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Stiglmayr Steve Die approbierte Originalversion dieser Diplom-/ Masterarbeit ist in der Hauptbibliothek der Tech- nischen Universität Wien aufgestellt und zugänglich. http://www.ub.tuwien.ac.at The approved original version of this diploma or master thesis is available at the main library of the Vienna University of Technology. http://www.ub.tuwien.ac.at/eng A R C H I T E K T U R U N D P S Y C H I A T R I E tttA DER EINFLUSS DER ARCHITEKTUR AUF DIE STIGMATISIERUNG PSYCHIATRISCHER ANSTALTEN TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT Steve Stiglmayr | Masterthesis | 2015 Steve Stigmayr Wien Oktober 2015 VIII D I P L O M A R B E I T Architektur und Psychiatrie Der Einfluss der Architektur auf die Stigmatisierung psychiatrischer Anstalten ausgeführt zum Zwecke der Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Diplom-Ingenieurs / Diplom-Ingenieurin unter der Leitung von Ao.Univ.Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Dr.techn. Sigrid Hauser E253/4 Institut für Architektur und Entwerfen, Hochbau und Entwerfen eingereicht an der Technischen Universität Wien Fakultät für Architektur und Entwerfen von Steve Stiglmayr, BA 1128143 Wien, im Oktober 2015 _________________________ Steve Stiglmayr X Ich habe zur Kenntnis genommen, dass ich zur Drucklegung meiner Arbeit unter der Bezeichnung Diplomarbeit nur mit Bewilligung der Prüfungskommission berechtigt bin. Ich erkläre weiters Eides statt, dass ich meine Diplomarbeit nach den anerkannten Grundsätzen für wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen selbstständig ausgeführt habe und alle verwendeten Hilfsmittel, insbesondere die zugrunde gelegte Literatur, genannt habe. Weiters erkläre ich, dass ich dieses Diplomarbeitsthema bisher weder im In- noch Ausland (einer Beurteilerin/einem Beurteiler zur Begutachtung) in irgend einer Form als Prüfungsarbeit vorgelegt habe und dass diese Arbeit mit der vom Begutachter beurteilten Arbeit übereinstimmt. Wien, im Oktober 2015 _________________________ Steve Stiglmayr Danksagung Zunächst möchte ich mich an dieser Stelle bei all denjenigen bedanken, die mich während der Anfertigung dieser Masterarbeit unterstützt und motiviert haben. Besonderen gilt dieser Dank Frau Prof. Sigrid Hauser, die diese Arbeit und somit auch mich betreut hat. In dieser Zeit stand Sie mir mit wertvollen Hinweisen stets zur Seite und verhalf mir mit kritischen Hinterfragen und konstruktiver Kritik zu einer gut durchdachten theoretischen Arbeit und vor Allem zu einer guten Entwurfsarbeit. Vielen Dank für die Geduld und Mühen. Einen ganz besonderen Dank möchte ich meiner lieben Frau Claudia aussprechen, die mich immer wieder aufs Neue motiviert und stets an mich geglaubt hat. Außerdem gilt ihr ein besonderer Dank, da sie entscheidend zur Themenfindung der vorliegenden Arbeit beigetragen hat. Desweiteren gilt ein besonderer Dank Frau Dr. Ingrid Sibitz und Prof. Dr. Richard Frey von der psychiatrischen Abteilung des Allgemeinen Krankenhauses (AKH) Wien, sowie Prof. DDr. Peter Fischer vom Sozialmedizinischen Zentrum Ost - Donauspital Wien. Sie standen mir mit vielen wichtigen Informationen, sowohl in medizinischen Belangen als auch im Bezug zu der Problematik der Stigmatisierung zur Seite und ermöglichten mir einen detaillierten Einblick in verschiedene Stationen in deren psychiatrischen Abteilungen. Außerdem möchte ich mich bei meinen guten Freunden Evi Schwarzmann und Sebastian Wilk bedanken, die durch ihre konstruktive Kritik und durch ihre Mithilfe entschieden zu einem Erfolg der Arbeit beigetragen haben. Nicht zuletzt gebührt meiner Familie , sowie meinen Schwiegereltern Dank, da Sie während des Studiums nicht nur finanziell, sondern vor allem auch emotional immer für mich da waren. Besonderen Dank gilt an dieser Stelle meinem Schwiegervater Jakob Stiglmayr, der mir mit seinem umfangreichen Fachwissen in der Landschaftsarchitektur und auf dem Gebiet der Aromagärten bei dieser Arbeit mit Rat und Tat zur Seite stand. Vielen Dank an Euch alle! IX Inhaltsverzeichnis Danksagung ............................................................................................................................................ IX Inhaltsverzeichnis .................................................................................................................................... X Abbildungsverzeichnis .......................................................................................................................... XIII Abkürzungsverzeichnis ......................................................................................................................... XVI Kurzfassung ........................................................................................................................................ XVIII Abstract ................................................................................................................................................ XIX 1. Einleitung ......................................................................................................................................... 2 1.1. Motivation ..................................................................................................................................... 4 1.2. Zielsetzung ..................................................................................................................................... 5 1.3. Fragestellung .................................................................................................................................. 5 1.4. Gliederung der Arbeit .................................................................................................................... 6 2. Hintergründe und Entwicklung ....................................................................................................... 10 2.1. Geschichtliche Entwicklung.......................................................................................................... 10 2.1.1. Von Altertum und Mittelalter bis Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts ............................................ 11 2.1.2. Entwicklung seit Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts ....................................................................... 12 2.1.3. Psychiatrie zur Zeit des Nationalsozialismus ....................................................................... 21 2.1.4. Situation nach 1945 und die Reformen............................................................................... 24 2.1.5. Psychiatrie im 21. Jahrhundert............................................................................................ 25 2.2. Das Stigma im 21. Jahrhundert .................................................................................................... 27 2.2.1. Öffentliche Stigmatisierung ................................................................................................. 28 2.2.2. Stigmatisierung in Medien .................................................................................................. 29 2.2.3. Selbststigmatisierung .......................................................................................................... 31 2.2.4. Strukturelle Diskriminierung ............................................................................................... 32 2.3. Zukünftige Erwartungen und Bedürfnisse ................................................................................... 33 3. Krankheitsbilder und Therapie ....................................................................................................... 38 3.1. Diagnose ...................................................................................................................................... 40 3.1.1. Psychische und Verhaltensstörungen durch psychotrope Substanzen (F10-F19) .............. 44 3.1.2. Affektive Störungen (F30-F39) ............................................................................................ 45 3.1.3. Neurotische, Belastungs- und somatoforme Störungen (F40-F48) ..................................... 45 3.1.4. Schizophrenie, schizotype und wahnhafte Störungen (F20-F29) ....................................... 46 3.1.5. Organische, einschließlich symptomatischer psychischer Störungen (F00-F09) ................ 47 3.1.6. Persönlichkeits- und Verhaltensstörungen (F60-F69) ......................................................... 47 3.2. Therapie ....................................................................................................................................... 48 3.2.1. Elektro-Krampf-Therapie ..................................................................................................... 48 X 3.2.2. Zwangsbehandlung.............................................................................................................. 49 3.2.3. Biopsychosozialen Therapie ................................................................................................ 50 3.2.4. Prävention ........................................................................................................................... 51 4. Architektonische und psychologische Einflüsse auf den Stigmatisierungsprozess ........................... 54 4.1. Geographische Lage ..................................................................................................................... 55 4.2. Äußere Erscheinung ..................................................................................................................... 57 4.3. Freibereiche und Therapiegärten................................................................................................. 58 4.4. Stationsbereich ...........................................................................................................................
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