DOCSLIB.ORG

The Colonial Production of Space of Israel/Palestine

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Colonial Production of Space of Israel/Palestine HOUSING POLICY, DESIGN, AND STRUGGLE: THE COLONIAL PRODUCTION OF SPACE OF ISRAEL/PALESTINE, ONE NEW CITY AT A TIME Oded Haas A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy GRADUATE PROGRAM IN ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES YORK UNIVERSITY TORONTO, ONTARIO February 2021 © Oded Haas, 2021 ABSTRACT Housing policy and housing design have a long history as instruments of colonial domination in Israel and as strategies for shaping the Jewish state as such. This thesis examines how a ‘housing crisis’ framework, including local struggles for the right to housing, may be utilised by the Israeli Zionist regime to counter insurgent practices of Palestinians in the country and simultaneously appropriated for the Palestinian national struggle. The thesis originally compares state planning by Israel and by the Palestinian Authority: a state-initiated plan for an ‘Arab city’ in Israel, Tantour, and a privatised Palestinian housing development in the West Bank, Rawabi. This comparison enables me to explore how local ‘solutions’ to the housing crisis shape and recast colonial relations in Israel/Palestine, seen from the perspective of the colonised. The study focuses on a struggle by a group of Palestinian activists in the Tantour case who are fighting to shape the new ‘Arab city’ according to local housing needs and to incorporate it in their town’s jurisdiction. Their struggle is examined in comparison to a small group of Palestinian citizens of Israel who chose to obtain homeownership in Rawabi in the West Bank. I deploy mixed methods designed to explore urban space as co-produced by state power and inhabitants. Among these: a critical review of planning documents, site visits, and in-depth interviews with planners and inhabitants. Foregrounding the narratives of Palestinian citizens of Israel, I argue that neoliberal ‘solutions’ to the housing crisis are changing the relationship between Palestinian sumud praxis, meaning resistance by remaining on the land, and the Zionist colonial strategy of ‘Judaising space’. In both cases I discover how Palestinian sumud has found new ways to endure in neoliberal times. The case of Rawabi in the West Bank sheds light on homeownership as a new mode of remaining and helps to place the Tantour case in Israel on a spectrum of sumud that ranges from individual economic resilience to collective anti-colonial struggle. Thus, I offer a conceptualisation of the ‘right to housing’ as a struggle to de-colonise housing, and advocate for a case-based, grounded theorisation of the housing crisis itself. The thesis makes a substantial contribution to scholarship of settler-colonialism, to the study of the political geography of Israel/Palestine, and to developing a critical agenda in housing studies. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The motivation for this research evolved from conversations with architects, academics and activists that took place during the 2011 housing protests in Israel, and from years of political activism in the country. The PhD has been a journey to the roots of the place I call home as well as an actual journey between Israel and Canada, and I am grateful for the critical perspective these real and imagined travels have awarded me. To fellow FESers who have taught me true critical, interdisciplinary research, helped grow my work, and built a community to overcome the loneliness of doctoral studies, I salute you. I thank the staff and faculty at FES for their support and I am forever grateful to the Vanier Canada Graduate Scholarship and the Ontario Trillium Scholarship for funding my research. I would like to express my deepest acknowledgments to all the interviewees and especially to the inspiring comrades at the Judeida-Makr Khirak. This research is because of you, for you. شكرا! My deepest gratitude goes to my advisor Stefan Kipfer who supported my research from day one with utter commitment and generosity, for teaching me the production of space and showing me how to ask spatial questions about capitalism and colonialism, for sharpening my thinking and writing, and for thoroughly guiding me with optimism and encouragement along the path I chose. I owe special thanks to Kanishka Goonewardena for inciting me to think about my work through the ‘urban revolution’ and for his rigorous and thoughtful comments on various stages of my thesis. To Liette Gilbert for her insights on land, race, and urban politics, for helping me hone my analytical skills, for close readings of drafts, and for her precious support in navigating the intricacies of the PhD program, my warmest gratitude. I would like to thank Yosef Jabareen for joining my supervisory committee and for sharing his expertise in urbanisation processes of and by Palestinians in Israel. To all my committee members, thank you for supporting me from the very first moment and for your enthusiasm that kept me going. To the people at York University with whom I have crossed paths and collaborated, and from whom I have learned, I am grateful. To Roger Keil, for his invaluable mentorship and for inviting me to share my work; to Linda Peake, for offering me supportive advice and intellectual (and office) space at the City Institute; and to my colleague and dear friend Azam Khatam, for motivating me and for sharing stimulating conversations about Middle Eastern urbanisation. Finally, to Michaela McMahon, the very first person I met at the beginning of this journey, the best person I met throughout this journey, thank you for being there. To my family and especially my parents, you have an enormous share in this work. Thank you for supporting me in various ways throughout this endeavour, for reading, translating, and offering advice. To my children Abigail and Noah who were born mid-thesis, thank you for putting things in proportion. And to Eyal, my partner in absolutely everything, I love you. Thank you for listening, reviewing, editing, suggesting, and overall strengthening both me and my work. I gratefully acknowledge the entire examining committee for their time. This thesis is dedicated to everyone out there researching, questioning, and fighting for de-colonisation in any way. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................................... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................. viii INTRODUCTION | CONTEXTUALISING THE RIGHT TO HOUSING IN ISRAEL/PALESTINE ...................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Theoretical, historical, local context of investigation .................................................................... 4 Lefebvre in Palestine: from settler colonial to Indigenous perspective ..................................... 11 Methodology .................................................................................................................................... 19 Contributions .................................................................................................................................. 30 Chapter outlines .............................................................................................................................. 31 Chapter 2 | “WE WANT THEM TO MAKE A REVOLUTION”: HOUSING CRISIS AS A STATE PROJECT IN TANTOUR ....................................................................................................................... 35 Introduction | Israel’s first ‘Arab city’? ....................................................................................... 35 Planning a new ‘Arab city’ ............................................................................................................ 39 Tantour Phase 1: “Everyone wants the same [Jewish] suburbs” ...................................................... 43 Tantour Phase 2: “We want them to make a revolution” ................................................................... 52 From the ‘Arab village’ to an ‘Arab city’: the ethnic logic of space at work ............................ 59 Conclusion | Housing crisis at work: producing Israel’s latest ‘Arab Village’? ....................... 68 Chapter 3 | “TANTOUR IS OURS!”: RESISTANCE TO A SETTLER COLONIAL ‘HOUSING CRISIS’ ...................................................................................................................................................... 71 Jamal’s introduction | The Judeida-Makr Khirak ....................................................................... 71 Everyday stories of sumud and its contradictions ........................................................................ 76 SHIMER | Land ................................................................................................................................... 78 SHADI | Segregation: the ‘Arab city’ contradiction in the Khirak’s sumud .....................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Gender, Wasser Und Konflikt“
    Integration von Genderperspektiven in der technischen Zusammenarbeit in Konfliktgebieten – das Beispiel der Wasserversorgung im Ramallah Distrikt Natalie Mutlak Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Ingenieurwissenschaften - Dr. Ing. - Vorgelegt im Fachbereich 3 (Mathematik & Informatik) der Universität Bremen im September 2012 Gutachterinnen Prof. Dr. Ines Weller Artec-Forschungszentrum Nachhaltigkeit Universität Bremen Prof. Dr. Susanne Maaß Arbeitsgruppe "Soziotechnische Systemgestaltung und Gender" Fachbereich 3 (Mathematik & Informatik) Universität Bremen Prof. Dr. Christine Eifler Zentrum Gender Studies (ZGS) Universität Bremen Tag des Kollquiums: 1. Februar 2013 ii Danksagung Mein Dank gilt der Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung, die mich in den Genuss eines dreijährigen Promotionsstipendiums kommen ließ, den Leiterinnen des zweiten Gunda-Werner-Kollegs „Genderdynamiken in gewaltförmigen Konflikten“ Christine Eifler und Ruth Seifert sowie dem Zentrum Gender Studies (ZGS) an der Universität Bremen (ZGS), dessen Infrastruktur wir StipendiatInnen nutzen konnten. Mein besonderer Dank gilt meinen Betreuerinnen und Gutachterinnen Ines Weller und Christine Eifler für ihre wertvolle Unterstützung und Geduld. Ohne ihr offenes Ohr, das sie während der gesamten Zeit der Dissertation stets für mich hatten, ihre unzähligen inhaltlichen Anregungen und ihre unschätzbare Unterstützung in organisatorischen Angelegenheiten wäre diese Arbeit nicht möglich gewesen. Ebenso möchte ich meiner Gutachterin Susanne Maaß danken. Meinen Mit-Kollegiatinnen
    [Show full text]
  • Demographic Jihad by the Numbers
    Demographic Jihad by the Numbers: Getting a Handle on the True Scope 2 June 2007 ©Yoel Natan HTML PDF (<2 MB) Author of the book Moon-o-theism I. Introduction A. Countering the Inevitable Charge of Islamophobia ► Case #1: A Pew Research Poll in 2007 Says 26% of Young Adult Muslim-Americans Support Suicide Bombing ► Case #2: Infidels Supposedly Have Nothing to Fear from Muslims, Yet Muslims Inexplicably Fear Being Takfired, That Is, Being Declared Infidels B. Demographic Jihad Explained C. Why This Study Is Important ► The Size of the Minority of Muslims and the Quality of Life Index D. Arriving at Accurate Demographic Snapshots and Projections E. The Politics of Demographic Numbers II. Global Demographics and Projections Countries discussed in some detail (if a country is not listed here, it likely is mentioned in passing, and can be found using the browser Search function): Afghanistan Africa Albania Algeria Argentina Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bangladesh Belgium Belize Benin Bosnia-Herzegovina & the Republika Srpska Britain (United Kingdom) Canada Chechnya China Cote d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark East Timor Egypt Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Europe France French Guiana Germany Global Greece Greenland Guyana Horn of Africa/Somalia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland & North Ireland (UK) Islamdom Israel Italy Japan Jordan Kosovo Lebanon Macedonia Malaysia Mexico Mideast Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Netherlands Nigeria North America Norway Oman Pakistan Palestine (West Bank and Gaza) Philippines Russia Saudi Arabia Serbia Singapore South Africa South America South Asia Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Sweden Switzerland Syria Tajikistan Thailand Tri-Border Region, aka Triple Frontier, Trinidad & Tobago Islands Turkey Ukraine United States Western Sahara Yemen Note: For maps and population information, see Yoel Natan’s “Christian and Muslim Demographics,” May 2007 PDF (>8MB).
    [Show full text]
  • The Challenges of Political Terrorism: a Cross-National Analysis of the Downward Spiral of Terrorist Violence and Socio-Political Crisis
    THE CHALLENGES OF POLITICAL TERRORISM: A CROSS-NATIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE DOWNWARD SPIRAL OF TERRORIST VIOLENCE AND SOCIO-POLITICAL CRISIS DISSERTATION: Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Kristopher K. Robison, M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2007 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Edward M. Crenshaw, Adviser Professor J. Craig Jenkins ____________________________ Adviser Professor Pamela M. Paxton Graduate Program in Sociology ABSTRACT Since September the 11th, 2001, terrorism has received renewed attention and study from the media, publics and scholars alike. While voluminous journalistic writings and some empirical research exists on the causes and structures of terrorism, comparatively little research has thoroughly explored the political and social impacts of terrorism and the responses societies and states have to terrorism. Conventional wisdom suggests that terrorism is born of political and economic grievance in poor, quasi- authoritarian states. Indeed, a large number of terrorist attacks are within developing nations. However, the relationship between structural conditions and terror may be more complicated. What if terrorism contributes to political and social disruption, which in turn leads to even more grievances that inspire further campaigns of political violence? In other words, does terrorism breed the very conditions that encourage insurgency in the first place, leading to a downward spiral of conflict and grievance thereby worsening the plight developing nations find themselves in? This dissertation project argues that a major period of terrorism within the developing world stimulates a series of important political and social crises that under certain specific conditions spawn broader and more intense forms of political conflict.
    [Show full text]
  • Hausarbeit Gaza Für Korrespektiv
    Goethe-Universität Frankfurt – FB 03 Politikwissenschaft Veranstaltung: Der Arabisch-Israelische Konflikt, WiSe 2017/18 Israel, West Bank und Gaza „West Bank First“ – inwiefern hat die Fatah orientierte Verhandlungsposition Israels und der internationalen Gemeinschaft während und nach der zweiten Intifada (2000-2005) zu einer politischen Spaltung und Eskalation zwischen West Bank und Gaza geführt? LUKE BLIEDTNER 19.4.18 ISRAEL, WEST BANK UND GAZA Inhalt 1. Einführung Seite 3 2. Historischer Kontext Seite 4 2.1 Die al-Aqsa Intifada Seite 5 2.2 Der 11. September 2001 Seite 6 2.3 Umsetzung der „Roadmap“ Seite 7 2.4 Unilateraler Rückzug aus Gaza Seite 8 2.5 Arafats Tod und das Ende der al-Aqsa Intifada Seite 9 2.6 Sharons Rücktritt und palästinensische Wahlen 2006 Seite 11 2.7 Die Folgen der palästinensischen Wahlen Seite 11 3. Methode und Herangehensweise Seite 12 4. Analyse Seite 13 4.1 Die Diplomatie der USA unter George W. Bush jr. Seite 13 4.2 Das Quartett Seite 14 4.3 Die israelische Regierung Seite 15 5. Vergleich und historische Einordnung Seite 17 6. Fazit Seite 18 Literaturverzeichnis Seite 21 S e i t e 2 | 23 LUKE BLIEDTNER 19.4.18 ISRAEL, WEST BANK UND GAZA 1. Einführung Im Laufe der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts gab es diverse politische sowie gesellschaft- liche Akteure, die versucht haben, den arabisch-israelische Konflikt im Sinne aller Beteiligten Konfliktparteien zu schlichten. Dabei wurde immer wieder das Existenzrecht Israels sowie die Rückkehr zu den Grenzen von 1967 als essentieller Part der Verhandlungen betont und als Grundbedingung für jedwede Schlichtung der internationalen Gemeinschaft (z.
    [Show full text]
  • The Reality of Tourist Sites Management in Jordan and Its Obstacles
    International Journal of Business and Management Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 – 8028, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 801X www.ijbmi.org || Volume 5 Issue 9 || September. 2016 || PP—41-53 The Reality of Tourist Sites Management in Jordan and Its Obstacles Dr. Mashael Saqer AL Khasawneh Director of Irbid Tourism Directorate, Ministry of Tourism, Jordan ABSTRACT: This study aimed to identify the tourist sites across the Kingdom of Jordan as they gain high valued revenues to the country if they are invested in the right way depending on planned strategies. The study also unveiled the most important obstacles in the face of the Ministry of Tourism and Antiques in the process of managing different tourist sites. The study sample consists of managers of directorates of the Ministry of Tourism and Antiques in all over the Kingdom and some other managers working in the center of the ministry. The study sample used a comprehensive to all tourist sites from (32) decision-makers who are directly responsible of managing and developing the tourist sites. The study used the qualitative approach to come up with results, and it used two tools in data collecting which are a questionnaire with open questions and face to face or call interviews. The study comes with the following findings: 1. The nature of performance, management and planning in the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities is baseless, in other words, it will be passed away by ending manager's mission, after that, you notice that such nature is subjugated to the worker's whims. 2. Promoting tourist sites in Jordan is not only the responsibility of the Ministry of Tourism, but also linked to a campaign of Jordan tourism, consequently, that leads to duplication of performance and dispersion of efforts.
    [Show full text]
  • The Working Definition of Antisemitism – Six Years After
    The Lester and Sally Entin Faculty of Humanities The Stephen Roth Institute for the Study of Contemporary Anti-Semitism and Racism The Working Definition of Antisemitism – Six Years After Unedited Proceedings of the 10th Biennial TAU Stephen Roth Institute's Seminar on Antisemitism August 30 – September 2, 2010 Mémorial de la Shoah, Paris Contents Introduction The EUMC 2005 Working Definition of Antisemitism Opening Remarks: Simone Veil, Yves Repiquet Rifat Bali, "Antisemitism in Turkey: From Denial to Acknowledgement – From Acknowledgement to Discussions of Its Definition" Carole Nuriel, "History and Theoretical Aspects" Michael Whine, "Short History of the Definition" Ken Stern, "The Working Definition – A Reappraisal" David Matas, "Assessing Criticism of the EU Definition of Antisemitism" Dave Rich, "Reactions, Uses and Abuses of the EUMC Definition" Esther Webman, "Arab Reactions to Combating Antisemitism" Joel Kotek, "Pragmatic Antisemitism: Anti-Zionism as a New Civic Religion: The Belgium Case" Michal Navot, "Redux: Legal Aspects of Antisemitism, Holocaust Denial and Racism in Greece Today" Karl Pfeifer, "Antisemitic Activities of the Austrian 'Anti-Imperialists Coordination' (AIK)" Raphael Vago, "(Re)Defining the Jew: Antisemitism in Post-Communist Europe-the Balance of Two Decades" Marcis Skadmanis, "The Achievements of Latvian NGOs in Promoting Tolerance and Combating Intolerance" Yuri Tabak, "Antisemitic Manifestations in the Russian Federation 2009-2010" Irena Cantorovich, "Belarus as a Case Study of Contemporary Antisemitism"
    [Show full text]
  • Curriculum Vitae
    Curriculum Vitae NAOMI B. SOKOLOFF Department of Near Eastern Languages & Civilization 229A Denny Hall (Box 353120) University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 206-543-7145 EDUCATION 1975 B.A. in Spanish Language and Literature Swarthmore College 1977-78 Visiting Graduate Student, Hebrew Literature Hebrew University of Jerusalem 1979 M.A. in Comparative Literature Princeton University 1980 Ph.D. in Comparative Literature Princeton University Dissertation: "Spatial Form in the Social Novel: John Dos Passos, Alejo Carpentier, and S.Y. Agnon" Directors: Professors Joseph Frank and Ralph Freedman Readers: Professors James Irby, Princeton University and Gershon Shaked, Hebrew University of Jerusalem LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY Hebrew: near native fluency Other languages studied: Spanish, French, German, Yiddish, Italian, Latin, Portuguese, AMESLAN, Chinese 1 PROFESSIONAL APPOINTMENTS 1976 Assistant in Instruction, English Composition Princeton University 1978-1980 Assistant in Instruction, Spanish Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 1980-1981 Visiting Assistant Professor, Hebrew Department of Oriental Studies University of Arizona, Tucson AZ 1981-1984 Assistant Professor, Hebrew Department of Oriental Studies University of Arizona 1984 Course Consultant, University College University of Maryland, College Park, MD 1984-1985 Faculty Fellow Jewish Theological Seminary of America, New York, NY 1986-1987 Consultant, Hebrew Language Programs Jewish Education Council of Greater Seattle 1985-1992 Assistant Professor, Hebrew University of Washington, Seattle,
    [Show full text]
  • The Dynamics of Protracted Terror Campaigns: Domestic Politics, Terrorist Violence, and Counterterror Responses
    The Dynamics of Protracted Terror Campaigns: Domestic Politics, Terrorist Violence, and Counterterror Responses by Jennifer E. Kavanagh A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Public Policy and Political Science) in The University of Michigan 2011 Doctoral Committee: Professor James D. Morrow, Co-Chair Clinical Professor Melvyn Levitsky, Co-Chair Professor Robert J. Franzese, Jr. Professor Allan C. Stam © Jennifer E. Kavanagh 2011 To my Mom and Dad. They know why. ii Acknowledgements The author thanks Jim Morrow, Mel Levitsky, Allan Stam, and Rob Franzese for their guidance, feedback, and support throughout the research and writing of this dissertation. The author also thanks all those whose comments and encouragement made the completion of this dissertation possible, including Mary Corcoran, John Ciorciari, Bill Clark, Mary Corcoran, John Jackson, Barb Koremenos, Phil Potter, Bill Kelly, Michelle Spornhauer, Alex Von Hagen-Jammar, Paul Poast, Johannes Urpelainen, Bill MacMillian, Elias Walsh, Heather Larue, Melissa Forbes, Nick Montgomery, Cassie Grafstrom, Shanna Kirschner, Michelle Allendoerfer, and Bogdan Savych. iii Table of Contents Dedication………………………………………………………………………………...ii Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………iii List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………….vi List of Tables……………………………………………………………………………viii List of Appendices.……………………………………………………………………......x Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………...xi Chapter 1 Introduction and Motivation: When and
    [Show full text]
  • The Eighteenth Century (History of Costume and Fashion Volume 5)
    A History of Fashion and Costume The Eighteenth Century Anne Rooney The Eighteenth Century Library of Congress Cataloging- in-Publication Data Copyright © 2005 Bailey Publishing Associates Ltd Rooney,Anne. A history of fashion and costume. Produced for Facts On File by The eighteenth century/Anne Bailey Publishing Associates Ltd Rooney. 11a Woodlands p. cm. Hove BN3 6TJ Includes bibliographical references and index. Project Manager: Roberta Bailey ISBN 0-8160-5948-9 1. Clothing and dress—History— Editor:Alex Woolf 18th century—Fashion—History— Text Designer: Simon Borrough 18th century. Artwork: Dave Burroughs, Peter Dennis, GT585.R66 2005 Tony Morris 391/.009/033—dc 22 Picture Research: Glass Onion Pictures 2005040156 Consultant:Tara Maginnis, Ph.D.Associate Professor The publishers would like to thank the of the University of Alaska, Fairbanks, and creator following for permission to use their of the website,The Costumer's Manifesto pictures: (http://costumes.org/) Art Archive: 9, 12, 17, 18, Printed and bound in Hong Kong 32, 37 (top), 45, 47 (right), 49, 55 (both), 59 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be Bridgeman Art Library: 6, 7, 10 (top), reproduced or utilized in any form or by any 14, 16 (both), 27, 33 (top), 35 (both), means, electronic or mechanical, including 39, 41, 50, 58 photocopying, recording, or by any information Hanan and Farah Munayyer storage or retrieval systems, without permission in Collection: 21 (top) writing from the publisher. For information Peter Newark: 29 (both), 36, 38, 48 contact: Topham:26 Victoria & Albert Museum: 11, 23, 24, Facts On File, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • THE FABRICATION of ISRAEL
    Kassem Egbaria Yad Ishaac Viktoria Waltz (Editors) THE FABRICATION of ISRAEL A (PLANNING) THRILLER Dedication This book is dedicated to all the people who lost their homes for the Israel Project. You will meet them all over the world and some of them we met here and there - listen to some of them. 'I am Omar, born in Irbid/Jordan, living in Germany, married to a German and working as a doctor. My family is from Jaffa. When Jaffa was threatened by Zionist militia my grandmother fled by boat like many others in 1948. The boat was supposed to go to Egypt, but had to change direction and landed in Beirut. She and her five children, one of them my father, were put into one of the many refugee camps. My uncle, brother of my mother - her husband already died - had fled to Jordan and landed in Irbid. He searched for his sister and finally found her in Beirut. He brought the whole family to Irbid. I am born in Irbid, however, I am Palestinian.' 'I am Khalid, born in Um El Fahem/Israel, living there with my family, working as an engineer. My origin family is from Hebron-Al Khalil, today West Bank. 1947 after UN Resolution 181 my grand father sent his sun, my father, and 18 years old to the area of Um El Fahem, where the family had land to look at it and to preserve the rights and documents for any case. He went there, stayed for a while and when he wanted to come back Israel was proclaimed and he could not return.
    [Show full text]
  • What Is the Best Way to Begin Learning About Fashion, Trends, and Fashion Designers?
    ★ What is the best way to begin learning about fashion, trends, and fashion designers? Edit I know a bit, but not much. What are some ways to educate myself when it comes to fashion? Edit Comment • Share (1) • Options Follow Question Promote Question Related Questions • Fashion and Style : Apart from attending formal classes, what are some of the ways for someone interested in fashion designing to learn it as ... (continue) • Fashion and Style : How did the fashion trend of wearing white shoes/sneakers begin? • What's the best way of learning about the business behind the fashion industry? • Fashion and Style : What are the best ways for a new fashion designer to attract customers? • What are good ways to learn more about the fashion industry? More Related Questions Share Question Twitter Facebook LinkedIn Question Stats • Latest activity 11 Mar • This question has 1 monitor with 351833 topic followers. 4627 people have viewed this question. • 39 people are following this question. • 11 Answers Ask to Answer Yolanda Paez Charneco Add Bio • Make Anonymous Add your answer, or answer later. Kathryn Finney, "Oprah of the Internet" . One of the ... (more) 4 votes by Francisco Ceruti, Marie Stein, Unsah Malik, and Natasha Kazachenko Actually celebrities are usually the sign that a trend is nearing it's end and by the time most trends hit magazine like Vogue, they're on the way out. The best way to discover and follow fashion trends is to do one of three things: 1. Order a Subscription to Women's Wear Daily. This is the industry trade paper and has a lot of details on what's happen in fashion from both a trend and business level.
    [Show full text]
  • 2. Major Armed Conflicts
    2. Major armed conflicts RENATA DWAN and CAROLINE HOLMQVIST I. Introduction The discussion of major armed conflicts in the SIPRI Yearbook 2004 focused on the dominance of intra-state armed conflict in the contemporary inter- national system.1 This trend was even more apparent in 2004, when every one of the 19 major armed conflicts that were active during the year was classified as intra-state. Only three of these—the conflict against al-Qaeda, the conflict in Iraq and the conflict in Darfur, Sudan—are less than 10 years old. These figures may appear at odds with a contemporary international security climate that is preoccupied with perceived ‘new’ security threats such as international terrorism and the spread of weapons of mass destruction. However, in a globalized world, intra-state conflicts are increasingly becoming international in nature and in effects. The complexity and diversity of these conflicts make the distinction between the ‘internal’ and the ‘external’ particularly com- plicated and call into question the basis on which conflicts are classified and addressed. This chapter therefore concentrates for the second year running on intra- state conflict. Section II looks at the internationalization of these conflicts and how this affects the perceptions as well as the handling of conflict. Section III addresses a number of contemporary features of intra-state conflict that complicate traditional approaches to their analysis and management: the diversity of warring parties and multiple grievances; the evolving tactics in conflict and their consequences for civilians; and the shifting location and containment of intra-state conflict. These themes are illustrated by synopses of a number of the major armed conflicts that were active in 2004.
    [Show full text]