Gender, Wasser Und Konflikt“

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Gender, Wasser Und Konflikt“ Integration von Genderperspektiven in der technischen Zusammenarbeit in Konfliktgebieten – das Beispiel der Wasserversorgung im Ramallah Distrikt Natalie Mutlak Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Ingenieurwissenschaften - Dr. Ing. - Vorgelegt im Fachbereich 3 (Mathematik & Informatik) der Universität Bremen im September 2012 Gutachterinnen Prof. Dr. Ines Weller Artec-Forschungszentrum Nachhaltigkeit Universität Bremen Prof. Dr. Susanne Maaß Arbeitsgruppe "Soziotechnische Systemgestaltung und Gender" Fachbereich 3 (Mathematik & Informatik) Universität Bremen Prof. Dr. Christine Eifler Zentrum Gender Studies (ZGS) Universität Bremen Tag des Kollquiums: 1. Februar 2013 ii Danksagung Mein Dank gilt der Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung, die mich in den Genuss eines dreijährigen Promotionsstipendiums kommen ließ, den Leiterinnen des zweiten Gunda-Werner-Kollegs „Genderdynamiken in gewaltförmigen Konflikten“ Christine Eifler und Ruth Seifert sowie dem Zentrum Gender Studies (ZGS) an der Universität Bremen (ZGS), dessen Infrastruktur wir StipendiatInnen nutzen konnten. Mein besonderer Dank gilt meinen Betreuerinnen und Gutachterinnen Ines Weller und Christine Eifler für ihre wertvolle Unterstützung und Geduld. Ohne ihr offenes Ohr, das sie während der gesamten Zeit der Dissertation stets für mich hatten, ihre unzähligen inhaltlichen Anregungen und ihre unschätzbare Unterstützung in organisatorischen Angelegenheiten wäre diese Arbeit nicht möglich gewesen. Ebenso möchte ich meiner Gutachterin Susanne Maaß danken. Meinen Mit-Kollegiatinnen Anne Jenichen, Miriam Schroer, Michaela Schäuble und Andrea Hapke danke ich für den fruchtbaren Austausch während der gemeinsamen Zeit in Bremen sowie die emotionale und inhaltlich- organisatorische Unterstützung auch Jahre nach Auslaufen unseres Promotionskollegs. Insbesondere Anne hat mir mit ihren analytisch brillianten Kommentaren zu meinen Texten aus diversen Schwierigkeiten geholfen. Selbstverständlich gilt mein Dank den (ehemaligen) MitarbeiterInnen des GTZ-Wasserbüros in Ramallah, die mir die Untersuchung ermöglicht haben und bereitwillig auf meine Fragen eingegangen sind. Clemens Messerschmid danke ich dafür, dass er mich an seinem unschätzbaren Wissen über die Wasserversorgungssituation in den palästinensischen Gebieten und seinen Kontakten teilhaben ließ sowie für seine kritischen Fragen. Majeda Alawhi von der PWA und den MitarbeiterInnen der PHG verdanke ich wertvolle Einblicke in die Wasserprojektpraxis. Auch möchte ich allen meinen Interview-PartnerInnen für Ihr freundliches Entgegenkommen danken. Dank gebührt auch meinen ArbeitskollegInnen der Clearingstelle EEG, die zeitweise mehr Arbeit zu stemmen hatten und mich gleichwohl im Dissertationsvorhaben bestärkt haben, allen voran dem Leiter der Clearingstelle EEG, Sebastian Lovens, der nicht nur durch das Ermöglichen einer „Dissertations-Auszeit“ zum Abschluss der Arbeit beigetragen hat. Natürlich möchte ich auch meinen KorrekturleserInnen bzw. Profi-LektorInnen Anne Jennichen, Faustin Vierrath, Gerrit Hansen, Sarah Galbierz, Elena Richter, Alexandra Rieg, Katharina Mutlak und Rahel Stichtenoth sowie dem LibreOffice-Tüftler Mirco Gaul für Ihre unersetzliche Hilfe danken. Meiner Tochter Yasmín danke ich für ihr – für eine Vierjährige bemerkenswertes – Verständnis „Du sollst eine Woche nicht mit mir spielen, damit du deine Doktorarbeit fertig schreibst, Mama“. Meiner ganzen Familie, meinem Partner, meinen FreundInnen und meiner WG danke ich für Geduld und Unterstützung. Schließlich möchte ich meinem Vater Suhail Mutlak für sein grenzenloses Vertrauen, seine unermüdliche Motivation „Was macht deine Doktorarbeit?“, seine moralische und auch finanzielle Unterstützung danken. Ihm sei diese Arbeit gewidmet. – Für meinen Vater Suhail – iii Inhaltsverzeichnis Abkürzungen...........................................................................................................................vii 1. Einleitung ..............................................................................................................................1 1.1 Beschreibung und Einordnung der Problemstellung .........................................................1 1.2 Das Fallbeispiel: Gender, Wasserversorgung und das GTZ Wasserversorgungsprojekt im Ramallah Distrikt .....................................................................................................................4 1.3 Ziel der Arbeit und Forschungsfragen................................................................................8 1.4 Gender- Konzeption und Terminologie..............................................................................8 1.5 Untersuchungsdesign, Methode und Datenbasis..............................................................10 1.6 Aufbau der Arbeit.............................................................................................................12 2. Stand der Forschung zu „Gender, Wasser und Konflikt“ .............................................15 2.1. Debatten um Frauen, Gender und Wasser ......................................................................15 2.1.1 Entwicklung globaler Wasserdiskurse mit Blick auf Gender .............................................16 2.1.2 Gender Mainstreaming als Konzept zur Integration von Genderperspektiven in Wasserprojekte.............................................................................................................................19 2.1.3 Stand der Umsetzung – ein kritischer Blick auf die Integration von Genderaspekten in Wasserprojekten ..........................................................................................................................22 2.1.4 Genderrelevante Dimensionen bei der Durchführung von EZ-Wasserprojekten.................27 2.1.4.1 Integration von Gender im gesamten Projektzyklus .................................................27 2.1.4.2 Organisationsebene...................................................................................................29 2.1.4.3 Partizipationsstrategien ............................................................................................32 2.1.4.4 Technische Gestaltung und deren Gender Impact.....................................................39 2.1.4.5 Geschlechtsspezifische Arbeitsteilung in Bezug auf Wasser ...................................42 2.1.4.6 Genderspezifischer Zugang zu Wasser und Kontrolle über Wasser..........................45 2.2 Ausgewählte Beiträge aus Konfliktdebatten.....................................................................49 2.2.1 Konfliktbegriff ...................................................................................................................49 2.2.2 Wasser und Konflikt...........................................................................................................51 2.2.3 Genderdynamiken in Konfliktkontexten ............................................................................53 2.2.4 Entwicklungszusammenarbeit in Konfliktkontexten...........................................................56 2.3 Zusammenführung der Zusammenhänge von Gender und Wasserversorgung in Konfliktkontexten...................................................................................................................59 2.4 Untersuchungsdesign .......................................................................................................63 2.5 Methoden und Datenbasis.................................................................................................65 3. Kontextanalyse: Einführung in die Region – Gender, Wasserversorgung und Konflikt im Ramallah Distrikt..............................................................................................................71 3.1 Kurze Charakteristik der ökonomisch-politischen Situation in den palästinensischen Gebieten..................................................................................................................................71 3.2 Zusammenhänge von Wasserversorgung und Konflikt....................................................76 3.2.1 Der Ramallah Distrikt: Bevölkerung, Wasserdargebot und Wasserverbrauch....................77 3.2.2 Institutionelles Setting und Akteure des palästinensischen Wassersektors .........................81 3.2.3 Wasserinfrastruktur im Ramallah Distrikt ..........................................................................85 iv 3.2.3.1 Entstehung der Wasserinfrastruktur und Wechselwirkungen mit dem Konfliktkontext ..............................................................................................................................................86 3.2.3.2 Elemente großtechnischer Wasserversorgungsinfrastruktur .....................................91 3.2.3.3 Elemente dezentraler Wasserversorgungsinfrastruktur.............................................95 3.3 Geschlechterverhältnisse und Konflikt – der Kontext für EZ-Projekte............................97 3.3.1 Genderdymiken im palästinensischen Konfliktkontext ......................................................98 3.3.2 Genderdisaggregierte Daten zu ausgewählten Genderdimensionen..................................101 3.3.2.1 Genderspezifischer Zugang und Kontrolle über Ressourcen...................................101 3.3.2.2 Geschlechtsspezifische Arbeitsteilung, Arbeitsbelastung und Wassernutzung.......108 3.4 Zusammenfassung...........................................................................................................111 4. Die Umsetzung der Genderprogrammatik im GTZ-Projekt
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