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Central European Journal of International & Security Studies, Vol Metropolitan University Prague Volume 2 / Issue 1 / May 2008 Central European Journal of International & Security Studies Volume 2 Issue 1 May 2008 Contents Editor’s Note. .5 Research Articles Yulia Zemlinskaya / Between Militarism and Pacifi sm: Conscientious Objection and Draft Resistance in Israel . .9 Atsushi Yasutomi / Linking DDR and SSR in Post-confl ict States: Agendas for Effective Security Sector Reintegration . 36 Miloš Balabán / The Confl icting Rebirth of Multipolarity in International Relations . 58 Ibrahim A. El-Hussari / President Bush’s Address to the Nation on U.S. Policy in Iraq: A Critical Discourse Analysis Approach . 79 Jana Hynková-Dvoranová / The Lisbon Treaty and the Future of EU Enlargement . 91 Gautam Acharya / The Adequacy of Aviation Security Laws and Airport Security. 107 Comment & Analysis Petr Just / 2008 Czech Presidential Elections: A Commentary . 127 Jeremy Zorby / Can Any Candidate End the Persistence of America’s Tragic Diplomacy? . 133 Marie Homerová / An International Conspiracy Against the Republic: The First Post-War Political Show Trials in Czechoslovakia . 136 Michaela Radouchová / A Comment on Energy Security in the EU . 144 Jana Přehnalová and Vendula Nedvědická / Another European Cross-Road? Kosovo on the Brink of Recognition and Chaos . 146 Notes on Contributors . 149 CEJISS Contact Information. 151 5 Editor’s Note: CE JISS It is a pleasure to welcome you to CEJISS 2:1. Before turning to the editorial of this issue, I would like to take the opportunity to inform you of some recent developments concerning CEJISS. Owing to the growth in our readership and continued exposure in academic and policy circles worldwide, we have made some administrative adjustments; brought several new people into the CEJISS Administrative, Editorial and Advisory Boards, and are in the process of up-dating our webpage to continue to provide our readers easy access to the contents and archives of CEJISS, and to further advance our webpage to act as a source for more general research in the areas of Inter- national Relations and Security Studies. I invite you to review our webpage (www.cejiss.org) and make comments and suggestions. We would like to maintain transparency in our decision making and are very receptive to your ideas and concerns. CEJISS’s readership has now reached over 5000 people in more than 60 countries. It is presently available in the US Library of Congress; the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI); the Begin-Sadat Centre for Stra- tegic Studies; the Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty library; and a multitude of other research centres, think-tanks, university, private and public libraries, and institutes around the world. In December 2007 CEJISS held a series of meetings designated to identify- ing our objectives for 2008, and the best means to achieve them. After much discussion, we arrived at three main objectives: 1) To maintain the highest possible quality in the article selection and presentation of the journal in hard and electronic formats; 2) To keep CEJISS free in both hard and electronic formats; 3) To extend our activities to include conferences, seminars and other special activities to increase the interaction between our authors and the interested public. All three objectives are attainable and I would like to extend many thanks to the members of our three boards for assisting in further developing CEJISS, in reviewing incoming contributions, in language editing, in your advice and hard work preparing additional activities. I would especially like to mention the generous support provided by the Metropolitan University Prague (formerly: University of Public Administration and International Relations) from which CEJISS is able to sustain its activities and continue to provide its readers with free copies of the journal in both forms. While 2008 is full of promise for CEJISS, I unfortunately cannot say, with certainty, the same for the international relations and security CEJISS focuses on. It seems that 2008 will be a year of immense changes to the political con- fi guration of international society. With a number of countries having already 6 | Editor’s Note had, and several others about to face elections, 2008 will likely be recorded as one of the pivotal years of the post-Cold War period. It is a year in which many contentious issues will be expressed, in ballot boxes, political chambers and in some extreme cases, on city streets. So far this year there has been elections in the Czech Republic, the Russian Federation, Armenia, Cyprus, Spain, Kosovo, Serbia, Pakistan, Zimbabwe and Taiwan. Later, this November, Americans will also head to the polls in an election that may very well reprioritise US foreign affairs and with it, international relations itself. These elections and their results are important indicators of the direction the above states may venture in the future; however they only capture part of the international political picture. While it is true that several of the above elec- tions resulted in sustained political violence amid charges of ballot tampering, cronyism and corruption, the majority demonstrated the depth of international democratisation, which while still imperfect, is occurring, providing people with the freedom to dissent and generally take civilian ownership over their societies. It is on the later point that I wish to dwell, for at the time of this writing, many people’s inherent rights to life, liberty and security are constricted by their own states, which are fearful of granting their population the very basic freedoms that many take for granted. Writing and living in the Czech Republic has provided many insights into the struggle for democracy and human rights, and it is my fi rm belief that the historical experiences of the Czech people can act as a beacon of hope for others still living in fear for expressing their thoughts and attempting to reconfi gure their society to be more refl ective and in sync with the demands of the 21st century citizen. This is coupled with the symbolism 2008 represents for the Czech Republic as it is marks the 90th anniversary of the founding of the fi rst Czechoslovak Republic, the 70th anniversary of the Nazi invasion, the 60th anniversary of the communist takeover and the 40th anniversary of Prague Spring. In the atmosphere of celebrating the successful transition to democ- racy while remembering the tragic costs of dictatorship, it is also important to think of those whose freedoms have not yet been won. While the struggle for democracy in Europe may have largely ended with the collapse of the USSR, the international struggle continues. The articles in CEJISS 2:1 do not directly deal with issues of democratisa- tion. Instead, each contribution deals with associated issues. Firstly, Yulia Zem- linskaya explores the phenomenon of ‘Refusniks’ in the Israeli Army. These are soldiers who disagree with their government’s Palestine policy and refuse to follow orders even though this could land them in prison for insubordina- tion. This is deeply tied to the question of democracy and seeks to explain the social implications of mass insubordination within Israeli society. The right to dissent is integral to democracy; however dissent among soldiers’ poses many challenges to the security of the state. This article provides an in-depth Editor’s Note | 7 analysis of the situation in Israel and ultimately shows the potential infl uence individuals have on the contours of their state. Secondly, Atsushi Yasutomi assesses programmes of disarmament, demobilisation, and reintegration (DDR) and security sector reform (SSR) in post-confl ict states. It is argued that in order to provide civilian control of societies that have been plagued by confl ict, adequate measures must be taken to avoid the return to violence and ultimately set post-confl ict states on the path to stability and responsibility. Thirdly, Miloš Balabán, while more oriented to geopolitics over the coming decades, makes a compelling case for the return of multipolarity as a defi ning feature of future international relations. This article addresses a multiple of concerns and po- tential confl icts that may arise in the coming decades and presents alternative views over governmentalities within the shifting international environment. Us- ing a critical discourse analysis approach, our fourth contribution, by Ibrahim El-Hussari, is concerned with evaluating George Bush’s Iraq policy through the deconstruction of Bush’s 10 January 2007 Address to the Nation speech. This article demonstrates and critically evaluates the interaction between decision makers and the public within democratic societies. Fifthly, Jana Hynková- -Dvoranová investigates the EU’s Lisbon Treaty and the impact this treaty has on enlargement. The discussion in this article theoretically addresses some of the problems associated with the Lisbon Treaty and reviews decision making processes connected to qualifi ed majority voting. This is an essential read for those concerned with future developments in the EU. Finally, Gautam Ach- arya, employing a comparative analysis, reviews the legal case for aviation security with particular emphasis paid to airport security. This article looks at laws developed and deployed in the US, UK and India to demonstrate a legal gap in securing airports and providing a legal deterrent against so-called sky criminals. In addition to our main research articles, CEJISS 2:1 includes 5 Comment & Analysis articles covering: the Czech presidential elections;
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