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India Foundation Journal November-December 2020 RNI No. ISSN 2347-1522 Vol. I Issue No. 1 November-December 2020 India Foundation Journal Editor’s Note : Jammu and Kashmir: A Glimpse into History - Maj. Gen. Dhruv C. Katoch Focus : Union Territory of Ladakh and Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir One Year after Formation of UT of J&K and - Aditya Raj Kaul UT of Ladakh: Progress, Challenges and Prospects - An Interview with Shri Ram Madhav Decommissioning of Article 370: - Shakti Munshi The Legal Perspective Ladakh without Article 370 - P. Stobdan Empowering the Region: The Jammu Viewpoint - Sant Kumar Sharma The View from Kashmir: Vocalise the Locals - Bashir Assad International Relations Turkey: Quest for Caliphate and Empire - Sandhya Jain Economy Modern Economics and Monetary Theory: - Deepak Loomba Cryptos and Digiyuan Table of Contents Editor’s Note Jammu and Kashmir: A Glimpse into History ................................ Maj. Gen. Dhruv C. Katoch 3 FOCUS: Union Territory of Ladakh and Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir One Year after Formation of UT of J&K and UT of Ladakh: Progress, Challenges and Prospects - An Interview with Shri Ram Madhav ..................... Aditya Raj Kaul 10 Decommissioning of Article 370: The Legal Perspective ...................................... Shakti Munshi 18 Ladakh without Article 370............................................................................................ P. Stobdan 25 Empowering the Region: The Jammu Viewpoint.......................................... Sant Kumar Sharma 36 The View from Kashmir: Vocalise the Locals.......................................................... Bashir Assad 43 International Relations Turkey: Quest for Caliphate and Empire .................................................................. Sandhya Jain 50 Economy Modern Economics and Monetary Theory: Cryptos and Digiyuan ........................................................................................ Deepak Loomba 62 India Foundation Journal, November-December 2020 {1} India Foundation About India Foundation Journal India Foundation is an independent research centre focussed on the issues, challenges, and opportunities of the Indian polity. The Foundation believes in understanding contemporary India and its global context through the Vol. I civilizational lens of a society on the forward move. Based on Issue No.1 the principles of independence, objectivity and academic rigour, the Foundation aims at increasing awareness and advocating its views on issues of both national and November-December 2020 international importance. With a team of dedicated professionals based at its office in New Delhi, the Foundation works with partners and Editor associates both in India and overseas to further its stated Maj Gen (Dr) Dhruv C Katoch objectives. Copyright © India Foundation Journal About India Foundation Journal Printed by Pearl Printers on behalf of India Foundation. Printed at Pearl Printers, C-105, Okhla Industrial The India Foundation Journal is led by an Editorial Board Area, Phase-1, New Delhi-110020 and of eminent scholars and leaders from various spheres of Indian Published at India Foundation, J-1 and H-1, Ground Floor, Upasana public life. The bi-monthly journal covers a wide range of Building, 1 Hailey Road, Near K.G. Marg, New Delhi - 110001. issues pertinent to the national interest, mainly focusing on international relations, national security, legal and RNI No constitutional issues and other issues of social, religious and ISSN 2347-1522 political significance. The journal seeks articles from scholars with the intent of creating a significant body of knowledge Price Rs. 500/- with a nationalist perspective and establish a recognised forum For advertising details contact for debates involving academicians and policymakers. Phone: 011- 41654836 / 43012351, [email protected] www.indiafoundation.in {2}{2} India Foundation Journal, November-December 2020 EDITOR'S NOTE Jammu and Kashmir: A Glimpse into History Maj. Gen. Dhruv C. Katoch*, SM, VSM Introduction oft been described not just as India’s northernmost he Himalayas have been part of the Indian outpost, but as the very fountainhead of Indian social and cultural milieu since millennia culture. Tand as such find constant mention in ancient Over two thousand years ago, the Mauryan Indian spiritual texts. In the Mahabharata as well empire was spread over Kashmir and extended as in the Vishnu, Shiv and Matsya Puranas, there eastward to encompass what is present day is reference to Bharat as the land lying between Afghanistan. During the reign of Ashoka, a the Himalayas to the North and the Ocean in the complete system of administration was established South.1 Kashmir’s ancient Hindu civilisation in Kashmir. In the 8th century CE, the great Hindu predates the Mahabharata, as seen by reference ruler Lalitaditya (724 CE-760 CE) ruled over a to Raja Gonanda in Nilmata Purana and the epic vast expanse, stretching from Assam in the East Rajtarangini. The Markandeya Puraan, describes to the Caspian Sea in the Northwest and down to Bharat in beautiful prose as “the land that is girdled the Cauvery Basin in the South. Reputed to be the by the sea on three sides and on the North by the most powerful ruler of the Karkota dynasty of Himalayas, which stretch like the string of a bow”.2 Kashmir, his reign witnessed the flourishing of art, The Vishnu Puraan, in a beautiful couplet describes culture, learning and architecture, some of which India as the land south of the Himalayas and north is visible even today in the ruins of the Martand of the Ocean, the second line of the couplet stating Sun temple. Raja Avantivarman (855 CE-883 CE), that all who are born therein are Bharatiyas. ended the Karkota dynasty and founded the Utpala ‘Uttaram yat samudrasya, Himadreshchaiv dakshinam, dynasty. A staunch patron of the arts, he revived varsham tad bharatam nama, Bharatee yatra santatihi’ Sanskrit learning in Kashmir and built many Hindu From the Southern shores of India, we have temples dedicated to both Vishnu and Shiva as well early Tamil poets making mention of the Northern as Buddhist monasteries. In the beginning of the extent of Bharat as the land which is the abode of second millennium, the works of the intellectual Siva and the ‘tapovan’ (Sanskrit for austerity and giant, Acharya Abhinavgupta (950 CE-1016 CE) spiritual practices) of saints and seers.3 The witnessed the revival of Kashmiri Shaivism. Born Himalayas thus have always been central to the to a Kashmiri Brahmin family, he is the author of Indian ethos, with ancients texts making constant the Tantra Lok and other seminal treatises on reference to the Kashmir Mandala in terms of its Kashmir Shaivism. spatial and temporal locus as part of India’s sacred For India, the Himalayas provided both a geography. Little wonder then that Kashmir has formidable natural line of defence, and the core of *Maj. Gen. Dhruv C. Katoch is Editor, India Foundation Journal and Director, India Foundation. India Foundation Journal, November-December 2020 {3} Indian spiritual thought. Kashmir, nestled in the lap the head priest of the Brahmin Pandit’s Devaswami of the Himalayas, became a focal point for the denied the newly anointed Raja his request. As a spread of Indian culture to Central, East and result, Rinchan converted to Islam and adopted Southeast Asia. Straddling the communication the title of Sultan Sadruddin Shah. 10,000 of his network between Central Asia, Afghanistan and subjects converted along with him.5 Rinchan died China, the region gained strategic significance and three years later in 1323 CE. He founded a quarter in the early years of the 19th century, became the in Srinagar called Rinchanpua, on his name and foci of the rivalry played out between Czarist built a mosque, Bud Masjid, on the site of a Russia and Imperial Britain, which came to be Buddhist temple. With his death, Kashmir returned called the Great Game. to Hindu rule, under Rinchan’s widow, Kota Rani, but this interlude was but a short one. She was The Beginning of the Sultanate defeated by Shahmir, an astute diplomat in her The first recorded account of the entry of Islam kingdom, who ascended the throne in 1339 CE, in Kashmir is the invasion of Sultan Mehmood of with the title of Sultan Shamsuddin. While Rinchan Ghazni (971 CE-1030 CE) in the 11th century. He was the first Muslim ruler of Kashmir, the was decisively repulsed. But history was to change consolidation of the Sultanate started with a few centuries later, when in the first quarter of Shamsuddin, till the 200 year rule of the Sultans the 14th century, the Mongols invaded the land. was ended by Mughal emperor Akbar in 1586 CE. This invasion was the beginning of the tumultuous events that were to overtake the Kashmir Valley Mughal, Sikh and Dogra Rule over the next 400 years. After ravaging the land The Mughal rule in Kashmir lasted for just for eight months, the Mongols left before the onset over 170 years until 1757 CE. It was marked by of winter. The ruler at that time was King the building of pleasure gardens and little else, till Suhadeva, who attempted appeasement of the Aurangzeb (1658 CE-1707 CE), ascended the invaders by way of expensive gifts, but these were throne. His rule saw the return of religious bigotry spurned by the Mongol army which continued its and intolerance to the Kashmir Valley, with forcible spree of killings, loot and plunder. The King died conversions and discriminatory taxation. Mughal soon after and his place was taken by his Prime influence declined after Aurangzeb’s death, and Minister, Ram Chander, who in turn appointed further weakened after Nadir Shah’s invasion of Rinchan, a Buddhist prince from Ladakh, as an India in 1738 CE. The death knell to Mughal rule administrator. Rinchan soon gained the confidence came with their defeat to the Afghan’s in 1753 of the Raja and then treacherously killed him, and CE, as a result of which Kashmir came under anointed himself as the ruler in 1320 CE.4 At this Afghan rule. The Afghan rule ended 66 years later point of time, the history of Kashmir took a dramatic with their defeat by Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1819.
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