cover enough technical details of RS232, RS422 and RS485. 1.1. DCE and DTE Devices DTE stands for Data Terminal Equipment, and DCE stands for Data Communications Equipment. These terms are used to indicate the pin-out for the connectors on a device and the direction of the signals on the pins. Your computer is a DTE device, while most other devices such as modem and other serial devices are usually DCE devices. RS-232 has been around as a standard for decades as an electrical interface between Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) and Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment (DCE) such as modems or DSUs.
    [Show full text]
  • Lab 5: Serial Communication (Sci/Spi) and C Objectives Required Materials Introduction
    University of Florida EEL 3744 –Spring 2018 Dr. Eric M. Schwartz Electrical & Computer Engineering Dept. 28-Mar-18 Page 1/8 Revision 7 LAB 5: SERIAL COMMUNICATION (SCI/SPI) AND C OBJECTIVES As discovered in Homework 4, the asynchronous UART • Understand the basic operation and structure of protocol utilizes a transfer rate (denoted as the baud rate), as asynchronous and synchronous serial communication, well as two physical connections for each device to i.e., SCI (UART) and SPI. communicate data, i.e., a pin for Receiving data (Rx), and a pin • Utilize C programming constructs to create functions to for Transmitting data (Tx). The only way that this protocol interact with the XMEGA’s USART and SPI systems. functions correctly is if both devices agree on a common baud • Learn how to use SPI communication to interact with an rate. external IMU sensor package. • Stream and plot real-time 3D (XYZ) acceleration data SPI, on the other hand, utilizes a shared clock signal connected using the XMEGA’s USART system and Atmel Studio’s between (at least) two devices (usually denoted as SCK), where Data Visualizer. only one device is known as the “master” device, and where the other devices are “slaves.” Full-duplex communication is REQUIRED MATERIALS possible with SPI (i.e., two devices can talk to each other at the • µPAD v2.0 Development Board same time), although the master always starts any • Robotics Backpack communication between the devices. When the master wants • Digilent/NI Analog Discovery (DAD/NAD) kit to transmit/receive data to/from the slave(s), it generates the • LSM330.h header file synchronized Serial Clock signal (SCK).
    [Show full text]
  • EB215 Local Interconnect Network (LIN)
    Freescale Semiconductor EB215 Engineering Bulletin Rev. 1.0, 03/2005 Local Interconnect Network (LIN) Physical Interface Difference Between MC33399 and MC33661 Introduction This engineering bulletin highlights the differences between two Local Interconnect Network (LIN) Physical Interfaces, namely the 33399 and the 33661. The LIN is a serial communication protocol designed to support automotive networks in conjunction with Controller Area Network (CAN). As the lowest level of a hierarchical network, LIN enables cost-effective communication with sensors and actuators when all the features of CAN are not required. The 33399 and the 33661 are physical layer components dedicated to automotive sub-bus applications. They offer speech communication from 1.0 kbps to 20 kbps. There are two main operating modes: Normal and Sleep. For feature information, refer to the device data sheets for 33399 and 33661 © Freescale Semiconductor, Inc., 2005. All rights reserved. Differences Guide Differences Guide This section should be used as a quick guide to determine the main differences between the devices in a similar family. Using Table 1, you can note the differences most relevant to your system/application. This engineering bulletin should be used in conjunction with the most recent specification for each device, to ensure that all differences have been captured. Table 1. Device Differences Parameter 33399 33661 LIN Protocol Specification Addresses LIN 1.3 Applications Addresses LIN 2.0 Applications Terminal Out and Package 8-terminal SOICN. 8-terminal SOICN. One baud rate operation: Two baud rate operations: Baud Rate Operation 1.0 kbps to 20 kbps • 1.0 kbps to 10 kbps • 1.0 kbps to 20 kbps Capable of: Capable of: Controlling an external switchable voltage • Controlling an external switchable voltage INH Output regulator.
    [Show full text]
  • LIN (LOCAL INTERCONNECT NETWORK) SOLUTIONS by Microcontroller Division Applications
    AN1278 APPLICATION NOTE LIN (LOCAL INTERCONNECT NETWORK) SOLUTIONS by Microcontroller Division Applications INTRODUCTION Many mechanical components in the automotive sector have been replaced or are now being replaced by intelligent mechatronical systems. A lot of wires are needed to connect these components. To reduce the amount of wires and to handle communications between these systems, many car manufacturers have created different bus systems that are incompatible with each other. In order to have a standard sub-bus, car manufacturers in Europe have formed a consortium to define a new communications standard for the automotive sector. The new bus, called LIN bus, was invented to be used in simple switching applications like car seats, door locks, sun roofs, rain sensors, mirrors and so on. The LIN bus is a sub-bus system based on a serial communications protocol. The bus is a single master / multiple slave bus that uses a single wire to transmit data. To reduce costs, components can be driven without crystal or ceramic resonators. Time syn- chronization permits the correct transmission and reception of data. The system is based on a UART / SCI hardware interface that is common to most microcontrollers. The bus detects defective nodes in the network. Data checksum and parity check guarantee safety and error detection. As a long-standing partner to the automotive industry, STMicroelectronics offers a complete range of LIN silicon products: slave and master LIN microcontrollers covering the protocol handler part and LIN transceivers for the physical line interface. For a quick start with LIN, STMicroelectronics supports you with LIN software enabling you to rapidly set up your first LIN communication and focus on your specific application requirements.
    [Show full text]
  • Serial VS Parallel Interface
    Serial VS Parallel Interface Newhaven Display International has LCDs, TFTs and OLEDs that offer both modes: parallel and serial. A multi-interface LCD board is designed to display information on the LCD using different parallel or serial protocol interfaces. Only one protocol will write to the LCD at a time. Some controller IC’s have more than one user-selectable interface option. No matter which protocol is being used to interface to the LCD, it must be initialized prior to normal use. Below you will learn more about parallel and serial interface so you may better understand what this means when deciding on a product. There are two ways of transmitting a byte between two digital devices. We can either transmit the byte in PARALLEL or we can transmit the byte in SERIAL form. The drawing to the left illustrates the differences between these two types of communication mechanisms. Transmitter Receiver In parallel mode, each bit has a single Transmitter Receiver wire devoted to it and all the bits are transmitted at the same time. In serial mode, the bits are transmitted as a Parallel interface transmits Serial interface transmits series of pulses. all bits in parallel a series of bits Goodwine, Bill. “Serial Communication.” 2002. University of Notre Dame. 22 Feb. 2012 <http://controls.ame.nd.edu/microcontroller/main/node22.html>. Serial Interface Parallel Interface (one bit at a time) (multiple bits at a time) Serial interface consists of an I2C bus, SPI bus, or synchronous serial Parallel interface consists of 8 data pins and 3 control lines. The control control and data lines.
    [Show full text]
  • Serial Communication [Modbus Version]
    ROBO CYLINDER Series PCON, ACON, SCON, ERC2 Serial Communication [Modbus Version] Operation Manual, Second Edition Introduction The explanations provided in this manual are limited to procedures of serial communication. Refer to the operation manual supplied with the ROBO Cylinder Controller (hereinafter referred to as RC controller) for other specifications, such as control, installation and connection. Caution (1) If any address or function not defined in this specification is sent to an RC controller, the controller may not operate properly or it may implement unintended movements. Do not send any function or address not specified herein. (2) RC controllers are designed in such a way that once the controller detects a break (space) signal of 150 msec or longer via its SIO port, it will automatically switch the baud rate to 9600 bps. On some PCs, the transmission line remains in the break (space) signal transmission mode while the communication port is closed. Exercise caution if one of these PCs is used as the host device, because the baud rate in your RC controller may have been changed to 9600 bps. (3) Set the communication speed and other parameters using IAI’s teaching tools (teaching pendant or PC software), and then transfer the specified parameters to the controller. (4) If the controller is used in a place meeting any of the following conditions, provide sufficient shielding measures. If sufficient actions are not taken, the controller may malfunction: [1] Where large current or high magnetic field generates [2] Where arc discharge occurs due to welding, etc. [3] Where noise generates due to electrostatic, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • SAM2634 Datasheet
    SAM2634 LOW-POWER SYNTHESIZER WITH EFFECTS The SAM2634 integrates into a single chip a proprietary DREAM® DSP core (64-slots DSP + 16-bit microcontroller), a 32k x 16 RAM and an LCD display interface. With addition of a single external ROM or FLASH, a complete low cost sound module can be built, including reverb and chorus effects, parametric equalizer, surround effects, without compromising on sound quality. Key features . Single chip synthesizer + effects, typical application includes: o Wavetable synthesis, serial MIDI in & out, parallel MIDI o Effects: reverb + chorus, on MIDI and/or audio in o Surround on 2 or 4 speakers with intensity/delay control o Equalizer: 4 bands, parametric o Audio in processing through echo, equalizer, surround . Low chip count o Synthesizer, ROM/Flash, DAC o Effects RAM is built-in (32k x 16) . Low power o 14 mA typ. operating o Single 3.3V supply o Built-in 1.2V regulator with power down mode . High quality wavetable synthesis o 16 bits samples, 48 KHz sampling rate, 24dB digital filter per voice o Up to 64 voices polyphony o Up to 64MByte ROM/Flash and RAM for firmware, and PCM data . Available wavetable firmwares and sample sets o CleanWave8® low cost General MIDI 1 megabyte firmware + sample set o CleanWave32® high quality 4 megabyte firmware + sample set o CleanWave64® top quality 8 megabyte firmware + sample set o Other sample sets available under special conditions. Fast product to market o Enhanced P16 processor with C compiler o Built-in ROM debugger o Flash programmer through dedicated pins. Small footprint o 100-pin LQFP package .
    [Show full text]