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Politics at the Intersection of Sexuality: Examining Political Attitudes and Behaviors of Sexual Minorities in the United States

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Politics at the Intersection of Sexuality: Examining Political Attitudes and Behaviors of Sexual Minorities in the United States University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 5-2017 Politics at the Intersection of Sexuality: Examining Political Attitudes and Behaviors of Sexual Minorities in the United States Royal Gene Cravens III University of Tennessee, Knoxville, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the American Politics Commons Recommended Citation Cravens, Royal Gene III, "Politics at the Intersection of Sexuality: Examining Political Attitudes and Behaviors of Sexual Minorities in the United States. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2017. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/4453 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Royal Gene Cravens III entitled "Politics at the Intersection of Sexuality: Examining Political Attitudes and Behaviors of Sexual Minorities in the United States." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Political Science. Anthony J. Nownes, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Patricia K. Freeland, David J. Houston, Patrick R. Grzanka Accepted for the Council: Dixie L. Thompson Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) Politics at the Intersection of Sexuality: Examining Political Attitudes and Behaviors of Sexual Minorities in the United States A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Royal Gene Cravens, III May 2017 Copyright © 2017 by Royal Gene Cravens, III All Rights Reserved. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS For Wilma & Darren iii ABSTRACT The existing political archetype of sexual minorities in the United States present lesbians, gays, and bisexuals as more ideologically liberal and Democratic than heterosexuals, as well as politically driven by issues specifically related to LGBT life. Ascribing political distinctiveness based solely on identification with a group, however, commits the fallacy of “difference-as- explanation” (Shields 2008:3030), equating a “shared [LGBT] history of sexual oppression and [LGBT] political sympathies” (Duong 2012:381). Post-modern theories posit that social positions in society, i.e., socially-constructed categories of identity, exist as part of a simultaneously-experienced and mutually-reinforced “matrix of oppression” (Collins 2000:18). The personal meaning and political effects associated with a particular identity can only be understood in relation to the other social identities an individual occupies and the related structural inequalities which reinforce identity-based asymmetric power distributions. Using sample survey methodology, I conduct a web-based survey of 1216 sexual minority adults residing in the United States. Informed by a cross-disciplinary approach, I measure cognitive and affective aspects of sexual and racial identity – not simple dummy indicators – in order to analyze the effects of intersecting socially-constructed identities on political attitudes (i.e., toward income inequality, government provision of services, private vs. public rights, and policy-specifics such as gun control and immigration) and behaviors (i.e., political participation and alienation from the political process). My findings progress the study of LGBT politics beyond existing literature by quantitatively demonstrating that sexual minority politics are motivated by more than simple group identification. The analysis shows that sexual minorities use cognitive and affective evaluations of society as well as relational identity comparisons in their internal political calculus. The data suggest that liberal (i.e., economically redistributive, pro-civil rights, or anti- status quo) political claims, as well as participation in and alienation from the American political system, occur as sexual minorities evaluate their own sexual and racial identities in relation to heteronormative, racist, and androcentric power structures in society. Furthermore, these internal and relational comparisons extend across identity categories and exhibit separate and ignificantly different main and interactive effects. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1: Sexual Identity in Political Science Research………………………………… 1 Political Identity Research………………………………………………………... 6 From Ethnic Voting to Identity Politics…………………………………………... 7 Identity Categories & American Political Research……………………… 8 Identity: Toward a Definition……………………………………………………... 15 The Stability of Identity Categories………………………………………. 17 Identity & the Structure of Power………………………………………… 21 Intersectionality…………………………………………………………………… 23 Intersectionality: A Brief History…………………………………………. 25 Complexity & McCall’s Paradigms………………………………………... 28 LGBT Identity: Development & Interaction Across Multiple Axes of Dis/Advantage……………………………………………………………………... 34 Modeling Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Identity…………………………… 36 At the Intersection of LGBT Identity……………………………………... 39 Cultural Variation in Perceptions of Sexuality…………………………… 40 Systems of Power & Influences on Sexual Minority Politics……………... 42 Chapter 2: Intersectional Methodology and Survey Research Design……………………. 47 Sexual Minority Heterogeneity……………………………………………………. 50 Theoretical Model…………………………………………………………………. 51 Intersectional Decisions…………………………………………………… 52 Conceptualizing Identity…………………………………………………... 53 Group Association & ‘Linked Fate’………………………………. 56 Identity Measurement: So What?..................................................... 57 Stigmatization……………………………………………………………... 59 Sexual Stigma……………………………………………………… 60 Intersectional Stigma………………………………………………. 62 The Contested Effects of Stigma…………………………………... 64 Social Networks……………………………………………………………. 65 Socio-Historical Context…………………………………………………… 67 Survey Research Design…………………………………………………………… 70 Dependent Variables………….……………………………………………………. 72 Political Attitudes: Role of Government, Private Rights, Egalitarianism, and Policy- Specific Indicators……………………………………………….… 72 Role of Government………………………………………………... 72 Private Rights……………………………………………………… 73 Egalitarianism……………………………………………………… 74 Policy-Specific Indicators…………………………………………. 74 Political Behavior: Participation & Political Alienation…………………... 75 Independent Variables……………………………………………………………... 76 Identity Centrality, Public Regard, & Private Regard……………………... 76 Social Networks………………………………………………………….… 80 Stigmatization……………………………………………………………… 81 Context………………………………………………………….………….. 83 Chapter 3: Identity Measures & Sample Demographics…………………………………… 85 v Sample Demographics……………………………………………………………... 86 Sexual Identity……………………………………………………………... 87 Centrality, Private Regard, and Public Regard: Interactions………. 93 Sexual Identity Stigmatization……………………………………... 95 Gender & Sexual Identity………………………………………….. 99 Racial & Ethnicity Identity………………………………………………… 103 Centrality, Private Regard, and Public Regard: Interactions………. 110 Racial Identity Stigmatization………………………………………114 Race, Ethnicity, & Gender Identity…………………………………116 Socio-Economic & Socio-Cultural Demographics………………………… 119 Social Networks……………………………………………………. 120 Economic Indicators……………………………………………….. 126 Cultural Indicators…………………………………………………. 128 Religion…………………………………………………….. 129 Geography………………………………………………….. 131 Beyond Categorical Analyses……………………………………………………… 133 Perceptions at the Intersection of Sexual & Racial Identities……………… 134 Stigmatization at the Intersection of Sexual & Racial Identities ………….. 138 Summary…………………………………………………………………………… 142 Chapter 4: Politics at the Intersection: Statistical Analyses of Political Attitudes & Behaviors ………………………………………………………………………………….. 146 Dependent Variables………………………………………………………………. 146 Political Attitudes…………………………………………………………. 147 Role of Government………………………………………………. 147 Private Rights……………………………………………………… 148 Egalitarianism……………………………………………………… 150 Policy-Specific Attitudes………………………………………….. 152 Political Behavior: Participation & Alienation……………………………. 153 Explaining Political Outcomes…………………………………………………….. 157 Attitudes: Role of Government……………………………………………. 157 Attitudes: Private Rights…………………………………………………… 161 Attitudes: Egalitarianism………………………………………………….. 163 Attitudes: Policy Specifics………………………………………………… 165 Political Attitudes: Summary of Findings…………………………………. 172 Political Participation & Alienation……………………………………….. 175 Intersectional Identity Effects……………………………………………… 180 Summary…………………………………………………………………………… 191 Chapter 5: The Politics of Sexual Identity, Looking Forward…………………………….. 194 Hypotheses Revisited……………………………………………………………… 194 Sexual and Racial Identity…………………………………………………. 194 Identity Centrality………………………………….......................... 195 Identity Private Regard…………………………….......................... 197 Identity Public Regard……………………………………………... 198 Identity Centrality, Public and Private Regard: A Summary of Findings……………………………………………………………. 200 Social Networks…………………………………………………………… 204 vi Stigmatization………………………………………………………………
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