Winter 2021 / Xxix / 1

WINTER 2021 / XXIX / 1 • Economic Recovery from Coronavirus as a Response • The Indo-Pacific Stability-Instability Paradox to the Climate Change Crisis • A Changing Security Landscape: • Frontier Urbanization: Potential for Development or NATO and Russia in the Arctic Violence on the Periphery? • Why Allies Rebel: Defiant Local Partners in • The Tale of Two Countries: Parallel Societies, Counter-insurgency Wars the Clash of Civilizations, and Jihad in France VOLUME XXIX / NUMBER 1 / WINTER 2021 ADVISORS PROFESSOR ChristopherOF PRACTICE OF INTERNATIONAL Kojm AFFAIRS The George Washington University ASSOCIATE PROFESSORMike OF POLITICAL M. Mochizuki SCIENCE AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS The George Washington University PROFESSOR OF SLAVIC LANGUAGES,Peter FILM Rollberg STUDIES, AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS The George Washington University KimberlyPROFESSORIAL Thachuk, LECTURER PhD The George Washington University ASSOCIATE PROFESSORPaul D. OF Williams INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS The George Washington University ii Volume XXIX / Issue 1 The International Affairs Review is a non-profit, student-run, peer-reviewed, academic journal published biannually in Washington, DC. It is an independent, graduate student-run publication sponsored by the Elliott School of International Affairs at the George Washington University. Opinions expressed in International Affairs Review are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of International Affairs Review, the Elliott School of International Affairs, the George Washington University, or any other person or organization formally associated with International Affairs Review. Editorial correspondence and submissions should be sent to the Editors-in-Chief. Submissions should include an abstract, the author’s mailing address, telephone number, e-mail address, and a brief biographical statement. Articles should conform to Chicago Style guidelines, be 2500-5000 words, and should be submitted electronically as Microsoft Word documents or in a compatible file format. All submissions become the property of International Affairs Review, which accepts no responsibility for lost or damaged articles. International Affairs Review 1957 E Street, NW Suite 303K Washington, DC 20052 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.iar-gwu.org Rights and permissions to photocopy or otherwise reproduce any portion of this publication for circulation are granted only with the express, written consent of International Affairs Review. A restricted license for limited or personal use is granted to librarians and other users registered with the proper copyright authorities. Cover Photo by Jad Limcaco on Unsplash Copyright © 2021 International Affairs Review All Rights Reserved. iii Volume XXIX / Issue 1 EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Katharine Summers Dayne Feehan Sarah Jeong MANAGING EDITOR Matt Geason Matt Ruggerio Alexander Morales Anastasia Strouboulis OUTREACH DIRECTOR LAYOUT EDITOR Keith Lema Lydia Crone SENIOR EDITORS CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS David Hetrick John Guy Christopher Dickel Zachary Mason Evers Logan Brown Zachary Schroeder Aaron J. Minkoff Nora Wheelehan ASSOCIATE EDITORS Justin Thornton Hannah Mezei Robin Merritt Isabella Gabriele Jacob Hale Phillips Brian Madlon Keith Condon iv Volume XXIX / Issue 1 EDITORS' NOTE 2020 has been a year of tremendous challenges and volatility. COVID-19 has tested the strengths of communities and challenged us all to adopt a new way of life. Under the “new normal,” tragedies were amplified, and triumphs were dampened. Across the nation and throughout the world, waves of political, emotional, and economic unrest have washed over each of our communities. There are few of us who have lived through a time wherein our political and economic systems across the world were challenged to the extent that they are today. The events of this year underscore the importance and relevance of the field of international affairs. As the challenges of the 21st century continue to make themselves known, it becomes clearer that expertise housed in silos will not be sufficient to overcome them. Certainly, a strength of the field of international affairs is its ability to encompass most issues, topics, and events. At International Affairs Review (IAR), we are proud to work towards the advancement of international affairs by spotlighting members of the Elliott Community and drawing attention to some of the most pressing issues of our time. The contents of our Winter 2021 issue reflect the inclusive nature and utility of international affairs and the complexity of the issues of our time. The authors published in this issue went to great lengths to make sense of these issues and to put forward policy solutions to them. Such work is no simple task and we thank them for their contributions. With that in mind, we ask that you read this journal with a sense of curiosity and openness. Alex and I extend our gratitude to our tremendous editorial staff. Each member of our team demonstrated a commendable degree of diligence, intellect, and adaptability. On account of COVID-19, this issue was brought together entirely remotely—which was no small feat. Finally, we thank our faculty advisors, professors, and the entire Elliott School of International Affairs community for fostering an environment of intellectual growth and professional development. Dayne Feehan, Editor-in-Chief Alexander Morales, Managing Editor v Volume XXIX / Issue 1 CONTENTS Economic Recovery from Coronavirus as a Response to the Climate Change Crisis 1 John Guy Frontier Urbanization: Potential for Development or Violence on the Periphery? 12 Nora Wheelehan The Tale of Two Countries: Parallel Societies, the Clash of Civilizations, and Jihad in France 28 Zachary Schroeder The Indo-Pacific Stability-Instability Paradox 42 Justin Thornton A Changing Security Landscape: NATO and Russia in the Arctic 56 Zachary Mason Evers Why Allies Rebel: Defiant Local Partners in Counter-insurgency Wars 66 A review by Alexander Morales vi Volume XXIX / Issue 1 Economic Recovery from Coronavirus as a Response to the Climate Change Crisis John Guy John Guy is pursuing a master’s degree at the Elliott School International Science & Technology Policy. John graduated from Florida State University in 2012 with a B.S. in Social Science. He has been at Biotechnology Innovation Organization for 3 years, primarily working on domestic and international tax and financial services issues for small and emerging biotechnology companies, both private and public. John has a passion for developing and advocating for policies that support high-tech and innovative industries. ABSTRACT The climate change crisis is earth’s most pressing long-term threat. It will have far reaching and disastrous effects on our environment and tangential effects throughout society for decades to come. Simultaneously, the COVID-19 (or Coronavirus) pandemic is the most urgent threat, one that has put much of the world effectively under quarantine. In addition to the significant health risk to U.S. citizens across the country, it threatens to send a U.S. economy that had seen record highs earlier this year into a recession. Congress has passed short-term stimulus measures, and continues to debate future legislation to further support America as it battles the Coronavirus. However, these efforts will not be enough to fully restart the economy – and they do nothing to minimize the dangers of the long-term changes to earth’s climate. Instead, I propose a stimulus package dedicated to incentivizing research and production of renewable energy sources, as well as continuing efforts to encourage consumers to transition to renewable energies. These proposals would encourage investment in the nascent energy sector, mitigate our reliance on fossil fuels and their effects on climate change, and kickstart the economy in the wake of Coronavirus. INTRODUCTION The climate change crisis is earth’s most urgent long-term threat. It will have far reaching and disastrous effects on our environment and tangential effects throughout society for decades to come. Simultaneously, the COVID-19 pandemic has become the most immediate threat, one that has put much of the world effectively under quarantine. In addition, it threatens to send the U.S. economy, which only two months ago had reached record highs, into a recession. 1 Economic Recovery from Coronavirus There has been much debate in the U.S. about the best ways to stimulate the stalled economy. We have already seen efforts such as The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act, which among other things established refundable tax credits to much of the population and grants to small businesses to keep the lights on and employees paid. These efforts will not be enough to fully restart the economy – and they do nothing to minimize the economic dangers resulting from the long-term changes to earth’s climate. For instance, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has tracked more than 275 climate-related disasters that have each exceeded $1 billion (inflation adjusted) in damage costs.1 That same analysis has found that in the last five years the average annual number of Billion dollar climate-disaster events has nearly doubled from the average of 6.6/year from 1980-2019 to 13.8 over the most recent five years. Already in 2020, we have seen 16 such climate-related disaster events through October 2020. These staggering costs are expected to rise as natural disasters continue to become both more severe and more frequent. To combat this, Congress should prioritize a stimulus

Load more