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— Headscarf and Veiling Glimpses from Sumer to Islam HEADSCARF AND VEILING HEADSCARF e-ISSN 2610-9336 Antichistica 30 ISSN 2610-881X Studi orientali 12 — Headscarf and Veiling Glimpses from Sumer GALTER FALES, FABBRO, DEL to Islam edited by Roswitha Del Fabbro, Frederick Mario Fales, Hannes D. Galter Edizioni Ca’Foscari 30 Headscarf and Veiling Antichistica Studi orientali Collana diretta da Lucio Milano 30 | 12 Antichistica Studi orientali Direttore scientifico Lucio Milano (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) Comitato scientifico Claudia Antonetti (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) Filippo Maria Carinci (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) Ettore Cingano (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) Joy Connolly (New York University, USA) Andrea Giardina (Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italia) Marc van de Mieroop (Columbia University in the City of New York, USA) Elena Rova (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) Fausto Zevi (Sapienza Università di Roma, Italia) Direzione e redazione Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia Palazzo Malcanton Marcorà Dorsoduro 3484/D 30123 Venezia Antichistica | Studi orientali e-ISSN 2610-9336 ISSN 2610-881X URL http://edizionicafoscari.unive.it/it/edizioni/collane/antichistica/ Headscarf and Veiling Glimpses from Sumer to Islam edited by Roswitha del Fabbro, Frederick Mario Fales, Hannes D. Galter Venezia Edizioni Ca’ Foscari - Digital Publishing 2021 Headscarf and Veiling. Glimpses from Sumer to Islam edited by Roswitha Del Fabbro, Frederick Mario Fales, Hannes G. Galter © 2021 Roswitha Del Fabbro, Frederick Mario Fales, Hannes G. Galter for the text | per il testo © 2021 Edizioni Ca’ Foscari - Digital Publishing for the present edition | per la presente edizione cb This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Quest’opera è distribuita con Licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione 4.0 Internazionale Any part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission provided that the source is fully credited. Qualunque parte di questa pubblicazione può essere riprodotta, memorizzata in un sistema di recupero dati o trasmessa in qualsiasi forma o con qualsiasi mezzo, elettronico o meccanico, senza autorizzazione, a condizione che se ne citi la fonte. Scientific certification of the works published by Edizioni Ca’ Foscari - Digital Publishing: the essays published have received a favourable evaluation by subject-matter experts, through a double blind peer review process under the responsibility of the Scientific Committee of the series. The evaluations were conducted in adherence to the scientific and editorial criteria established by Edizioni Ca’ Foscari. Certificazione scientifica delle Opere pubblicate da Edizioni Ca’ Foscari - Digital Publishing: i saggi pubblicati hanno ottenuto il parere favorevole da parte di valutatori esperti della materia, attraverso un processo di revisione doppia anonima, sotto la responsabilità del Comitato scientifico della collana. La valutazione è stata condotta in aderenza ai criteri scientifici ed editoriali di Edizioni Ca’ Foscari. Edizioni Ca’ Foscari - Digital Publishing | Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari Dorsoduro 3246, 30123 Venezia | http://edizionicafoscari.unive.it/ | [email protected] 1st edition August 2021 | 1a edizione agosto 2021 ISBN 978-88-6969-521-6 [ebook] ISBN 978-88-6969-522-3 [print] This volume has been realised thanks to the contribution of the Autonomous Region Friuli Ven- ezia Giulia (Public Notice of Manifestations for the Dissemination of Humanistic Culture - year 2020). The initiative is part of the second Festival of Public Archeology – No Borders promoted by the Cultural Association A.C. CulturArti. The congress in March 2020 has been organised and carried out by the Institute of Classics at the University of Graz. Headscarf and Veiling. Glimpses from Sumer to Islam / edited by Roswitha Del Fabbro, Frederick Mario Fales, Hannes G. Galter — 1. ed. — Venezia: Edizioni Ca’ Foscari – Digital Publishing, 2021. — 206 p.; 16 cm. — (Antichistica; 30, 12). — ISBN 978-88-6969-522-3. URL https://edizionicafoscari.unive.it/it/edizioni/libri/978-88-6969-522-3/ DOI http://doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-521-6 Headscarf and Veiling Glimpses from Sumer to Islam edited by Roswitha Del Fabbro, Frederick Mario Fales, Hannes G. Galter Abstract This volume represents a small, but specifically targeted contribution to a field of re- search and discussion which has increasingly come to the fore in the last two decades, regarding the practice of covering or veiling womens’ heads or faces over different times and places. “Dress is never value free”, as anthropologists state, and veiling functions as an assertion/communication of relationship dynamics in terms of gender, of social and cultural identity, of the phases and stages of life (puberty, marriage, death) or of religious beliefs – even reaching to a typical dichotomy of our times, the female condition between tradition and modernity. This book stems from an international conference at the University of Graz on March 2, 2020 – just before the outbreak of the COVID pandemic. The conference brought together Austrian specialists from the Graz Department of Ancient History and Classical Studies and from the URANIA für Steiermark Association, with academics from different Italian universities connected by the Cultural Association A.C. CulturArti of Udine within the framework of its second Alpe-Adria Festival of Public Archeology – No Borders project, funded by the Friuli Venezia Giulia Autonomous Region. A felicitous meeting between specialists from Austria and Italy, under the aegis of a mixed public and private management, now finds its outcome in the present volume, jointly edited by academics and organisers from both countries, with all papers in English. Keywords Sumer. Ancient Near East. Islam. Veiling. Head covering. Headscarf deba- te. Women. Qur’an. Headscarf and Veiling Glimpses from Sumer to Islam edited by Roswitha Del Fabbro, Frederick Mario Fales, Hannes G. Galter Table of Contents Preface Roswitha Del Fabbro 9 Foreword Wolfgang Spickermann 13 Introduction Hannes D. Galter 15 Veil and Headscarf: Five Aspects of a Cultural Phenomenon Hannes D. Galter 21 The Veil in Ancient Near Eastern Religions and Cultures Some Remarks Maria Giovanna Biga 73 Veiling in Ancient Near Eastern Legal Contexts Frederick Mario Fales 89 To See or Not to See. The Issue of Visuality in Ancient Near Eastern Art Images of Queens, High Priestesses, and Other Elite Women in the 3rd Millennium BC Davide Nadali 101 The Practice of Veiling as an Expression of the Moral Behaviour of Women and Their Social Status in the Qurʾan Karl Prenner 119 The Bonnet and the Beret in Medieval and German Renaissance Art Margit Stadtlober 135 On the Contemporary Debate About the Headscarf in Austria Carla Amina Baghajati 157 The Headscarf as a Discursive Battlefield Positions of the Current Discourse on Muslim Veiling in Austria and Germany Gabriel Malli 179 Headscarf and Veiling Glimpses from Sumer to Islam edited by Roswitha Del Fabbro, Frederick Mario Fales, Hannes D. Galter Preface Roswitha Del Fabbro President of A.C.CulturArti, Udine, Italia Nowadays, the use of the female veil in the Islamic religious and cul- tural tradition is discussed in many different ways and perspectives, sometimes even going as far as studies of comparison with biblical Judaism and Pauline Christianity. Hardly at all debated, however, is the question of the possible antecedents of female veiling, for social or religious use, in the Near East (Assyria, Babylonia and the Levant) of the millennia preceding these three monotheistic traditions. Is it from the ancient Near East that the use of the burqa was born? Or did feminine veiling have different connotations, which were then modified with the progressive crisis of the polytheistic horizon? On 2 March 2020, a multilingual conference held at the Karl-Franzens- Universität in Graz (Austria) was devoted to the theme of the female veil from the ancient Orient to Islam, with a series of aimed interven- tions by historians, experts in law and religion, art historians, and other specialists on the ancient, medieval and modern Near East. The conference was organised by the Cultural Association Cultur- Arti (A.C.CulturArti) of Udine (Italy) in collaboration with the Karl- Franzens-Universität of Graz, as part of the comprehensive cultural project 2nd Alpe-Adria Festival of Public Archaeology. No Borders, for which the A.C.CulturArti was financed by the Friuli Venezia Gi- ulia Autonomous Region (as outcome of the 2019-20 Public Notice of Manifestations of Dissemination of Humanistic Culture). I am personally very grateful to Prof. Wolfgang Spickermann, of the University of Graz, who introduced the proceedings on the morn- ing of 2 March; and to Prof. F. Mario Fales (University of Udine) and Prof. Hannes D. Galter (University of Graz), who not only planned 9 Roswitha Del Fabbro Preface and organised the entire scientific event at length beforehand, but then also concretely led the interesting and constructive multidis- ciplinary discussions which followed each paper, thus guaranteeing the success of the Conference to the general satisfaction of partici- pants and audience. The dire and long-lasting events in worldwide health, which imme- diately followed upon this felicitous Italo-Austrian academic gather- ing, can only cast a veil of longing for all international opportunities of this type, lost from that time onwards, but which
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