Gender and International Security This book explores the relationship between gender and international security, analyzing and critiquing international security theory and practice from a gendered perspective. Gender issues have an important place in the international security landscape, but have been neglected both in the theory and practice of international security. The passage and implementation of UN Security Council Resolution 1325 (on Security Council operations), the integration of gender concerns into peace- keeping, the management of refugees, post-conflict disarmament, and reinte- gration and protection for non-combatants in times of war show the increasing importance of gender sensitivity for actors on all fronts in global security. This book aims to improve the quality and quantity of conversations between feminist Security Studies and Security Studies more generally, in order to demonstrate the importance of gender analysis to the study of inter- national security, and to expand the feminist research program in Security Studies. The chapters included in this book not only challenge the assumed irrelevance of gender, they argue that gender is not a subsection of Security Studies to be compartmentalized or briefly considered as a side issue. Rather, the contributors argue that gender is conceptually, empirically, and norma- tively essential to studying international security. They do so by critiquing and reconstructing key concepts of and theories in international security, by looking for the increasingly complex roles women play as security actors, and by looking at various contemporary security issues through gendered lenses. Together, these chapters make the case that accurate, rigorous, and ethical scholarship of international security cannot be produced without taking account of women’s presence in or the gendering of world politics. Gender and International Security will be of interest to all students of critical Security Studies, gender studies and International Relations in general. Laura Sjoberg is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Florida. She has a PhD in International Relations and Gender Studies from the University of Southern California, and a JD from Boston College Law School. She is the author of Gender, Justice, and the Wars in Iraq (2006) and, with Caron Gentry, Mothers, Monsters, Whores: Women’s Violence in Global Politics (2007). Routledge Critical Security Studies series Titles in this series include: Securing Outer Space Edited by Natalie Bormann and Michael Sheehan Critique, Security and Power The political limits to emancipatory approaches Tara McCormack Gender, Human Security and the United Nations Security language as a political framework for women Natalie Florea Hudson The Struggle for the West A divided and contested legacy Christopher S. Browning and Marko Lehti Gender and International Security Feminist perspectives Edited by Laura Sjoberg Gender and International Security Feminist perspectives Edited by Laura Sjoberg First published 2010 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2009. To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk. 2010 Laura Sjoberg for selection and editorial matter; individual contributors, their contribution All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Gender and international security : feminist perspectives / edited by Laura Sjoberg. p. cm. 1. Security, International. 2. Feminist theory. 3. Women and war. 4. Women and peace. I. Sjoberg, Laura, 1979- JZ5588.G47 2009 3550.03300082–dc22 2009017537 ISBN 0-203-86693-2 Master e-book ISBN ISBN10: 0-415-47546-5 (hbk) ISBN10: 0-415-47579-1 (pbk) ISBN10: 0-203-86693-2 (ebk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-47546-4 (hbk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-47579-2 (pbk) ISBN13: 978-0-203-86693-1 (ebk) In loving memory of Fred Sjoberg, who was one of my first sources of security Contents Notes on contributors ix Acknowledgments xiv Introduction 1 LAURA SJOBERG PART I Gendered lenses envision security 15 1 Theses on the military, security, war and women 17 JUDITH HICKS STIEHM 2 War, sense, and security 24 CHRISTINE SYLVESTER 3 Gendering the state: performativity and protection in international security 38 JONATHAN D. WADLEY PART II Gendered security theories 59 4 Gendering the cult of the offensive 61 LAUREN WILCOX 5 Gendering power transition theory 83 LAURA SJOBERG 6 The genders of environmental security 103 NICOLE A. DETRAZ viii Contents PART III Gendered security actors 127 7 Loyalist women paramilitaries in Northern Ireland: beginning a feminist conversation about conflict resolution 129 SANDRA MCEVOY 8 Securitization and de-securitization: female soldiers and the reconstruction of women in post-conflict Sierra Leone 151 MEGAN MACKENZIE 9 Women, militancy, and security: the South Asian conundrum 168 SWATI PARASHAR PART IV Gendered security problematiques 189 10 Feminist theory and arms control 191 SUSAN WRIGHT 11 Beyond border security: feminist approaches to human trafficking 214 JENNIFER K. LOBASZ 12 When are states hypermasculine? 235 JENNIFER HEEG MARUSKA 13 Peace building through a gender lens and the challenges of implementation in Rwanda and Côte d’Ivoire 256 HEIDI HUDSON Index 280 Contributors Nicole A. Detraz is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Memphis. Her research explores the theoretical and practical application of environmental security concepts and seeks to introduce gender considerations into these discussions. She is the 2009 winner of the Best Paper prize for the Feminist Theory and Gender Studies Section of the International Studies Association. Heidi Hudson is Professor of Political Science and Academic Program Direc- tor of the Centre for Africa Studies, University of the Free State, Bloem- fontein, South Africa. She is also a former chairperson of the Department of Political Science at the same university. Her area of specialization is International Relations and she is particularly interested in questions relating to IR theory, globalization, security, and gender. Heidi has been the recipient of several scholarships such as Fulbright, Rotary and was guest researcher at the Nordic Africa Institute in Uppsala, Sweden, in 2006. She is a rated National Research Foundation (NRF) researcher and has published articles in, among others, Security Dialogue, African Secur- ity Review and Agenda. Heidi Hudson serves on the editorial board of the Journal for Contemporary History and is currently President of the South African Association of Political Studies (SAAPS). She is also convenor of the NRF rating panel for Philosophy, Political Science and Policy Studies. Jennifer K. Lobasz is a PhD candidate at the University of Minnesota Department of Political Science. Her work focuses on the intersection of feminism, poststructural International Relations theory, and international security. Jennifer’s work has been published in Security Studies and the Jour- nal of Women, Politics, and Policy. She has presented her research at the Annual Meetings of the International Studies Association, the Methodology Workshop at the International Studies Association-Northeast, and the Min- nesota International Relations Colloquium, and was an invited speaker at the workshop “Gender and Security Studies” in Chicago in February of 2007. Jennifer Heeg Maruska is a PhD candidate in International Relations at Georgetown University, and Assistant Lecturer in Political Science at x Contributors Texas A& M University at Qatar. Her research interests include critical and feminist Security Studies, and IR theory more broadly. Her dissertation focuses on the securitization of migration in Qatar. Jennifer is the recipient of three conference paper awards, from the Annual Meetings of the Northeast Political Science Association (Women’s Caucus), the Interna- tional Studies Association (FTGS section), and ISA-Northeast (Hartmann Award). Megan MacKenzie is a Lecturer in the Department of Political Science and International Relations at Victoria University of Wellington, NZ. She recently completed a year as a post-doctoral Fellow in residence at the Women and Public Policy Program and the Belfer Center for International Security at Harvard University. Her research areas include gender and development, International Relations, Security Studies, and post-conflict reconstruction. She has published in areas related to female soldiers, Sierra Leone’s disarmament process, empowerment policies, and wartime sexual violence and female soldiers. Her unique research experience includes extensive work in Sierra Leone where she interviewed over 50 former female soldiers. Sandra McEvoy is Associate Director of the Consortium on Gender, Security and Human Rights and former post-doctoral Fellow at the Five Colleges Women’s Studies