d−M OÂË w½«“—U³Ã« W¹œdJë WÃËbëË
œdÔJë …UÝQÄ åb¹b−²Ã« «uMÝò d−M O ÍdM¼ «dÂcÄ sÄ
.bIð ö‡Ä œ«u‡ł w½U²ÝœdJë wMÞuë d9R*« fOz—
‡‡±‡‡ ‡‡±‡‡ Years of Renewal Tragedy of the Kurds By: Henry Kissinger
Barzani, Kissinger and the Kurdish State
Foreword By: Jawad Mella
KNC P. O. Box 607 London NW8 0DT
Tel: 020 8563 2881 Fax: 020 8563 8406 Mobile: 07768 266 005
Websites: www.knc.org.uk www.kncscandinavia.com
WKA Palingswick House 241 King Street London W6 9LP
Tel: 020 8748 7874 Fax: 020 8741 6436
E ‡‡ mails: [email protected] [email protected]
‡‡≤‡‡ ‡‡≤‡‡ ¡«b¼ù« ww½½ «« ““ —— UU ³³ Ãë« ff ¹¹ —— œœ «« ËË ww ½½ «« ““ —— UU ³³ Ãë« vv HH DD BB ÄÄ ss ¹¹ bb ÃÃUU )) «« vv ÃÃ≈≈ ww ½½ UU ²² ÝÝ œœ dd JJ Ãë« ww MM ÞÞ uu Ãë« dd 99 RR ** «« ¡¡ «« bb NN ýý ËË ÍÍ ËË «« dd II ŽŽ ee ¹¹ ee ŽŽ ‰‰ «« dd MM '' «« ss ÄÄ qq  «« —— UU ðð uu ÐÐ √√ ‚‚ «« ““ dd Ãë« bb ³³ ŽŽ ËË gg OO ÄÄ UU ÄÄ ‰‰ öö łł dd ³³ ¼¼ —— ËË œœ dd JJ Ãë« …… œœ UU II Ãë« ËË ¡¡ «« bb NN AA Ãë« ll OO LL łł ËË qq łł √√ ss ÄÄ «« uu KK {{ UU ½½ ss ¹¹ cc Ãë« ÊÊ UU ²² ÝÝ œœ dd  ‰‰ öö II ²² ÝÝ «« ËË œœ dd JJ Ãë« WW ¹¹ dd ŠŠ ww ½½ UU ²² ÝÝ œœ dd JJ Ãë« ww MM ÞÞ uu Ãë« dd 99 RR ** «« —— UU BB ½½ √√ vv ÃÃ≈≈ ËË WW ¹¹ «« —— ww FF «« —— ËË ÊÊ UU ²² ÝÝ œœ dd  ‰‰ öö II ²² ÝÝ «« ËË œœ dd JJ Ãë« WW ¹¹ dd ŠŠ ÊÊ UU ÄÄ ““ ËË ÊÊ UU JJ ÄÄ qq  ww
‡‡≥‡‡ ‡‡≥‡‡ ‡‡¥‡‡ ‡‡¥‡‡ W¹œdJë WÃËbÃ«Ë d−M OÂË w½«“—U³Ã«
WO ¹—Uð W; W???O?? ?¹—Uð W??O???HK?š vÃ≈ ‚dD²?ë sÄ bÐô Ÿu???{u*« w ¡b???³Ã« q³???Á U?N²1e¼ dŁ≈ W?O½U?L¦?Fë W¹—uÞ«d³?Äô« —U?ON½« b?F³? ¨U?NMÄ bÐ ô …dB?² ?Ä 5O?½UD¹d???³Ã« s?¹d???B???²M*« oŠ s?Ä `³???√ vÃË_« W???O?*U??F?ë »d???(« w X½UÂË ÆÆÆÊU*ô«Ë 5O½U?L¦Fë 5ÄËeN?*« UJK²2 ÂU ²Á« 5O? ½dHÃ«Ë W¹—u?Þ«d??³???Äô« sÄ Î«¡e???ł ©U???NMÄ wÁd???Aë r? ??I?ë «b??ŽU???Ä® ÊU???²??Ýœd??? fJ¹UÝò W?OÁUHð« q¦Ä U?OÁUHð«Ë «b¼UF?Ä …bŽ Vłu0Ë ¨WO½UL?¦Fë wÐd??Fë rÃU?Fë W?ze?& X9 åu1— ÊU??Ý d9R?ÄËòË ¨Ê«“u?à …b¼U?F??ÄòË åuJOÐ ÊËbÐË t??²ze?& X9 ÊU??²?Ýœd? ͜d?Jë sÞuë sJÃË ¨…b¹b??Ž ‰Ëœ vÃ≈ …d??L?F??²? ??L?? ÊU?²??Ýœd? ¡«e??ł√ `MÄ -Ë ¨W?¹œd? WÃËœ Ë√ ‰Ëœ q?OJAð œU??%ô«Ë W¹—u??ÝË U??O???ÂdðË Ê«d¹«Ë ‚«d??FÃU?? W??F?MDB*« ‰Ëbë v?Ã≈ W??OÃËœ ÊuJOà ÊU?²Ýœd? sÄ Î«bŠ«Ë Ϋd?²Ä «u?Âd²?¹ rÃË U¹«bN? oÐU ë w²?Ou? ë VFý wMÄ Ê√ o³? ¹ rà YO³š b?I×Ð pÖ -Ë ¨W¹œdJë …—«œù« X% q³??Á Í√ Âu??Oë v?Ã≈Ë sÄeë pÖ cMÄË ÆÆÆd?zU??'« rO?? ??I??²Ã« «c??NÐ d??š¬ ‰Ëbë sÄ d??¦??Â√ Ë√ …b?Š«Ë X?½U? U¼b??FÐ U??ÄË U??NÃö?šË …œ—U??³Ã« »d??(« ‡‡µ‡‡ ‡‡µ‡‡ W??O?I??³Ã«Ë W??OJ¹d??Ä_« …b?×??²*« U¹ôuK?à W?I¹b?? ÊU??²?Ýœd?? q²??% w²Ã« ‰Ëô« ∫5L? ?Á vÃ≈ r ?IMÄ sÄeë pÖ cMÄ tK r?ÃUFÃ«Ë ¨U?Nà W¹œU?F?Ä w²Ã« ‰Ëbë Ê√ U0Ë ¨U¼¡«b?Ž√ w½U?¦Ã« r IÃ«Ë …b?×?²*« U¹ôuë ¡UÁb?√ WÃËœ ÂU?O?Á nÃU? ¹ tK r?ÃU?Fë `³?Q? 5ŽuMë sÄ ÊU?²?Ýœd? d?L?F?²? ð vKŽ r¼ s¹cë ÊU?²?Ýœd Íd?L?F²? Ä ¡U?{—≈ qł√ sÄ WKI?²? Ä W¹œd? `³?√Ë Æ¡«u?Ý b?Š vKŽ U?Nz«b?ŽQÐË UJ¹d?Ä« ¡U?Áb?QÐ W?L?O?L?Š W?Áö?Ž WO?ÄuIë UMÁu?IŠ sÄ oŠ t½Q?ÂË tF?Ä g¹UF²½Ë t?AO?F½ ÎUFÁ«Ë Ϋd?Ä√ rKEë X¹uJë »dŠ bFÐ sJÃË ¨rN²Ä u¼Ë bÃu¹ ÍœdJÃU tMÄ dHÄ ô —bÁ Ë√ XÃb??³?ð ÊuDMý«ËË „—u?¹u??O½ w d???³??L??²??³???Ý ±± À«b??Š√ b??FРΫd???O??š√Ë U?ÄË ¨qO¦?Ä tà o³ ¹ rà qJA?Ð ÍœdJë VFAë ÁU?& WOÃËbë W?ÝUO? ë WÃËb?ë W??ÄU???Á≈Ë rKEë W?ÃU??Š ¡U???N½ù jOD? ðË W¹b???−Ð qL???Fë ô≈ UMO?KŽ Õö??? ë l— ‰ö???š sÄ r²?ð ô WÃËbë W???ÄU??Á≈ Ê≈Ë ¨WK?I??²??? *« W¹œd?Jë œËœ— »UÐ sÄ p?Ã–Ë ¨«uÐd??š Ë√ «u??Ád??Š√ Ë√ «uK²??Á rN½_ 5?K²??;« t??łuÐ w —u?²Hë t?F³?²¹ UÄ V³? à rNðU?Ý—U2 sŽ ÊuK²;« nÁuð U?Ä «–S qF?Hë VF?Aë Ê√ tà nÝR¹ U?L?L? ¨ÎU?OzU?N½ U?N?H?Áuð vÃ≈ ÍœR¹ U0dÃË …—u?¦Ã« …u?Á «dÐ«Ë jOD? ?²Ã« w WK?ÄU? W?O??Äu?Ië W??OÃËR? ?*« qL?×Ð rI?¹ rà ͜dJë Èu??Ië W??U?? l?Ä W??OMKFÃ«Ë W?¹d?? ë ôu??ÂuðËd??áë b???I??ŽË U??O??ÁU??Hðô« ÊU?²Ýœd? WÃËœ WÄU?Á≈ qł√ sÄ …d?O)« W?O½U²?ÝœdJë d?OžË W?O½U²?ÝœdJë ÆWKI² *«
‡‡∂‡‡ ‡‡∂‡‡ WOÃËbë WÝUO ë …b¹b?Ž qŠ«d?0 W¹œdJë W?O?C?I?ë d?Ä W?O?{U*« ÂU?Ž W??¾*« ‰ö? ? —uN?Eà ÊUÂË W?OL?OKÁù«Ë WOÃËbë ·ËdEKà ÎU?F³ð ¨—c?łË bÄ 5Ð XL? ð« Ê√ ô≈ ¨d??O???³Jë U¼—Ëœ …¡U???HJë sÄ ‰U???Ž Èu??²?? ??Ä v?KŽ W¹œd?? …œU???O??Á ôË ÊU? –≈ ¨ÎU?O??Äu?Á kI?O?²? ?¹ rà qŠ«d*« pKð ‰ö?š ÍœdJ?ë VF?Aë Ë√ bzU?Ië …œ«—ù ΫcOH?Mð ÂU ?'« UO×?C²Ã« Âb?I¹Ë »—U×¹Ë ÂËU?I¹ ‰«e¹ ·ËdEë d??O??G?²ð 5Š b??$ «cà ¨W??O?L??OKÁù« Ë√ W??OÃËbë W??ÝU??O? Kà W??O??³Kð nÁu?²ÃUÐ Á—«dÁ Ë√ tM−?Ý Ë√ …—u?¦Ã« bzUÁ œU?NA?²?Ý« Ë√ WO?LOKÁô«Ë W?OÃËbë v²?Š …—u?¦?Kà —U?O?N½« t?F?³?²?¹ pÖ ÊS? ¨…—u?¦Ã« …œU?O?Á w —«d??L?²?Ýô« sŽ sJð r?à …—u?¦?ë Ê√ U0Ë ¨Èd??š√ …d?Ä …—u??¦?ë ÂU?O??Á sK?F¹Ë d??š¬ bzU??Á wðQ¹ …—u?¦Ã« X½UJ ¨W¹«b³?ë cMÄ `{«Ë ZÄU½dÐË jOD ð oÐU?Ý sŽ UÄ ÎU?Äu¹ VNÄ w WA¹dÂË WOÝUO ë ·ËdEë WMO¼— U¼—UON½« v²ŠË UNÄUOÁ cMÄ «u?Äe??NM¹ rà œdJë Ê√ rKF?ë lÄ ¨W?OÃËbÃ«Ë W??O?L?OKÁô« W??O?ÝU?O?? ë ÕU¹dë w ÊU?²?Ýœd? W¹—uN?L?ł —U?O?N½« sJ¹ rÃË ‰«u?Šô« rEF?Ä w ÎU¹dJ ?Ž X³¦ð UMO?Ž ÈuÝ UL¼dOžË ±π∑µ ÂU?Fë w ‰uK¹« …—uŁË ±π¥∂ ÂUFë X½U?? W¹œdJ?ë W?O??ÝU??ÄuK³¹b?ë Ê√ X³??¦ð U??N½√ ô≈ ÍdJ ??Fë U½—U??B??²½« ÆWÄËbFÄ
W¹œdJë WÝUO ë ¨.d? ¨ŸU?−ý VF?ý ¨ÍœdJë VF?Aë ÊQРΫbÐ√ v?H ¹ ô U?L? tðU?³ł«Ë w d?B?I¹ rÃË œËbŠ ÊËb?Ð «cKà ʫdJ½Ë WO?×?C²Kà b?F?² ?Ä ‡‡∑‡‡ ‡‡∑‡‡ rÃË t?OKŽ ΫdDO? ?Ä ‰«e¹ UÄË ÊU? wÐe?(«Ë wL?OKÁô« dJHë Ê√ ô≈ ¨Î«bÐ√ W??O??Äu?I?ë W?×?KB*«Ë wÄu??Ië VÃU??Ië w Ác?¼ …b?O??L??(« tðU??H?? nþu¹ 5Ð w?Kš«bë ‰U???²???²???Áô« vÃ≈ Èœ√ U2 ¨ÍœdJ?ë wÄu???Ië sÄ_«Ë U???OK?Fë VF???A?ë l{Ë uK? ¨b???Š«uë rOK?Áù« ÊUJÝ 5?Ð ÎU½U???O???Š√Ë d???š¬Ë rO?KÁ≈ ¡U??N½ù ZÄU?½dÐ l{uà t??OM?O??Ž VB½ U??OK?Fë W??O??Äu??Ië W??×KB?*« ÍœdJë wLOKÁô« dJHKà ”U?Ýô« d−×? ¨rKEÃ«Ë dO−N?²Ã«Ë …œUÐù«Ë œUND{ù« d?−?Š ULM?OÐ Èdšô« r?OÃUÁô«Ë »«e?Šô« ·U?F?{≈ w sLJ¹ wÐe?(«Ë r?OÃU???????Áô«Ë »«e??????Šô« W?¹u???????Ið w? s?LJ?¹ w?Äu??????I?ë dJ?H?Kà ”U???????Ýô« Ê«d¹«Ë UOÂdðË W¹—uÝ Ê√ rKF¹ w½«bÃ«Ë wUIÃU ¨Èdšô« WO½U²ÝœdJë WD?K Ã«Ë ÊU?*d???á?ë ÷U???N????łù ‚«d???Fë s?Ä d???¦????Â√ «d???Ä«R*« Êu?JO????×¹ W???O½U???²???ÝœdJë Èu???I?Ã«Ë rOÃU???Á_« X½U??? uÃË ¨…b???Šu?*« W??O?½U???²??Ýœd?Jë X½U?ÂË U¼œ«d?ÂQÐ W?Ãu?G?A?Ä Ê«d¹«Ë U?O?ÂdðË W¹—u?Ý X?½UJà W¹u?Á Èd?šô« Ác¼ sÄ ÊU??²?Ýœd? »u?Mł w W¹œdJë WD?K Ã«Ë ÊU*dÄ vKŽ «d??Ä«R*« »d(« qIM¹ wÄuIë dJHë Ê√ Í√ ¨WÄËbF?Ä sJð rà Ê≈ WHOF{ ‰Ëbë ÆU½—U¹œ w »d(« ÊuJð Ê√ ‰bÐ 5K²;« —U¹œ vÃ≈
·bNë 5M ë sÄ ·ô¬ …b??Fà œu?Fð w²Ã« tð—U??C?×Ð ÊU?²?Ýœd?? UMMÞË Ê≈ U??H??Bë Ác¼ w?−??Oð«d??²??Ýô« t??F??Áu0 pÃc??ÂË t½œU??F??ÄË Áœ—«u0 w?MGë Íœd qJ ÆWOÃËbÃ«Ë W?OLOKÁô« lÄUD*« WLŠ— X% ÊU²?Ýœd XKFł sÞuÃU??? ¨d??G??√ Ë√ d??³??Â√ rN??Ý b??Š_ fO?ÃË sÞuë «c¼ w r?N??Ý tà ‡‡∏‡‡ ‡‡∏‡‡ Ê√ ‰«u??Š_« sÄ ‰U??×Ð “u??−¹ ôË ¨sÞuë q?ł√ sÄ lO??L??'«Ë lO??L??−Kà s¹d??šü« Ÿb?¹ Ê√Ë ¨sÞuë w t??²??B??ŠË t???L??N??Ý sŽ ÍœdJë ‰“U?M²¹ XÁuë ¡Uł bI? ¨ÊU²Ýœd q³I²? * ‰uK(« l{uÐ tMŽ ÎU{uŽ ÊËdJH¹ Ê√Ë U?NK³??I?²? ?ÄË ÊU?²?Ýœd?Jà ÎU?×?O?×? Á«d?¹ U?ÄË t?²?LK ͜dJ?ë ‰u?I?Oà Áœ«b?Fð VFA? rÃUFë w t?FÁu?Ä —U?Nþ≈ vKŽ ΫbŽU?B Êü« sÄ qL?F¹ WÃU???Š sÄ ’ö???)«Ë w?MÞuë t?Ãö??I???²???ÝS?Ð VÃUD¹ W???L??? ?½ Êu??O?KÄ ¥∞ WÃËbë Ác¼ w gO?F½ WO?Äu?Á UOKÁ√ UM à UM?½≈Ë ¨Wze−?²Ã«Ë —UL?F²?Ýù« Æ‚uI(« U² Íb−² ½Ë pKð w Ë√
WO HMë »d(« »d?(« cMÄ ‚u?I?(« U?²? sÄ ÍœdJë V?F?Aë tÐ VÃUD¹ U?Ä Ê≈ VF?Aë vKŽ WMKF*« W?O? ?HMë »d?×Kà W?−?O²?½ ô≈ u¼ UÄ W?O½U?¦Ã« W?O*U?Fë s¹c?ë ¨ÊU????²????Ýœd????? q²?????% w²Ã« W?????LE?½ô«Ë ‰Ëbë q³?????Á sÄ Íœd?Jë Ê«u??H?MŽ d?? ???ÂË W¹œdJë W???O??B?? ???Aë a ???Ä sÄ rNM?JÄ√ U??Ä ÊuÃËU???×¹ W??U?? w …œ«—≈ ÊËb?ÐË …œœd??²??ÄË …“Ëe??N??Ä t??²??O??B?? ??ý q?F??łË ÍœdJë W¹œdJ?ë U?O??B?? ?AÃ«Ë U??LEM?*« sÄ iF??³Ã« `³??√ v²?Š ôU??:« p½Q?ÂË ¨W¹œdJë WÃËbë Ÿu?{u?Ä ÕdÞ Ë√ ‰öI?²?Ýô« W?LKJÐ ∆eN?²? ð ÆWOK ²Kà W¼UJ rNà ‰uIð w X×???$ b??Á ÊU???²??Ýœd??? q²??% w²?ë ‰Ëbë Ê√ vKŽ b???ÂË√ w½≈ b¹—√ pÖ ÊUO?³ÃË ¨dO?³Â bŠ vÃ≈ ÍœdJë VF?Aë b{ WO? HMë U?NÐdŠ
‡‡π‡‡ ‡‡π‡‡ ∫pÖ vKŽ WK¦Ä_« iFÐ »d{√ Ê√ q³???Á ÎU¹dJ? ??Ž d???B??²½« b???Á UU ????????ýýUU ????ÄÄ ÊÊ UU ????????šš—— bb ÐÐ ÍœdJë d???O??Ä_« ‡‡ ± dAŽ sÄ d?¦Â_ t²ÃËbÐ qI²Ý«Ë W?O½UL¦Fë W¹—uÞ«d³?Äô« vKŽ UÄUŽ±µ∞ Ícë ÍÍ““ bb ½½ «« ËË dd Ãë« bb ????LL××????ÄÄ d?O?Ä_« pÃc?ÂË ¨W¹œd? Ϋœu?I½ l³ÞË «uMÝ aOAë ÊU²?Ýœd pKÄ pÃcÂË ¨W¹œdJë l«b*« WŽUMBà Îö?LFÄ fÝ« «dzUDë n?B?Á X% ÊU?²??Ýœd? WJK?2 sKŽ√ Ícë bb????????OO ????HH????????((«« œœ uu ????LL????????××????ÄÄ W?OJ¹d?Ä_«Ë WO½U?D¹d³Ã« «dzU?Dë W¹UL?Š X% s×½ Âu?OÃ«Ë ¨W?O½UD¹d?³Ã« W¹«bÐ w œu?L??×?Ä aO?Aë U?NM?KŽ√ w²Ã« WÃËbë sŽ Êö?Žô« l?OD²? ½ ô UNFM w²Ã« l«b*« lMB½ Ë√ W¹œdJë WKLFë pB½ Ê√ Ë√ w{U*« ÊdIë ÆÊËdÁ …bŽ q³Á UMöÝ√ bb????³³ ŽŽ dd ????OO ÄÄ __ «« W?OÂdð W¹dJ ?Ž …u?Á XHD²š« ±π±≤ ÂU?Fë w ‡‡ ≤ ÁuÁUÝË WO½«d¹ô« WÃËbë sL{ WFÁ«uë e¹d³ð WM¹bÄ sÄ ÊÊ UU šš —— bb ÐÐ ‚‚ «« ““ dd Ãë« ¨W?O½U?L¦?Fë W¹—uÞ«d?³?Äô« 5(« pÖ w X½U? w²Ã« U?OÂdð v?Ã≈ ΫdO?Ý√ UU ????žž¬¬ qq ????OO ????ŽŽUU ????????LL????ÝÝ«« d?O??N?A?ë ÍœdJë rO??Žeë vÃ≈ pÖ d??³?š ‰u??Ë œd?:Ë W¹dzU?A?Ž W?Ыd?Á W¹QÐ X1 ô t½√ lÄ ÍœdJë d?O??Äô« …b?−Mà V¼ „„ UU JJ ýý uJL?Ý s?J¹ rÃË ¨tÐe?Š sÄ ôË t?²M?¹b?Ä sÄ Ë√ t?²?IDM?Ä sÄ fOÃË tà U0dÃË W¹œd? …d?OA?Fà ÎU? Oz— ÊU? qÐ W¹œd? W?ÄuJŠ Ë√ WÃËbà ÎU? Oz— U?ž¬ X ???Oà …d???O???A???Ž ¨„UJ?Aë ¨Èd???šô« W¹œdJ?ë dzU???A???Fë lÄ W?½—U??I?*UÐ Ê√ U??ž¬ uJL??Ý vKŽ ÷d?? wÄu??Ië Vł«uë Ê√ ô≈ …d??O?³?Jë …d?O??A??FÃUÐ s¹cë ‰UDÐô« „UJAë …d?OA?Ž ÊUÝd sÄ …u?Á ”√— vKŽ UO?Âdð qšb¹
‡‡±∞‡‡ ‡‡±∞‡‡ w²Ã« W???O??Âd??²Ã« …u??IKà ÎU?MO??L?? «u??³??B½Ë W???O½U??L??¦??Fë W¹—u?Þ«d??³??Äô« «Ëb??% d?O?Ä_« sJà U?NK W?O?Âd²Ã« …u?Ië q²?I¹ Ê√ U?ž¬ uJL?Ý œU?ÂË XLK ?²?Ý« …d??Ä e¹d???³ð vÃ≈ d??O??Äô« œU???ŽË pÖ qF??H?¹ ô Ê√ tMÄ VKÞ ‚«“d?ë b??³??Ž W?OÝËd?ë W¹dB?O?Ië ozUŁuë w ¡U?ł U?L³? ?Š pÃ–Ë ÎU?LOK?Ý Î«dŠ Èd?š√ „«dðô« Âu?I?¹ ÂU?Ž W?¾??Ä b?FÐË ¨U?N??OKŽ ŸöÞô« Ϋd??šR?Ä ÕU?L?? ë - w²Ã« tKë b?³?Ž b?O? ë w½U?²?ÝœdJë ‰U?L?Fë »e?Š rO?Ž“ lÄ W?O?KL?Fë fHMÐ b?Á „«dðô« «u?ÄËUI¹Ë Êö?łË« «Ë—d?×¹ Ê√ sÄ ÎôbÐ œdJë sJÃË Êö?łË« ÆrN H½√ «uÁdŠ√ ÊU Ícë UU ýý UU ÄÄ nn ¹¹ dd ýý ‰‰ «« dd MM '' «« W¹œdJë WOÝUÄuK³¹bë –U²Ý√ ‡‡ ≥ WOÃUŽ WOÝUÄuK³¹bÐ ŸUD²Ý« b?Á ÂUŽ W¾Ä q³Á UÄË—Ë√ w bOŠuë ÍœdJë tðd?Âc0 ±π±π ÂUŽ f¹—UÄ w b?I?FM*« `KBë d9R?Ä ŸUMÁ« sÄ Èu²? *« Ác¼ ¨Èd??³Jë ÊU??²?Ýœd?? WÞ—U??šË ÊU?²??Ýœd? rK?FÐ W?I??d*«Ë …d??O?N??Aë …dONAë WOÃËbë WI?OŁuë vKŽ ¡UHK(« ‰Ëœ lOÁuð vÃ≈ œ√ WOÝUÄuK³¹bë VF??Aë oŠ vKŽ W??Š«d? XB?½ w²Ã« ±π≤∞ ÂU?Ž åd??ç?O??Ý …b¼U??F?Äò sÄ d??¦?Â√ UÐË—Ë√ w?H? Âu??Oë U?Ä√ ¨W?KI?²?? *« t??²ÃËœ fO?ÝQ?ð w ÍœdJë ‰«dM'« t??I??I?Š U2 o?O?I??% sÄ «u??F?O?D²? ?¹ rà Êü« b?(Ë Íœd?? Êu??OKÄ ÆÁbŠuà UýUÄ n¹dý
wÄuIë dJHÃ«Ë w½«“—U³Ã« ¡«b???Ž√ b¹b???% vK?Ž qL???F½ Ê√ V−¹ U?M²ÃËœ Âu???Ið Ê√ U?½œ—√ «–≈ «cà «c¼ ÊU?Â√ ÊU?²?Ýœd? sÄ ¡eł Í√ Êu?K²×?¹ s¹cë r¼Ë ÍœdJë VF?Aë ‡‡±±‡‡ ‡‡±±‡‡ VF??Aë ¡U??Áb??√ b¹b??% lOD?²? ?½ wÃU??²ÃUÐË ¨Î«d??O??³?? Â√ Ϋd?O??G?? ¡e??'« …u?Á ¡UMÐ vKŽ qLFÃ«Ë Æ…dz«bë p?Kð ×Uš ÊuJ¹ sÄ q rN? ÍœdJë rÃU?Fë w ÍœdJë wÐuKë ¡UMÐË ÊU?²?Ýœd? qš«œ w ¨WO?Äu?Ië —œ«uJë «c¼ sÄ r¼_«Ë ÆW?OÃËbë qU?;« w ÊU²?Ýœd? ‰öI?²?Ý« WÃQ ?Ä rŽbà ÊuJð Ê√Ë W?O?ÝUÝ_« qzU? *« sÄ U?NKF?−Mà ͜dJë q²?Á .d?% u¼ „«–Ë qŽUH?ë UNOK?Ž VÁUF¹ Ê√ V−¹Ë U?Nà …dH?GÄ ôË uH?Ž ô Í√ dHJë W?ÐU¦0 lO?L?łË ¨d?šü« Í√dë «d?²?Š« w¼ W?O½U?¦Ã« WÃQ? *«Ë ÆsÄeë ‰UÞ U?L?N?Ä ÍœdJë wÄuIë dJHÃ«Ë wÄu?Ië sÄ_« WÃQ Ä sL?{ qšbð —uÄô« Ác¼ rN?Ý√— vKŽË vÄ«b?Ië œdJë s¹dJH*«Ë »U?²Jë lO?L?ł tÐ ÈœU½ Ícë «u½U? œdJë …œUIë lO?Lł pÃc?ÂË ww ½½ UU šš ÍÍ bb ????LLŠŠ√√ d?ON?Aë ·u KO?Hë iF³Ã« rN?CF³Ã «d²?ŠôU WOÄu?Oë rNðUOŠ w wÄu?Ië dJHë ÊuÝ—U1 bbLL××ÄÄ ww {{ UU II Ãë bONAë s¹bÃU?)« 5Ð ULO ÊU UL ÎUFz«—Ë ÎU?OÄuÁ ÊU aa¹¹ UU ????AAÄÄËË ÊÊ «« ““ —— UU ????ÐÐ aa ¹¹ UU AA ????ÄÄ 5Ð U?L?O pÃc?ÂË bb ????OO ????HH????((«« œœ uu ????LL????××????ÄÄ aa OO ????AAÃë« ËË ttKK Ãë« bb ????????OO ????????³³ ????????ŽŽ aO??A?ë Áb??I??Ž Ícë ÂU??F?ë wMÞuë d9R?*« Ê√ U??L?? ÍÍdd????NNMM Ãë« 5Ð ÂU??Ž d9R??Ä W??−?O??²½ fÝQ?ð Ícë Êu?³?¹u?š »e??Š pÃc??ÂË ÍÍdd????NNMM Ãë« WO?ÄuÁ WO?HKš ô≈ w¼ UÄ ¨WO½U?²ÝœdJë UO?FL'«Ë UO?B Aë W?U w wÄu?Ië dJHë p¹˛U? l{Ë b?Ià ¨b??FÐ U?L?O? p¹˛UÂË „˛ wÐe( Ê√ ô≈ ÎU?OL?OEMð …œu?łuÄ b?Fð rà U?LEM*« Ác¼ Ê√ lÄ ¨wH? KHë Á—UÞ≈ dOL{ w ‰u−¹ ULŽ d³Fð UN½_ …uIÐË Î«œułuÄ ‰«e¹ ô ÍdJHë UNLš“ vMF? ¹ ôË ¨vMFÄ sÄ W?LKJë w U?Ä qJÐ ÍœdJë VFAë Ê«b?łËË ww½½ «« ““ —— UU ³³ Ãë« vv HH DD BB ÄÄ ö?Ä ÂuŠd*« ÊUM'« sÂU?Ý tÃU?Á UÄ d?–√ Ê√ ô≈ UM¼ ‡‡±≤‡‡ ‡‡±≤‡‡ Ícë® U?³?š e?O¼ d?Ĭ U?ž¬ ÕU?²? b?O?N?Aë b?{ ÈuJý t?²KË U?LMO?Š Èb??Š≈ ÊU? ÍcÃ«Ë t??Öd?L??A??OÄ ·ô¬ ∂ wëu?Š t?ðu?Á œ«b??Fð mK³¹ ÊU?? UU žž ¬¬ ÕÕ UU ????²² ÊQÐ ©±π∑µ ‡‡ ±π∂± ‰uK¹« …—u?¦Ã WO? ?Ozdë W¹dJ Fë ‚d?Hë w½«“—U³Ã« ‰U?I ¨5OJ¹˛U? U³?š eO¼ d?UMŽ «uKFł b?Á eO?Në …œUO?ÁË vF? ¹ »e?Š p¹˛U?® ∫ÊQÐ t?ÐU?łQ? pp ¹¹ ˛˛ UU «c¼ U?ÄË ÈuJAë Âb?I* ‰U???I?? Æ©W¹œd??? WÃËœ W???ÄU??Á«Ë ÊU???²??Ýœd??? ¡«e??ł√ lO???L??ł b???O??Šu?ð vÃ≈ w½«“—U?³Ã« ‰U?I? ÆW?²?Ý tÐU?łQ ø U?³?š e?O¼ …œU?O?Á œb?Ž r ∫w½«“—U?³Ã« ∫w½«“—U??³Ã« ‰U?I?? lÐU? ?ë u¼ sÄË ∫‰U?I?? ÆW?F??³?Ý r¼u?KF?ł« Âu??Oë sÄ ÊU?²Ýœd? b?Šu?²ð Ê√ sÄ qC?√ błu¹ q¼ t?½_ rNF?Ä wL?Ý« «u?HO?{« 5ý«u?ë vKŽ œd¹ b?ÃU??)« w?½«“—U??³?ë ÊU??? «cJ¼ Æ©UM?²ÃËœ UMà Êu?J¹ Ê√Ë sFDë ·b?Në ÊuJ¹ U?LMO?Š W?U?šË ÷d?ÄË ÷d?ž rN?³KÁ w s¹cë Ϋbz«— p¹˛U?? ÊU?? ÍcÃ«Ë ÍœdJ?ë wÄu??Ië ÁU??&ô« “u??Ä— ’ö??š« w l{Ë Ê√ sÄeë s?Ä Êd?Á nB½ ‰ö??šË jÁ Àb?×?¹ rÃË wÄu?Ië d?JHKà ·d?ý wà ÊU U?L? ÊU²?Ýœd w?K²×?Ä sÄ q²?×Ä Í√ b?OÐ Áb¹ p¹˛U dJ Ê√ ô≈ ¨±π∑µ ÂUFë w tÞUA½ bOL& v²Š p¹˛U vÃ≈ ¡UL²½ô« U?Nà —UJô« Ê_ ÍœdJë lL?²?:« w Ϋ—U?A?²½« d¦?Â√Ë Èu?Á√ Âu?Oë p¹˛U ÆU¼—UA²½« nÁË sÄ ÊU Í_ sJ1 ôË W×Mł«
WOÄuÁ WKEÄ ÊU w½«“—U³Ã« lL?& W??O?Äu?Á WK?EÄ t?L?Ý«Ë t??B? ?AÐ bÃU??)« w½«“—U?³Ã« ÊU?? b?IÃË U¼U?&ô« qJÐË U?NЗU?G?Ä vÃ≈ ÊU?²Ýœd? ‚—U?A?Ä sÄ ÍœdJë VF?Aë ‡‡±≥‡‡ ‡‡±≥‡‡ t? ?H½ w½«“—U³Ã« s?Ä t²?d?Ž U?ÄË tðb¼Uý U?Ä «c¼Ë W?O?ÝU?O ë «—U?O?²Ã«Ë W¹—d?×?²Ã« W?Âd(« Ê√ ô≈ ¨ UMO?F?³? ë W¹«bÐ w tÐ wð«¡U?Ià ‰ö?š sÄ W??Âd??(« X²??A?ðË …b??Šuë pKð b??I?? b?ÃU??)« w½«“—U??³Ã« b??FÐ W?¹œdJë ¨WKðUI²Ä ÎU½UOŠ√Ë W ½U−²Ä dOž ÈuÁ e«dÄË »«eŠQÐ W¹œdJë W¹—dײë Ϋu?C?Ž ±π∏¥ ‡‡ ±π∏≤ «uŽ√ w? ÊU²?Ýœd? »uMł w XM U?LMO?ŠË åœu?łò W?N?³?ł …œU?O?Á w Ϋu?C?ŽË „u?ÝUÄ »e?( wÝU?O? ?ë V²J*« w qFł qO?ײ *« sÄ t½QÐ W?ŽUMÁ vÃ≈ XKË UÄË—Ë√ vÃ≈ XÄbÁ U?LMOŠË Í√ q¼U???& sJ?1 ô U??L??? b???Š«Ë »e??Š v?Ã≈ wL???²M¹ ÍœdJ?ë VF???Aë ±π∏µ ÂU??Fë wH?? b¹b??ł sÄ W??O??Äu??Ië WK?E*« …dJ ¡U??ł «cà »e??Š UÁUDë bOŠuð qł√ sÄ ww½½ UU ²² ÝÝ œœ dd JJ Ãë« ww MM ÞÞ uu Ãë« dd 99 RR ** «« fOÝQ²Ð XLÁ qł√ sÄ qL?FÃ«Ë ÊU?1ô« u¼ d9R?LKà ¡U?L?²½öà b?O?Šu?ë ◊d?AÃ«Ë W¹œdJë tð—«œ≈ ÊuJð Ê√ u¼ WH d9RLKà Ê√ UL ÆWKI² *« W¹œdJë WÃËbë WÄUÁ≈ Ê√ ‰«u?Šô« sÄ ‰U??×Ð “u?−¹ ô Í√ ¨5?KI?²? ?*« —«d?Šô« 5OMÞu?ë b?OÐ «–≈ W??U?šË »e??Š Í√ …dDO??Ý X% w½U??²??ÝœdJë wMÞuë d?9R*« ÊuJ¹ qA ÊS ¨¡UÄœË …Ë«bŽ Èd?šô« »«eŠô« 5ÐË »e(« pÖ 5Ð ÊU fOÃË WOÐeŠ W? ÝRÄ `³BOÝ d9R*« pÖ q¦?Ä Ê_ wL²Š d9R*« pÖ d9R*« w U¼—ËœË U?N½UJÄ UNà W?O½U²?ÝœdJë »«eŠô« Ê√ ô≈ ÎUOM?ÞË Î«d9RÄ d9R?*« q³???Á sÄ »U???²?? q?JAÐ Ÿu???³D*«Ë ¨—u???²???Ýbë w œ—«Ë u?¼ U??L??? ¨œdJÃ«Ë ÊU??²?Ýœd?Âò ∫w?ÐU?²? q¦??Ä V²Jë sÄ b¹b??Fë vÃ≈ W?U??{ôUÐ ‰ULł —u²?Âbë wÄuIë dJHë –U²Ý« V²ÂË åWÃËœ öÐ W?Ä√Ë r IÄ sÞË ÈW???A???O???ÂË t???ÄU?MÝU½ò »U???²???ÂË åw?Äu???Ië dJ?Hëò »U???²??? ∫q?¦???Ä e???³½ ‡‡±¥‡‡ ‡‡±¥‡‡ Ícë V¹d?ž d?L?Ž aO?AKà d¹d?×?²Ã«Ë b¹b?−?²Ã« »U?²?ÂË åœ—u? v¹…ËWðW½ w …ö?Bë “u??& ô t½QÐò ∫‰u?I¹ U?L?L?? ÎU¹œd? Ϋd?O? ?Hð Âö??Ýô« d? ?H¹ UN?F³Þ w²Ã« W?LO?Ië V²Jë sÄ U¼dO?žË ¨åÊU²?ÝœdJ W³?B²G?*« œö³Ã« —œ«uJë b?NF?Ä w f¹—b?²Kà ÎUÝU?Ý√ ÊuJ²Ã ÎU?³¹dÁ U?N?²ŽU?³Þ ÍuM¹Ë d9R*« ÆWOÄË—Ëô« ‰Ëbë q w tŽËd `²²HOÝ Ícë WOÄuIë
dHBë X% W¹œdJë WÃU(« U??LEM?*« Èb??Š≈ w¼Ë ÊbMà w? ÊU??²??Ýœd?? »d??ž W??O??F??L??ł Ê≈ W?OzU?LMO?Ý Âö?√ …b?Ž X−?²½« ¨w½U?²?ÝœdJë w?MÞuë d9R*« w u?C?Fë ¡u?−Kë rÝS?Ð W?O½UD¹dÐ W?Âd?ý l?Ä ÊËU?F?²ÃUÐ U?NMÄ Î«b??Š«Ë ÊU?ÂË ¨W¹œd? wM?ÃQ?? ??? ¨UÄË—Ë√ w œd?Jë 5¾???łöë l{Ë ‰u???Š —Ëb¹ åAsylumò ∫åNigel Barkeròd?—U?Ð q−¹U½ b??O? ë w½UD?¹d?³Ã« rKO??Hë Ãd?? ?Ä UÄË—Ë√ w? UM¼ ∫t?à XK?I??? øÍœd?Jë Tłö?ë nuð Ê√ l?OD?²??? ?ð q¼ d??H??Ý «“«u?ł r¼b?MŽ rN??F??O?L??łË rÃU??Fë ¡U??×½√ lO??L??ł sÄ 5¾??łô ÍœdJë «b?Ž UÄ W?OÄuI?ë rNÃËœ rNà pÃcÂË rNðU?O Mł U?NOKŽ »u?²JÄ U??Ä√ ¨t?Ð W??U??š W???O??Äu??Á WÃËœ t?à fOÃË ÎU¹œd??? Ϋ“«u??ł qL???×¹ ô Ícë W?IKF?Ä W?O½b?F?Ä WI?KŠ U?N²?³?Á— w b?−M U?O½UD¹dÐ w? jDIÃ«Ë »öJë «c? Ÿu½ sÄ WDÁ Ác?¼Ë «c? WKO?B? sÄ VK «c¼ ÊQÐ U?N??OKŽ »u?²JÄ W???I??OŁË p?K1 ô W??L??? ½ Êu???OKÄ ¥∞ m?K³¹ Ícë Íœd?Jë VF???Aë Ê√ ô≈ Èu?²? Ä v?Ã≈ bFÐ q?u²½ rà œd?Jë s×½ UM½≈ pÃcÐË Íœd? t½QÐ ‰u?Ið
‡‡±µ‡‡ ‡‡±µ‡‡ d¹u???B?ð ŸË—√ t½≈ q−¹U?½ b???O??? ë ‰U???I??? ÆrÂœöÐ w? jDIÃ«Ë »ö?Jë W?OÄË—Ëô« d?ŽU?A*« „d?×¹ ·u?Ý Ícë rKO?H?ë w nuë «c¼ l{Q?ÝË w ÎU?³¹d?Á rKO??Hë ÷d?Ž r²?O?ÝË W?O½U?²?ÝœdJë W?O?C?Ië `?ÃU?Bà ÎU?OÐU?−¹« ÆWO*UFÃ«Ë WOÄË—Ë_« WOzULMO ë U½UłdN*« wË w½UD¹d³Ã« Êu¹eHK²Ã« Tłö?ë sŽ pÖ X?KÁ U????LMO????Š pý v½œ√ w?½—ËU??? ?¹ sJ¹ r?K WM¹b?Ä w ‰U?HÞô« ‚d?ŠË f¹d?H²Ã«Ë p¹d?²?²Ã«Ë V¹d?F?²Ã« Ê_ ÍœdJë wzUOL?OJë Õö ÃUÐ tt−−³³ KK ŠŠ WM¹bÄ w ÍœdJë VFAë q²ÁË …… œœ uu ÄÄ UU ŽŽ W¹œd?Jë Èd???Ië Âb¼ p?Ãc??ÂË Ê«d???¾???Hë …œU?Ðù r ??? qL???F???²?? ?¹ Ícë lÄ v?²??Š qÄU???F???²Ã« r²?¹ rà qJA?Ð ‰u??N???:« vÃ≈ U???NÐU???×???√ d??O???−???NðË lÄ «d??Ä …b??Ž XK?Bð« b??IÃË ¨ÎU??C¹√ W??O??A??Šu?Ã«Ë W??H??OÃô« U½«u??O??(« ÍœdJë ÊU?? ½ô« ÊQÐ r?Nà XKÁË UÄË—Ë√ w? Ê«u?O??(« W¹U??L??Š U?L?EMÄ UÄ `O?× rF½ wà «uÃUI? WO½«uO?(« ”UMłô« sÄ dO?¦J …œUÐô« tł«u¹ wà «uÃUI r¼√ rN¹Q rNà XKI j?I U½«uO(« sŽ l«b½ UMMJÃË tÃuIð ÎU½U??? à pK?1ô t½_ Ê«u??O???(« sŽ l?«b½ UMM?JÃË r¼√ ÊU‡?‡‡‡ ?½ô« ÎU??F???³Þ ‰u???IMà ÎU?½U?? ?à UMà tK?ë oKš b???Ià t?Kà b???L??(«Ë ¨t?ðU½U‡?‡‡F???Ä sŽ ‰u???I???Oà 5I¹ vK?Ž w½≈Ë ¨W¹œdJë WÃËbë b¹d?½ UM‡‡‡½QÐ W?¹u?Ý U?NÃu??IMK UMðU??ÝQ?Ä oO???I??×??²?Ð qO??H??? pÖ ÊS?? r?N??²??L?K «uÃU??Á «–≈ Íœd??? Êu??O?KÄ ¥∞ ÊQÐ ÆUMÃöI²Ý≈
‡‡±∂‡‡ ‡‡±∂‡‡ øw½U²ÝœdJë wMÞuë d9R*« «–U* œU?−¹« qł√ sÄ ¨w½U?²?ÝœdJë wM?Þuë d9R*« t?OÃ≈ vF? ¹ U?Ä «c¼Ë ¨ÊU??²??Ýœd?ÂË Íœd?Jë VF??Aë VKDÄ s?Ž U?N??O?? d??³??F½ W??Âd?²??A??Ä W??Gà W?ŠU??²?Ä W?d??HÃ«Ë Î«b?ł W??F¹d?Ý d??³?L?²??³?Ý ±± …U?ÝQ??Ä b?FÐ À«b??Š_U? q¦L²*« d?Aë —u×Ä »d{ vKŽ bÂRð UJ¹d?Ä« Ê_ tK ͜dJë VFAKà UD?D<« sŽ U????O???Âdð ‰e????Ž - b???Ià Ϋd????šR???ÄË W¹—u????ÝË Ê«d¹«Ë ‚«d???F?ÃUÐ —u?×?Ä lÄ Î«b?Š«Ë ÎU?H? n?I?²Ã ÎU?¾?O?A? ÎU?¾?O?ý U?NÐd?I¹Ë ÎU??Oze?ł W?OJ¹d?Äô« «uÃu??I¹Ë Ϋb??Š«Ë ÎU??H? «u??H??I¹ Ê√ œdJë v?KŽ V−¹ WÃU??(« Ác??NÐË ¨d??Aë «dO ?Ð ÍuÁ dAë —u×?ÄË ¨dO)« —u×Ä q?¦/ œdJë s×½ UM½QÐ UJ¹dÄ_ d?A?ë —u?×?Ä ‰Ëœ s?Ž U?Nð«d??O?šË ÊU??²?Ýœd? q?B?HÐË ÊU??²?Ýœd?? œ—«u?ÄË —u?×Ä ·U?F{ù `O?×Bë o¹dDë u?¼ Èd³Jë ÊU?²Ýœd? WÃËœ fOÝQ?²Ð ÆdAë …b?×?²*« 3ô« Ë√ UJ¹d?Ä√ ‰Q? ð Ê√ ÎU?³¹d?Á lÁuð√ w½≈ ‰U?(« «c¼ wH? ∫WOÃU²Ã« WK¾Ý_« ÍœdJë VFAë ‚u?I?(UÐ √b³?¹Ë ¨ «dA?FÃUÐ »«u?'« ÊuJO?Ý øøÊÊËËbb¹¹ dd ðð «« –– UU ÄÄ ‡‡ ‡‡ ±± Ë√ WOŽU?L²łô«Ë WOUI?¦Ã« ‚uI(« Ë√ WO½U ½ô« ‚uI?(« vÃ≈ WOÞ«dÁu1bë WÃËb?ë Ë√ W??O?ë—b??H?½uJÃ«Ë W???Oë—b???O???Hë Ë√ wð«cë r?J(« Ë√ W¹e???Âd???Äöë ‰Ëœ w¼ ÊU????²????Ýœd???? q²????% w²?ë ‰Ëbë Ê√ ‰u????I¹ s?Ä rNM?ÄË W¹œd?Jë W?³?U?Gë ‰Ëbë Ác¼ d?³?²?F¹ sÄ rNMÄË ÊU?²?ÝœdJà W?³?B?²?G?Ä W?FMDB?Ä qÂU??A?Ä ô≈ Íœd?Jë VF??Aë 5ÐË rNMO?Ð qÂU?A?*« U?ÄË VF??AKà …u??š≈
‡‡±∑‡‡ ‡‡±∑‡‡ qšbð Í√ b??{ ¡ôR¼ wÃU??²ÃUÐË t?O??š√Ë Œ_« 5Ð …œU??Ž Àb?% W??OKš«œ Æwł—Uš WK?¹uÞ W????×zô W?ÐU????łù« ÊuJð ·u???? ???? øørrJJ???? ????????????OO zz —— uu ¼¼ ss ????ÄÄ ‡‡ ‡‡ ≤≤ Æ¡U݃dë «dAŽ ¡ULÝQÐ …b¹b?Ž ‰UJ?ý«Ë Ÿ«u½√ d?NEà øøÊÊUU ????????²² ????ÝÝœœdd???????? rr KK ŽŽ ÊÊ «« uu ÃÃ√√ ww ¼¼ UU ????????ÄÄ ‡‡ ‡‡ ≥≥ ‰«dM−Kà w ?¹—U?²Ã« ÍœdJë rKFë fHMÐ ‰u?I?¹ sÄ rNML? Âö?Žô« sÄ œö???ł d??O???Äô«Ë Í—u½ ÊU??? ??Š« ‰«d?M'« t??F???— ÍcÃ«Ë U???ýUÄ n¹d???ý œu??F? ??Ä Œ_« t?F??— Ícë rKFë f?H½ u¼Ë b?L??×?Ä w?{U?IÃ«Ë ÊU??š—bÐ t½√ ô≈ ÊU?²?Ýœd?? ¡U?×½√ lO?L?ł w?Ë w½U?²?ÝœdJë ÊU*d??áë w w½«“—UÐ U??NMŽ ÎôbÐ ¡«d??L?Š W??L??$ Êu?F??C¹ Ë√ fL??ý ÊËbÐ t½u??F?d?¹ sÄ „UM¼ °ÊU²Ýœd rKF q−M*«Ë WÁdD*« lC¹ rNCFÐË Ë√ f¹—UÄ w ÍœdJë b?N?F*« øøÊÊUU ????²² ????ÝÝœœdd???? WW ????OO ???? «« dd ????????GG????łł ww ¼¼ UU ????ÄÄ ‡‡ ‡‡ ¥¥ ‰Ëœ w œd?Jë 5O???«d???G???'«Ë U???LEM?*« Ë√ 5ÃdÐ w Íœd?Jë b???N???F*« b?łuð ô nÝ_« lÄ sJÃË ÊU²?ÝœdJà jz«d?)« «dA?Ž «uFM Èd?š√ Ϋb?ł …d?O??G? ÊU?²?Ýœd? q?F?−¹ sÄ rNML?? Èd?š_UÐ W?N?O?³??ý WÞ—U?š Æ…dO³Â UNKF−¹ sÄ rNMÄË ≤µ œdJë œb?Ž Ê√ ‰u?I¹ sÄ rNMÄ øøœœddJJÃë« ”” uu HH ????½½ œœ bb ŽŽ rr  ‡‡ ‡‡ µµ ‰UÁ d?OAÄ d?OAÐ bO? ë Ê√ UL Êu?OKÄ ¥∞ Ë√ ≥∞ ÊuÃuI¹ ÊËd?š¬Ë ÊuOKÄ Ær¼œbŽ «uBŠ«Ë «u³¼–≈ ÊuÁbBð ô «–≈Ë ÊuOKÄ ∏∞ œdJë œbŽ Ê√ tdF¹ tK ͜dJë VFAë øøÍÍœœddJJÃë« ww MM ÞÞ uu Ãë« bb OO AA MM Ãë« uu ¼¼ UU ÄÄ ‡‡ ‡‡ ∂∂ ‡‡±∏‡‡ ‡‡±∏‡‡ Ê√ ô≈ åVO????Á— Í√ò w ¹—U????²Ã« b???O???A?Më U???³????ÝUM*« q? w Áb???A?M¹Ë Èd?šô« sŽ W?H?K²? ?Ä b?O?ýU½√ b?A?Mð …b?Š«Ë q W¹œdJë U½u?¹e?HK²Ã« ÆbOA½ Í√ ÊËbÐ rNCFÐË ‚öžù«Ë ÕU²²ô« 5Š Ác¼ v?KŽ ‚U?????Hðô« ÊËb?Ð ¨W¹œdJ?ë W????O????C?????Ië q?Š sJ?1 ô «cà wM?Þuë d9R*U??? W???O???Äu???Á W???L?EM0 ô≈ ¨U?¹U???C???Ië sÄ U¼d???O???žË q?zU??? *« ÊuJ¹ Ê√Ë tK VF?A?ë lL?& w²Ã« W?O?Äu?Ië WKE*« W?ÄU?Áù w½U?²?ÝœdJë wI?OI?(« ‰UCMë √b?³¹ jI? U¼bMŽ WO?Fłd?ÄË W¹e?ÂdÄ ÍœdJë VF?AKà ÆW¹œdJë WÃËbë WÄUÁ≈Ë ÊU²Ýœd ‰öI²Ý« qł√ sÄ …… bb ????????????ŠŠuu????????ÄÄ WW ????????????OO ????????????ÝÝUU ????????OO ????????????ÝÝ WW ????????????GGÃÃËË …… bb ????????????ŠŠuu????????ÄÄ WW ????????????ÁÁ —— ËË UM¹bà ÊuJ¹ Ê√ V−¹ ÂU??Ž ¡U??²?H??²??Ý≈ oO??I??% qł√ sÄ wÃU??²ÃU?ÐË wÃËbë lL??²??:« lÄ r¼U??H??²Kà WÃËbë W??ÄU?Á≈ q?ł√ sÄË ¨…b?×??²*« 3ô« ·«d??ý« X% ÍœdJë VF??AKà WWÄÄuuJJŠŠ qq OO JJ AA ðð vKŽ qL?FÃ«Ë pÃcà jOD ²ÃUÐ Âu?I½ Ê√ UMOKŽ W¹œdJë W?³?ÝUM*« W?d?Hë e?N?²MðË ÍÍ œœ dd ???? ÊÊ uu ????OO KK ÄÄ ¥¥ ∞∞ qq ¦¦ ????LL????²² Ãà vv HH MM ** «« ww WW ¹¹ œœ dd ???? sÄ vF? ½ w?²Ã« vHM*« W?ÄuJŠ Ê≈Ë ÊU?²?Ýœd? v?Ã≈ ‰U?I?²½ô« qł√ sÄ lÄ Ë√ ÊU?²?Ýœd? wÐuM?ł W?ÄuJŠ lÄ W?{—U?F?²?Ä X ?Oà U?NK?OJAð qł√ ¨rNà W?LL²?Ä w¼ U/≈Ë ¨dš¬ w½U?²Ýœd? rOKÁ≈ Íù W¹œd W?ÄuJŠ Í√ w Íœd? b?uà …b?×?²*« 3ô« ‰u?³?Á q?ł√ sÄ Êü« d9R*« qL?Ž Ê√ U?L? VF?Aë q¦L?L VÁ«d?Ä uCF? ͜dJë VFA?ë qO¦?L²Ã …b×?²*« 3ô« rNK¦1 sÄ U?L?Nà sJÃË WÃËœ UL?Nà fOà s¹cKë u?¹—U ?OÃu³?Ã«Ë wMOD KHë ÊËb¹d?¹ U??LM?O??Š …b???×??²*« 3ô« ¡U???C???Ž√ Êü« vÃS?? Æ…b???×??²?*« 3ô« w
‡‡±π‡‡ ‡‡±π‡‡ VF??Aë ¡«b??Ž√ sÄ U??N½Ëc??šQ¹ rN?½S? ÍœdJ?ë VF??Aë sŽ U??ÄuKF??Ä W?O??F?O??³Dë d?O??ž WÃU?(« Ác¼Ë ¨U??O?ÂdðË Ê«d?¹«Ë ‚«d?FÃ«Ë W¹—u??Ý ¨ÍœdJë X ?Oà …—u?Âc?*« ‰Ëbë Ác¼ Ê√ ÷d? vKŽË ¨U?Nà W¹U?N?½ lC½ Ê√ V−¹ b?????O????Šu?ë u¼ Íœd?Jë Ê√ v?KŽ d?????B½ UM?½≈ ô≈ ÍœdJ?ë VF?????Aë …Ëb?????Ž X½U?? U??L??N??Ä Ád??O??ž fOÃË Íœd?Jë VF??Aë qO??¦9 w? o(« VŠU?? Æt²H
fLAë X% qOײ Ä ô d?³?Â√Ë Èu?Á√ r¼ Ê«d¹«Ë W¹—u?ÝË ‚«d?F?Ã«Ë U?O?Âdð ÊQÐ b?Š√ sE¹ ôË —U??O?N½ô« w? r¼—Ëœ ÊU?Š b??ÁË U??O?Ñö??Ýu??žu¹ Ë√ w²??O?Ñu?? ë œU??%ô« sÄ ÆWOFO³Dë rNÄU−Š« vÃ≈ rNðœuŽ wÃU²ÃUÐË ÊU²Ýœd WÃËœ fOÝQðË ·u?Ý wÃËbë Êu½UIÃUÐË W?¹œdJë …bŠuÃ«Ë W?OÝU?ÄuK³¹bÃ«Ë —«u?(U³? sÄ d??O??¦JÐ q?N?Ý√ w?¼ w²Ã« W¹œdJ?ë UM²ÃËœË UM?Ãö??I?²??Ý« v?KŽ qB??×½ 5OÞ«dÁu1œ ÊU²Ýœd ÈdLF² Ä qFł
ÍœdJë ‚UHðô« rKÝ öÃ«Ë »d??Šöë WÃU??Š ëd?H½« u?¼ ‰ƒU?H??²Ã« vÃ≈ «u?Žb?¹ U?Ä Ê≈Ë wÞ«d?????Áu?1bë »e?????(«Ë w½U?????²?????Ýœd?Jë wM?ÞuÃ«Ë œU?????%ô« 5?Ð U????L?????O????? Ϋd?O?³?? Îö?Ä√ vDŽ√ ÊU?²??Ýœd? ÊU*d?áà b?Šu?*« ŸU?L?²?łô«Ë w½U??²?ÝœdJë
‡‡≤∞‡‡ ‡‡≤∞‡‡ ‡‡ Íœd?Jë ‚U????Hðô« X—U?Ð b???ÁË ¨W????OÃËb?ë ·ËdEë s?Ä …œU???H????²????Ýûà w …d¹e?'« Êu¹e?HKð wF?Ä U¼«d?ł√ w²?ë WKÐU?I*« ‰ö?š sÄ «c¼ ÍœdJë b???O???Šu??²?Ð ÂU??O???Ië ¨ÊU?*d???³Ã« …b???ŠË vÃ≈ XH???{√ YO???Š ≤∞∞≤ر∞Ø≤ Œô« lÄ w½≈Ë ¨w?MÞuë ÊU??²??Ýœd?? gO??ł q?OJAðË W??×K? *« «u??Ië vÃ≈ ÂËbIë r¼dOžË ÊuOÁ«dFë œ«—√ «–≈ò t½QÐ ‰UÁ ULMOŠ ww½½ UU ³³ ÃÃUU ÞÞ ‰‰ öö łł «Ë¡U?ł «–≈ U??Ä√ rNÐ Îö?N??ÝË Îö¼Q? …—U?¹eÃ«Ë …—U?−?²?ë qł√ sÄ ÊU?²??Ýœd? ∫‰UÁ ULMOŠ ww½½ «« ““ —— UU ÐÐ œœ uu FF ÄÄ Œ_« lÄ w½≈Ë Æåö ∫‰ö²Šô« ÷dGÐ …d?³?I?Ä ÊU??²?Ýœd? qF?−MÝ U?M½S? ÊU?²?Ýœd? wÂd??²Ã« gO?'« qšœ «–≈ò Æå„«dðúà tK ͜dJë VF?AKà w½U?N²?ë VOÞ√ YFÐ√ Ê√ œË√ ÂU¹ô« Ác¼ w WÃËœ fO???ÝQ??²Ã W??F??−??A*« W?¹«b??³Ã« Ê«d??³??²??F?¹ 5ÄU¼ 5O?? ¹—U?ð 5Łb??( WDK ë W?¦?ł v?KŽ W?L?Šdë W?U?— ‚öÞ« »«d?²?Á« U?L?NÃË√ ÊU?²?Ýœd? sJÃË ±ππ± cMÄ XN?²½« b?Á …dDO ë Ác¼ Ê_ ÊU?²?Ýœd w W?OÁ«d?Fë wðQ?ð Êü« W??O?J¹d??Ä_« W?Ðd??C?ë Ê_ bÐ_« vÃ≈ w?N??²M?ð ·u??Ý …d?*« Ác¼ ≤∞∞≤ر∞Ø¥ w b??Šu*« ÊU??²??Ýœd?? ÊU*dÄ W?? ?Kł b??I??Ž lÄ WMÄ«e??²??Ä b??Á ŸU??L?²??łô« «c¼ Ê√ u¼ w? ¹—U??²Ã« ŸU?L??²??łô« «c¼ b??I??Ž sÄ r¼_«Ë ÊU²Ýœd rKŽ Í√ WÝbI*« W¹«dë X% ÊU*d³Ã« dIÄ w …dÄ ‰Ë_ ÀbŠ Æ„Ëd³Ä nÃQ
‡‡≤±‡‡ ‡‡≤±‡‡ w½U²ÝœdJë wMÞuë d9R*« UÞUA½ tðUÞU?A½ w½U?²ÝœdJë w?MÞuë d9R*« n¦J¹ ÎU?C¹√ pÖ qł√ sÄË «—uD?²Ã«Ë ·ËdE?ë W???F?ÐU???²?* W????ÝU??? ????(« WK?Šd*« Ác¼ w? tðôU????Bð«Ë U???ÄuJ?Š sÄ rÃU????Fë w Èd???³?Jë Èu???I?ÃUÐ ‰U???Bðô« w? ¨…d???O???šô« U?ŽU?L?²?łô«Ë «d9R*« W?ÄUÁ≈ v?Ã≈ WU?{ùUÐ U?O?B? ?ýË U?LEMÄË b?I?Ž ≤∞∞≤Ø∏Ø≤¥ w?H? W?O½u¹e?H?K²Ã«Ë W?O?Ž«–ô« öÐU??I*«Ë «ËbMÃ«Ë b??ÁË ÎU??OzUM?¦?²??Ý« ÎU?? ?½«d??H½u?? U??O½UD¹d?Ð Ÿd? w?½U??²??ÝœdJë wMÞu?ë d9R*« eÄ— U?NMOÐ ÊU W?¾MN²Ã«Ë b?O¹Q²Ã« w q?zUÝdë U¾?Ä f½«dH½uJë r?K²Ý« W?O½UD¹d³Ã« W?ÄuJ(« fOz—Ë öö¹¹ bb ½½ UU ÄÄ ÊÊ uu ???? KK OO ½½ bO? ë rÃUFë w? W¹d(« »ËbMÄ q³??Á sÄ ÎU?O??L?Ý— f½«d??H½uJë `²??²?« U??L? dd????OO KK ÐÐ ww ½½ uu ðð b?O? ë YO?LÝd?ÄU¼ W?IDMÄ kU×?Ä ÊÊUU ¹¹ dd  ÊÊ UU ???? žž b?O ë W?O½UD¹d³Ã« W?ÄuJ(« ‰‰UU LL łł —u²?Âbë sÄ q ÁdC?Š UL ©f½«d?H½uJë bIŽ ÊU?JÄ WIDMÄ® XXLLFF½½ ‚‚ «« ““ dd Ãë« bb ³³ ŽŽ —u²ÂbÃ«Ë UO½U*« sÄ rrOO ¼¼ «« dd ÐÐ «« pp ÝÝ ËË dd ÐÐ ”bMN*«Ë ee ³³ ½½ U??LE?M*«Ë »«e??Šô« sÄ b¹b???Fë uK¦2 d???C??Š U??L?? ¨U??OÃU?D¹« sÄ tt KK Ãë« q¦2Ë ``ÃÃUU ÊÊ UU OO ÐÐ …bO? ë w½U²ÝœdJë wÞ«d?Áu1bë »e(« q¦2 rNMÄË »e?(« q¦2Ë wwšš«« œœ dd ????????ÁÁ bb ????????LL????××????????ÄÄ b??O?? ë w½U??²?Ýœd?Jë wMÞuë œU??%ô« b?Š«Ë Ÿu?³?Ý« ‰ö?šË Ærr²² ????ÝÝ—— ”” UU ????³³ ????ŽŽ b?O? ?ë w½U?²?ÝœdJë wŽu??O?Aë …Ëb½ w? X—U?????ý b????ÁË «Ëb?½ lЗ√ UÄË—Ë√ w? d9R?*« ÊU????' b?????I????Ž WM¹bÄ w ee³³ ½½ ‰‰ UU ????LLłł —u²?ÂbKà ww½½ «« ““ —— UU ÐÐ ‰‰ öö łł b?O ë U?N?LE½ W? ÄU?š WO½U*ô« b?M9—Ëœ WM¹bÄ w «Ëb½ lЗ√ U?N²KðË πØ≤≤ w UO½U?*«ØdÑu½U¼
‡‡≤≤‡‡ ‡‡≤≤‡‡ .UN½UÄ WM¹bÄ wË πØ≤≥ w wwKK ŽŽ ÊÊ «« ËË dd ÄÄ ËË rr ÝÝ UU ÁÁ —— UU ÖÖ ““ —— …œU ë UNLE½ ss¹¹ bb Ãë« ww ×× ????ÄÄ ÊÊ «« ËË dd OO ýý —— uu ????²²  bb Ãë« ËË ·· —— UU ????ŽŽ «« —— «« uu ÝÝ …œU ë U?NLE½ W?O½U*ô« ÍÍ—— uu ÝÝ bb ????ÄÄUU ŠŠ …œU? ë UN?LE½ W¹d ?¹u ë a¹—Ë“ WM¹b?Ä wË πØ≤µ w UN?LE½ WOÃUD?¹ô« u½öOÄ WM¹b?Ä wË πØ≤∑ w —— ËË bb ÁÁ ÍÍ ““ uu —— uu ????²²  bb Ãë« ËË U??L?? πØ≤∏ w ËËbb????????OO ????????ÝÝ ee ????????ŽŽ —— uu ????????²² ????????????ÂÂbbÃë« ËË ww MM ¹¹ —— bb ÃÃuu ????ÐÐ uu Ã×— UU ???????? —u??²??Âbë WM¹b?Ä w ÍœdJë u¹œ«dë w WK?ÐUI?Ä ee????³³ ½½ ‰‰ UU LL ????łł —u?²?Âbë lÄ X¹d?ł√ u¹œ«dë lÄ Èdš√ WKÐU?IÄ X¹dł«Ë ¨—— œœ UU ÁÁ ÊÊ ËË bb ¹¹ dd bO ë U?¼«dł√ du½U¼ Æ qqOO KK šš ˜˜ UU MM ýý uu šš bO ë U¼«dł√ a¹—Ë“Ë w ÍœdJë
…bײ*« 3ô« w ÍœdJë VFAë W¹uCŽ VKÞ .bIð ‰öšË ±π∏≤ ÂUFë w q¹bMÁ ‰U³ł w t?ÖdLAOÄ XM ULMOŠ XO?I?²Ã≈ ÊU?²?Ýœd? ‰ö?I?²?Ý« qł√ sÄ ‰U?CMë sÄ ÎU?ÄU?Ž ¥∞ sÄ d?¦?Â√ `z«d?Aë W?U? sÄË ÊU?²?Ýœd? ¡«e?ł√ W?U? sÄ ÍœdJ?ë VF?Aë ¡UMÐQÐ XN?łuð U??LMO?Š «cà ¨ÊU?²?Ýœd? r?KFà ÎU?Ýb?I?Ä ÎU?³??Š rN¹bà Ê√ b?łË qł√ sÄ U??³?ÝU?M*« q w ÊU??²?Ýœd?? rKŽ l—√ Ê√ —d??Á UÄË—Ë√ vÃ≈ …—U??H? ë ÂU??Ä√ s¹d??N??ý …b* t?²??F??d? ¨Íœd?Jë VF??Aë …b?ŠË X?O?³??¦ð ÂU?Ž ÊU²?Ýœd sÄ Íœd?Jë wM¹ö*« ÕËeMë ‰öš Êb?Mà w WOJ¹d?Ä_« w²Ã« W?¹œdJë d??O??žË W¹œdJ?ë «d9R*« W??U?? w t??²??F??— U??L?? ¨±ππ± vKŽ pÃc?ÂË ¨W?OJ¹d?Ä_«Ë WO?ÄË—Ëô« ‰ËbÃ«Ë UO?³?Oà w U?N?O XÂd?²?ý« rKŽ l— q?ł√ sÄË Æ U?³??ÝUM*« s?Ä r¼d?O??žË …d¹e??'« Êu¹e?H?Kð W?ýU??ý
‡‡≤≥‡‡ ‡‡≤≥‡‡ w?MÞu?ë d9R?*« v?Ã≈ XÄb??????I?ð …b??????×??????²?*« 3_« ¡U?MÐ v?K?Ž ÊU??????²??????Ýœd?????? VVFF????????????????AAÃë« WW ¹¹ uu ????????????????CC????????????ŽŽ vv KK ????ŽŽ ‰‰ uu ????????????BB????????????((«« qq ????łł√√ ss ÄÄ ŸËd???A?0 w½U???²???Ýœd?Jë U???O??B??? ???Aë lO???Á«uð lL???' ÁUM³?ð Ícë …… bb ????????????××????????²² ** «« 33 ôô «« ww ???? ÍÍ œœ dd JJ Ãë« Êü« b?( UMLK?²?Ý« b?ÁË W?I¹b?Bë W?O?³Młô«Ë W?O?½U?²?ÝœdJë »«e?Šô«Ë q sÄË ÊU?²?Ýœd w? tzUÁb?√Ë ÍœdJë VF?Aë sÄ lO?Á«u?²Ã« ·ô¬ WW½½ ËË —— UU ????????????³³ ????Ãë« ËË bb ????????????LL????????????ŠŠ√√ dd ¹¹ cc ????½½ œœ —— uu KK Ãë« ËË ÊÊ uu ????????????²² ????KK OO ¼¼ œœ —— uu ????KK Ãë« q¦???Ä r?ÃU??F?ë ¡U???×½√ uu~~????¹¹ —— √√ —— uu ðð UU MM ???? Ãë« Ë w?½UD?¹d??????³Ã« «œ—u?Kë f?K?−?????Ä ¡U??????C??????Ž√ ff  uu ???????????????????? uCŽ dd½½ UU OO »» uu ÐÐ —— uu ðð UU MM Ãë« Ë UOÃUD¹« w ŒuOAë fK−Ä uCŽ ww MM ¹¹ —— bb ÃÃuu ÐÐ WÃU???Ýdë vK?Ž ‰u??B???(« b¹d¹ s?Ä qJ ÆwJ?¹d??Äô« Œu???O???Aë fK−???Ä qł√ sÄ …b?×?²?*« 3úà ÂU?Fë 5Äô« ÊÊUU MM ŽŽ ww uu  b?O? ë v?Ã≈ W?N?łu*« ∫wÃU?²Ã« Ê«uMFë vKŽ d9R*« XO½d?²½« sÄ UN?²ŽU?³Þ sJ1 ¨UN?OKŽ lOÁu?²Ã« q w w½U²ÝœdJë wMÞuë d9R*« VðUJÄ sÄ Ë√ www.knc.org.uk rOK ð - bÁË ÆUMà UNðœUŽ« vKŽ qLFë UNOKŽ lOÁu²Ã« bFÐË rÃUFë ¡U×½√ …b?×?²*« 3ô« q¦2 v?Ã≈ ÊU?²?Ýœd? nKÄ lÄ lO?Á«u?²?ë sÄ vÃË_« W?F?bë w …b???×??²?*« 3ô« d??I???Ä w pÃ–Ë UU MM ¹¹ UU ½½ ff ¹¹ uu Ãà ww ðð dd ÐÐ b??O?? ë Êb?Mà w w½U?²??ÝœdJë wMÞuë d9R?*« b?Ë q³?Á sÄ ≤∞∞≤ر±Ø≤∂ a¹—U??²Ð ÊbMà d¹bÄ® ÍÍœœUU LL ŽŽ UU ýý UU ÄÄ ‚‚ —— UU ÞÞ —u²ÂbÃ«Ë ööÄÄ œœ «« uu łł d9R*« fOz— sÄ nÃR*« ¡U?? ½ œU??%« w …u??C??Ž® UU ÄÄ uu ¼¼ …b??O? Ã«Ë ©ÎU??IÐU??Ý W?O?½U?L??OK ë W??F?ÄU??ł ©ÊU²Ýœd wÝbMNÄ œU%« fOz—® bbLLŠŠ√√ ÀÀ UU OO žž ”bMN*«Ë ©ÊU²Ýœd »dFë u WŽ«–≈ w ÍœdJë r Ië l¹cÄ® «« bb ¹¹ UU ýý bb LL ×× ÄÄ —u²ÂbÃ«Ë bÁË ¨U¹bOÄ g¹œ—u d¹bÄ ÕÕUU ²² —— «« uu ³³ ¹¹ —— —u²ÂbÃ«Ë ©±πµ∑ ÂUŽ …d¼UIÃUÐ ‡‡≤¥‡‡ ‡‡≤¥‡‡ ww uu  b??O? ?ë vÃ≈ lO??Á«u?²Ã«Ë n?K*« qÝd??O?Ý t½Q?Ð UM¹U½ b??O? ?ë U½d?³??š√ Æ…bײ*« 3úà WOÝUÄuK³¹bë W³OI(« w ≤∞∞≤ر≤Ø≥ Âu¹ ÊÊ UU MM ŽŽ
øWOÁ«dFë WÃËbÃUÐ ÊU²Ýœd »uMł ‚U(≈ - nO ÍÍddMM ¼¼ W??O?J¹d??Äô« W??O???ł—U??)« d¹“Ë U???NMŽ V²??? w²Ã« WKŠd?*« U??Ä√ ‰uK¹« …—uŁ WKŠdÄ b¹b?ײÃUÐ w¼Ë WKŠd*« pKð sÄ ¡e?ł wN dd −− MM OO  »uMł w ww½½ «« ““ —— UU ????????³³ Ãë« vv HH DD BB ????????ÄÄ ö*« Âu??Šd*« …œU??O??IÐ ±π∑µ ‡‡ ±π∂± ÆÊU²Ýœd b??F?Ð ‚«d??Fë W?ÃËbРΫd?? ???Á t??ÁU???(≈ - Ícë ÊU???²??Ýœd??? »uMł Ê≈ «u?Ië 5ÐË W?N?ł sÄ WO?Á«d?FÃ«Ë W?O½UD¹d?³Ã« «u?Ië 5Ð W?OÄ«œ „—U?F?Ä w Õdł Ícë bbOO HH (( «« œœ uu ????LL××ÄÄ aa OO AA Ãë« ÊU²Ýœd pKÄ …œUOIÐ W¹œdJë sJ¹ r?à U?LM?OÐ bMNë v?Ã≈ t?O??H½ - rŁ s?ÄË Î«d?O??Ý√ lÁËË „—U??F*« Èb??Š≈ sÐ qB?O d?O?Ä_« u¼Ë “U?−(« sÄ Î«d?O?Ä« eOK$ù« —U?F?²ÝU? ÎUJKÄ ‚«d?FKà ÆÊU²ÝœdÂË ‚«dFë vKŽ ÎUJKÄ Áu³B½Ë 5 Š n¹dAë U??OK?Á_ W??O??Äu??Ië w?½U??Ä_UÐ ¡U??H?K(« ·d??²??Ž« ±π±∏ ÂU??Ž c?ML?? œ—Ë YOŠ Âö Kà Êu ÃË fOzdë ÃUNMÄ sL{ W?O½UL¦Fë W¹—uÞ«d³Äô« WO½U?L¦Fë W¹—uÞ«d?³Äô« sL{ W?OÂd²Ã« dO?ž UOKÁô« Ê«Ëò ∫wK¹UÄ t?O sŽ Ϋb?OFÐ U?NÃö?I²?Ý« WÝ—U?L* …d?Š WO?IO?IŠ W?d? UNà ÕU?²ð Ê« V−¹ vKŽ 3ô« W???³??B??Ž ‚U??¦??O??Ä sÄ ≤≤ …œU*« X?B½Ë Æåd??OŁQðË q?šbð q U?N??łu?²Ã« Ác¼ Æ廫b?²½ô« ÂU?E½ œU?−¹SÐ ∆œU?³?*« Ác¼ oO?I?% qO??³?Ý ‡‡≤µ‡‡ ‡‡≤µ‡‡ …… bb ¼¼ UU ????FF????ÄÄ U?NMŽ XC? 9 UU ????ýýUU ÄÄ nn ¹¹ dd ????ýý ‰«dM'« wŽU? ??Ä vÃ≈ W?U?{ôUÐ pÃ–Ë ±π≤∞ ÂU??Ž w? w½U??L??¦???Fë ÊUDK ?ë vKŽ X{d??? w²Ã« dd????????çç????OO ????????ÝÝ t??Ž«b??šË tð«—ËU?M0 ‰U??L?? vHD?B??Ä sJÃË ¨W¹œd?? WÃËb?Ð ·«d??²??ŽôUÐ rà w²?ë ±π≤≥ ÂU?Ž Ê«“uà …b?¼U?F?0 d?ç??O??Ý …b¼U??F??Ä ‰«b?³??²??Ý« ŸUD²??Ý« sL?{ qšbð rà qu*« W¹ôË sJÃË ¨W¹œdJë WÃËbë s?Ž ÎU¾?Oý d?Âcð WÃËbë UN²H?BÐ UO½UD¹dÐË UOÂdð 5Ð U{ËUH?Ä vÃ≈ U¼dÄ√ „dðË …b¼UF*« b??O???Ž«Ë pÖ b??FÐ U???{ËU??H*« XK?A?? b??ÁË Æ‚«d??F?ë vKŽ WÐb???²M*« vÃ≈ U??N??²?DŽ√ w²Ã« Èd??š√ …d??Ä 3ô« W???³??B??Ž vÃ≈ qu*« W?¹ôË W??O??C??Á ∫wÃU²Ã« ◊dAÃUÐ ‚«dFë sÄ 5H?þu??Ä 5F?¹ Ê«Ë œdJë ‚u??I???Š —U??³??²???Žô« dEMÐ c???šR¹ Ê√ò w f¹—b?²?Ã«Ë ¡U?C?Ië —u?Ä« n¹d??BðË r¼œöÐ …—«œù W¹œdJë W?O??Äu?Ië ÆåWOLÝ— WGà W¹œdJë WGKë ÊuJð Ê«Ë ”—«b*« vÃ≈ ÂU??L??C½ô« vÃ≈ vF?? ¹ ‚«d??Fë ÊU?? U??ÄbMŽ ±π≥± W?MÝ wË U?GK?ë Êu½U?Á ‚«d?F?ë sÝ t?²?O½ s? ?Š b?O??ÂQð qł√ sÄË 3ô« W?³??B?Ž ‚«dFë ‰u³?ÁË w½UD¹d³Ã« »«b²½ô« ¡UN²?½« bMŽ ±π≥≤ ÂUŽ wË ¨WOK;« wL?Ý— ÊU?OÐ w b¹b?ł sÄ ∆œU?³*« Ác¼ ‚«d?Fë sKŽ√ 3ô« W?³?B?Ž w ÆWOÃËœ WIOŁË d³²Ž«Ë 3ô« W³BŽ vë t1bIð -Ë —u²Ýbë …uÁ tà wDŽ« 5Ð U???L??O??? „d??²???A*« ÊU???O??³?ë WKŠd*« p?Kð U½U???OÐ r¼√ sÄ q?FÃË ‰Ëô« Êu½U?? w Ê«“uà …b?¼U?F??Ä U??{ËU??H??Ä W??O??A?Ž U??O½U?D¹dÐË ‚«d??Fë ∫wK¹ UÄ vKŽ h½ Ícë ±π≤≤
‡‡≤∂‡‡ ‡‡≤∂‡‡ ÊU?d²?Fð ‚«d?Fë W?ÄuJŠË WO½U?D¹d³Ã« WÃö?'« W?³ŠU? W?ÄuJŠ Ê« oo((«« rr NN ÃÃËË W?O?Á«d?Fë œËb??(« qš«œ W?A¹U?F*« ‚u?I?Š œdJ?Kà ÊQÐ Ê«d?IðË Ê« ÊU²ÄuJ(« qÄRðË ÆœËb(« Ác¼ qš«œ WW ¹¹ œœ dd  WW ÄÄ uu JJ ŠŠ ff OO ÝÝ QQ ðð ww qJý vK?Ž U?NM?OÐ U?Ä w ‚U??Hð« vë W??OMF*« W?¹œdJë ·«dÞô« qu??²ð 55ÐÐ ËË bb MM ÄÄ «« uu KK ÝÝ dd ¹¹ Ê«Ë UN?Oë b²9 Ê« Êu³žd¹ w²Ã« œËb?(«Ë WÄuJ(« Ác¼ ll ÄÄ WW ????OO ????ÝÝUU ????OO ???? Ãë« ËË WW ¹¹ œœ UU ????BB????²² ????ÁÁ ôô «« rr NN ðð UU ????ÁÁ öö ????ŽŽ WW ????AA????ÁÁ UU MM ** œœ «« bb ????GGÐÐ vv Ãë« 55 {{ uu ????HH????ÄÄ Ê√ U?L ÆåWW????OO ????ÁÁ «« dd ????FFÃë« WW ????ÄÄuuJJ((«« ËË WW ????OO ½½ UU DD ????¹¹ dd ????³³ Ãë« WW ÃÃöö ????''«« VV ŠŠ UU ???? WW ????ÄÄuuJJŠŠ –≈ ¨…d?O?³? W?O?Žu½ …e?H?Á ÊU? ±πµ∏ ÂU?Ž w? W?O?Á«d?Fë W¹—u?N?L?'« ÂU?O?Á »»dd????????????FFÃë« ò ∫wK?¹ U???Ä vK?Ž wÁ«d????Fë —u???²????Ýbë sÄ W????¦ÃU????¦Ã« …œU*« X?B½ UÄ qJÐ WÃËbë w¼ WIO?I(UÐ W«dAÃ«Ë Æåss ÞÞ uu Ãë« ww ¡¡ UU  dd ýý œœ «« dd  ôô «« ËË a ? r²O? ¡UÂd?Aë W?×KBÄ d?u²ð rà «–≈ t½_ ¨v?MFÄ sÄ W?LKJë w W?O? ¹—U??²Ã« W?I?OŁuë U?Ä√ Æt?{—√ v?KŽ Ϋd?Š `³?B¹ p¹d?ý q?ÂË W?«d?Aë ‰uK¹« …—u?¦Ã …dO?³Jë «“U$ô« sÄ d?³²?F¹ ±π∑∞ —«–¬ ±± ÊUO?³Ð WËd?F*« ÆqJ ͜dJë VFAÃ«Ë X×?³?√Ë U?N?²?L?O?Á b?I? U½U?O?³Ã«Ë «b¼U?F*« Ác¼ q Ê√ ô≈ WÄuJ(« UN?²³Jð—« w²Ã« WOŽU?L'« …œUÐô« UOKLŽ b?FÐ ‚—Ë vKŽ Ϋd³Š t?−?³KŠ W?M¹b?Ä nB?Á U?N?²?Äb??I?Ä wË ÍœdJë VF?Aë o×?Ð W?O?Á«d?Fë V¼– w²Ã« ‰U?H½ô« U?OKL?ŽË ±π∏∏Ø≥ر∂ w wzU?O?L?OJë Õö? ÃUРƱπ∏∏ n¹dš w Íœd nÃ√ ±∏≤ sÄ d¦Â√ UN²O×{ fO?ÝQð u?¼Ë tÐ ÊU?²?Ýœd? ‚U??(≈ ◊d?AÐ n¹ rà ‚«d?F?ÃU? pÃcÐË
‡‡≤∑‡‡ ‡‡≤∑‡‡ ‚«dFë Ê≈ qÐ ÍœdJë VF?AKà WOÄuIë ‚u?I(« «d²Š«Ë W¹œd? WÄuJŠ o×?Ð W????O????ŽU????L?????'« …œUÐù« rz«d?????ł jOD? ðË r?KŽ o?ÐU????Ý sŽ V?Jð—« rJŠ w o(« ÎU?O½U? ½«Ë ÎUO½u½U?Á ‚«d?Fë d ?š pÃcÐË ÍœdJë VF?Aë b?I?? W¹œdJë W??Äô« U?FK?Dð b?{ Áb??ŠË ‚«d?Fë p¹ r?ÃË ÆÊU?²??Ýœd? «c¼ t???H??Áu?0 t??—U???Að Xë“U???ÄË Ê«d¹«Ë W?¹—u??ÝË U???O??Âd?ð sÄ q X½U??? X½U?? b???I?? ¨W??O½«d¹ô« ‡?‡ W??O??Á«d??F?ë »d??(« ‰ö??š v²??Š ¨t???L??ŽbðË ÆÆÆW¹œdJ?ë U??LEM*« U??Âd??% ‰u???Š U??ÄuKF*« ÊôœU??³??²?ð ÊU??²ÃËbë w iF³Ã« UNCFÐ nÃU ð ÊU²Ýœd sÄ ¡«eł√ q²% w²Ã« ‰Ëbë ÁcN VF?AK?à ÕU?L? ë Âb?Ž u¼Ë b??Š«Ë ¡wý vKŽ oH?²ð U??N½« ô≈ ¡wý q d?O?¦Jë Ê√ tà nÝR*« sÄË Æw?Äu?Á oŠ Í√ vKŽ ‰u?B?(« w ÍœdJë ÍœdJë VFA?Kà W¹œUF*« UN?łu²Ã« Ác¼ rŽbð ÎU?C¹√ …—ËU:« ‰Ëbë sÄ ¨t½UOÂË t?²ÃËœ tà ÊuJð ÊQÐ rÃUFë «c¼ w ŸËdA*« t?I×Ð VÃUD¹ Ícë q¼ Â√ øW?O ?½d dz«e?'« XO?IÐ qN? ¨bO?ÂQ?²ÃUÐ t?OKŽ qB?×O?Ý ÍcÃ«Ë øWO½UD¹dÐ …dLF² Ä WOJ¹dÄô« …bײ*« U¹ôuë XOIÐ
W¹œdJë ·dAë WŠuà 5Ð ¡U????d???Aë s?Ä d???O???¦J?ë „UM¼ ÊQ?Ð Áu½√ Ê√ ô≈ UM?¼ wMF???? ¹ ôË WKI??²? *« W?¹œdJë WÃËbë W??ÄU?Á≈ w sÄR¹ s?Ä ”d?HÃ«Ë „«dð_«Ë »d??Fë ‰uI¹ Ícë ww «« cc ????II????Ãë« dd ????LL????FF????????ÄÄ bb ????OO ????II????????FFÃë« ww ³³ ????OO KK Ãë« rr ????OO ????ŽŽeeÃë« rN?²??Äb?I?Ä wË ÂU???F?ë wË årN????²ÃËœ «u???L????O???I?¹ œ«d???Âô« «u???Žœò ∫Êd????Á lЗ sÄ d????¦???Â_
‡‡≤∏‡‡ ‡‡≤∏‡‡ rK?Ž tà XÄb???ÁË d??L???F??Ä Œ_« w?³??OK?ë rO??Že?ë XO???I??²Ã≈ U???LMO???Š±ππ∑ œ«b??GÐ —«“ U???LMO??Š t?½QÐ w½d??³??š√ ¨W???Á«b??BKà ÎU½u?Ðd??Ž W¹b¼ ÊU???²??Ýœd?? U?Ä rNMÄ rKF?²?ÝU? —u²?HÐ 5 ?Š «b?Ë dJ³Ã« s ?Š b?LŠ√ t?K³I?²?Ý« W?Áö??Ž tà Ícë w½«“—U?³?ë tðb?ŽU? * œu??F¹ V³? ë Ê√ t?à «uÃU?I? W?ÃQ? *« rNÁuIŠ œdJë «uDFð rà ∫dLFÄ Œô« rNà ‰UI ¨qOz«dÝ≈Ë ÊUJ¹dÄôUÐ wÂd?²Ã« ÂUE?Më `MÄ b?IÃË Æ°°…b?−M?ë «u?³KD¹ ô Ê√ rN½Ëb¹dðË r?¼uK²?IðË WW¹¹ dd ????((«« ee ÄÄ —— vÃ≈ U?O?Âdð w vÃËô« …ezU?'« d?³?²?F?ð w²Ã« å„—uðUð«ò …ezU?ł i— ö¹b?½U??Ä b??O?? ë Ê√ ô≈ ¨öö ¹¹ bb ½½ UU ????????????ÄÄ ÊÊ uu ???????? KK OO ????½½ bb ????????OO ???????? Ãë« rr ÃÃUU ????????????FFÃë« ww ÊU ½ô« ‚uIŠË ÍœdJë VFAë œUND{« V³ Ð pÃ–Ë „—uðUð« …ezUł Ícë ww−−JJ OO ÐÐ qq OO ŽŽ UU ????LLÝÝ«« —— uu ²²  bb Ãë« wÂd²Ã« rÃUFë Ê√ U?L ÆUOÂdð w t?H??Áu?Ä V³? Ð W??O?Âd?²Ã« Êu??−? ë w tðU??O?Š sÄ WK¹uÞ «uM?Ý vC?Á Ê√Ë pÃcÂË åWOÃËœ …dL?F² Ä ÊU²ÝœdÂò ∫‡Ð ÊuMF*« tÐU?²ÂË wMÄUC²Ã« t²?ÃUIÄ w ‰u?I¹ Ícë ÊÊUU ????³³ FF ????ýý 55 ????((«« bb ????³³ ŽŽ —— uu ????²² ????ÂÂbbÃë« ww ÐÐ dd ????FFÃë« dd JJ HH ** «« wwÄÄuu????????????IIÃë« œœ UU ????????????%%ôô«« ‰‰ UU ????????ŠŠ ÊÊ UU ???????????? Ãà UU ¹¹ bb ????????????OO ????????ÄÄ …… bb ¹¹ dd ????????????łł w …—u???AM*« …d??O???N??Aë WÃËbÃU?Ð sÄR¹ ô Ícë ÍœdJ?ëò ∫wK¹ U??Ä ww½½ UU ????????²² ????????????ÝÝœœddJJÃë« ww ÞÞ «« dd ????????????II11 bb Ãë« qq{{UU MM ** «« WK?ÐU????I????ÄË åq²???? ????Ä ÊU???? ½« t?½« Ë√ ÍœdJ?Ð fOà u?¼ W¹œd?Jë W??OzU?C??Hë …… dd ¹¹ ee ????''«« Êu¹e??HKð W?ýU??ý vKŽ ÍÍ —— uu ????????³³ ????''«« ÊÊ UU ????????FF????AA????????ÄÄ ww ÁÁ «« dd ????????FFÃë« oŠ w 5¼«d?³Ã«Ë WÃœôUÐ b?Â√ YO?Š tà d?³MÄ ô sÄ q d?³MÄ W?¾¹d?'« b??{ X ?Oà U??N½_ W¹œd?Jë WÃËbë lÄ U½√ ∫WÃËb?ë w ÍœdJë VF??Aë t²ÃUI0 ÍÍbb????NN** «« bb LL ????××????ÄÄ —— uu ²² ????ÂÂbbÃë« ww ÁÁ «« dd ????FFÃë« ww ÄÄ öö ÝÝ ôô «« rr ÃÃUU ????FFÃë« Ë å»dFë ––UU ²² ÝÝ ôô «« U¼—b?B¹ ÊU w²Ã« b¹b?'« —UO?²Ã« …b¹d?ł w …—uAM*« …d?ON?Aë ‡‡≤π‡‡ ‡‡≤π‡‡ w²Ã«Ë w?{U*« Êd??Ië sÄ UM?O½U??L??¦Ã« w Êb?Mà w wwKK ŽŽ Ãà dd ???????? ww ÄÄ UU ????????ÝÝ wwÄÄöö????ÝÝôô«« rr ????ÃÃUU ????FFÃë«Ë åÈu??Á√ ‚«d??Ž d??G??√ ‚«d?Žò ∫Ê«u?MŽ X% X½U?? tKzU??Ý—Ë tðôU??I?Ä w b??Â√ Ícë ÍÍ ËË UU MM AA ????Ãë« ww LL ????????NN???? —— uu ????????²² ????????ÂÂbbÃë« ÍÍ dd ????????BB** «« t²?ÃUÝ— U¼«bŠ≈ X?½UÂË ¨ÎUO?ÄöÝ« t?ÁUI?Š≈ Vł«ËË ÍœdJë o(« vKŽ ±ππ± ÂU??Ž Êb?Mà w b??I???FM*« w?½U??¦Ã« w½U???²??ÝœdJ?ë wMÞuë d?9R*« vÃ≈ WÃUIÄ Ê√ UL? åW¹œd …bŠË ÊËbÐ WOÄöÝ« …bŠË ô Ê√ò ∫U?NO ‰uI¹Ë w W?OÐdFë ‰Ëbë W?F?ÄU' ÂU?Ž 5Ä√ ‰Ë√ «« ee ŽŽ ss ????LLŠŠddÃë« bb ????³³ ŽŽ –U²Ýô« U??N??O??? ¡U??ł YO??Š ¨±π¥≥ ÂU??Ž ‰Ëô« s¹d???Að œb??Ž å‰ö??Nëò W?K−??Ä vKŽ lÝu?²Ã« vÃ≈ t?łu?²ð ô Ê√ V−¹ ‚«d?Fë w½U?Ä√Ë ‰U?Ĭ Ê≈ò ∫wK¹U?Ä w U??N?«b?¼√ oO?I??% b?F?Ð ¨W?OÐd??Fë W??ÄôUÐ Èd?Š_«Ë ¨œd?Jë »U? ??Š Ë√ UN?OÃ≈ ÂULC½ô« 5Ð —U?O²šô« W¹d?Š œdJKà „d²ð Ê√ ¨…b?ŠuÃ«Ë W¹d(« «d?²??Š« V−?O? ‰ö?I??²?Ýô« «uKC? ÊS?? ¨U?N?OKŽ ‰ö??I?²?Ýô« qO??C?Hð sÄ r¼d??O??žË ÆåWEO??H?(«Ë ÊPM?AKà ÎU??¦?F??³?Ä p?Ö ÊuJ¹ ô Ê√Ë rN??²?³??ž— ÆÆƉUDÐ_« ¡UdAë
W¹œdJë WÃËbë «—u?Ł ÊU????????²????????Ýœd???????? w? X?F?Ãb?½« ·Ëd?Eë Ác?¼ r?C????????š w?Ë 5O? ¹—Uð …œUÁ d?NþË ÊU?²Ýœd? ‰ö?I²?Ý« qł√ sÄ …d?O¦? U?{UH?²½«Ë u¼Ë Í—uDÝô« bzU?Ië ww½½ «« ““ —— UU ????³³ Ãë« vv ????HHDDBB????ÄÄ ö??Ä ÊUM'« sÂU??Ý ‰U?¦??Ä√ VF?AKà WO? ¹—U?²Ã«Ë WI?¹dFë W?OJO?ÝöJë W¹œdJë «œU?OIë sÄ b?Š«Ë
‡‡≥∞‡‡ ‡‡≥∞‡‡ W¹œd?Jë W????Ä_« ¡U?????LEŽ V?½U????ł vÃ≈ b?????Š«Ë n w n?I¹Ë Íœd?Jë ±∏≤∂ Ê«—uÝ …—U?Ä≈ w ÍÍ““ bb ½½ «« ËË dd Ãë« bb ????LL××????ÄÄ d?OÄ_« …—uŁ q¦?Ä rNð«—uŁË aO??Aë …—uŁË ±∏¥≤ ÂU??Ž ÊU?ðuÐ …—U??Ä≈ w d??O??³Jë ÊU??š—bÐ d??O??Ä_« …—uŁ bbOO HH (( «« œœ uu LL ×× ÄÄ aOAë …—uŁ ±π∏± ÂUŽ Í—UJ¼ w ÍÍddNNMM Ãë« tt KK Ãë« bb OO ³³ ŽŽ ‡‡ ±π±π ÂU??Fë w? W??O½U??L??OK ë w? ÊU??²??Ýœd?? WJK2 sŽ s?KŽ√ Ícë …—uŁË ±π≤µ ÂU?Fë w? dJЗU¹œ w ÊÊ«« dd ????OO ????ÄÄ bb ????OO ????????FF????ÝÝ aO?Aë …—uŁË ±π≤¥ W¹œd? W??ÄuJŠ fO?ÝQð s?Ž sKŽ√ Ícë UU ????ýýUU ÐÐ ÍÍ —— uu ????½½ ÊÊ UU ???? ????ŠŠ«« ‰«dM'« „„UU JJ ýý qq OO ????????ŽŽUU ????LL????????ÝÝ«« …—uŁË ±π≥∞ ‡‡ ±π≤∑ ÂU??Fë w «—«—¬ ‰U?³??ł w w rOÝ—œ w UU ????{{—— bb ????OO ????ÝÝ …—uŁË ±π≥∞ w W?O?Ä—Ë« w? ©U?ž¬ uJL?Ý® W¹—u?N??L?ł fOz— bb????LL????××????????ÄÄ ww {{ UU ????IIÃë« ¡«b?N?A?ë b?O?ÝË ±π≥𠇇 ±π≥∑ w œUÐUN?Ä w ÊU²?Ýœd W¹—uN?Lł fO?ÝQð sŽ sKŽ√ Ícë ÊU²?Ýœd ‰U?CMë W??Ý—b?Ä fÝR?Ä V½U??ł vÃ≈ pÃc?ÂË ÆÆr¼d?O??žË±π¥∂ ÂU?Fë œœöö????????????łł dd ????????OO ????????????ÄÄôô«« ËË ±± ππ ππ ≥≥ ‡‡ ‡‡ ±± ππ ∞∞ µµ ÍÍ dd ????????????³³ ???????? ÊÊ UU ????????????LL????????¦¦ ????????????ŽŽ uu ÄÄ ¬¬ wÝU??O?? ë l{«Ë ee????³³ ½½ ‰‰ UU LL ????łł —— uu ²² ????ÂÂbbÃë« Ë W¹œdJë W¹b−Ð_« l{«Ë ±± ππ µµ ±± ÊÊ UU šš —— bb ÐÐ Ær¼d???O??žË ÊU??Äe?ë «c¼ w wH??? KHë Á—U?Þ« w ÍœdJë w?Äu??Ië d?JHë W?ÄUÁ≈ rN?b¼ ÊU ͜dJë a¹—U?²Ã« ‰uÞ vKŽ tðœU?ÁË ÍœdJë VFAÃU? ÆW¹œdJë WÃËbë q³??Á s?Ä Âu??Oë vÃ≈ W??Žu???d??Ä ÊU??²??Ýœd??? ‰ö??I??²??Ý« W¹«— X?O??IÐË ©© pp ¹¹ ˛˛ UU ®® W?LE?MÄË ±π¥∂ ÂU?Ž ©©„„ÆÆ˛˛®® W?LEMÄ w? —«d?Šô« 5OMÞuë ww½½ UU ????????²² ????ÝÝœœddJJÃë« ww MM ????ÞÞuuÃë« dd 99 RR ** «« Ë ±π∑∂ ÂU??Ž „„uu????ÝÝUU ÄÄ »e??Š ±πµπ ÂU?Ž
‡‡≥±‡‡ ‡‡≥±‡‡ qł√ s?Ä q{U?M¹ Âu????O?ë vÃ≈ ‰«e?¹ U????ÄË ±π∏µ ÂU????Fë w? fÝQ?ð Ícë pÃc????ÂË ÍœdJë l?L???²????:« w wM?Þuë —d???×????²Ã« …dJ? W¹u????IðË lO????Ýuð wÃËbë l?L??²??:« W??³ÃU?DÄË rÃU??Fë ¡U???×½√ q w wÝU???ÄuK³¹bë ‰U???CMë ¨…b??×??²*« 3ô« ·«d??ý≈ X?% ÍœdJë VF??AK?à ÂU??Ž ¡U??²??H??²??Ý« ¡«d??łSÐ 3ô« w ÍœdJë VFAë q¦LOà ÎU¹œd? «uK³I¹ ÊQÐ …bײ*« 3ô« W³ÃUDÄË ÆVÁ«dÄ uCF …bײ*«
ÊU²Ýœd —ULF²Ý« bÄ√ WÃUÞ≈ qł√ sÄ …dOš√ WÃËU×Ä WO?{U*« WM ë 5 L)« ‰öš W?¹œdJë W¹—dײë WÂd?(« XÐU√ W?O?U?IŁ ‚u?I?×Ð VÃUDð w²Ã« W¹œdJ?ë »«eŠô« i?FÐ —u?NEÐ W?ÝUJ²½« VF?AK?à W?Oë—b?O?HÃU?Ð Ë√ wð«cë rJ(UÐ Ë√ W¹e??Âd?ÄöÃUÐ Ë√ W?O?ŽU??L?²?ł«Ë d??N?ý√ Èb??Š≈ U?O??Ñö??Ýu?žu¹ WÃËb?? ¨Êu??³KD¹ W??Oë—b?O?? ÍQ?? ¨ÍœdJë qþ w ¡U¹d?Ðô« 5¹ö?Ä q²??I?Ä b??N?ý tK r?ÃU?FÃ«Ë ¨W??Oë—b?O??Hë ‰Ëbë oO??³D²Ð ÎU??C¹√ WÞËd??A??Ä Ác¼ ‚u??I??(« U?²?? Ê√ U??L? ÆÆÆW??Oë—b??O??Hë Ê√ rKF?ë lÄ ¨ÊU??²???Ýœd?? q²???% w²Ã« ‰Ëb?ë r«u??Ž w W???OÞ«d???Áu1bë ‰Ëbë ‰u??×?²ð Ê√ sJ1 ô U??L? »u??F?Aë ‚u??I?Š `?M9 ô W?OÞ«d??Áu1bë ÷d? vKŽË Îö¦?Ä U?O½UD¹d³? W?OÞ«dÁu1œ ‰Ëœ vÃ≈ ÊU?²?Ýœd q²?% w²Ã« UO½UD¹dÐ w ÍbMÃd¹ô« V?FAë ‰öI²?Ý« s¹Q pÖ oI%Ë WÃU×?²Ýô« qł√ sÄ W O?Ýœ ÈuÝ X Oà Ác¼ ‚uI(« U²? Ê≈ ÆÆÆWOÞ«dÁu1bë tI?ŠË ÍœdJë VFAë dO?B0 VŽö²Ã«Ë ÊU?²Ýœd —U?LF²?Ý« bÄ√ WÃUÞ≈ ƉöI²Ýô« w ŸËdA*« ‡‡≥≤‡‡ ‡‡≥≤‡‡ WO−Oð«d²Ýô« UÐU (« sÄ ÈuÁ√ ÊU w½«“—U³Ã« ÂUNÃ≈ ssÄÄ …… bb ????×ײ² ** «« UU ¹¹ ôô uu Ãë« …… bb ????ŽŽUU ????ÄÄ bb ÃÃUU )) «« ww ½½ «« ““ —— UU ????³³ Ãë« VKÞ bÁË «c¼ Èd??³Jë Èu??Ië sÄ p?Ö VKD¹ ÊU??ÂË ¨ÊÊ UU ????????²² ????????ÝÝœœdd???????? ‰‰ öö ????????????II????????²² ????????ÝÝ«« qq łł √√ »e?×Kà ÎU? ?Oz— ÊU? Ê≈Ë ¨tà W?d?Hë X×MÝ U?LK? rÃU?Fë w …c?HM²*« Ê√ ô≈ jI wð«cë rJ(UÐ VÃUD¹ ÊU Ícë w½U?²ÝœdJë wÞ«dÁu1bë ÎU??L?O??Ž“ Ë√ w½U??²??ÝœdJë wÞ«d??I1bë »e??×Kà ÎU?? ?O?z— sJ¹ rà w½«“—U??³Ã« ÎU?O?Äu??Á ΫbzU?Á ÊU? qÐ V? ?×? ÊU?²??Ýœd? »uMł w ÍœdJë V?F?AKà ¨W¹œdJë W?Ä_« dO?L?{ sŽ d?³F¹ ÊU? w½«“—U?³ÃU ¨U?NK W¹œdJë W?Äúà ÊU?²Ýœd? ‚d?ý w ±π¥∂ ÂU?Ž ÊU²?Ýœd? W¹—uN?L?ł ¡UMÐ w „d?²ýU? UNÃuÞ√Ë UNL¼√ ÊUÂË ¨ÊU²Ýœd wÐuMł w W¹œd «—uŁ …bŽ œUÁ UL U?L?Ž ÎU?ÄËœ d?³?Fð W?O?Äu?Ië tðU?Ý—U2 X½U? b?ÁË ¨±π∂± ‰uK¹« …—uŁ Ϋd?L?Ž u¼Ë ÊÊUU ????šš—— bb ÐÐ ÊÊ «« dd ????OO ????ÄÄUU ???? dd ????OO ????ÄÄ__«« ÊU? b?Ià ∫‰U?¦*« qO?³?Ý vKF? tKš«bÐ …—u??¦Ã« q?O??¦9 w t???HKš ¨‰uK?¹« …—u??¦Ã q¦?2 ‰Ë√ ÊU??²??Ýœd?? ‰U???L??ý sÄ ÊU? UL? ¨ÊU²?Ýœd wÐd?ž sÄ u¼Ë wwKK ½½ «« ËË nn ¹¹ dd ýý XX ????LLBBŽŽ —— uu ????²²  bb Ãë« u¼Ë ww ½½ UU ¹¹ dd  uu ÄÄ —— «« ˛˛ ‡‡ ¼¼ dd ŽŽ UU AA Ãë« »d?I*« t³ðU?ÂË bÃU?)« w½«“—U?³Ã« dÝ -U? ¨ÊU??²?Ýœd?? »uMł w? X½U? ‰u?K¹« …—uŁ Ê√ lÄ ÊU??²?Ýœd?? ‚d??ý sÄ U¼b???FÐË ±π∑≤ ÂU??Ž w? bÃU??)« w?½«“—U??³Ã« XO???I??²?Ã≈ U??LMO???Š w½≈ U???L?? ±π∏≤ «u?Ž_« w? pÃc?ÂË ±π∑≥ ÂU?Ž w? w½«“—U?³Ã« f¹—œ« Âu??Šd*UÐ wÐd????ž s?Ä w½√ lÄ Èu????²???? *« w?ÃU???F?ë rN????L????N???H????²Ð X?OE?Š ±π∏¥ ‡‡
‡‡≥≥‡‡ ‡‡≥≥‡‡ X—UýË ÍdOJHð w ÎU?O½U²Ýœd ‰«“√ ôË ÎULz«œ XM Ê≈Ë ¨ÊU?²Ýœd ÆÆÆÊU²Ýœd ¡«eł« WU w W¹œdJë W¹—dײë WÂd(« w ÎUOKLŽ
ÊU²Ýœd ÍdLF² 0 WI¦Ã« W¹UN½ ssŽŽ ««ÎÎÎÎ dd ????????³³ ????FF????????ÄÄËË UUÎÎÎÎ ¹¹ œœ dd ???? UUÎÎÎÎ ????????OO ????ÄÄuu????????ÁÁ ««ÎÎÎÎ bb zz UU ????ÁÁ ww ½½ «« ““ —— UU ????????³³ Ãë« ÊU? b??Ià W??I?O?I??(UÐ w œ—Ë U???L??? j³???C?ÃUРƉ‰ öö ????????????II????????????²² ????????????ÝÝôô«« ww ÍÍ œœ dd ????JJÃë« VV FF ????????????AA????Ãë« ww ½½ UU ????????????ÄÄ√√ ÊQÐ oÐU??? ë W???OJ¹d??Ä_« W???O??ł—U???)« d¹“Ë dd????????−−MM ????????????OO ???????? ÍÍ dd MM ¼¼ «d??Âc??Ä WÃËœ WÄU?Á« rŽœ WOJ¹dÄô« W?ÄuJ(« sÄ VKÞ bÁ ÊU bÃU?)« w½«“—U³Ã« ‰ö???I??²???Ý« oO???I??% Âb???Ž Ê≈Ë ©≥∏ W???×??H???Bë dE?½«® WKI???²?? ???Ä W¹œd??? VF???Aë Ë√ bÃU???)« w½«“—U???³Ã« s?Ä Î«d??O???B???Ið ÎU???FDÁ sJ?¹ rà ÊU???²??Ýœd??? »d?(« X½U? W?U?šË pÖ ÊËœ XÃU?Š W?OÃËb?ë ·ËdEë U/≈Ë ÍœdJë W?³?N?²KÄ X×?³?√ bÁ …b?×?²*« U¹ôuÃ«Ë w²?O?u? ë œU?%ô« 5Ð …œ—U?³Ã« dz«e??'«Ë ÂUM²??O??Hë sÄ …b??²?L*« –u??HMë o?ÞUMÄ rÝU??Ið qł√ sÄ U??L??NMOÐ ÆÆÆU¼dOžË UÐuÂË uG½uJÃ«Ë 5D KË `LD¹ w?½«“—U?³Ã« ÊU? U??Ä oO?I?% ÊËœ ‰u??×¹ Ê√ ÎU?C¹√ —b??Ië ¡U?ýË Êu JO½ œ—U?A²¹— wJ¹dÄ_« fOzdë WÄuJŠ —U?ON½SÐ pÃ–Ë tIO?I% vÃ≈ œ—U??A?²¹— w?J¹d?Ä_« fO?zdÃ«Ë ¨©XO??łdðËË® W?×??O??C? dŁ≈ ±π∑¥ ÂU??Ž wJ¹d???Ä« fOz— Í√ s?Ä d??¦??Â√ Íœd?Jë nK*U?Ð ÎU??L???²??N??Ä ÊU??? Êu?? ?JO½ ÆoÐUÝ wIKð dd????????????????−−MM ????????????????OO ???????????? ÍÍ dd ????MM ¼¼ b????O??? ë «d????Âc????Ä Ê√ `{«uë s?Ä t½≈ ‡‡≥¥‡‡ ‡‡≥¥‡‡ U???NðU???Áö??ŽË ‰u?K¹« …—uŁ w n?Á«u*«Ë U¹«Ëe?ë sÄ d???O??¦J?ë vKŽ ¡«u???{_« ÊU? Ê≈Ë Îôu?N?−?Ä UN?MÄ Î«d?O³? ÎU?L? ?Á ‰«e¹U?Ä w²Ã«Ë W?O?L?OKÁô«Ë W?OÃËbë WdFÄ ô≈ U?MOKŽ UÄË ¨‰uK¹« …—uŁ —UON½« sŽ 5ÃËR *« bŠ√ u¼ d?−M O W?I?¦Ã« l{Ë Âb?ŽË …d?O?³Jë WÐd?−?²Ã« Ác¼ sÄ …œU?H?²Ýû?à UN?³½«u?ł W?U? tà —u??H??G*« rK?Š oO??I??% sJ1 pÃcÐË Îö??³??I??²?? ??Ä UMà r ??²??³¹ s?Ä qJÐ ‰ö??I??²??Ý« oI??×½ wJK ¨ÊU??²??Ýœd?? ‰ö??I??²??Ý« w bÃU??)« w½«“—U??³Ã« UM ?¹—Uð w …u??IÃ«Ë n?F??Cë ◊U??IMÐ ÎU??L?KŽ jO??×½ Ê√ V?−¹ ÊU??²??Ýœd?? œËe?²Ã« o¹dÞ sŽ j?I? U?N?I?O?I?% r²¹ W¹œdJë WÃËb?ë Ê«Ë U?L? ¨UMð«—uŁË ¨W??O???Ž«ËË W??BK? ??ÄË W??¾?¹d??ł W??O???Äu??Á —œ«uJ?ÐË W??d??F?*«Ë rKFë Õö??? Ð ÆUN? H½ ÊU?²Ýœd? WdF?Ä ‰öš sÄ d1 Ícë ÊU?²ÝœdJà ’ö?šùU WÃQ?? ??Ä w¼ qÐ ¨wÝU??O??Ý ÁU??&« Ë√ »e??Š b??{ Ë√ lÄ X ??Oà WÃQ?? *U?? VF?A?ë vKŽ V−¹ t?OK?ŽË ÆtÃö?I?²??Ý« vKŽ qB?×¹ Ê√ V−?¹ VF?ý U?LN?Ä ÊU²?Ýœd Íd?LF?² 0 W?I¦?ë ÂbŽË t? H½ vKŽ œU?L²?Žô« ÍœdJë Æ·ËdEë X½U ≤∞∞≥رر ÊbMà öö‡‡ ÄÄ œœ «« uu ‡‡ łł ww½½ UU ²² ÝÝ œœ dd JJ Ãë« ww MM ÞÞ uu Ãë« dd 99 RR ** «« ff OO zz ——
‡‡≥µ‡‡ ‡‡≥µ‡‡ d−M O ÍeM¼ ZÄU½d³Ã« ‰u« pÖ w .UJ¹dÄ« ¡UÁbô r ²³ð WNÃü« sJð rà lOЗ w±π∑µ ‰uGë vë WOMOBë bMNë VF?ý sŽ tO ”d$uJë vK ð Ícë XÁuë œ«b??GÐ ÂU?E½ t??łuÐ ŸU???œ ÊËœ ‚«d??Fë œd?? ʫd?¹« ÁU??ý „dð ¨wŽu???O??Aë «b???? W????ÝUzd?Ð ¨wL????Ý— qJ?AÐ sJ?¹ rà X?Áuë pÖ w? ¨·dD?²*« .5 Š ÊU?? Ê≈Ë ¨±π∑≤ cM?Ä œdJë b???ŽU??? ð …b??×???²*« U?¹ôuë X½U??? .W??O?MO??Bë bM?Në w U¼U?MÃcÐ w²?ë œu??N??'« lÄ W?½—U??I*UÐ ÎU???N??Uð UM?Kšbð vKŽ ‡‡ ◊u??I?? ë sÄ W??OMO??Bë b?MNë –U??I½« sJ1 ÊU?? 5Š w? sJÃË ÊU s¹cë UMzUHK( …b?ŽU *« lOÝuð ‰öš sÄ ‡‡ ‰öš qÁô«±π∑µ W?N?³?ł `²? vë ÃU?²?×¹ ÊU? œdJë –U?I½« ÊS? ¨U?N?O q?ÄUJë o(« rNà V−¹ ÊU? .W??O?²??O?Ñu?? ë œËb?(« vK?Ž W?³¹d??Á …d?ŽË ‰U??³?ł w …b¹b??ł U?NÐ s?NJ²Ã« sJ1ô ZzU??²MÐË tÐ ÊU?N??²? ¹ô r−?×?Ð wMKŽ b?N??Fð ¡UDŽ« WOÐdGë ‡‡ WO?ÁdAë U?ÁöF?Ã«Ë pJH²ð W?OMOBë bMNë X½U? 5Š w .œËb???? ???Ä o¹d?Þ w W????H???Á«Ë jÝËô« ‚d????Aë U????{ËU???H????ÄË nF????Cð
‡‡≥∂‡‡ ‡‡≥∂‡‡ Âu??−¼ ÊU?? 5Š w ¨åW??OzUDž W??OK?L?Žò U??N½Ëb?¹d¹ «u½U?? rN??F?O??L??łË .qO³Ië «c¼ sÄ ÂuNHÄ Í« vKŽ ”d$uJë ¨œdJë d???O??B???Ä `³??« WK?OKÁ d???N??ý« ‰ö??š t?½S?? ‰U??Š q? vKŽ Êu??LDK?O? ¨W??O?½U½_« UMO??F??³?? ë «uM? à UE×Kë p?Kð sÄ …b??Š«Ë . UMO²? ë w rNÐU²½« Ícë d?O³Jë ‰ƒUH?²Ã« pÖ sŽ ΫdOHJð rN? H½√ œdJë …b??ŽU? ??Ä w U¼—Ëbà Êu? ?JO½ …—«œ« XL?łU?¼ ”d?$uJë ÊU??−K ÁU????Aë l?MÄ Âb????Ž w? œ—u???? …—«œ≈ pÃc????ÂË w?ð«cë r?J(« oO?????I????% w s* ‚dDë ÈbŠ« Ác¼ X½U .œdJë lÄ W?Âd²?A*« œu?N'« sŽ wK ?²Ã« ”d?$uJë vKŽ W?F?³?²Ã« ¡U?IÃ≈ U?NÐ ÊuÃËU?×¹ w²Ã« W?OÃËR? *« lÁu?Ä w r¼ .r¼dzUL{ WzbNð qł√ sÄ WOMOBë bMNë sÄ wK ²Ã« WÃQ Ä w ¨WO«dGłË WO ¹—Q?ð W−O²½ w Oz— qJAÐ w¼ W¹œdJë …UÝQ*« Ê« VFAë Ê« .WOÃËbë UMðULO Ið V³ Ð XILFð UC¹« UÄ bŠ vë sJÃË W???O????×???{ r?¼ Êu???O?KÄ ≤µ sÄ d????¦????« Êü« Áœ«b???F?ð mK?³¹ Ícë Íœd?Jë w W?OÄuIë ‰Ëb?ë À«bײ?Ý« cMÄË .W?O{U?Ä ÊËdÁ vë lłdð À«b?Š« rN?? ??H½√ «Ëb??łË ¨vÃËô« W??O*U??Fë »d??(« W¹U??N½ b??FÐ jÝËô« ‚d??Aë .oÐU ë w²?OÑu ë œU?%ô«Ë UOÂdðË U¹—u?ÝË ‚«dFÃ«Ë Ê«d¹« 5Ð 5L ?IÄ oŠ vë rN?FK?Dð sJÃË WKI?²? *« rN?²ÃËœ W?ÄU?Á« b?ŽË œdJ?Kà wDŽ« b?Ià XL?Ý— w²Ã« W?OÐË—Ëô« Èu?Ië q³?Á sÄ tÃU?L¼≈ - wÄu?Ië d?O?B*« d¹d?Ið 5(« pÖ cMÄË .vÃËô« W??O*U?Fë »d??(« b?FÐ jÝËô« ‚d??Aë œËb?Š WL ²?I*« ‰ËbKà wÄuIë ZÄbë ÍbײРœdJKà WOÄu?Ië UFKD²Ã« XÄUÁ
‡‡≥∑‡‡ ‡‡≥∑‡‡ ‡‡ U??N??C?F?Ð ∫…b?×??²?*« U¹ôuë lÄ U??Áö??Fë sÄ Ê«uÃ√ U??Nà w²?Ã«Ë rNà ¨W?ÄuB?)« vë qO9 ‡‡ ‚«dF?ÃU ‡‡ dš¬ iFÐ ¨¡U?HKŠ r¼ ‡?‡ U?OÂd?²Â U¹—u?Ý nBð 5Š w ¨W?HK² ?Ä U?ÁË« w s¹d?Äô« ö X½U? ʫd¹« q}z«d?ÝU Èd?š« Ê«bKÐ „UM¼ d?š¬Ë 5Š 5ÐË .…“U?×MÄ d?O?G U?N? ?H½ rNÄu?Bš ·UF{ô WKO?ÝuÂË WOÝU?OÝuOł »U?³Ýô XKšbð Êœ—ô«Ë .‚«dFë ∫WÄUŽ …—uBÐ ¨ .W?O−?Oð«d²? Ã«Ë W?OłuÃu¹b¹ü« »U?³Ýô« ö?Jà UJ¹dÄ√ qšbð ÊU? sJÃË .wÄu?Ië d?O?B*« d¹d??Ið oŠ b?O¹Qð ÁU?&UÐ UMLKF?¹ s K¹Ë À«dð Ê« œËb?Š ∫W?OJ¹d?Äô« W?ÝUO? ë …b?I?Ž vÃ≈ …—dJ²?Ä …—u?BÐ Èœ√ t? ?H½ u¼ ‰U?G¹ö?à WKÐU?Á d??O?žË …b?O??FÐ W?IDM?Ä w wJ¹d?Äô« wÁö??šô« Vł«uë `ÃU?B*« vK?Ž d?O?³? d?OŁQð U?Nà ʫbK?³Ð WÞU?;« W?OK³?'« W¹œdJ?ë oÞUM*U? bO¹Q?²Ã« 5Ð VÝUM*« b(« WDI½ œU?−¹« sJ1 nO .WOJ¹dÄô« W?OÄuIë œËb???(« q¦?9 W???ID?MÄ w r?NMŽ w?K ???²Ã«Ë W?¹œdJë U???F?KD²?Kà qÄU?Jë W??OMGë wÝ—U??Hë ZO?K)«Ë jÝËô« ‚d??Aë ‰ö¼ W??IDM* W??O??−?Oð«d??²?? ë ÆjHMÃUÐ …b???ŽU???? *« Ê« u¼ …b????I???F???Ä W?ÃQ??? *« q?F???& w²?ë qÄ«u???F?ë Èb???Š« w{«—« ‰öš sÄ ô≈ W¹œdJë oÞU?M*« vë UNÃUB¹« sJ1 ô W?OJ¹dÄô« sÄ“ w U?O?ÂdðË œ—u? sÄ“ w Ê«d¹U? ¨…b?×?²*« U?¹ôuKà W?H?OKŠ WÃËœ lMÄ ·b¼ …b?×?²*« U¹ôuë „—U?Að X½U? ‰Ëbë Ác¼ sJÃË .Êu²MOK vë jI? W¹œd?Jë oÞUM*« vKŽ dDO?? ¹ wDK ð Ë« wŽu?O??ý ÂUE½ W?ÄU?Á«
‡‡≥∏‡‡ ‡‡≥∏‡‡ UMO?F? ?²Ã« w U?O?Âd?ð ôË UMO?F?³? ë ‰ö?š Ê«d¹« ö? .5F?Ä ÈbÄ vë ÍœdJ?ë wÄu??Ië —u???F??Aë W¹u??I?ð W¹ƒdÐ ÂU??L??²?¼ô« v½œ« U??L??N?à U½U?? sŽ wK ?²Ã« w œ«b?F?²?Ýô« U?L?Nà U½U? ôË œd?Jë U?N½UJÝ rCð W?ł—œ Ê«bK³Ã« ö?? ÊU? XÁu?ë fH½ wË .…b??Šu??Ä W¹œd?? WÃËbà U??L??N??²??OKÁ« .WÄUFë WOJ¹dÄô« WO−Oð«d² ë eÂdÄ w Ê«d³²F¹ d??L???G¹ ÊU?? Ícë W?¹U??NM?ë w iÁUM²?ë »UM²???ł« Ϋ—c??F??²???Ä ÊUJ q¦??Ä …—U?'« ‰Ëbë .W??O??Á«d??Fë W¹œdJë o?ÞUM*« w W??OJ¹d??Äô« œu??N??'« sŽ wÁ«d???Fë jG???Cë W??Š«“ô j?I?? œdJ?ë rŽbð X½U??? ʫd¹«Ë U??O???Âdð WÃËœ oK?š q³??I?²?à …b?F??²?? ??Ä ‰U??Š Í« w sJð r?à U?N?MJÃË .U?N??O?{«—« Ë« ‘uÐ Ë« œ—u ôË Êu JO½ …—«œ« ô ‰«uM*« fH½ vKŽË .W¹œd WOÄuÁ ‰Ëbë œd? pMŽ Ÿœ ¨‚«d?Fë œdJà ‰ö?I?²?Ýô« «bЫ b¹« b?Á Êu?²MK wð«cë rJ?(« 5Ð lL?& W??G?O?? sŽ Êu??¦?×??³¹ «u½U?? rNK .tà …—ËU:« Ê« sÄ U?u?š pÃ–Ë ¨W??O?Á«d?Fë w{«—ô« …b?ŠË vKŽ W?EU?;«Ë ÍœdJë U?ÄbMŽ —«d??I?²?Ýô« Âb?Ž sÄ 5M? ë «d?A?Ž vë ‚«d?F?ë pJHð ÍœR¹ vë Ê«d¹« ‰u?% b??FÐ W?U?šË .rzUMGë r?O? ?Ið vKŽ Ê«d?O??'« »—U?×?²¹ …b?ŠË X?×?³?« ¨w?MO?L??)« tKë W¹¬ …œU?O??Á X% W¹œU?F??Ä W?OÃu??« WÃËœ .5O½«d¹ù« UŠuLDà ʓ«uð qÄUF WOÁ«dFë w{«—ô« W??³??O??š V?K−¹ Ê« bÐô ÊU?? W?ЗU??C??²*« ·«b¼ô« Ác¼ q?ŽU??Hð Ê« ±π∑µ ”—U???Ä w Àb???ŠU???Ä «c¼Ë .œdJ?Kà …U???ÝQ*« W???ł—œ v²???ŠË qÄ« wð«cë rJ?(« t?³??łu0 `³??« ‚U?H?ð« vë ‚«d?F?Ã«Ë Ê«d¹« XKË U??ÄbMŽ
‡‡≥π‡‡ ‡‡≥π‡‡ …dÄ «c¼ —dJðË .5ð—U?'« 5²ÃËbKà W?O?Äu?I?ë `ÃU?B?LKà W?O?×?{ ÍœdJë wð«cë r?J(« hOKI??²?Ð 5 ??Š «b?? ÂU??Á U??ÄbMŽ ±ππ∂ w Èd?š« …—uBÐ ¨UJ¹dÄ« …bŽU 0 ±ππ± ZOK)« »dŠ W¹UN½ bFÐ ÂUI*« ÍœdJë W¹œdJë W?N?'« Âe??N?²Ã t?³½U?ł W¹œd? W?N?ł c?š« U?Äb?MŽ ¨W?Ýu? ?×?Ä pK9 X½U?? œ—u? …—«œ« Ê« ÍdE½ w .UJ¹d??Ä« sÄ W?Äu??Žb*«Ë W? ??UM*« ¨rNà U??N?L?Žœ l?O?Ýuð Âb??Ž w Êu?²MK …—«œ« s?Ä U?šu?Ý— d??¦?« U??ÝU?Ý« W¹œdJë œö³Ã« w UM(UB?Ä «bOIFðË œËbŠ ÊU×?{u¹ UL¼ö sJÃË .…bOF³Ã« rŽbë W??ÝU??O??Ý w?²??Žd?²?? ??Ä U?½uJð rà œ—u??Ë Êu?? J?O½ wð—«œ« Ê« sJÃË .Î…œUŽ rŽe¹ UL ¨wð«cë rJ(« w W¹œdJë `ÄUDLKà wł—U)« .…d?ýU?³Ä …—u?BÐ U?NKO?³?Ý w WOJ?¹dÄô« œ—«u*« XF?{Ë sÄ vÃË« U?²½U? ʫ ÊuJÃË W?OŽd?Aë U?N²?ÄuJŠ b{ W?O?ÁdŽ W?ŽuL?−?Ä rŽb½ UM UM½uJÃË Ê« V−¹ ÊU?? ¨qOz«d??Ý«Ë Ê«d¹« W??U??šË WKš«b??²??Ä Èd??š« ‰Ëœ „UM¼ .WOÝUÄuKÐbÃ«Ë WOMKFë 5Ð ÍœUÄ— eOŠ w ∫…UDGÄ WOKLFë ÊuJð Êu??? ?JO½ …—U¹“ v?ë qôUÐ l?łd¹ œdJ?ë lÄ d???ýU???³?*« UMK?šbð Ê« nOMłdÐ lÄ W?LI?ë ŸUL?²ł« b?FÐ ¨±π∑≤ f¹U?Ä w Ê«dNÞ w ÁU?AKà W?ÝU?O?? Ð ‰U?H?²?Šô«Ë 5KÄd?Jë w W?U?O?C?ë sÄ Ÿu?³?Ý« .uJÝuÄ w lÄ .W??O??−??Oð«d??²?? ë Êu?? JO½ U??O?ÃË« sÄ d??O??Gð rà wLK? ë g¹U??F??²Ã« …—ËUM*« ôU?−?Ä sŽ Y×?³Ã« sŽ vK ?²¹ rà wLK ë g¹U?F?²Kà tKO?³Dð .w²OÑu ë œU%ô« lÄ WO*UFë W UM*« WÝUOÝ w ÈuBIë
‡‡¥∞‡‡ ‡‡¥∞‡‡ .ÁU???Aë WЫuÐ b?MŽ ¨‚«d??F?ë w X½U??? U?? ???UM*« Ác¼ Èb???Š«Ë w wðQ¹ bK³?à wÝU?O ?ë tłu?²Ã« q?³I?²? ?Ä ÊU? ʫe?O*« W?H? w YO?Š pK1 Í« ¨wDHMë t?OÞU?O²?Š« w W¹œu?F? ë WOÐd?Fë b?FÐ WO½U?¦Ã« W?³ðd*« w WU?š …—uBÐË jÝËô« ‚dAë w Ê“«u²Ã« b¹b?Nð sÄ tMJ1 «œ—«uÄ W???ÝU???O???Ý vKŽ rL???B*« Y?F???³Ã« »e???Š lł— ±π∂∏ ÂU???Ž w .ZOK)« w rJ(« vë ¨»d?Gë lÄ W?dD²*« …Ë«bFK?à WO?Ž«œË WO?«d?²ý« W?OKš«œ ÊU?? 5 ??Š «b?? …œU??O??Á X% ‚«d??Fë ÊUÐ WЫd??Gë s?Ä fOÃË .œ«bGÐ W? L?š œu?łË ÊU 5Š w w²?O?Ñu ë œU?%ô« sÄ d?¦Â«Ë d?¦?« »d²?I¹ ‚dAë Ÿu?ÁË dDš bÂR¹ ÊU? dBÄ w w²?OÑu ë g?O'« sÄ UHë d?AŽ WÃU??Š X½U? U??L?N??ÄË .W??O?²??O??Ñu?? ë W?O??−??Oð«d??²? ?ë d?OŁQ?ð X% jÝËô« Íe?Âd*« ·b?Në ÊU? w²?O?Ñu?? ë –u?HMë hOKIð ÊU? wL?K ë g¹U?F?²Ã« qOKI²Ã WKOÝu wLK ë g?¹UF²Ã« vë dEM½ UM qFHÃUÐË .UM²O−Oð«d² à .WO−Oð«d² ë Ác¼ dÞU Ä wÁ«dFë b¹bN²Kà W{dŽ d¦Â« UN H½ d³²Fð X½U w²Ã« Ê«bK³Ã« sÄ pÃc??ÂË ¨‚«d??Fë lÄ WK?¹uÞ «œËb?Š p?K9 U??L¼ö??ÂË Ê«d¹«Ë Êœ—ô« w¼ …b¹b?ł W?OÐd?Ž W¹—c??ł W?LE½« sÄ oKÁ w U?Lz«œ X½U?? w²Ã« qOz«d?Ý« ¡U?Áb??« «u½U? W?Łö?¦Ã« W??LE½ô« q .wðU??O?Ñu?? ë Õö?? ÃUÐ W??−?łb??Ä «u½U .œdJKà wH)« rŽb?ë ÊuÄbI¹ «u½U? rN²ŁöŁË .…bײ*« U¹ôuKà ‰U?L?ý w W?OK³?'« rN?IÞUMÄ w wð«cë rJ?×Kà œdJë Õu?LÞ ÊuKÄU?F¹ sŽ «b?O??FÐ w¦?F?³Ã« ÂUE?Më œ—«u?ÄË U?ÁUÞ q¹u??×?²Ã VFà W?Á—u?? ‚«d?Fë
‡‡¥±‡‡ ‡‡¥±‡‡ WOH)« «bŽU *« Ác¼ w …dýU³Ä „—UA½ sJ½ rà UM½« rž— .r¼œËbŠ w U???Nðö??O???¦??Ä sÄ d¹—U???I??²Ã« v?IK²ð X?½U?? W??O?ð«dÐU??<« UM?ðôU??ÂË Ê√ ô≈ r?Žbë v?IK?²ð Ê«b?K?³Ã« Ác?¼ q X?½U?????? ¨l³?DÃU?ÐË .…—u??????Âc*« Ê«b?K³?ë .…bײ*« U¹ôuë sÄ ÍdJ FÃ«Ë ÍœUB²Áô« «u???ÒH????B¹ Ê« s?J1 œdJ?Ã«Ë Êu???O???Á«d????Fë ÊQ????ÂË «bÐ sÄe?ë sÄ WK?¼uà lÄ W??O??ÁU??Hð« vë œ«b??GÐ X?Kuð ±π∑∞ ”—U?Ä ±± wH?? .rNðU??ö??š WÃQ?? *« W??O?HK?š W?d??F?Ä q?ł√ sÄ® w½«“—U?³?ë vHDB??Ä ÍœdJë rO??Žeë sŽ —œU??Bë å‚«d??Fë w W?¹œdJë WÃQ?? *«ò V¹d??ž b½u??Äœ√ »U??²?? dE½√ XI???«Ë . ±∞≥© ‡‡ Syracuse University Press 1981 p. 87 W½uJÄ Â«u?Áô« …œb?F??²?Ä WÃËœ vë ‚«d?Fë q¹u?% vKŽ W?O?¦??F?³Ã« W?ÄuJ(« Íœd? VzU½ 5OFð sL?CðË .œdJÃ«Ë »d?Fë ¨5²?O ?Oz— 5²?OÄu?Á sÄ w³ ½ qO¦9Ë W?OLÝ— WGà W¹œdJë WGKë `³Bð Ê«Ë ¨W¹—u?NL'« fOzdà .U¦¹bŠ ÊuJ*« wÁ«dFë ÊU*d³Ã« w œdJKà rJ?(« n¹d?????F?ð V³????? Ð ‚U?????H?ðô« “Qð X?Kð w?²Ã« d?????N?????ýô« w qł√ sÄ œu??N??−??Ä ‰cÐ r²¹ U??ÄbMŽ …œU??Ž Àb??×¹ Ícë d??Äô« ¨wð«cë ww½½ «« ““ —— UU ³³ KK Ãà WW ????³³ MM ÃÃUU ÐÐ .W?LU? ²?Ä WO?ÁdŽ U?ŽuL?−Ä 5Ð WDK ë b¹b?% ww FF ÁÁ «« uu Ãë« ‰‰ öö II ²² ÝÝ ôô «« ss ÄÄ dd ¦¦ ????«« ËË dd ¦¦  «« tt ÐÐ dd II ðð …… uu DD šš ww ðð «« cc Ãë« rr JJ (( «« ÊÊ UU  …… uu DD ???? ???????????? WW ????????????????OO ????????????ÁÁ UU ????????????????HHðð ôô «« qq ÄÄ UU ????????????????ŽŽ 55 ????????????????ŠŠ  «« bb ???????????? ÊÊ «« 55 ????ŠŠ ww . œœ uu ????????????AAMM ** «« WW ÃÃËË œœ qq ????OO JJ AA ????ðð ww WW ????????????????OO ????????????¦¦ ????????????????FF????????????³³ ????Ãë« …… dd JJ HH ????Ãë« oo OO ????????????????II????????????%% oo ¹¹ dd ????ÞÞ vv KK ????ŽŽ WW ????????????OO JJ ????OO ????????????²² ????JJðð . WW¹¹ ËË bb ŠŠ ËË
‡‡¥≤‡‡ ‡‡¥≤‡‡ b??Á œ«b??GÐË œdJë 5Ð U??Áö??Fë X½U?? ¨±π∑± n¹d?š ‰uK×Ð dOÐb²Ð 5 Š «b œdJë rNð« .—UON½ô« WDI½ vë Èdš√ …dÄ XKË „uJý œU?¹œ“« vKŽ «b?? qL?Ž Á—Ëb?ÐË ¨w½«“—U?³?ë ‰U?O??²??žô WÃËU?×??Ä »e????(« rC?ð W????OMÞË …b????ŠË W????Äu?JŠ qO?JA?ð vë t????N????łu????²Ð œd?Jë »d?Š jOA?Mð vë «ËœUŽ t?OKF? ¨œdJë WÃe?Ž vë Èœ« «c¼Ë .wŽuOAë w pÃcÂË ±π∑± d?³?L?u½ w .qOz«d?Ý«Ë Ê«d¹« …b?ŽU?? 0 UÐU?B?Fë tðb???ŽU??? ??Ä w? r¼U??? ¹ Ê« Êu?? ?JO½ s?Ä ÁU??Aë V?KÞ ¨±π∑≤ ”—U?Ä d?ýU³?Ä VKÞ w jOÝu? ʜ—ô« pKÄ qLŽ ”—U?Ä ≤∏ w .w½«“—U³Kà wÃU*« rŽbë VKDð rà U?N½« rž— qOz«dÝ«Ë .Êu JO½ vÃ≈ w½«“—U³Ã« sÄ W??ÝU?O?? ë U¼U??&« ‰u??Š U??ÄuKF0 U½b¹Ëe?ð XK«Ë U??N½√ ô≈ …d??ýU?³??Ä .W¹œdJë oÞUM*« w wð«cë rJ(« w UN²×KBÄË WOÁ«dFë «“«e???H???²???Ý« b?¹d½ sJ?½ rà UM?½ô d???ýU???³*« r?Žbë sŽ UM?FM²????Ä« b???Ià dO?H ë b½ô—U ·“u?ł ÂUÁ .w²O?Ñu ë –u?HMÃ«Ë W×KÝô« œU¹œ“« V?³ ¹ …b?ŽU? * W?O?H?š W?O?KL?Ž W¹« Ê« vë t?O?³Mð t?O?łu?²?Ð Ê«d¹« w wJ¹d?Äô« WÃU?Š wË —«d?Á ÊËœ d?¾Ð vë U?NÃu?% dÞU? ?Ä U?NŁËb?Š ‰U?Š qL?% œdJë .òk(« W¾OÝ W¾ÞUš ö¹ËQðò vë W{dŽ ÊuJð UNUI¹« w œ«b?GÐ v?ë 5−?O?Ýu? w ?Jë w²?O?Ñu? ?ë ¡«—“uë fOz— …—U¹“ Âb???Ž sŽ UM?²???ÝU???O??Ý w? dEM?Kà UMðœU???Ž« w? X³???³??? ð ±π∑≤ ÊU?? ???O½ w²?Ã«Ë ‚«d??F?ë lÄ W???Á«b???Bë …b¼U???F???Ä lÁË ÊU??? ???O½ π wH???? .qšb??²Ã« qł√ sÄ …dO³Â UOLJÐ WO²OÑu ë W×KÝô« b¹Ëeð sŽ ΫœuMÐ XMLCð
‡‡¥≥‡‡ ‡‡¥≥‡‡ ‰u×¹ ‚«dFë ÊU pÃcÐË .œdJë …bŽU * wJ¹dÄô« qšb²Ã« sÄ b(« wÝUÝô« nOK(« ÊuJ¹ Ê_ tI¹dÞ wË wÝUOÝuOł Íb% vë t H½ b?ÒF? W?O??U?{ô« W?×KÝô« sÄ lO??−?A?²ÐË .W?IDM*« w? U?O?Ñu? Kà «bŽU *« Í“«u¹ U2 d³Â√ Wł—bÐ œdJë vKŽ U?NðUL−¼ WOÁ«dFë «uIë 5Ð U??Ä«b?Dô« Xëuð U?¼b??FÐË .W???O??H???)« W??O?KOz«d???Ýô«Ë W??O?½«d¹ô« .WÂd²A*« UL¼œËbŠ vKŽ WO½«d¹ô«Ë WOÁ«dFë «uIë ≥± ‡‡ ≥∞ w Ê«d?NÞ w ÁUAKà Êu? JO½ …—U¹“ W?OHKš Ác¼ X½U? w²Ã«Ë uJÝuÄ WL?Á sÄ UOL łË UO?HÞUŽ 5JNMÄ UM UMK u¹Uıπ∑≤ w¼ w²?ë W?O?ÃU?L??Aë ÂUM?²?O??Ñ …d??U??×??ÄË nB??Á rž— Êu?? JO½ U??NÐ ÂU??Á q³?Á d?N?ý« W??²?ÝË …—d?I*« …—U¹eë sÄ 5Žu??³?Ý« q³?Á U?O?Ñu? K?à W?H?OKŠ .WOÝUzdë UÐU ²½ô« „U??N?½ô« rÁU??Hð w X?—U??ý b??(« W???IzU??Hë W???O½«d¹ô« W??U???O??CÃ«Ë «c¼ U?HK ??Ä Èb?Š« X½U? .W?O??H?×??Bë W?Žu??L?:«Ë WKŠdë w—U??A* W?š–U³Ã« ¡U?A?Fë WKH?Š w »U ½ô« l— b?MŽ Êu JO½ W?³Dš „U?N½ô« W?ł—œ vë W??Á«dÐ Êu¹e?HK²Ã« ¡«u??{« X½U? .ΡU?H??²?Š« ÁU?A?ë U?N?ÄU??Á« w²Ã« Vžd¹ô t½uJà W?UšË ¨ÎU?HKÝ …bF*« t?²?³Dš …¡«dIÐ fOzdKà `L? ðô Àb??×?²?¹ Ê« Êu? J?O½ —d?I?? .…e??HK²Ã« «d??O??ÄU?? ÂU??Ä√ «—UEMë f?³KÐ sŽ Y×??³¹ t½Q?? t½u?? «b??Ž ¨U?NÐ ”Q?Ðô …¡U?HJ?Ð pÃcÐ ÂU??ÁË U?OÃU??&—« qË «d?Oš«Ë «d*« iFÐ ‚U?O ë sÄ Ãd? .t¦¹b?( W³?ÝUMÄ W9Uš „uK*« pKÄ Êu JO½ dÒ– ¨ÁUAë vë …dýU³Ä «dþU½ .WÁ—U)« tðdJ vë
‡‡¥¥‡‡ ‡‡¥¥‡‡ «u?łËeð b?Á rN?d?F¹ s¹c?ë «—uðUM ë q ÊQÐ —ËU?N½e¹« fO?zdë …dJHÐ t?¦¹b?Š Êu?? JO½ vN½« W?O??ŠËdë Ác?NÐË .rN? ?H?½« sÄ —b?ł« U?łËeÐ WFz«dë …—uÞ«d?³Äô«Ë WÃö?'« VŠUBà V Më U?Šd²I?Ä —UB?²½ô« …uAMÐ tMŽ ‰U?I¹ Ê« sJ1 w½«d¹ô« V½U'« sÄ oO?HB?²Ã« ÊUJ .t³½U−Ð w²Ã« .‰«uŠô« s Š« w UI³Ã ÊU¦?ŠU³²¹ ÁU?AÃ«Ë Êu JO½ √bÐ U*U?Š ¨nÁuð Õd*« Ÿ«u½« q sJÃË w »U??? ½ô« ‰œU???³ð sÄ Î«u?ð ÎU??ł—U???š t½u??? rž—Ë .wÃËbë l{uë sŽ vë ÎU?ŽËe?½ 5OJ¹d?Äô« ¡U??݃dë qÁ« t½UÐ d?Nþ« Êu?? JO½ ÊU? 5?KÄdJë w .W??O?Žu??O?Aë v?LEFë …u??Ië bzU??Á lÄ W?O??B?? ?ý U??Áö?FÐ ¡«d??žô« ¡UÁb« V½U?−Ð ·uÁuë vKŽ tÄeŽ «œb−?Ä bÂ√ WOŠU²?²ô« tðUEŠöÄ UM½u rž— .jÝËô« ‚d?Aë w W??O?²?O?Ñu?Ý «d?ÄU?G?Ä W¹« l?MÄË UJ¹d?Ä« ÊUÐ `L? ½ ô s×½ ¨W?O*UŽ U?Ä“« vë —uD²Ã« sÄ W?OK;« U?Ä“ô« lM/ .jÝËô« ‚d?Aë w ôË Èu??IKà wÃËbë Ê“«u?²Ã« vKŽ ô d?O??O?Gð Àb?×¹ UM?(U??Bà ʓ«u???²Ã« q?F??$ Ê« b?¼U??$ UM?½« jÝËô« ‚d???Aë w lÁ«u?ë wË oO?I?% U?NMJ1 W?O?²?OÑu? ë W?×KÝô« ôË w?ÐdF?ë ·dD²Ã« ô t½QÐ —U?NþUÐ wLKÝ g¹UFðò q³I½ sà UM½« vKŽ Ÿu{u0 XKšbð U½« .»dFë ·«b¼« iFÐ „dðË —uÄô« iFÐ WO?HBðò∫wK¹ UL UN²H?Ë w²Ã«Ë åÍ—UO²š« …dJHë Ác¼ qu½ Ê« UMÃËU?Š bIà ...s¹dšü« ‰e?F½ wJà UÄu?B)« “u9 w WM Ð pÖ bFÐ UML?OLBð d¼uł X?B) bÁË å. UOÑu ë vë ∫sDMý«Ë vë WOЫu'« ÁUAë …—U¹“ W³ÝUM0 ¨ ©uOÃu¹®±π∑≥
‡‡¥µ‡‡ ‡‡¥µ‡‡ Ê«Ë d??NE¹ U??LM¹« w²??O??Ñu?? ë –u??HMë vK?Ž wC?I?½ Ê« ‰ËU?×?½ s×½ …dJ ÊÒuJ½ Ê« b¹d½ s×½ .U¼u??F?³?²?¹ Ê« sJ1 …d?ÄU??G?Ä W¹« w rN?JNM½ ‚d?Aë w W?HKJÄË W?³?F?²?Ä rNðUÞU?A½ Ê√ sÄ wÝU?O? ë rN?³?²JÄ Èbà .ZzU²½ vë ÍœRð ô jÝËô« sŽ tà d?³?F? b?O?ł qJAÐ wG?B?¹ Êu ?JO½ ÊUÐ ÁU?Aë b?łË 5Š œdJë 5Ð …b??Šu?Ä W??N?³??ł ÊuKJA¹ ·u??Ý U?O??Ñu? ëò ∫ÊQ?Ð t?ËU?? ?Ä ÊuJð Ê« s?Ä ôbÐ W¹œdJë W?ÃQ?? *« `³??B??²??? 5O??Žu??O??AÃ«Ë 5O???¦??F??³Ã«Ë .ò5OŽuOAë bOÐ ÕöÝ vë ‰uײð bÁ rN³½Uł w WÂuý ‚UHð« vKŽ qF œd .5¾Oý Êu JO½ —dÁ ÁUAë lÄ Á—«u( W−O²½ ÊU …—uD²Ä «dzUÞ lOÐ vKŽ ‚œU «b ‡‡ 5−OÝu 5Ð Õö ë X½U? ÊužU?²M³Ã« sL?{ WOÞ«d?ÁËd?O³Ã« U?ö)« sJÃË U?N?³KÞ bÁ ÁU?Aë ÈuIKà ±µ ‡‡ F «dzUDÐ Êu??×?L? ?O??Ý «u½U? «–« U?Ä ‰u??Š U?N?²?H??ÁË√ b?Á ‚œU? ÊUÐ W?O?C?Ië Êu? JO½ qŠ .W¹d?׳ë Èu?IKà ±¥ ‡‡ F « W¹u'« u¼ «c¼® .ÁUAKà ULNMOÐ —UO?²šöà wzUNMë dÄô« „dðË 5ŽuMë ö vKŽ q ÁU?????AK?à wD?F¹ ÊUÐ Êu?????žU????²?M³?ë d????Ä« Êu???? ?JO?½ ÊUÐ ¡U?????Žœô« q« . ±µ© ‡‡ F ±¥Ë ‡‡ F 5Ð —UO)« vKŽ «dB²IÄ ÊU dÄô« .Áb¹d¹UÄ œU?M?Ýô« ÊËœ s?Ä t½Q?Ð Êu????????? ?J?O?½ Z²?M?²?????????Ý« X?Áuë f?H?½ w?Ë .—U?NM²?Ý œ«bG?Ð WÄuJŠ b?{ œdJKà W?OÃU?(« W?{U?H²½ô« ÊU? wJ¹d?Äô« U¹uMFÄ vKŽ WEU×?LKà …—Ëd{ X½U UÄ …—uBÐ WOJ?¹dÄô« W—UA*«Ë ¨U?????L????N?????«b¼« ·ö?????²?????š« rž— ¨Êœ—ô«Ë Ê«d?¹U???? 5?O???? ?????Oz— ¡U?????H?KŠ
‡‡¥∂‡‡ ‡‡¥∂‡‡ .WIDM*« w ÈuIë Ê“«uð w WL¼U LKÃË Ê«Ë ¨rN?ÄUE½ ÷d? w? 5O?Á«d?Fë nOÃUJð l?d½ Ê« UM{d?ž ÊU? ŸU???³?ð« vKŽ œ«b????GÐ Y×?½ pÃcÐË ÷ËU????H???²?ë vKŽ œd?Jë …—b???Á Íu????I½ rJ(«Ë ‚«d??Fë Ê«d?O??' W?OMÄô« U??ÄU?L??²¼öà U?Ä«d??²?Š« d?¦??« W?ÝU??O?Ý ∫ÎU?ŠU?²?H?Ä d?³?²?Fð W?OJ¹d?Äô« W?L¼U? *« X½U? .W¹œdJë WOKÁöà wð«cë 5L¼U? ?Ä lÄ U?½U?O?Š« W?C?ÁUM²*« ÷«d?žô« 5Ð ÂU?−? ?½ô« oK ð wN? lÄ tðU??Áö??Fà …d?O??³?? W?O??L¼« wDF?¹ ÊU? rNM?Ä q Ê_ ¨ÎU?O?ÃU?Ä s¹d??š¬ ‡‡ œdJë s?Ž wK ???²Ã« sŽ rN???Žœd½ wJ?à pÃc??ÂË ¨…b???×??²?*« U¹ôuë .V−¹ U2 d¦Â« özUH²Ä UIŠô ÂU¹ô« X³¦²Ý UL —uB²Ã« «c¼ ÊUÂË
‡‡¥∑‡‡ ‡‡¥∑‡‡ WOKš«bë UCÁUM²Ã« p¹UÄË gðd??O?A?ð WM−Kà W??Oð«dÐU?<« U??I?O??I?×??²Ã« d??ýUÐ Ê√ cMÄ X½U ¨ U?Žu³D*«Ë Âö?ô«Ë Êu¹eHK²Ã« w Ÿu{u*« W?O³?Fý …œU¹“ vKŽ sÄ W½u?JÄ U??N?½Q??ÂË W???OJ¹d???Äô« «dÐU??<« U???Äb??š …—u??? vÃ≈ d??O???Að …dDO??? Kà 5?F??{U???š d??O???ž »U??B??Žô« Íœ—U?ÐË 5³??B???F??²???Ä 5ЗU???×??Ä ŸU?³ð« qł« sÄ UJ¹d?Ä« UO½UJÄU?Ð …dÞU ‡‡¥∏‡‡ ‡‡¥∏‡‡ ¨WŽd Ð WOÄUM²*« WOÁ«dFë «uIë sÄ rŽbÐË V¹d ²Ã« «c¼ sÄeë —Ëd0 ZOK?)« ‰Ëœ b?{ d¹b??Á Õö??Ý vë ‰u??×??²Kà WMÄU?Jë W??ÁUDë pK1 ÊU?? .UOÂdð v²ŠË Ê«d¹«Ë dd????NNEE¹¹ WW ¹¹ œœ dd JJ Ãë« WW ????{{UU ????HH????²² ????½½ ôô «« rr ŽŽ œœ —— «« dd ????ÁÁ ÊÊ UU ???? UU ????OO ÃÃUU ????ŠŠ WW ????FF????łł«« dd ** «« bb MM ŽŽ ËË ÊÊ UU  UU 00 —— . tt MM OO ????ŠŠ ww «« bb ÐÐ UU 22 UU ????NN????OO ????KK ŽŽ UU ????ÄÄËË UU ????NNÃà UU ????ÄÄ WW ????OO ????ŠŠUU ½½ ss ÄÄ UU ½½ ““ «« uu ðð dd ????¦¦ ????«« bb {{ 55 HH ÃÃUU ????×ײ² LL KK Ãà WW CC ????ÁÁ UU MM ²² ** «« ll «« ËË bb Ãë« WW ÁÁ œœ dd ¦¦ ????«« …… —— uu BB ÐÐ qq KK ×× ½½ ÊÊ «« UU MM OO KK ŽŽ TT ýý qq  qq ³³ ÁÁ ËË . nn ÃÃUU ×× ²² Ãë« rr ¼¼ bb ŠŠ «« „„ dd ðð vv KK ŽŽ WW ????³³ ðð dd ²² ** «« ZZ zz UU ²² MM Ãë« ËË ‚‚ «« dd FF Ãë« VV FF ????BB????¹¹ 55 ³³ ????FF???? ¡¡ UU ????????ÂÂdd????ýý «« uu ½½ uu JJ ¹¹ bb ????????ÁÁ œœ dd JJ Ãë« ÊÊ UU ÐÐ „„ —— bb ½½ ÊÊ «« UU MM OO ????KK ŽŽ ÊÊ UU ???? nn zz UU þþ ËË XX ½½ UU  UU LL NN ÄÄ ËË . WWÄÄUU ŽŽ WW ????OO −− OO ðð «« dd ²² ÝÝ WW ¹¹ «« ss LL ????{{ rr NN Ãà ÊÊ UU JJ ÄÄ œœ UU −− ¹¹ «« ww ðð «« cc Ãë« rr ????JJ((«« ËË «« ‰‰ öö ????????II????????²² ????????ÝÝôô«« uu ¼¼ ww ÝÝ UU ????????????ÝÝôô«« rr NN ???????? bb ¼¼ vv II ????????³³ ????¹¹ rr NN ð𠜜 UU ????????ÁÁ rr NN ðð UU ????OO ÃÃËË «« ll {{ uu Ãà WW ÃÃËË UU ????××ÄÄ WW ¹¹ «« ÊÊ uu ????ÄÄËËUU II ¹¹ ÊÊ uu ????II????³³ OO ????ÝÝËË ¨¨ qq ÁÁ ôô «« vv KK ŽŽ qq ÄÄ UU JJ Ãë« ÊÊ ““ «« uu ²² Ãë« ‰‰ uu ????ŠŠ WW OO łł —— UU )) «« ÈÈ uu ????IIÃë« rr OO ¼¼ UU HH ÄÄ ll ÄÄ UU ????ÁÁ öö FF Ãë« ff OO ¹¹ UU II ????ÄÄ ss LL {{ √√ dd ????II½½ ÊÊ «« qq CC ???? ôô «« ss ÄÄ tt ½½ UU ÐÐ rr KK FF ????²² ½½ ÊÊ «« pp ýý ËË vv KK ŽŽ UU MM  ËË . ww ÝÝ UU ????OO ÝÝ uu ????OO '' «« ww ²² ????Ãë« ’’ «« uu ????????????????))«« ff ????HH½½ ÊÊ __ rr ????NN????????????????FF????????????????ÄÄ qq ????ÄÄUU ????????????????FF????????????????²² ????Ãë« ss ÄÄ ôô bb ????ÐÐ ‰‰ UU DD ????ÐÐ ôô «« ss ŽŽ . rr NN ²² ½½ ËË dd ÄÄ Â bb ŽŽ vv Ãë« ÍÍ œœ RR ðð UU ½½ UU FF −− ýý rr NN KK FF && W½U???(« 5Ð vI??³?MÝ UM `O???×??Bë R???³M²Ã« WÃU???Š w v²???Š sJÃË w qA??HÃU?? ∫Êü« b??( WÃU??(« d??O??G?²?ð rà Êd?Á l?З b?F?Ð v²??ŠË W½U*«Ë ‚«d?Fë b?{ œułu?*« nÃU×?²Ã« pOJH?ð vë ÍœR¹ bÁ ¡«d?ł« ÍUÐ ÂU?O?Ië ¨ZOK)« ‰Ëœ U¹uMF?Ä —U?O?N½«Ë 5 ?Š «b W?L?Š— X% œdJë „dðË W?−?O??²Më fH½ vë UM?Ð ÍœR¹ b?Á wKJë qšb??²Ã« ÊU? W?O½UŁ W??N?ł sÄË ‡‡¥π‡‡ ‡‡¥π‡‡ d?¦??« W?ł—bÐ W??IDM*« vë W??O?²?O??Ñu? ë W??×KÝô« iO? œ«œe?¹ ÊQÐ W*R*« ÊU?? lÁu???²*«Ë r²??;« d?D)« 5Ð —U??O???)« bMŽ .wÃU???(« b??(« sÄ d??O???¦JÐ w U½—«d???Á ÊU?? lÁ«uë w? u¼ «c¼Ë .W???OЖU??ł d???¦??Âô« u?¼ UMÄ“ b???FÐô« W??OKL??F?ÃUÐ ¡b??³Kà d??Äô« Êu?? J?O½ lÁË ±π∑≤ fD ?ž« w Ʊ ±π∑≤ b???I???Ž ¥∞ ‡Ã« W?M' wzb???³???Ä q?JAÐ ¨W???O?MÄ_« »U???³???Ýúî W?¹d??? ë fOz— ¨ŸU???bë d¹“Ë VzU½ ¨W?ÃËbë d¹“Ë sÄ q Ád???C??ŠË ¨ÎU??ŽU??L??²??ł« rNMÄ b?Š«Ë qÂË ÆCIA ‡Ã« d¹b??ÄË W??OJ¹d??Ä_« «u??Ië ·uM lO??L??ł «–≈Ë ¨rN???OKŽ Vðd???²¹ U0 «u???Äu??I?¹ rà rNM?JÃË 5F???Ä ·b¼ œb??B?Ð ÊU?? ƩÎU???ÄU?9 W???HK²???? ???Ä «¡«d???ł≈ c??? ?ðù W???O???L???Ý— p?¹UÄ WM' X?½U??? «bŽU L U¹dNý —ôËœ ∞∞∞[≤µ∞ mK³Ä …bײ*« U¹ôuë XBBš µ wëu?Š Í« ¨dzU??šcKà 5O?U?{« 5½u??OKÄ «bz«“ ±π∑≥ WM à …d??ýU?³?Ä U0 wKJë ŸuL:« .d³Â« mK³0 ÁUAë WL¼U Ä X½UÂË .WM ë w 5¹öÄ ÊuOKÄ m?K³¹ ÊU œdJë …bŽU? * Ê«d¹«Ë UO½UD¹d?ÐË qOz«dÝ« WL¼U? Ä t?O mK³*UÐ sJ?¹ rà …œ—U?³Ã« »d?(« fO¹U?I0 «c¼Ë .d?N?Aë w U?³¹d?Ið —ôËœ .dO³Jë œdÞ - ¨W?O?J¹d?Äô« W?—U??A*« W?LJŠ ‰u??Š YŠU?³??²½ UM U?L??O?Ë dÄô« «c¼ Ʊπ∑≤ uO?Ãu¹ w dB?Ä sÄ UO?Ñu ë s¹—U?A² *«Ë «u?Ië jÝËô« ‚dAë w UOÑu ë WO−?Oð«d²Ý sL{ ‚«dFë WOL¼« sÄ œ«“ W¹UN½ wË .œ«bGÐ ÂUE½ lÄ UNDЫ˗ W¹uI²Ã Ϋb¹bł ÎU¦ŽUÐ uJÝu* vDŽ«Ë ¨wÝU???O??? ?ë V²J?*« u???C???Ž ¨·uKÝu???Ý q?OzU??? ???O???Ä YŠ f?D ???ž« ‡‡µ∞‡‡ ‡‡µ∞‡‡ «b?? q³??Á sÄ W??Šd??²??I??Ä …b??Šu??Ä W??ÄuJŠ vë ÂU??L??C½ö?à w½«“—U??³Ã« b?FÐ t?½« sÄ —c?Š ·uKÝu??Ý ÊU? w½«“—U?³?ë U?ODF??Ä V ?Š .5 Š lÄ rNðU?ÁöŽ vë rEŽ√ W?OL¼√ Êu?DF¹ rN½S d?BÄ sÄ U?OÑu? ë œdÞ ÊU¼dë Èu² Ä œ«œ“≈ pÃcÐË .œ«bGÐ WÄuJ( rNLŽœ ÊËb¹eOÝË ‚«dFë .Wþu×KÄ …—uBÐ vKŽ ÁU?Aë d?B?Á w U?OI?²Ã« 5 ?Š pK*«Ë ÁU?Aë ÊS? UM³½U?ł sÄË U???³??Š— ÊU?MŁô« Ʊπ∑≤ fD? ??ž« ≤ vë u???OÃu¹ ≥± sÄ s?¹Ëe???Ië d???×Ð «« —— cc ŠŠ ËË .W?Âd?²?A*« œu?N??−Kà fÝÔ« l{Ë w U?¦?×ÐË wJ?¹d?Äô« rŽbÃUÐ oo KK DD ????ðð bb ????????ÁÁ ww ²² Ãë« …… dd ????????OO ????????¦¦ ????????ÄÄËË WW ????????¾¾ ????????łłUU ????????HH????????ÄÄ UU ????????ÂÂdd????????ŠŠ VV MM −− ????????²² ¹¹ ww ???? ww ½½ «« ““ —— UU ????????³³ Ãë« . ööÎÎÎÎ ¦¦ ÄÄ WW KK II ²² ÄÄ WW ¹¹ œœ dd  WW ÃÃËË œœ ÊÊ öö ŽŽ SS ???? ¨¨ WW KK ÄÄ UU ýý WW OO ÁÁ «« dd ŽŽ UU LL −− NN Ãà ÊÊ UU MM FF Ãë« vv KK ŽŽ ÿÿ UU ????????HH????????××KK Ãà WW ????OO ????????ŽŽUU ???????? bb Ãë« œœ dd JJ Ãë« «« —— bb ????????ÁÁ WW ¹¹ uu ????II????ðð vv KK ŽŽ rr ¼¼ bb ????????OO ????ÂÂQQ ðð ÊÊ UU ???????? . wwðð «« cc Ãë« rr JJ (( «« ss ÄÄ —— bb ÁÁ dd ³³  √√ œdJë V?KÞ œ«œ“≈ t??OKŽË «b??Bë …u??Á d?O??F??Ý œ«œ“≈ ±π∑≥ ‰öš rOł sÄ ÎU?FÁuÄ ÎU?³KÞ XLŽœ U½√ Ʊπ∑≥ ”—UÄ ≤π w . «bŽU LKà ¨ «bŽU? *« …œU¹eà CIA ‡Ã« d¹b?L? …d??O?B?Ië tðd?²? ‰ö?š d?−?M ?OKÝ w²Ã« …d?Âc*« X½U? .…e?O??łË …d?²?HÐ U¼b??FÐ Êu? JO½ t??OKŽ o«Ë ÍcÃ«Ë ‚d?Aë w? U?O?Ñu? K?à ‰Ëô« ÊuÐeë `³?« ‚«d?F?ë ÊQÐ Õd?Að U?N??²?Äb?Á UNK¹u9 w …dL² Ä 5 Š «b WÝUzdÐ WO¦F³Ã« WÄuJ(« Ê«Ë jÝËô« …uIë u¼ ‚«dF?ë Ê«Ë ¨ÊU² ÂU³? bOFÐ sÂUÄ« w W?OÐU¼—ô« ULEMLKà WOKOz«dÝô« WO?LK ë «—œU³*« WKÁdŽ ‰ËU% w²Ã« idë WN?³' WÂd;« ‡‡µ±‡‡ ‡‡µ±‡‡ sÄ d¦Â« vë rŽbë …œU¹“ XŠd²Á« bI »U³Ýô« Ác¼ qJà .WOÐdFë ‡‡ vÃ≈ »d?Á√ dO?¦JÐ d³?Â√ ÎUOÃU?Ä ÎUÄ«e?²Ã≈ ÁUAë ·U?{√ .WM ë w 5¹öÄ µ œUMÝô«Ë ÍdJ ??Fë t?L?Žœ w d?L??²?Ý« pÖ vë W?U?{«Ë ¨ÎU?½u?OKÄ ≥∞ .b??I??²Ã W?O?½«d¹ô« Èb*« …b??O?F?Ð l«b*« ‰U??L?F??²??Ý« ‰ö??š sÄ wF??b*« ¨pÖ lÄ .W?O½«d¹ô« w?{«—ô« sÄ W¹œdJë U?OKL??FKà W¹—UMë W?O?DG?²Ã« “ËU???−??²¹ U?0 »d??×K?à œdJë d???O??F??? ð dÞU??? ???Ä sÄ Êu?? ?JO½ —c???Š U½« ∫ŸUbë bb????????????OO ????????????FFÐР «« ee ????????????²² ÃÃUU ????ÐÐ UUÎÎÎÎ ????????????ŽŽUU ????????????³³ DD ½½ «« ww ????DDFF½½ ôô ÊÊ «« ‰‰ ËË UU ????????????××½½ ÊÊ «« VV ????žždd½½ bb ????????????ÁÁ ÁÁ cc ????¼¼ ll ???? bb ½½ UU ????MM ????½½ «« ww ????½½ «« ““ —— UU ????????????????????????????????³³ ????KK ????Ãà ‰‰ uu ????????????????????????????????II????½½ ÊÊ UU ????ÐÐ bb ????¹¹ «« ee ????????????????????????????????²² ????????????????????????????????ÄÄËË ÈÈ bb ????** «« qq  ww ss ????JJÃÃËË UU ¹¹ dd ????????NN????????????ýý WW MM Ãë« ÁÁ cc ????????NN????Ãà WW ????????OO ???????? UU ????????{{ôô«« «« bb ????????????ŽŽUU ???????? ** «« œœ dd JJ Ãë« ¡¡ UU ????IIÐÐ ‰‰ uu ŠŠ tt ¹¹ √√ —— ww ÁÁ UU ????AAKK Ãà UU MM ²²  —— UU ????AAÄÄ bb  RR ????MM ÝÝ ‰‰ «« uu ŠŠ ôô «« . ŸŸ UU bb Ãë« WW ÃÃUU ŠŠ ww U???N½Q???ÂË d??N?Eð W¹d??? ë œdJ?ë W??O?KL???Ž X½U??? vÃËô« U???N??²M?Ý w sÄ «d¹d?Ið Êu? JO½ vë XKI½ ±π∑≤ dÐu?²Â« µ w .U?N«b?¼« XII?Š Ê«d¹« w «d??O??H??Ý b??FÐ U??L??O?? `³??« ÍcÃ«Ë e??LK?O¼ œ—U??A¹— CIA d¹b?Ä ∫w¦F³Ã« gO'« w¦KŁ ÊuKGA¹ «u½U œdJë ÊUÐ U½d³ ¹ ¡¡UU II ÐÐ «« ÊÊ «« ...«« dd ¹¹ UU ????ÄÄ vv KK ŽŽ ww ¦¦ FF ????³³ Ãë« Â UU EE MM Ãë« ww ¡¡ ww ýý qq  ff OO Ãà gg OO łł ww ¦¦ ????KK ŁŁ ‰‰ UU GG ýý ≈≈ ww dd ????LL²² ???? OO ÝÝ WW ½½ UU ????BBÄÄ …… uu ÁÁ vv ????KK ŽŽ ww ½½ «« ““ —— UU ³³ Ãë« ‚‚ öö ÞÞ ôô WW MM ????OO ????????BB????????ŠŠ …… bb ????????ŽŽUU ????????ÁÁ ¡¡ UU MM ÐÐ ss ????ÄÄ 55 OO ????????¦¦ ????????FF????????³³ Ãë« ll MM ????11 UU 22 ‚‚ «« dd ????????FFÃë« . ÊÊ«« dd ¹¹ «« bb {{ ôô UU OO ²² žž ôô «« ‚‚ dd ËË VV ¹¹ dd ²² Ãë« UU OO KK LL ŽŽ ‡‡µ≤‡‡ ‡‡µ≤‡‡ X³³Ý ¨±π∑≥ WMÝ jÝËô« ‚d?Aë w »d(« XFÃb½« U?ÄbMŽ UMOKŽ ÊU «–« U?LO ÊUÐ oKF²¹U?Ä UNMÄ .qÂUA*« sÄ …b¹bł WK KÝ UMà X% w²?ë oÞUM*« v?KŽ Íœd?? Âu???−¼ lO??−???A??²Ð W??d???Hë ‰ö??G???²??Ý« sÄ Õ«d²?Á« œdÐ UML?Á bIà .5 ?Š «b ÂUE½ ◊U?I?Ýô ‚«dFë …dDO?Ý tà X½U «c¼ U½—«d?Á sJÃË wKOz«dÝô« ◊U³ð—ô« jÐU{ sÄ qO?³Ië «c¼ p¹UÄ WM' U Kł dE½√® .WÄœUIë «uM ë w ‰b−Kà …d?O¦Ä VÁ«uŽ ±∂ ¨W¹d????I?ë u‡‡? w åCIA ‡Ã √d?????Ið Ê√ „b¹d?¹ ô fO?zdë d¹d?????Iðò Æ©∏∏ ‡‡ ∏µ ’ ±π∑∂ ◊U³ý .W?OÃU?O??)« WÃuD³Ã« vKŽ ÎU¹b?O?KIð ÎôU?¦?Ä œb?Bë «c?N?Ð œU?I?²½ù« ÊU? W¹d?? ë W??OK?L??Fë d??L??Ž ÊU?? W??OKOz«d??Ýô« W??OÐd??Fë »d??(« Ÿôb?½« bMŽ W×KÝô« sÄ «bł öOKÁ «œbŽ ÊuJK²1 œdJë ÊU .qOKIÐ WMÝ sÄd¦Â« sà s¹cë 5O½«d¹ô« …—«œUÐ X½U rNð–u×Ð X½U? w²Ã« l«b*«Ë WKOI¦Ã« sŽ ŸUbë œdJë WŽUD²ÝUÐ ÊU .r¼œËbŠ sŽ œUF²ÐôUÐ «bЫ «ËdÞU ¹ U??N?O?KŽ VF??B¹ W?O??Á«d??Fë «dzUDÃ«Ë U?ÐUÐbë YO??Š wK³??'« rNMÞu??Ä w ÕU?−MKà W?d W¹« pK9 s?Jð rà WH?O?H)« rN?²?×KÝ« sJÃË .‰U²Ië Õö? ÃUÐ Złb?Ä d?O?³? wÁ«d?Ž gO?ł b?{ rNM?Þu?Ä wKð w²Ã« ‰u?N? ë b(« «c¼ “ËU−²¹ Âu−¼ Í« . UÐUÐbë U¾ÄË —uD²*«Ë qOI¦Ã« w²OÑu ë .W¹dJ Fë œdJë ÈuIà qÄUJë rODײë vë ÍœR¹ Ê« r²;« sÄ ÊU U???«d??? Kà U???ö???š t½ô W???U???š …—u???BÐ U???×???O???×??? ÊU??? «c¼Ë wÐd?F?ë V½U?'« …b?ŽU? ?* W?O?I?O??I?Š …u?Á 5O?Á«d??Fë qÝd¹ rà ¨W?F?zU?Aë ‡‡µ≥‡‡ ‡‡µ≥‡‡ gO??'« w?¦KŁ jЗ w œd?Jë d??L??²??Ý« .jÝËô« ‚d??Aë »d??Š ‰ö??š vë U½dE½ «–« U³¹dž fOÃË .oÐU ë ÂUFë w eLKO¼ U½d³š« UL wÁ«dFë …b??O??Šuë W??N??³??'« w¼ Ác¼Ë ‡‡ U¹—u??ÝË ‚«d??Fë 5Ð …dðu??²*« U??Áö??Fë jI …bŠ«Ë W³O²Â Ê« ‡‡ UNOKŽ dOŁQ²Ã« ‚«dFë ÊUJÄUÐ ÊU w²Ã« UO«dGł U?ÝUO?Á «b?ł WÄd?²?×Ä w?¼ å»—U%ò W?LKÂË .qOz«dÝ« »—U?ײà XKÝ—« bIà .W?N??³?'« vë ‰u?uKà W??O?Á«d?Fë W??³?O?²Jë t??²?Ád?G?²??Ý« Ícë XÁuKà v²??ŠË W?ÄU??Fë ‰U??²??Ië oÞUMÄ vë ‰u??uKà U??³¹d??Ið ÂU¹« …d??A?Ž c??š« U?Nà …b?O??Šuë dzU? ?)«Ë .W?N??³?'« ◊uDš sŽ «b??ł …b?O?FÐ XIÐ U?¼b?FÐ UC?¹« X×$ w²Ã«Ë W¹œu?FÝ W?³O²? lÄ ÍuH?Ž «bD« V³ Ð X?ŁbŠ Ê«d??O½ ‚öÞ« ŸU??L??Ý Èb??Ä vë ‰u??u?Kà ÂU¹« …d??A??Ž ‚d??G??²?? ð Ê« w ÂU¹ô« w W?b? U?N?ł«uð «b?²Šô« w ÊU?³?ž«dë d?O?ž ÊU?dDÃ«Ë .ËbFë bI²?Ž« dšü« œułuÐ U?LN²dF?Ä ÂbFÃË .jÝËô« ‚dAë »d( …dOšô« «u?Ië W?F?Áu?²?Ä d?O?ž …—u?BÐ t?ł«uð U?N½UÐ 5²?O?Ðd?Fë 5ðb?Šuë sÄ q .—UMë ‚öÞUÐ Uð√bÐË WOKOz«dÝô« «bł …d?šQ²?Ä WKŠdÄ w ¡U?ł UÄu?−¼ UÐUB?Fë sAð Ê« …dJ WOKOz«d?Ýô« W¹dB*« WN³'« v?KŽ „—UF*« WH X½U U?ÄbMŽ »d(« sÄ Ícë Âu??Oë fH½ ¨d?Ðu?²??« ±µ »d??×Kà lÝU??²Ã« Âu??Oë w .XÃu??% b?Á WIDM* ÍdB*« ÂUײÁûà œUCÄ Âu−NÐ WÃUF …—uBÐ qOz«dÝ« tO XÄUÁ w UM¹√— sŽ U?N?O? ‰Q? ¹ w½«“—U?³Ã« sÄ WKłU?Ž WÃU?Ý— UMLK²?Ý« ¨¡UMO?Ý vKŽ Âu???−¼ sý sŽ wK?Oz«d??Ýô« ◊U??³ð—ô« j?ÐU??{ W??×??O??B?MÐ c??šô« ‡‡µ¥‡‡ ‡‡µ¥‡‡ jÐU???{ ÊuJ¹ Õ«d??²???Áô« sÄ U??Žu½ «c?¼ ÊU?? .W??OK?N?? ë ‚«d??Fë o?ÞUMÄ rà .t1bI²Ð UFÃuÄ tMÞË vë WÁdAÄ …—u fJŽ vë ‚uA²Ä wKOz«dÝ« .UN H½ VOÐ√ qð Êbà sÄ qO³Ië «c¼ sÄ VKÞ Í« UMGK³¹ «dÐU?????<« WÃU????ÂË «u?MÁ ‰ö?????š sÄ …œU????F?ÃU???? XK?Ë WÃU?????Ýdë w ÎU???F¹d???Ý s?KŽ√ Ícë ¨U???Nà b?¹b??'« d?¹b*« w³?Ãu?? ÂU???O?ÃËË ¨W¹e???Âd*« W¹d?¦Â« œËe¹ ÊU? Ícë ÁU?Aë U½d?A²?Ý« U* .»d?×Kà lO?Ýuð Íô tC?— t¹√— w ÊU .w³Ãu? Í√— rŽœ bI? œdJKà ͗U?A²?Ýô«Ë ÍœU*« rŽbë Ê« .‰uN ë w WU?šË WOÄu−Në UOKLFKà 5?×K Ä «u Oà œdJë Ê« .òW¹œdJë WÁ—uëò‡Ã ÂU²Ã« ŸUOCÃUÐ dÞU ¹ wKOz«dÝô« Õ«d²Áô« fOà t½UÐ b?I?²?Ž« X?M pÃcà W?U?{ôUÐË .pÖ vKŽ XI?«Ë U½« W?OKOz«dÝô« UJO?²J²ÃUÐ «b?ł W×?{U …—u?BÐ œdJë jЗ W?LJ(« sÄ U0 ÊuÃËe??F?Ä r?¼Ë W?OÐd??Fë ‰Ëbë sÄ rN??}KŽ V?C?Gë sÄ b?¹e*« VKłË w½«“—U?³?ë vë XKÝ—« dÐu?²??Â√ ±∂ w Êu? JO½ W??I?«u0Ë .W¹U?HJë t?O? ∫WOÃU²Ã« WÃUÝdë «u?Äu?Ið Ê« W??LJ(« sÄ t½« ‡‡ b?I?²??F½ ô —d?« ‡‡ b?I?²??F½ ô s×½ .ÊuOKOz«dÝô« rJOKŽ tŠd²Á« Ícë ÍdJ Fë Âu−NÃUÐ …bzU???? W¹« ÊËœ œd?Jë rO?D% …dÞU???? ???Ä t????O??? ÊU???? d???š¬ —«d????Á Í« t??O?? d??³??Ž Ícë Âu??Oë fH?½ w w²ÃU??Ý— w½«“—U??³?ë rK²??Ý« .qOz«d?Ýô ÂU¹√ W?²??Ý b?FÐË .W?Ž—b*« tð«u??Á lÄ f¹u? ë …UMÁ ÊË—U??ý q¹—¬ ‰«dM'« .jÝËô« ‚dAë »dŠ w —UMë ‚öÞ« nÁË „UM¼ ÊU ‡‡µµ‡‡ ‡‡µµ‡‡ ÍœdJë wð«cë rJ(« W¹UN½ u??×½ U???O??−¹—bð t??−???²¹ «œU?? ë —u½√ ÊU??? Ícë XÁuë f?H½ w ÊËe?Âd¹ U?OÑu? ë ÊU? ¨W?O½öŽ d?¦?Â«Ë d?¦Â« …—u?BÐ …b?×?²*« U¹ôuë «b? b¹Ëe??²Ð uJÝu??Ä √bÐ …d?Ä ‰Ëô .W?×?{«Ë …—u?B?Ð ‚«d?Fë vKŽ b?{ ‚«d??Fë W?O??−?Oð«d??²?Ý« w …—uŁ Àb??Š« U2 WKO??I?¦Ã« l«b*UÐ 5? ?Š ‰U³'« vK?Ž öL(UÐ ÂuI¹ wÁ«dF?ë gO'« ÊU ±π∑≥ v²Š .œdJë ¡U??²??ý w .¡U??²???Aë ‰uKŠ ‰U???Š ‰u??N??? ë vë V×??? M¹Ë nO??? q w?²Ã« l?Á«u?*« w w?Á«d??????F?ë g?O??????'« w?I?Ð …d??????Ä ‰Ëô ±π∑¥ ‡‡ ±π∑≥ nO?Bë WKL?Š ÊUÐ wMF¹ ÊU? «c¼Ë .wH?O?Bë Âu?−?N?ë ‰ö?š U?NK²?Š« sÄ .W¹œd?Jë oÞU?M*« qš«œ «b???ł o?L???Ž« lÁ«u????Ä sÄ √b???³???²???Ý ÂœU????Ië WMO???B??(« œd?Jë oÞUM?Ä ‰ö??²???Š« ÊËuM¹ «u½U??? 5O???Á«d??Fë ÊU?Ð `{«uë XMJÄ 5Š oK?IKà …—UŁ« d?¦?« X×?³?« W?O?−?Oð«d?²? ë Ác¼Ë .UO?−¹—bð X½U W¹œd? lÁ«uÄ …dU×?Ä wÁ«dFë gO'« WKOI?¦Ã« WO²O?Ñu ë l«b*« .ÎUIÐUÝ ‚«d²šöà WKÐUÁ dOž d³²Fð pÖ ·ö Ð Âu?¹ s?Ä j³????????C?ÃUÐ «u?M?Ý l?З« b???????F?Ð ¨±π∑¥ ”—U???????Ä w±± WIDM?*« rJ( …b¹bł WDš Êu?OÁ«dFë sKŽ« ¨w?ð«cë rJ×Kà rNŠ«d?²Á« X½U?? ¨wð«cë rJ×?Kà Íu?H??Aë d??Âcë vKŽ U¼—«d??L?²??Ý« lÄ .W¹œdJë ‡‡µ∂‡‡ ‡‡µ∂‡‡ Ê« U0Ë .WO?Á«dFë WO?ÝUO ë …dDO? ë ÂUJŠô WŠd²?IÄ lÁ«uë w WD)« .wzUN?½ —«c½« WÐU¦0 ÊU? œ«bGÐ Õ«d²?Á« ÊU U?FÁu?²Ä ÊU w½«“—U?³Ã« i— w W?IÐU?? ë U?ýU?IMë q “dÐ «œb??−?Ä ÍdJ ?Fë ◊U?A?Më √b?²Ð« U* ∫b¹bł sÄ `D ë vë œdJë u×½ UM²ÝUOÝ ‰uŠ sDMý«Ë UU ????????????II????KK ŠŠ ÈÈ bb ????????????ŠŠ«« qq ????¹¹ ee ????????????²² ????????????ÝÝ œœ dd ????JJÃë« WW 11 ee ????¼¼ ÊÊ «« ss ÄÄ ÁÁ UU ????????????AA????Ãë« —— cc ????????????ŠŠ ¿¿ UU ????OO ????ÑÑ uu ???????? Ãë« –– uu ????HH½½ ËË ·· dd DD ²² ** «« ÁÁ UU ????????&&ôô«« …… uu ????ÁÁ bb ¹¹ ee ????²² ????ÝÝËË ‚‚ «« dd ????FF????Ãë« ww ÊÊ ““ «« uu ????²² Ãë« . ÊÊ «« dd ¹¹ «« ËË ZZ OO KK )) «« vv KK ŽŽ bb ¹¹ bb NN ²² Ãë« bb ¹¹ ee OO ÝÝ UU 22 WW II DD MM ** «« ww …… bb ????????ŽŽUU ???????????? ????????ÄÄ …… œœ UU ¹¹ ee Ãà WW ????????????NNÐÐ UU ????????AA????????ÄÄ UU ????????????³³ KK DD ÐÐ UU ????????????NNKK II ????????????¦¦ ÐÐ qq OO zz «« dd ????????????ÝÝ«« XX II ÃÃ√√ ¿¿ …… bb ŽŽ ww FF ÄÄ ŸŸ uu ????{{uu** «« `` ²² HH ÐÐ WW UU šš …… —— uu BB ÐÐ dd OO zz UU ????ÄÄ «« bb ÃÃuu žž XX ÄÄ UU ÁÁ ËË ¨¨ œœ dd JJ Ãë« pp UU NN MM ŽŽ ZZ ²² ½½ ww ²² Ãë« ±±ππ∑∑¥¥ uu ¹¹ UU ????ÄÄ ww WW ????OO  uu JJ ** «« «« —— UU ????¹¹ ee Ãë« ‰‰ öö šš «« dd ????ÄÄ . ÊÊ ôô uu '' «« UU FF HH ðð dd ÄÄ ww „„ UU ³³ ²² ýý ôô «« . nn ÁÁ uu ** «« ‰‰ öö ????????GG????²² ????ÝÝôô ÁÁ œœ «« bb ????????FF????²² ????ÝÝ«« ww UU ????????FF¹¹ dd ????ÝÝ ww ½½ «« ““ —— UU ????????³³ Ãë« ÊÊ UU ????ÂÂËË ¿¿ UU ????NNÐÐ ÁÁ ¡¡ UU ????HHKK ŠŠ œœ uu ????OO ÁÁ pp ????HH¹¹ WW dd ????HH???? œœ «« bb ????GGÐÐ ll ÄÄ UU ŁŁ œœ UU ????;;«« qq AA ???? dd ???? ÒÒÒÒ uu ????NN???? ww UU ????NNMM JJ ????ÃÃËË ww ðð «« cc Ãë« rr JJ (( UU ÐÐ UU ????NN????HH????????BB¹¹ ‰‰ «« ““ ôô WW ????II¹¹ dd DD ÐÐ tt ????²² DD ????KK ÝÝ bb 00  uu ????II¹¹ ËË Â bb ÁÁ ¨¨ ±± ππ ∑∑ ¥¥ ”” —— UU ÄÄ ±± ∂∂ ww . WW KK II ²² ** «« WW ÃÃËË bb ????Ãë« ss ŽŽ nn KK ²² ðð ôô dd ¼¼ uu '' «« rr JJ ×× KK Ãà ÊÊ uu OO KK ÄÄ ±± ∏∏ ∞∞ ∫∫ WW ŠŠ dd ????²² II ** «« tt ²² OO ????−−OO ðð «« dd ²² ????ÝÝôô 55 ²² GG OO ???? ww ½½ «« ““ —— UU ³³ Ãë« UU MM Ãà åå WW ³³ ÝÝ UU MM ÄÄ òò UU ÝÝ RR ÄÄ ÁÁ UU LL ÝÝ UU ÄÄ ff OO ÝÝ QQ ²² Ãà ÊÊ uu OO KK ÄÄ ≥≥ ∂∂ ∞∞ ¨¨ qq ÄÄ UU JJ Ãë« ww ðð «« cc Ãë« . ‰‰ öö II ²² ÝÝ öö Ãà ff OO Ãà –– ≈≈ ww ????²² Ãë« ËË VV ½½ UU ????????''«« WW ¹¹ œœ UU ????ŠŠ«« …… dd ????EEMM ÐÐ UU ????????ŽŽuu???? bb ????????ÄÄ ww ½½ «« ““ —— UU ????????³³ Ãë« ÊÊ UU ???????? qqłł«« ss ????ÄÄ ‰‰ UU ????????????????????CCMM ????Ãë« ÷÷ uu ???????????????????? ÐÐ ÊÊ uu ????????????????????ÄÄuu????????????????????II????¹¹ ss ¹¹ cc ????Ãë« ss ÄÄ qq ????OO KK ????IIÃë« ôô «« „„ UU ????MM ¼¼ ‡‡µ∑‡‡ ‡‡µ∑‡‡ WW ÁÁ uu HH ²² ÄÄ ÈÈ uu ÁÁ bb {{ WW ¹¹ «« bb ³³ Ãë« ww uu ¼¼ UU LL zz «« œœ ‰‰ UU CC MM ÃÃUU . UU NN ½½ ËË bb ÐÐ ‰‰ öö II ²² ÝÝ ôô «« ‰‰ UU ????????????????LL¼¼ôô«« ss ÄÄ ŸŸ uu ????½½ ËË …… œœ UU ????????????FF????KK Ãà ‚‚ —— UU ????????????????šš ÊÊ UU 11 «« ”” UU ????????????????ÝÝ«« vv KK ŽŽ dd ????????????????LL????????????????²² ???????????? ????¹¹ uu ¼¼ ËË ss ÄÄ dd ????OO ????¦¦ ???????? ww  UU ????NNÃÃôô «« ÊÊ «« rr žž —— ËË . ÈÈ uu ????IIÃë« ss ¹¹ ““ «« uu ** ww FF ????OO ????????³³ DD Ãë« »» UU ???? ????××KK Ãà sJ1 ô wŽu{uÄ bŠ „UM¼ ¨¨ WW ¹¹ œœ UU ** «« œœ —— «« uu ** «« ss ŽŽ ÷÷ uu FF ¹¹ bb ÁÁ ÊÊ UU OO ŠŠ ôô «« w²Ã« wð«cë rJ(« W?O?Žu½ Ê« .Ád?O?O?Gð sÄ ’ö?šô« sÄ W?ł—œ Í_ U?N?L?Žb¹ Ê« sJ1 Ë« U?N?L?Žb¹ ÁU?Aë sJ¹ r?à w½«“—U?³Ã« s¼– w X½U? U¹ôu?ë lÝË w? sJ?¹ rÃË .©U??????C¹« U??????O?????Âd?ð Ë«® ÂU¹ô« s?Ä Âu¹ w? qÁô« b?(« v²ŠË .U?N?³KD?¹ ÊU? w²Ã« œ—«u*« TNð Ê« U?N? ?H?MÐ …b?×?²*« qJà W??B??B?<« W??O½«e??O*« Ÿu??L?−??Ä Èb?F??²¹ ÊU?? w½«“—U??³Ã« t??³KÞ Ícë Ícë ”d?$uJë sJÃË .…b?×?²*« U?¹ôuë q³?Á sÄ W¹d? ë U??OKL?Fë idÐ ÂUE²½U?Ð ÂuI¹Ë X?Ołd?ðËË W×?O?C? t?ł«u¹ ±π∑¥ WMÝ w ÊU .bI?²Ã VKÞ Í« id?OÝ bO?ÂQ²ÃUÐ ÊU? WOMO?Bë bMNë UOKL?Ž q¹u9 ‚«d?Fë ‰U?³?ł w Èb*« W?F?Ý«Ë W?OðUÐU?B?Ž W?OÐd?Š U?OKL?Fà …b?ŽU? *« Ícë ÁUAë YŠ ‰ËU?×½ Ê« —uN?²Ã« sÄ ÊUÂË .W?O²?OÑu? ë œËb(« »d?Á qšb??²?ë vKŽ WK¹u?Þ œËb??Š w w²??O???Ñu?? ë œU??%ô« lÄ „d??²???Að ÁœöÐ . UOÑu Kà nOKŠ t³ý d³²F¹ bKÐ w wMKFë w³Ãu q³?Á sÄ ôUBðô« sÄ ö?OÝ w½«“—U³Ã« VKÞ V³?Ý bÁË i— ÊU .W??OJ¹d?Äô« …b??ŽU?? *« w …œU¹“ W¹√ sÄ U??N??O? —c??×¹ Ícë 5³Á«d?*« q ÊU .t?²O?F?Á«Ë Âb?Ž w w½«“—U³?ë fL% w¼U?C¹ w³Ãu? ZÄU½d?³Ã« ÊU?? W?OÃU?(« W?O?Á«d?Fë W?O??−?Oð«d?²? ë qþ w t½« w? 5I?H?²?Ä ‡‡µ∏‡‡ ‡‡µ∏‡‡ wÄu?I?ë sÄöà «—U?A?²?? ?Ä w²??H?BÐË .ŸU?bK?à v²?Š ·U? d?O??ž œu?łu*« X½d?ÐË e??LK?O¼ „œ sÄ X³?KÞË œdJK?à …b??ŽU??? *« …œU¹“ ÁU???&UÐ XDG???{ .œbBë «cNÐ Õ«d²Á« dOC% XËdÂuJÝ .rNðU?łU?²M²Ý« X?ËdÂuJÝË e?LKO¼ Âb?Á ±π∑¥ q¹dЫ W¹«bÐ w w UJ¹dÄ« WL¼U Ä l— ∫WOÃU(« «bŽU *« WHŽUCÄ sLC²ð X½UÂË Âb?IÔð d??š¬ —ôËœ Êu?OKÄË .—ôËœ 5¹öÄ ∏ vë µ sÄ W¹d? ë W??OKL?Fë sÄ t²BŠ l— vë ÁUAë o«ËË .WOMKFë —œUB*« sÄ 5¾łöë W½UŽù U????????O½U?D?¹d?Ð XI?Ð«Ë ªW?M? ë w? —ôËœ Êu????????OK?Ä ∑µ vë ≥∞ sÄ W?D)« .oÐU ë U¼«u² Ä w rNð«bŽU Ä vKŽ qOz«dÝ«Ë ÷d?Gà sJ¹ rà Ê≈Ë W?Âd?²?A?Ä W?O?−?Oð«d?²?Ý rÝ— w W?L¼U? ?LKÃË ∫wK¹UÄ w½«“—U³KÃË ÁUAKà ‰uI¹ Ê« eLKONà ULOKFð XODŽ« ¨„d²AÄ ∫w sLJð WOJ¹dÄô« `ÃUB*« ÊU U¼«d½ UL WÃu??I??F??Ä …b??ŽU??Á v?KŽ ÿU??H??×Kà W??O???UJë …—b??Ië œdJ?ë ¡UDŽ« ©√® ªœ«bGÐ WÄuJŠ q³Á sÄ rNÁuI×Ð ·«d²Žô« vKŽ ÷ËUH²Kà sJÃË ‰UGA½ô« WÃUŠ w WOÃU(« ‚«dFë WÄuJŠ ¡UIЫ ©»® WKI²? Ä W¹œd W?IDMÄ Êô WLz«œ …—uBÐ ‚«d?Fë r I¹ ô Ê« ©Ã® fOà ʫd¹«Ë …b??×?²*« U?¹ôuë Ê«Ë W?×??łU½ U¹œU?B??²?Á« ÊuJð s?à ·u?Ý rJ×¹ ‚«d?Ž lÄ …bO?ł UÁöŽ t?łuÐ »U³Ã« b?Ý w W×K?BÄ UL?N¹bà .WÃb²FÄ …œUOIÐ ‡‡µπ‡‡ ‡‡µπ‡‡ .w³ÃuJà XODŽ« ULOKF²Ã« fH½Ë b??Š«Ë q? d??O?? ??H?ð sJÃË ¨·«b¼ô« v?KŽ XI??H?ð« ·«dÞô« q W¹eÂd*« «dÐU<« Ʊπ∑¥ ÂU?Ž ‰«uÞ UHK²? Ä `³?« W³?FKë ·«dÞ« sÄ cOHMð vKŽ d« ¨cOHM²ÃUÐ wJ¹dÄô« V½U'« sÄ WHKJ*« WOJ¹dÄô« ªW?łd?Š nÁ«u?Ä w? Ÿu?Áuë Âb?Ž vÃ≈ u½d¹ ÊU? ÁU?A?ë ª…b¹b?'« WD)« sŽ ŸU??bKà wH?Jð œUJÃUÐ œ—«u0 —U??B??²½ô« sŽ Y×??³¹ ÊU?? w½«“—U??³Ã«Ë .tðdDOÝ oÞUMÄ U?I¹UC?Ä “ËU?−²ð X½U? U?N½« w³Ãu W?O?−Oð«d?²?Ý WKJAÄ X½U? .Ê«b???O?*« w l{u?ë lÄ VÝU?M²ð U????N½u??? s?Ä d???¦????« ”d???$uJ?ë ÊU???' fOÃË WKÄU?ý »d?Š vë ÃU?²?% X½U? w½«“«d?³Ã« W?O?−?Oð«d?²?Ý WKJA?ÄË 5O½«d?¹ô«Ë iOÐô« XO??³Ã« W??O?−??Oð«d??²?Ý W?KJA??ÄË UÐU?B??Fë »d??Š t??³???ý WÃœU??F??Ä v?ë ÃU??²??×?¹ ÊU?? ͜dJë w?ð«cë rJ(« Ê« w X?½U?? œU??L?²??ŽôUÐ Á¡U?IЫ VF??Bë sÄ rL??B?Ä r?B?š b??{ WÃœU?F*«Ë ¨W??Lz«œ .WOH)« UOKLFë vKŽ Ê« œdJ?ë U????d????Bð v?KŽ ΡUM?Ð VF????Bë s?Ä ÊU???? XÁu?ë ‰«uÞË ÊuŁb?×??²¹ «u½U? ÊU?O?Šô« i?FÐ wH? .W?O??I?O?I?(« r?NðU?łU?Š Z²M?²? ð w ≤∑ w .rNðuIÐ s¹—ËdGÄ Èdš« ÊUOŠ« wË ”R³Ã« vN²MÄ w rN½QÂË tÐ o(«Ë w½«“—U?³Ã« sÄ öłUŽ U?ÝUL?²Ã« ÁUAë Âb?Á ‰U¦?L uOÃu¹±π∑¥ ‡‡ ZOK)« W?IDMÄ qÂË Ê«d¹ô ‡‡ …d?OD)« ZzU?²Më sŽ t? ?H½ sÄ «d¹c?% .œdJë WÄËUIÄ —UN½« «–« ULO ‡‡∂∞‡‡ ‡‡∂∞‡‡ Õd?²Á« d?³?L²?³?Ý W¹«bÐ w pÖ sÄ jI? WKOKÁ lOÐU?Ý« b?FÐ sJÃË s×½ .„u??Âd? jH½ ‰u??I??Š b?{ W¹œd?? W?O??Äu??−¼ U?OK?L?Ž w½«“—U??³Ã« W?Ä“« oOL?Fð b¹d½ sJ½ rà U?M½ô d³?L?²³?Ý ±∏ w Õ«d?²Áô« «c¼ UMC?— w W?ODHMë U¾?AM*« b?{ nMŽ WIKŠ ‚öÞU?Ð UNMO?Š …œułu*« œu?Áuë ÂU??O??Ië ÁU??&U?Ð …d??L??²?? *« w½«“—U??³Ã« U?Þu??G??{ sJÃË .jÝËô« ‚d?Aë `L ð X½U UN½ô rŽbë …œU¹“ ÂuBš W−Š ÍuI¹ ÊU ͜d Âu−NÐ sŽ ŸU?bKà œ—«u*« sÄ wHJ¹ U?Ä «uJK1 Ê« V−¹ œdJë ÊUÐ ¡U?Žœô« rNà Âu??−?¼ sAà W??O???U??{« W??×K?Ý« VKÞ vK?Ž Êu??F½U1 «u?½U?? «–« rN??I?ÞUMÄ .dO³Â w dE?Më …œU??Žô U?O?ÃU?¦??Ä U??²??ÁË ±π∑¥ nO?? ÊU?? W??ÄU??Ž …—u??BÐ jI 5O?ł—U)« s¹b¹U;« Ê« .pÃcà ÊUIzU?Ž „UM¼ ÊU sJÃË .UMHÁ«uÄ nO .sÄeë UÁuFÄ sŽ …œd−Ä À«bŠ« sŽ Í√dë ¡UDŽ« rN½UJÄUÐ ÂU??L??²¼ô« U?MÄ b¹dð X½U?? U???NMÄ d??O??¦??ÂË U??Ä“ôUÐ U??¾???OKÄ ÊU?? ±π∑¥ u??O½u?¹ w ªW??O??ÂuJ*« U?¹—u??Ý WÃu??ł „UM?¼ X½U?? f¹U??Ä w ∫q?łU??Fë u??OÃu¹ w? ªw²??O??u?? ë œU??%ô«Ë jÝËô« ‚d??Aë vë f?Ozdë «d??H??Ý U¼bFÐË Êu? JO½ fOzdë WÞ—Ë fD ž« w ªW?Od³Ië W?Ä“ô« X½U Êu½UÁ —U?ON½« ¨WOÃËbë UÁö?Fë w ëdH½« ¨’d³?Á ¨WOÃUI²½ô« …d?²Hë …UÝQÄ «dOš«Ë ¨jÝËô« ‚d?Aë w wÝUÄuKÐbë Ê“«u²Ã« d¹uDð ¨…—U−²Ã« …œU?Ž« W¹ô XÁuë sÄ «b?ł qOKÁ „UM¼ ÊU? .W?LÁU?H?²*« W?OMO?Bë bMNë .…bOF³Ã« W¹œdJë oÞUM*« w UMð«—UO) WLEMÄ dE½ ‡‡∂±‡‡ ‡‡∂±‡‡ w?F??????{«Ë t??????ł«u?ð U?¹b??????% W?¹« „UM?¼ s?Jð r?à u?à v²???????Š sJ?ÃË sÄ qC?« «—U?O?š Êu?H?A?²JO?Ý «u½U? rN?½« w pý« XM ¨W?ÝU?O? ë w Íd ë ZÄU½d³Ã« vK?Ž UMI«Ë bÁ sJ½ rà uà .WD)« vKŽ —«dL²Ýô« sÄ U???ÄU???Ž s¹d???A???Ž Ê« .W???F¹d???Ý …—u???BÐ «u???Äe???N½« œdJë ÊU?Jà ±π∑≤ rÃË 5 Š «b Z¼UMÄ vK?Ž d¦Â« ·dF²Kà Wd?Hë U½UDŽ« U2 qšb²Ã« .«u??LK ?²??Ý« rN½« uà Îö??N??Ý ÊuJ¹ sà œdJë d??O?B??Ä ÊUÐ pAë U?Mà o³¹ UM?K³??Á U?M uà .U???F???{Ë s ???Š« U?Mð«—U???O???š sJ?ð rà ±π∑¥ nO?? wË «u½U?? rN?½S?? œdJKà W??O??U??{« «b??ŽU??? ??Ä Âb??I½ rÃË CIA ‡Ã« W??×?O??B½ »d??Š w w?MKFë rŽb?ë —U??O??š UM¹bà s?J¹ rà .b??O??ÂQ???²ÃUÐ ÊË—U??N?MO??Ý —u??N?L??'« sÄ »U??F??O?²??Ýô« W??³?F??Ë «b??ł …b?O??FÐË U??O?²?? ??łuà W??³?F?? sÄ wMKŽ qšbð sŽ Y׳¹ w½«“—U³Ã« ÊU dBMë qł« sÄ .wJ¹dÄô« XÁË w Èd?š« W?N?³?ł `²? sJÃË .…b?ײ?*« U¹ôuë sÄ rŽbÐ Ê«d¹« ÷dF²¹ wLK? ë g¹UF²Ã«Ë “Q²Ä jÝËô« ‚d?AÃ«Ë d¦F²ð ÂUM²?O X½U d??š¬ nOKŠ d??O?B??Ä …—u?N??²?Ä …—u??BÐ lC¹ ÊU?? qšb?²Ã« «c?¼ ¨Âu?−??NKà .bOÂQ²ÃUÐ ”d$uJë q³Á sÄ tC— r²OÝË dDš w UC¹« ≤∂ w œd?Jë W???O?KL???Ž ‰u???Š b?¹b???'« fO?zdKà «d?¹d???Ið XÄb????Á U* W???LEMÄ «u???Á ‰U??Ý—« w? dJH?¹ ÁU??Aë ÊU?Ð tðd??³???š√ ±π∑¥ fD ??ž« —cŠ sJÃË .©W¹œd? fÐö0 5Łu?F³?Ä ¡«d?³?š UNMO?Š „UM¼ tà ÊU?® …dDšË W¹U??NMë W??u?A?JÄ w¼ W¹d??G?Ä X½U?? U?L??N?Ä Ác??N? W??OKL??Ž ÊUÐ b?Á œ—u? ÊU?? uà U?L?O? «b?ŽU??Ä Ÿu?{u*« „dð vë ôU?O??Ä XM U½« .W¹UGKà ‡‡∂≤‡‡ ‡‡∂≤‡‡ .dÄô« lÐU²¹ rà œ—u fOzdë sJÃË .Èdš« ULOKFð w½UDŽ« 5Š«d??²?Á« vë X?KË w½√ ô≈ «—U?O??²Ã« lÞU??I?²Ð ÎU??ÄuJ×??Ä XM œdJ?Kà ͜U??B???²??Áô« r?ŽbKà W???OMKŽ œ—«u???Ä hO???B?? ???²Ð UML???Á .5DÝË U½« UM WDš vK?Ž œ—u ‚œU? fD ?ž« ≤∂ wË .5¾?łöà W½u?F?L? ʫ w¼Ë .lOÐU??Ýô U¼UM¦?×Ð b??Á e?²?OM¹œ U?? ?L?O?Ý w?KOz«d?Ýô« d?O??H? Ã«Ë ‰ö?š qOz«d?Ý« U??N?OKŽ XÃu?²?Ý« w²?ë W?O?²?O?u? ë W?×K?Ýô« qI½ q¹u9 W?OJ¹dÄ« W?×KÝUÐ qOz«dÝ« s×½ ÷u?F½ Ê«Ë . vë »dŠ±π∑≥œdJë ÃU²?×¹ dš¬ wÞ«d?ÁËdOÐ ”uÐU? vë bFÐ UL?O «c¼ ‰u?% bÁË® .W¾UJÄ qI½ - W¹UNMë wË .©WH?K² Ä ôU?ÂË 5Ð U{ËU?H*« sÄ dN?ý« vë rà v²?Š W?O?²?O?u? ë W?×KÝô« sÄ —ôËœ Êu?OKÄ ≤∏ wëu?Š ÍËU ¹ U?Ä W??ID?M*« w W??OÐd???(« ÊËR??AKà W??³??ÝU?MÄ W??×KÝ« W?¹« qOz«d??Ý« bM?Ž o³¹ .W¹œdJë V J?¹ œdJë vK?Ž wÁ«d??Fë Âu??−??N?ë ÊU?? U* ±π∑¥ n¹d?š w ÊUOŠô« d?¦Â« wË d¦Â«Ë d?¦Â« WKłUŽ W¹œd U?ÝUL²Ã« UMLK²?Ý« ULš“ Ác¼ q b?{ CIA ‡Ã« X½U? .ÁU??Aë q³??Á sÄ U??N??OKŽ ‚œU??B??Ä X½U?? ◊uDš d¦Â« ÊUÐ w³Ãu? U½d³š√ ±π∑¥ dÐu²Â« ≤≤ w Îö¦L . U³KDë X% ÊU??F?Á«Ë w ?O?zdë U?L¼d??I?ÄË w½«“—U??³Ã«Ë Ê«d¹« 5Ð Î…¡U??H? s¹u?L??²Ã« pÖ Êô åUML??Žœ Èu??²? ??Ä l— b?{ò v?Ë« b?I?? pÖ lÄ .b¹b?N?²Ã« ∫œdJë d?O?BÄ sÄ r¼« W¹d? ë ÊQ?ÂË ¨dDš w W?OKL?Fë W¹d?Ý lCO?Ý ≤∞ wëuŠ mK³¹ ±π∑µ ±π∑¥Ë ±π∑≥Ë «uM à w½«“—U?³Kà UML?Žœ Ê«ò ‡‡∂≥‡‡ ‡‡∂≥‡‡ 5O½«d¹ô« Ê« ... ôu????L?????(« sÄ U?MÞ ±≤µ∞ qL?????A¹Ë —ôËœ Êu????O?KÄ WÃUÂuë Õd²Ið pÃcà ¨œdJë tłU²×¹ Ícë rŽbë q ¡UDŽ« rN½UJÄUÐ b?Š ÁU?Aë “ËU?& «–« sJÃË .ò5O½«d¹öà œd?Jë rŽœ …œU¹“ d?Ä« „d?²¹ ÊUÐ fH½ t?ł«uOÝ ÊU? t½U tMO?Š w UN?ÄbI¹ ÊU Íc?ë —ôËœ ÊuOKÄ ∑µ i¹u????F????²Ð s×?½ rI½ r?à uà .qO?z«d????Ý« t????ł«uð X?½U??? w?²Ã« q?ÂU????A*« pÃcÐ UML?Á «–« sJÃË .W¹dJ ?F?ë U?Nð«u?Á pÖ nF?{ô U??Nà W?×KÝô« .UNO qÄ« ô ”d$uJë lÄ WÂdFÄ w UM H½« b−MÝ œdJë WÄËUIÄ —UON½« sJÃË U?¾ODÐ U?Äb?Ið “d×¹ ‚«d?Fë ÊU U?L?OË WE×Kë Ác¼ w ÊU? w b¼U?AÔ¹ ÊU? .qšb??²¹ Ê« —«c½« oÐU??Ý ÊËœË …Q?−?? ÁU?A?ë —d?Á U??²ÐUŁ w W?¹c????O????HM?²Ã« W?DK? ë w d?????L????²???? *« ◊U?D×½ô« s?Ä 5²?MÝ tM?O????Š UMð«—«d?Á sÄ Í« vKŽ ÷«d?²Ž« Í« tMÄ —b?³¹ rà u¼Ë .…b×?²*« U¹ôuë sŽ d???Ò³??Ž «–« U??L??O??? U??HzU???š ÊU?? t½ô U0—Ë jÁ œd?Jë rŽœ ’u??B??? Ð sJÃË .ÁbKÐ sÄ« rŽbð w²Ã« W?ÁöFÃUÐ d?C¹ Ê« UM²ÝU?OÝ ‰uŠ t?ÂuJý »d?Š vKŽ ÁU?Aë l−?A¹ sJ¹ rà W?OMO?Bë bMNë sŽ «b?ŽU? *« lDÁ ÁœËbŠ ‰U?L¼« Ë« wÁU³Ã« bOŠuë Á—U?Oš X½U w²Ã«Ë ¨‚«d?Fë lÄ WOMKŽ U¹ôu?ë sÄ W?? ???Ý«— U½U???L??{ ÊËœ w²???O??u??? ë œU???%ô« lÄ WK¹u?Dë .UNODF½ Ê« lÁuÄ w s×½ UM UÄ w²Ã«Ë …bײ*« .W?O?ÝU?O ?ë t²?Á«c?Š vë »U?×? ½ô« nO?C¹ Ê« ÁU?Aë —d?Á pÃcà ‡‡∂¥‡‡ ‡‡∂¥‡‡ w²Ãuł W¹UN½ wË a¹—u¹“ w ±π∑µ d¹«d³ ±∏ w wFÄ ŸUL²ł« wH —«c½« oÐU?Ý ÊËœ wMGKЫ ¨jÝËô« ‚dA?ë vë WO?UAJ²?Ýô« WO?ÂuJ*« ∫∫œœ—— uu XX GG KK ÐÐ UU ½½ «« .5 Š «b lÄ U{ËUH*« »d−¹ t½UÐ qł— lÄ ŸU???L??²???łöà jD ¹ u?¼ ¨wÁ«d??Ž Õ«d???²??Á« vKŽ U?Ыu??ł ‰u³Á lOD² ¹ ô t½UÐ ‰uI¹ ÁUAë .5 Š «b ÍuIë ‚«dFë W???O??Á«d???Ž W???ÄuJŠ …d?DO???Ý X% wð«– rJ?Š «– W¹œd??? WÃËœ vKŽ Êu?¦?×¹ ·u?Ý 5O?Á«d?F?ë ÊUÐ sE¹ u¼ .W?O?Žu?O?ý W¹e?Âd?Ä b??Á w²?Ã«Ë W??O½«d¹ô« ‡‡ W???O??Á«d???Fë œËb??(« v?KŽ Àœ«u??Š o?Kš U?N?F??{ËË W?OÃËœ W?O?C?Á vë W?¹œdJë W?O?C?Ië q?¹u?% vë ÍœRð w fO?à t¹√dÐ «c¼Ë …b??×??²*« 3öà l?ÐU?²?ë sÄô« fK−??Ä ÂU??Ä« »d?−?¹ ÊUÐ Íd?G?Ä ÷d??Ž t½UÐ d?N?E¹ —U?B?²??šUÐ .«bЫ t?(U? sJÃË ¨œdJ?ë ‰u?Š ‚«d??Fë lÄ r¼U?H??²Ã« sÄ Ÿu½ u??×½ „d?×??²Ã« qL??Ž ÊU?JÄôUÐ ÊuJ?¹ Ê« t??O?? „uJA?*« sÄ Âu??N??H??Ä u?¼ U??L?? t???L???Žœ vKŽ d???L???²??? ¹ Ê« ÍuM?¹ u¼ ¡UMŁô« Ác?¼ wË .d??O???¦Jë .œdJKà ·u?Ý œdJë —U?O?N?½« Ê« sŽ …—dJ²*« tð«d¹c?×?²?Ð ÁU?Aë d?Ò– b?Ià UMOL?Dð sÄ —cŠË .W?IDM*« q w —«d?I?²?Ýô« ‰ö?š« vë ÍœR¹ .W?L?O?I?ë W1b?Ž ÊuJð ·u?Ý U?N?½QÐ W¹œdJë W?IDM*« r?JŠ ‰u?Š «b? ÷—U??F?? w½«d¹ô« »U??×?? ½ô« vë ÊËd?EM¹ ·u??Ý U??O??u?? ë Ê« U0Ë v²?Š œ«œe??²?Ý rNð«d??ÄU?G??Ä ÊUÐ `ł—ô« sL? ¨b¹«e??²*« »d?Gë n?F?Cà ‡‡∂µ‡‡ ‡‡∂µ‡‡ .WN³'« pKð vKŽ b???F¹ rà t?½« U0 –« .W????²????×Ð W????O1œU????« X½U???? wðU?MNJ?ð ÊUÐ 5?³ð ÊU??? Íd??? ?ë ZÄU½d???³?ë vKŽ —«d???L????²???ÝôUÐ œdJ?ë …b???ŽU??? ???Ä ÊUJ?ÄôUÐ sÄ U?ÄuŽb?Ä Ê«d¹« sÄ wMK?Ž qšbð vë ÃU²?×¹ ÊU? rNÃU?C½ —«d?L²?Ý« 5²?Ád? vë ÃU??²?×¹ ŸËd?A*« «c¼ q¦* d?¹b?I?²Ã« ÊU? .…b?×?²*« U¹ôuë vKŽ ÊU?? U?ÄË .—ôËœ Êu?OKÄ ≥∞∞ ‡Ð —b??Ið W¹uMÝ W??O½«e?O??ÄË 5²??O½«d¹« bMNë ‰u??Š UMÄö?Ž« qzU?ÝË vë W??HÞU?š …dE½ «ËdE?M¹ Ê« ô« 5O½«d¹ô« .WÝUO ë Ác¼ q¦* «bЫ wKš«œ rŽœ błu¹ ô t½UÐ «udFOà WOMOBë UU ½½ «« ¨¨ ÁÁ UU ????AAÃë« ll ÄÄ ww ????ŽŽUU ????LL????²² ????łł«« ll ÄÄ …… ee ????OO ????łłËË …… dd ????²² ???? bb ????????FFÐÐ ËË dd ¹¹ «« dd ????³³ ???? ≤≤ ≤≤ ww ∫∫ ee ²² OO MM ¹¹ œœ XX GG KK ÐÐ «« √b??³?¹ b??ÁË .r¼d???Ä« vN???²½« œdJ?ë ÊUÐ nzU???š ©ÁU??A?ë Í√® t½« Ê« qÐU?IÄ pÐËô« d9R?Ä w «uI?²Ã« «–« 5OÁ«d?Fë lÄ U{ËU?H*« ÊU?JÄ c???????šQ?¹ ·u???????Ý sÄ v?K?Ž ÷«d??????²???????Žô« o?Š t?à ÊuJ?¹ b{ …bAÐ tð—cŠ U½« .W³FKë sÄ dOšô« ëdš« ‰UŠ w½«“—U³Ã« .dÄô« «c¼ 55 ????????ŠŠ  «« bb ????ËË ÁÁ UU ????????AAÃë« 55 ÐÐ ‚‚ UU ????????HHðð ôô «« ÊÊ öö ????????ŽŽ«« bb ????FFÐÐ ËË ”” —— UU ????????ÄÄ ππ ww ∫∫ 55 ÐÐ «« dd Ãà dd ¦¦  «« qq OO UU HH ðð XX OO DD ŽŽ «« ∫‰UÁ bÁË .WO?{«d²« …—u?BÐ dÄô« sŽ w½d?³š« u¼ a¹—u¹“ w ŸU?????L?????²????ł« ‰ö?????š˚ d?z«e?????'« w «b????? lÄ X?O?????I?????²Ã« «–«ò Ícë sJ?ÃË …dJ œd???−??Ä U??N?½Q?? pÖ d???– b??ÁË å...˝pÐË« ‡‡∂∂‡‡ ‡‡∂∂‡‡ ‡‡ W???¾??O???Ý …dJ U???N½UÐ …b???AÐ t?à XKÁ b???Ià .‚U??Hð« u?¼ qB??Š sà ·uÝ t½UÐ ˝5O?Á«dFë˚ UMLODð o¹bBð …dJ? WUšË r?J?(« «– W¹œd?J?ë W????????I?D?M?*« w˚ w?Žu????????O????????ý Í« l?{u?¹ .˝wð«cë tt????½½ UU ÐÐ ôô ËË ÀÀ ËË bb ????????????????????((«« pp ????ýýËË vv KK ????ŽŽ ‚‚ UU ????????????????????HHðð ôô «« ÊÊ UU ????ÐÐ ÁÁ UU ????????????????????AAÃë« dd ????????????????????ÂÂcc????¹¹ rr Ãà .WW ¹¹ œœ dd JJ ????Ãë« WW ????????IIDD????MM ** «« vv KK ŽŽ WW KK ????ÄÄUU JJ Ãë« WW ????????????OO ????????ÁÁ «« dd ????????FF????Ãë« …… dd DD OO ???????? ????Ãë« ss ŽŽ XX JJ ????????????OO ????????ÝÝ XX ¹¹ œœ —— dd ¹¹ «« dd ³³ ≤≤ ∞∞ ww . ww½½ «« ““ —— UU ³³ Ãë« ll OO −− AA ðð vv KK ŽŽ XX ¹¹ dd LL ²² ÝÝ «« UU ½½ «« WW −− OO ²² MM  ËË ∫∫ UU OO BB ýý ¡¡ÎÎÎÎ UU II Ãà ÕÕ dd ²² II ¹¹ tt MM ÄÄ WW ÃÃUU ÝÝ —— vv KK ŽŽ „b¹—« ¨d¹UM¹ ≤≤ W?š—R*« p²ÃU?Ý— Âö??²?ÝUÐ «b?ł —d?Ý b?Ià w²Ã« …b??O??:« œu??N??'«Ë p³??F??AÐË pÐ U?MÐU??−??Ž« Èb?Ä r?KFð Ê« b?Ià .W??Á—U??š w¼ U??N?½u??N??ł«uð w²Ã« U?Ðu??F??Bë Ê« .U?N½u?Ãc?³ð pMJ1 .wÝU?O? Ã«Ë ÍdJ ?Fë l{uKà pMO?L? ð U?OÃU?Ž —b?Á wË W¹b'« vN²MÄ w ÂUL²¼UÐ vE% pKzUÝ— ÊUÐ ÊUM¾LÞô« WO?L¼öà «dE½ …b?ײ*« U¹ôuë W?ÄuJŠ Èbà U¹u²? *« vKŽ« .UNà U¼dOF½ w²Ã« sD?Mý«Ë vë U???ÁuŁu???Ä UŁu???F???³??Ä Y?F??³?ð Ê« w Vždð X?M «–« ¨nÁu*« ‰u?Š W?O?U?{« q?O?U?Hð W?OJ¹d?Äô« W?ÄuJ×?Kà wDF?Oà .tK³I² ½ Ê« UMà —Ëd Ã«Ë ·dAë wŽ«Ëœ sÄ ÊuJOÝ XM U?LMO?ŠË ”—U?Ä ∂ w ö?OKÁ ô« 5Žu?³?Ý« d?Äô« “ËU?−?²¹ rà W??H??Á«Ë W???O??ÂuJÄ W?KŠ— w jÝËô« ‚d??A?ë vë ‚öD½ô« p?ýË vKŽ ‡‡∂∑‡‡ ‡‡∂∑‡‡ 5 ??Š «b?? lÄ t??ÁU??Hð« Êö??ŽUÐ ÁU??Aë U?MÄb?? ¨œËb?? ?Ä o?¹dÞ w Í« t???łuÐ ÁœËb???Š oK?ž√ ÁU???Aë .œdJ?ë sŽ U???OKL???Ž t???O??? vK ?ð Ícë wzU*« d?L*« »d?Fë jý ‰u?Š W?O?Á«d?Ž ô“U?Mð qÐU?I?Ä œdJKà …b?ŽU? ?Ä .WOÁ«dFë WO½«d¹ô« œËb(« rÝd¹ Ícë ŸU?bë sJ1 ô UO?ÝUÁ ÁU?Aë ·dBð ÊU? w½U ½ô« b?OF?Bë vKŽ ÁU??Aë —«d???Á ÊU?? w½«d¹ô« sÄö?à œ—U??³Ã« d¹b??I??²?ë vKŽ ¡UM?Ð sJÃË .tMŽ ‰ö?š s?Ä jI? œdJ?ë –U?I½« sJ?1 ÊU? .U*R??Ä ÊU? U??Ä —b??IÐ U?Äu??N?H??Ä w²Ã« —ôËœ ÊuOKÄ ≥∂∞ bOÂQ²ÃUÐ UNH¹—UBÄ “ËU−²ð WOMKŽ WO½«d¹« WOKLŽ hK ²Ã« w W LGM*« …bײ*« U¹ôuÃ«Ë Æ±π∑¥ w w½«“—U³Ã« UN³KÞ W?N?³?ł `² w? dOJ?H²?ë sŽ v²?Š vMž w X½U? W?OMO?Bë bMNë sÄ wÝU?O? ë rŽbë v²?Š ”d?$uJë nÁ«u?Ä vKŽ ΡUMÐË …b¹b?ł W¹dJ ?Ž .tO UÂuJAÄ ÊU .Ÿ«b?)« w? t?²?I¹d?Þ hšôUÐË ÁU?Aë ·d??Bð c?³??Š« s« rà U½« tKL??Ž W??ÁœU?B??Ä sŽ «b??O??FÐ XM …œ—UÐ W??O??Ád?³Ð X?¦?FÐ ”—U??Ä w±∞ t H?½ dC×¹ ÁUAë ÊU? w²Ã« bz«uHë ‰uŠ „uJý wà ÊQÐ UN?O X¼u½Ë ∫UNà U2 d?¦?« t?Ãu?Á« Ê« sJ2 qOKÁ „UM¼ ¨W?¹œdJë WÃQ? ?LKà W??³? MÃUÐ UF³Þ „Ëd²Ä dÄ« «c¼Ë .dOšô« U½¡UIà ‰öš U?OB ý pà t²KÁ UL? vI³ð UM²ÝU?OÝË .„œöÐ `ÃU w u¼ U?Ä —dI?²Ã p²Ãö' U¹ôuKà b??L??²?F??ÄË V¹d?Á o?¹b?B?? ʫd¹« rŽœ w U??Lz«œ w¼ ‡‡∂∏‡‡ ‡‡∂∏‡‡ U??Áö??Fë —u?Dð d??O??³?? ÂU??L??²?¼UÐ lÐUðU??Ý U??F???³Þ U½«Ë .…b?×??²*« …—u??BÐ rJ²?I?DMÄ w W??O?Á«d??Fë W?ÝU??O? Ã«Ë W??O½«d¹ô« W??O?Á«d??Fë .hšôUÐ w²Ou ë œU%ô« ÁU&Ë WÄUŽ Âu????−????NÃU?Ð W????OÃU????¦*« U?¹b????×????²Ã« ‰UD?Ы √bÐ T?ý q vN????²?½« U*Ë .œdJë åsŽ wK ðò ‡Ã ‡‡ ’uB)UÐ wKŽË ‡‡ œ—u …—«œ« vKŽ wAŠuë Z?−?????Š U?M¹b?à sJ?¹ rà s?×½Ë ¨—«d??????Ië —b??????« Ícë u?¼ ÁU?????A?ë sJ?ÃË q³?Á sÄ Õd²?I*« q(«Ë .pÖ b?{ t?ŽUMÁô W?O?−?Oð«d?²?Ý ôË W?Ýu?LKÄ rŽbë l?DIÐ ÁU??Aë œb??N½ Ê« UMOK?Ž V−¹ ÊU?? t½UÐ ‡‡ UM?¹b?I??²M?Ä iFÐ Ê« U?O? ?Oz— U?H?OKŠ Y×½ Ê« sJ1 ÊU? nO? .ôu?I?F?Ä sJ¹ rà ‡‡ tMŽ ÊU? 5Š w ‡‡ b??O??Šuë q¹b??³Ã« ‡‡ Áb??Šuà W¹d?J ??Ž U??OKL??Ž √b??³¹ ørN²³Á— w 5J ë ÊU ¡UHKŠ lÞUI¹ ”d$uJë W?I¹b Ê«d¹« ÊUÐ UM−?−Š W?O?Á«bB?Ä bÂQð ÁU?Aë ◊uI?Ý cMÄË öÃ«Ë —uN?²Ã« sÄ ÊUJÃË .rÃU?Fë wË WIDM*« w Ê“«u?²Kà UNMÄ b?Ðô ÊU ˫ t?O?KŽ wÝU?O??Ý Âu?−¼ sAÐ d??š¬ w ?Oz— nO?KŠ V¹d?G??²Ð W?OÃËR?? ?Ä ö?C? Ê«d?¹« sŽ ŸU?bÃUÐ UMÄ«e??²Ã« sJ¹ rà .Ê«d¹« sŽ «b?ŽU? *« lDÁ UM(U?B?Ä sŽ «d?O?³?Fð ÊU? qÐ ¨U?Ä d?Ä« UM?³?−?F¹ ô U?ÄbMŽ t?³?×?Ý sJ1 dš¬ o¹b? VFý œU³F?²Ý« bN?ý« Ê« wKŽ ÊU pÃcÃË .WOÝUOÝuO'« ÁU??Aë ·d???Bð qL??F???²?? ½ Ê« sJ?L*« sÄ ÊU?? 5Š w? t½UÐ rK?Fë lÄ w²Ã« »U³Ýô« sÄ UMKAð w²Ã« WOKš«bë WÄ“ô« X½U ¨UM H½ô —d³L .dÄô« w XL¼UÝ ‡‡∂π‡‡ ‡‡∂π‡‡ ‰uŠ …œuNF*« sDMý«Ë «—ËUMÄ √bÐ W¹œdJë W?ÄËUI*« —UON½« lÄ ”—U?Ä ±≥ w .tMŽ l?L??Ý sÄ ‰Ë« w³Ãu?? ÊU?? .ÂuKë l?¹“uð W??O??H??O?? dýU³?Ä wJ¹dÄ« rŽbà W−NKë b¹b?Aë w½«“—U³Ã« VKÞ W³ÝUMÄ Âb? ²Ý« U0 w³Ãu V²Â .ŸËdA*« sŽ W?ÁöŽ Í√ CIA ‡Kà ÊuJ¹ Ê√ dJ½√ YOŠ W¹« ÊU? Ê«d¹« o?¹dÞ sŽ rŽbë ¡UDŽUÐ X?½U? W?OJ¹d?Äô« W??ÝU?O? ë Ê« qÁ« ÊuJ²?Ý —U?ON?½« w rN²?ÄËU?I?ÄË UO?ÃUŠ œdJë v?ë …dýU?³?Ä …b?ŽU ?Ä ÁUAë ÊuJ¹ Ê« w tÂuJý ÈbÐ«Ë .w{U*« w U2 UNMŽ ŸUbKà WOKŽU W?Äb?)« w —«d?L?²?Ýô« w «b?F?²? Ä ‡?‡ w½«“—U?³Kà t?L?Žœ vN½« Ícë ‡‡ w³Ãu d?« XÁuë ¡«dý qł« sÄ .W?OJ¹dÄô« «b?ŽU? L?Kà quL? ‚dAë w WOÂuJÄ WÃuł sÄ wŽuł— bFÐ ÍœdJë VKDë WÝ«—œ vKŽ t½UÐ W???Oð«dÐU??<« Á—œU??B???Ä sÄ «b??O??ł ·d??F?¹ ÊU?? u¼ U??NM?O??ŠË jÝËô« Ê« U0 w³?Ãu? Õd??²??Á« ¡UM?Łô« Ác¼ wË .«b??ł «d??šQ???²??Ä XÁuë Êu?JO??Ý dN?Aà CIA W?BŠ r?Nà lb¹ Ê« Êe?ŠË wHÞUŽ ÊU?−?O¼ WÃU?Š w œdJë X½U??? w²Ã« …U???ÝQ*UÐ W½—U???I??Ä d???Âcð ô W?? ?zUÐ …b??ŽU??? ??Ä Ác?¼Ë ”—U??Ä .œdJë —UE²½UÐ Èu??²? ??Ä Áu??GK³¹ rà W??ŠU?? ë w w³Ãu?? wK¦2 ÊU?? Àb??Š U?L??ÂË b{ ¡UM¦?²Ý« öÐ «u½U 5(« pÖ vÃ≈ rN?FOL?− .WKO³Më dO?ž tHÁ«uÄ U??Ä qÁô« v?KŽ pÖ ÊU?? ‡‡ œdJë v?ë W??O???U??{« …b??ŽU??? ??Ä W?¹« ¡UDŽ« .iOÐô« XO³Ã« vë w³Ãu qu¹ CIA ‡Ã« uK¦2 `³?« ¨qÄUAë tÄu?−NÐ 5 Š «b? √bÐ U* sJÃË ‡‡∑∞‡‡ ‡‡∑∞‡‡ w XM U* .rNÃu??Š —Ëbð X½U? w²Ã« …U??ÝQ*UÐ «b?ł s?¹dŁQ?²?Ä Êu??OK;« sÄ WKłUŽ UÝU?L²Ã« qIMÐ «Ë√bÐ jÝËô« ‚dAë w WO?ÂuJ*« w²Ãuł rà UÄbMŽ W?−NKë …b¹b?Aë rNðUEŠö0 U¼uI(√Ë …b?ŽU ?LKà œdJë …œUÁ ÊU ÂuKë d¹d9 ÊU WOMOBë bMNë w ULÂË .UNOKŽ »«uł Í« «uLK² ¹ .ÂuKë U?N?OKŽ d?I?²? ¹ wJà —U?²?<« ÊUJ?*« wðdz«œ X×?³?«Ë W?³?FKë rÝ« W???−???O???²?½ œdJKà W????OJ¹d???Äô« …b???ŽU??? ?*« w …œU¹“ q? X½U??? WM?Ý …b* vKŽ wЫu?ł ÂbŽ V³?ÝË ÆCIA ‡Ã« W?{—U?FÄ vKŽ VK?G²Kà wðU?ÞuG?{ Í« Íbà sJ¹ rà t½ô ÊU U?NMOŠ w …bŽU? LKà WKłUFë UÝU?L²Ãô« pÖ Êu??d??F¹ «u½U?? U??ÝU??L?²?Ãô« «Ë—d?×??ÄË tÃu??Á« Ê« sJL?*« sÄ Tý W¹« qO??uð sJ1 ô ÊU?? UMN?łu?Ð W?O½«d¹ô« œËb??(« ‚ö?žU??³? ¨«b??O?ł .WKłUŽ …bŽU Ä U??L??O??? ‰U??(« u¼ U??L?? W?M¹e??Š …—u??BÐ X?N??²½« W¹œd?Jë W??Ä“ô« Ê« WW³³ FF BB Ãë« UU ????OO «« dd GG '' «« ∫WOÃu?IFÄ qÁ« »U³?Ýô U¼bFÐ WMÝ ÊËdA?Ž ÀbŠ d???O??ž ŸU???b½ô« ÊU???ÂË …… —— ËË UU ????????????::«« ‰‰ ËË bb Ãë« VV ½½ UU ????????????łł ss ÄÄ WW ????????????OO ½½ UU ½½ ôô «« ŸŸ UU ????????????LLÞÞôô«« ËË w oŠ vKŽ «u½U? bFÐ U?LO? .t? H?½ ÍœdJë lL?²:« sL?{ r−? MÄ √uÝ« Ë« 5²ÂU?Ý «uIÐ 5Š w ‡‡ å U½UO)«òË å‰“U?N*«ò sŽ rN¦¹bŠ ÊU? q¹bÐ Í√ «bЫ «uÄb?I¹ rà ‡‡ W?OMO?Bë bMNë w d?³?« …U?ÝQ?Ä ‰u?Š .tF³²½ Ê« UM½UJÄUÐ n?K²????????< œ«u0 U?½œËe?ð W¹œd?J?ë …U???????ÝQ?*« Ê« Y?×Ð W???????O????????C???????I??????? jЗ W??O?L¼«Ë ªW¹«b??³Ã« cMÄ W??×?{«Ë ·«b?¼ô« qF?ł ∫ U??łU?²M?²?Ýô« ‡‡∑±‡‡ ‡‡∑±‡‡ WOKLŽ Í« w dEMë …œUŽ« vë WłU(« ªWŠU²*« UO½UJÄôUÐ ·«b¼ô« X½U? ◊U?IMë Ác¼ q .¡U?HK?(« 5Ð oO? M²?ë W?O?L¼«Ë ªW?¹—Ëœ …—u?BÐ sJÃË .WÐuKD*« W¹UMF?ÃUÐ fOà U0— sJÃË d?šü XÁË sÄ Y×Ð Ÿu{u?Ä .tMOŠ w lÁ«uë vKŽ VF UNIO³Dð Ê« X³Ł WÐuKD*« «b?ŽU *« b¹Ëeð UM²?ŽUD²ÝUÐ sJ?¹ rà WHK²? Ä »U?³Ýô qLF½ UM .UMKBMð ZzU²½ WNł«uÄ w 5³?ž«— dOž UMOIÐ UMMJÃË ÕU−MKà t?dF½ sJ½ rà U?Ä .rB? Kà w−¹—b?²Ã« „U?N½ô«Ë ÍdJ ?Ž Ê“«uð ÁU?&UÐ WKÁdŽ w WOK?š«bë UMKÂUAÄ dOŁQð Wł—œ Ê√ œdJë ZÄU?½d³Ð U½√bÐ UÄbMŽ w w²??³??ž— Ê« sÄeë sÄ s¹b??I?Ž b??FÐ v²??Š .rŽbë vKŽ U?M²EU?×?Ä œdJë W?OKL?FÐ Âu?I?½ Ê« UMC?— UM uà .qÁ« U?NMO?Š w W?ŠU?²*« qz«b?³Ã« ZOK?)« vKŽ r¼œu??N?ł e??O??Âdð w «—«d??Š« 5O??Á«d?Fë U?MÂdðË w±π∑≤ «b?ł UH?K² ?Ä jÝËô« ‚d?Aë w W?O?ÝUÄuKÐb?Kà wK³I?²? *« —U? *« ÊUJà WW³³ ???? MM ÃÃUU ÐРƱπ∑≥ dÐu?²?« »d??Š b?FÐË ‰ö?š W?U?šË t?OK?Ž ÊU? U?L?Ž . …… UU ÝÝ «« uu ** «« qq OO ³³ ÁÁ ss ÄÄ ff OO Ãà UU FF ³³ ÞÞ «« cc ¼¼ aa ¹¹ —— UU ²² Ãë« WW OO ×× {{ rr ¼¼ ss ¹¹ cc Ãë« œœ dd JJ KK Ãà ‡‡∑≤‡‡ ‡‡∑≤‡‡ ¡«b‡‡½ WWUU šš ÊÊ UU ²² ÝÝ œœ dd  »» uu MM łł ww ËË WW UU  ÍÍ œœ dd JJ Ãë« VV FF AA Ãë« dd OO ¼¼ UU LL łł vv ÃÃ≈≈ ÊÊ UU ²² ÝÝ œœ dd  ÊÊ UU ** dd ÐÐ ËË WW ÄÄ uu JJ ŠŠ vv ÃÃ≈≈ WW OO ½½ UU ²² ÝÝ œœ dd JJ Ãë« »» «« ee ŠŠ ôô «« bb ŽŽ «« uu ÁÁ ËË «« œœ UU OO ÁÁ vv ÃÃ≈≈ WW OO ½½ UU ²² ÝÝ œœ dd JJ Ãë« WW ¹¹ dd JJ FF Ãë« ËË WW OO ½½ bb ** «« UU ÝÝ RR ** «« WW UU  vv ÃÃ≈≈ d9R*« rÂu??Žb¹ W?O?zUM¦?²??Ýô« WM¼«dë W??OÃËbë ·ËdEë vÃ≈ ΫœUM?²?Ý« WÄU?Ž WO?LKÝ W{U?H²½SÐ ÂU?OIÃ«Ë W?ÄU²Ã« WEI?Oë vÃ≈ w½U²?ÝœdJë wMÞuë Ÿôb½« œd???−0 W??ÄœU???Ië À«b???Šô« q w W??O?KF??H?ë «—œU??³*« –U??? ð«Ë W?F¹d?ÝË W?ÄU?¼ À«b?ŠôU? ¨wÃËbë lL?²?:«Ë ‚«d?Fë 5?Ð U?L?O? »d?(« ÆW¹œdJë …—œU³*« Èu² Ä vKŽ ÎUOÐUł≈ Â√ ÎU³KÝ UN−zU²½ nÁu²ðË ∫wÃU²Ã« ZÄU½d³Ã« rJOÃ≈ ÂbI½ W¹œd …—œU³*« ÊuJð Ê√ qł√ sÄ WM?¹b??ÄË W?¹d??Á q? w WW????????????OO ????????????³³ ????????????FF????????????AAÃë« ∆∆ —— «« uu ????DDÃë« ÊÊ UU ????????????'' qOJA𠇇 ± U??¾?? W??U? s?Ä W?O??³??F??Aë ∆—«uD?ë ÊU?' Êu?J²ðË ¨lÁu??ÄË —«d???Šô« 5?OMÞu?ë sÄ 5Ðe????(« d???O????žË 5OÐe????(«Ë VF????Aë wÄu????Ië s?Ä_«Ë W¹œdJ?ë W???Äô« W????×KB????Ä Êu???F????C¹ s?¹cë W???OÐe??(«Ë W?¹dzU??A???FÃ«Ë W???O??B??? ???Aë `ÃU???B*« ‚u?? Íœd?Jë qqÂÂËË ‰‰ ËË RR ???? ÄÄ ÍÍ œœ dd ???? qq  òò —U?F?ý X% qLF?Ã«Ë WO?L?OKÁô«Ë ‡‡∑≥‡‡ ‡‡∑≥‡‡ Æ ååWWÃÃËË RR ÄÄ WW ¹¹ œœ dd  oO M²Ã«Ë ÊËU?F²Ã« WO?³FAë ∆—«uDë ÊU?' sÄ WM' q vKŽ ‡‡ ≤ W?O½U?²?Ýœd?Jë »«e?Šô«Ë ÊU?²?Ýœd? W?ÄuJ?Š U? ?ÝR?Ä lÄ w ∆—«u?Dë ÊU????' wÁU?Ð lÄË W????N???ł s?Ä W???O?ÃËbë «u????IÃ«Ë qO?JA?ðË Èd?????š« W????N?????ł s?Ä t????ł—U?????š w?Ë sÞu?ë qš«œ ÎU??Lz«œ œ«b?F??²?Ýô«Ë W?KI?²?? *« W¹œdJë W??ÄuJ(« U?? ?ÝR??Ä ÆW¹œUB²Á« Ë« W¹dJ Ž Ë« WOÝUOÝ PłUHÄ Ë√ b¹bł Í_ W??O??³??F??Aë ∆—«uDë ÊU??' vK?Ž V−¹ »d??(« Ÿôb½« œd??−??Ä ‡‡ ≥ sÂU???Ä√ d¹d???×???²Ã 5K?Šd*«Ë s¹d???−???N*« lÄ ÎU???F¹d???Ý „d???×???²Ã« œdJ?ë oÞU?MÄË 5I?½U????šË „u????Âd??? w? W????OKô« r?¼UM?JÝ Æ ÊÊUU ²² ÝÝ œœ dd  WW ÃÃËË œœ WW LL UU ŽŽ „„ uu  dd  —U³²Ž«Ë r¼dOžË 5OKOHë rÃU???F?ë ¡U???×½√ lO???L???ł w? W???O???³???F???Aë ∆—«uD?ë ÊU???' Âu???I𠇇 ¥ …b??×??²*« 3ô« «d??I???Ä ÂU??Ä√ «d¼UE*« W??ÄU???Á≈Ë ÂU??B??²??ŽôUÐ »d??(« Ÿôb½« œd??−??Ä W??OJ¹d??Äô«Ë W??O½U?D¹d??³Ã« «—U??H?? Ã«Ë ‰‰öö????????II????²² ????????ÝÝôô«« òò w ??Ozd?ë —U??F??Aë ÊuJ¹ Ê√Ë U???²??öë l—Ë Æ åå ÊÊ UU ²² ÝÝ œœ dd JJ Ãà U??O?½UD¹dÐË …b???×??²*« 3ô« vÃ≈ r?ŽbÃ«Ë b??O¹Q???²Ã« qzU??Ý— .b???I𠇇 µ WD?K ë X?O???³???¦ð ÁU???&SÐ »d???(« X½U??? «–≈ U???L???O??? U?J¹d???Ä«Ë X% ÊU?²Ýœd? l{Ë - «–≈ UL?O Ë√ ¨U?N?²OÃö?I²?Ý«Ë W¹œdJë ÆtŽu½ ÊU ULNÄ wLOKÁ≈ qšbð Í√ ÊËbÐ WOÃËœ …—«œ≈ ‡‡∑¥‡‡ ‡‡∑¥‡‡ UJ¹dÄ«Ë U?O½UD¹dÐË …bײ*« 3ô« vÃ≈ —UJM²Ýô« qzU?Ý— .bI𠇇 ∂ W¹œd?Jë WD?K ë ¡U???N?½≈ qł√ sÄ »d???(« X?½U??? «–≈ U???L???O??? sÄ ¡eł Í√ Ë√ ÊU²Ýœd l{Ë - «–≈ ULO Ë√ ¨UN²OÃöI²Ý«Ë ÆUNŽu½ ÊU ULNÄ WOLOKÁ≈ …uÁ Í√ …—«œ≈ X% ÊU²Ýœd w W??O?³??F??Aë ∆—«uDë ÊU??' 5Ð U??L?O?? ‰U??Bðô«Ë oO?? M²Ã« ‡‡ ∑ Æw½U²ÝœdJë wMÞuë d9R*« …œUOÁ lÄ Ã—U)«Ë qš«bë ÆÂUÄ_« vÃ≈Ë ¨WKI² Ä …dŠ ÊU²Ýœd XýUŽ rr  uu šš √√ öö ÄÄ œœ «« uu łł ww ½½ UU ²² ÝÝ œœ dd JJ Ãë« ww MM ÞÞ uu Ãë« dd 99 RR ** «« ff OO zz —— ≤≤ ∞∞ ∞∞ ≥≥ ØØ ≤≤ ØØ µµ ‡‡∑µ‡‡ ‡‡∑µ‡‡ KURDISTAN NATIONAL CONGRESS We, the Kurdistan National Congress, are an umbrella organisation above party lines working in diplomatic ways to create KURDISH UNITY and to put the case of an INDEPENDENT KURDISTAN in the agenda of the great powers and the international organisations and do away with the unfair and artificial borders that cut Kurdistan into five pieces (since the First World War). Kurdistan National Congress was established (14 April 1985) and had four General Meetings in Paris and London in 1989, 1991, 1996 and 1998. every time hundreds of the Kurdish politicians, scientists, writers, poets and Kurdish parties representatives attended the KNC conferences from all parts of Kurdistan. KNC conferences received thousands of messages and supports from all over the world. KNC is unique, because Kurdish organisations and individuals from all parts of Kurdistan and from left to right ideologies and levels have one aim to create a Kurdish state and to protect the unity, peace and settlement between the Kurds. We invite the Kurdish nation and all Kurdish people friends to participate with the KNC and its organisations to serve the UNITY, PEACE and the KURDISH NATIONAL SECURITY interests, which are much more important than any individual, tribal, region's, organisation's and party's interests. ‡‡∑∂‡‡ ‡‡∑∂‡‡ 10 Augustus 1920 - TREATY OF SEVRES SECTION III - KURDISTAN - Article 62 A Commission sitting in Constantinople and composed of three members appointed by the British, French and Italian Governments respectively shall draft within six months from the coming into force of the present Treaty a scheme of local autonomy for the predominantly Kurdish areas lying east of the Euphrates, south of the southern boundary of Armenia as it may be hereafter determined, and north of the frontier of Turkey with Syria and Mesopotamia, as defined in Article 27,II (2) and (3). If unanimity cannot be secured on any question, it will be referred by the members of the Commission to their respective Governments. The scheme shall contain full safe guards for the protection of the Assyro- Chaldeans and other racial or religious minorities within these areas, and with this object a Commission composed of British, French, Italian and Kurdish representatives shall visit the spot to examine and decide what rectifications, if any should be made in the Turkish frontier where, under the provisions of the present Treaty, that frontier coincides with that of Persia. ‡‡∑∑‡‡ ‡‡∑∑‡‡ Article 63 The Turkish Government hereby agrees to accept and execute the decisions of both the Commissions mentioned in Article 62 within three months from their communication to the said Government. Article 64 If within one year from the coming into force of the present Treaty the Kurdish people within the areas defined in Article 62 shall address themselves to the Council oft League of Nations in such a manner as to show that a majority of the population of these areas desires independence from Turkey, and if the Council then considers that these peoples are capable of such independence and recommends that it should be granted to them, Turkey herby agrees to execute such a recommendation, and to renounce all rights and title over these areas. The detailed provisions for such renunciation will form the subjekt of a separate agreement between the Principal Allied Powers and Turkey. If and when such renunciation takes place, no objection will be raisen by the Principal Allied Powers to the voluntary adhesion to such an Independent Kurdish State of the Kurds inhabiting that part of Kurdistan which has hitherto been included in Mosul vilayet. ‡‡∑∏‡‡ ‡‡∑∏‡‡ The historical Kurdish leader Mustafa Barzani - 79 - The Daily Express 17-12-2002 - 80 - KNC received hundreds of cooperation and support letters from many presidents, prime Ministers and Kings from all over the world, the following letter from Mr. Tony Blair, the Prime Minister of the UK: - 81 - The Kurdish delegations met Mr. Nayna the UN representative in London, and gave him the KNC application for the Kurdish membership in theUnited Nations (from the left) The famous Kurdish singer Newroz, Eng. Ghiyath Ahmed, Mr. Jawad Mella and Lord Hylton who stressed again: ‘This is the barest minimum that the United Nations should do for the Kurdish people’. - 82 - Mr. Ghassan Karian, Mayer of Hammersmith and Fulham Opened the KNC conference (UK Branch) on 24-8-2002, Mr. Karian appear with his official necklace among some of the members. Mr. Jawad Mella with the Kurdish traditional dresses and Mr. Sherko Zen Aloush, carrying the Kurdistan National Flag when Mr. Mella handed the Kurdish people’s memorandum to Mr. Tony Blair during the Kurdish demonstration front of 10 Downing Street on 16 December 2002. - 83 - A photo during the 4th Kurdistan National Congress on 10 October 1998, (from the left) Mr. Jeremy Corbyn Member of British Parliament, Prof. Jamal Rashid Ahmed, Mr. Jawad Mella president of KNC and Mr. Sirwan Kavose, KNC Media office. The German Chancellor Gerhard Schroder and the Kurdish patriotic Mr. Jalal Barzani who sends many letters and Memorandums to the UN and to many officials all over the world about the Kurdish people. - 84 - ht uigte4hKritnNtoa ogeso 0Otbr1998, shows some of the participants. photo during the 4th Kurdistan National Congress on 10 October A - 85 - (from the left) Mr. Bruska Ibrahim the foreign office of KNC, Mr. Ali Ghazi (son of Qazi Mohamed president of Kurdistan Republic in 1946), Mr. Abdulmalik Frat (Grandson of Sheik Saeed Piran, leader of the Kurdish revolution in 1925) and Mr. Jawad Mella president of KNC. Mr. William Morris organised many meetings about the problems of the Middle East and always Mr. Jawad Mella attended as a Kurdish representative, this photo one of them, shows many Arab Ambassadors, British MPs and Lords. Mr. Mella told Mr. Michael Howard MP, that Britain is responsible on the division of Kurdistan, and should Britain return Kurdistan free and united again, Mr. Howard answered: give me the power of 70 years ago I will do it for you. - 86 - The Kurdistan National Flag Kurdistan Map (produced by Khoybun party in 1945) - 87 - Barzani, Kissinger and the Kurdish State Tragedy of the Kurds by Henry Kissinger Foreword by Jawad Mella 1 2 Barzani, Kissinger And the Kurdish State A historic preview Before getting to the point of this foreword I would like to mention a short historical background. After the Ottoman Empire was defeated at the end of World War I, the British and French winners acquired the right to divide and share the previous possessions of the losers such as the Turks and Germans. Kurdistan was a part of the Ottoman Empire, and as according to several treaties and agreements such as Sykes-Picot, Lausanne and Saint Remo, the Arabs were divided into several states, the Kurdish homeland, Kurdistan, was divided into parts, but without forming any Kurdish states. Parts of Kurdistan were awarded as an international colony to such artificially created states as Iraq, Iran, Turkey and Syria, and to the previous Soviet Union as presents. Not even one inch of Kurdistan was left under Kurdish administration. All this was carried out in such an evil and disgraceful manner that no other people previously had been subjected to such an unjust division. The situation became even more complicated as since then i.e. during the cold war and prior to it; the loyalties of those states sharing Kurdistan were divided between those friendly to the United States of America and those against her. As the world itself since was divided in such manner, and the states occupying Kurdistan were of both kinds, the whole world ended up against the establishment of a Kurdish independent state in order to satisfy those occupiers of Kurdistan one way or the other. 3 International politics The Kurdish cause during the past hundred years has passed various stages of difficulties, depending on the international circumstances or the level of efficiency of the Kurdish leadership. However, the Kurdish people in those years did not have the national awakening, so while the Kurds were fighting and showing their defiance, offering huge sacrifices in order to carry out the will of the leaders or the international and regional politics. We find that as soon as the leader of that particular revolution is martyred or imprisoned, or decided to stop leading the revolution, it is inevitable that what follows is the collapse of the revolution until some other leader comes and declares a new revolution. Thus because of lacking prior planning and a clear programming from the start, the revolution remained as something depending on chaotic circumstances. Kurdish politics The Kurdish people are courageous, generous people, who are capable of unlimited sacrifices, but they have not put these good attributes into a national frame considering the highest national interest and national security of the Kurdish nation. Had they put those aims into their prospective, they would have set a program to end the persecution, extermination and displacement imposed to the Kurdish people for ages. The fulfilment of these aims has to be by establishing an independent Kurdish state, and such Kurdish state will not be reached by carrying arms against the occupiers as a reaction to their killing, burning and distraction policies, and cooling down or stopping the revolution whenever, for some reasons, the occupiers 4 stop their actions. The Kurdish people have not yet started carrying the full national responsibility to plan for the establishment of the independent state of Kurdistan. The objective Our homeland Kurdistan has a civilisation going back to thousands of years. It is rich with resources and minerals as well as its strategic position. These characteristics made Kurdistan a target for regional and international ambitions. Every Kurd should have his own share of this homeland. No one should have larger or smaller share. Every Kurd is for the homeland Kurdistan and the homeland is for every Kurd. A Kurd should not decline his share and part of the homeland, and not to let others think for him in finding solutions for Kurdistan's future. It is time that Kurds have their say in what is right for Kurdistan in its future to emphasize their position in the world as a people with 40 million population still seeking national independence and getting rid of colonialism and partition, and make it clear that we are not a minority that lives in states here and there begging for miser rights. Psychological war It is only because of the constant psychological war declared on the Kurdish people by states and regimes that occupy Kurdistan that since the World Word II, the Kurds are just asking for such miser rights. Those regimes try their best to deform the Kurdish identity and break their will by turning them into week and wobbly personalities with no willpower in all aspects. That is why some Kurdish organisations and 5 personalities came to the point that they mock the word independence and any mention of a Kurdish state. I stress that the powers that occupied Kurdistan had succeeded largely in their psychological warfare against the Kurdish people. In order to explain this I would like to bring sum examples: 1-The Kurdish Prince Badirkhan Pasha defeated the Ottoman Empire militarily 150 years ago and gained the independence for his state for more than ten years, and issued Kurdish currency. Also Prince Muhammad Al-Rawandozi who established a factory to produce Kurdish cannons. And the King of Kurdistan Sheikh Mahmood Al-Hafeed who declared the Kurdistan kingdom under the bombing by British planes. All this and today we are under the protection of the British and American planes without having been able to declare such a state as Sheikh Mahmood did in the beginning of the last century or issue Kurdish currency, or produce cannons as our ancestors did centuries ago. 2-In 1912 a Turkish military division kidnapped Prince Abdulrazzaq Badirkhan from the town of Tabriz, which is situated in Iran. He was taken as a prisoner to Turkey, which was the Ottoman Empire at the time. As soon as the renowned Kurdish leader Ismail Agha Shikak heard this news, he rose to the rescue of the Kurdish prince, although he was not related to him in any way, tribally, regionally or politically. Simko Agha, as he was popularly called, was not a head of state but he was a tribal leader whose tribe Shikak, 6 compared with other Kurdish tribes may not have been among the biggest, however, the national duty pushed him to enter Turkey leading a force of heroic Shikaki musketeers to challenge the Ottoman Empire and ambush the Turkish force, which surrendered. Simko Agha was about to kill all the members of the Turkish force, if it was not for the intervention by Prince Abdulrazzaq himself who asked him not to do so. The prince was returned to Tabriz safe and free. This incident has been documented in the tsarian Russia's documents released recently. After one hundred years from that we see that the Turks carried out a similar operation against the leader of the Kurdistan Workers Party, Mr Abdullah Ocallan, however instead of trying to free Ocallan, the Kurds torched themselves. 3-The founder of the Kurdish diplomacy, General Sharif Pasha who was the only Kurd in Europe a hundred years ago, managed to use his high ranked diplomacy to convince the peace conference of 1919 in Paris, by writing his famous memorandum accompanied by the flag and map of greater Kurdistan. His diplomatic actions lead the allied forces to sign the famous international treaty "Sevres Treaty" in 1920, which stated clearly the right for the Kurdish people to establish their own independent state. Now there are more than one million Kurds in Europe, but have not managed anything like what was managed by General Sherif Pasha. 7 Barzani and nationalist ideas Thus if we want our state we have to identify the enemies of the Kurdish people. In addition, they are those who occupy any part of Kurdistan, however little that part. This way we can also identify the friends of Kurdish people as those who are outside this circle. We have also to prepare professional nationalist force inside Kurdistan, and a Kurdish lobby internationally to support the independence of Kurdistan. However, the most important thing is to forbid killing any Kurd by making it the basic principle as a sin that could not be forgiven and to punish anyone who carries it out no matter how long the time passes. Another point is the respect for free speech. All these things are part of the national security of the Kurds and the nationalistic ideology of the Kurds established by all ancient writers and thinkers, first of whom was the famous philosopher Ahmad Khani, and all the Kurdish leaders who practised the Kurdish ideology in their everyday life. There was a wonderful and true patriotic respect between them, such as between the two glorious leaders, the martyr Qazi Muhammad and Sheikh Mahmood Hafeed. Also as between the Barzani sheikhs and Nehri sheikhs. Moreover, the national congress held by Sheikh Ubaidullah Nehri, and Khoebun party that was established after a general conference between all Kurdistan personalities and organisations. This was a background for the two parties J.K. and KAJYK. KAJYK put the nationalist ideology into its philosophical frame. Although these organisations are no longer active, their ideological momentum is still there and strong. Because they were expressing the things that are in conscience and soul of the Kurdish people. I would like here to mention what the deceased leader Mella Mustafa 8 Barzani said when he received a complaint against the martyr Fatah Agha, commander of Khabat forces (with about 6000 Kurdish freedom fighters, it was one of the main military divisions of the Kurdish Revolution 1961-1975) that Fatah Agha and the leadership of Khabat forces have turned all their members into KAJYK. Barzani asked the complainer about what KAJYK is. He answered that: "KAJYK is aiming to unite all parts of Kurdistan and establish a Kurdish state". Barzani said: "How many are in the leadership of Khabat forces". He was told: "Six." Barzani said: "From now on make them seven." When asked who would be the seventh, he said:"Put down my name with them, because what is better than uniting Kurdistan and having our own state? This was the way the glorious Barzani was responding to those sick people with bad intentions trying to smear the symbols of faithfulness to the nationalist ideology. It is worth to mention that during a half century of its activities never happened that KAJYK collaborated with any occupying countries of Kurdistan. I was honoured to be a member of KAJYK until its activities were frozen in 1975, but today the ideology of KAJYK much stronger than before in the Kurdish community. Barzani was a national umbrella Glorious Barzani was as a personality acting as a nationalist umbrella covering the Kurdish people from all parts, and all ideologies and political currents. This I felt and saw when I met Barzani himself on several occasions in the beginning of seventies. However, the Kurdish liberation movement since glorious Barzani lost its unity and dispersed into many parties and 9 power centres with no cooperation and fighting sometimes. When I was in southern Kurdistan in 1982-1984, as a member of the political bureau of PASOK party, and member of leadership of the JUD Front, and when I arrived in Europe I became convinced that it is impossible to put all the Kurdish people into one party and no party could be ignored. That is why there was the idea for a new nationalist umbrella organisation. In 1985, I established the Kurdistan National Congress to unify the Kurdish powers, with only one condition to join which is belief and action for an independent Kurdish state. The KNC has a characteristic of being managed and led by free independent patriotic persons. Thus, it is completely forbidden that any particular party might control the KNC, especially when there is animosity between that party and other parties. As such a Congress would inevitably fail because it would turn into a party institution and not a national congress. However, the Kurdistan parties would maintain their role and status in the congress according to the constitution, which was published as a book by the KNC along with several other books such as my book:” Kurdistan and Kurds, a divided homeland and a nation with no state” And the books of the founder of the Kurdish nationalist ideology Dr. Jemal Nebez such as: "National Ideology" and "The Identity and the Cause of the Kurdish Nation", and also the book "Modernisation and Liberation" by Sheikh Omar Gharib who explains Islam in a Kurdish way, saying among other things: "it is not allowed to pray in an occupied land as Kurdistan". And several other valuable books printed by the KNC or soon to be printed to become textbooks in institutions for 10 nationalist cadres to be opened in all European countries. The Kurdish situation unbearable The Western Kurdistan Association in London is one of the organisations members of the KNC. It produced a number of Kurdish films. One of those was "Asylum" in cooperation with a British company about the situation of Kurdish refugees in Europe. The director of the film, Mr Nigel Barker, asked me:” Can you describe a Kurdish refugee?" I told him: "Here in Europe there are refugees from all over the world all of whom have their passports with their nationality indicated in them, except for the Kurds who had no Kurdish passports and no independent state. Even dogs and cats in Britain have necklaces indicating their kind, but the Kurdish people with population of 40 million have no document stating that they are Kurds. Therefore, we Kurds have not reached the status of dogs and cats in your country." Mr Nigel was impressed with this and said: "It is a wonderful image, and I will use it in the film, because it would raise the feelings of the Europeans in favour of the Kurdistan cause." The film will be shown soon on the British TV and European and other international movie festivals. I did not hesitate to say the above regarding Kurdish refugees because the Arabisation, Turkisation and Iranisation, as well as actions such as burning 380 Kurdish children in Amouda city and killing Kurdish people of Halabja city, using chemicals used to exterminate rats. In addition, destroying Kurdish villages while displacing their population to no particular place are all methods, which are no longer used even against wild or domesticated animals. I 11 have contacted animal rights organisations in Europe several times to mention that Kurds as humans are facing extermination as many animal species. I was told that is right, however, we are specialised in defending animals only. I would say which one is more important and they answer of course the human being but we defend the animals because they have no tongues to defend themselves and express their suffering. Thank God, we are humans and have tongues to express our tragedy and demand our Kurdish state. I am sure if 40 million Kurds they say what is in their mind it would be enough to gain our independence. At the same time we need the great powers in the world to support our demand. The Kurdistan National Congress: Why? This is what the KNC is aiming for to find a common language in expressing the aspirations of the Kurds and Kurdistan. The events after the September 11 catastrophe are accelerating, and the Kurdish people have the chance because the USA are determined to strike at the axis of evil represented by Iraq, Syria and Iran. Recently Turkey has been partially isolated from the American plans and little by little approaching the axis of evil. Therefore, it is time that the Kurds stand in one front and show the Americans that they are an axis of good. Moreover, the axis of evil has been using the resources of Kurdistan to empower themselves, so, the best way to weaken them is by establishing the greater Kurdistan state and to separate the resources of Kurdistan from the axis of evil, the occupiers of Kurdistan. 12 In these circumstances, I would expect that soon America and the UN would ask the Kurdish people the following questions: 1-What do you want? The answers will come in dozens of forms, starting by democratic rights or cultural rights, or social rights, to decentralisation or autonomy, or federalism, or co federalism, up to a Kurdish state. Some would say that the countries occupying Kurdistan are artificial states and aggressors, others would regard those aggressors as brothers of the Kurdish people and the problems between them are merely internal, therefore those stand against any foreign intervention. 2-Who is your leader? There would be a long list of names. 3-What are the colours of your flag? There would be several flags. Some saying it is the same historical flag used by General Sharif Pasha, General Ihsan Noori, Prince Jaladat Badirkhan and Qazi Muhammad. This is the same flag used by Mr Masood Barzani in the Kurdistan parliament and all over Kurdistan. However, some would use it without a sun in the middle or put a red star instead. There are also some who put a sickle and a hammer as the Kurdistan flag. 4-What are the geographical features of Kurdistan? There are different maps such as the one issued by the Kurdish Institution in Paris or Kurdish Institution in Berlin, or geographers in other countries who published dozens of maps. Unfortunately, none of them is like the other as some of them make 13 Kurdistan very small and others make it big etc. 5-What is the population of the Kurds? Some would say 25 millions or 30, or 40 millions and others like Mr Bashir Mushir would say the number of Kurds is 80 millions and if you do not believe me go and count them! 6-What is the Kurdish Anthem? It is ‘Ay Raqib’ but every Kurdish TV they display many other Kurdish Anthems than Ay Raqib! Thus, such kind of things cannot be settled without a national organisation such as the KNC to re- establish the national umbrella that covers the entire Kurdish people, so that the Kurdish people would have a central point of reference. We should have one program and one political language to communicate with the international community. We should carry out a general referendum under the monitoring of the UN. In order to get our state, we have to prepare for it by forming a government in exile to represent 40 million Kurds and use the opportunity to move into Kurdistan. The intended government in exile would not contradict the government in Southern Kurdistan but a complementary one. We are also working towards convincing the UN that the Kurds should have representatives as monitors such as the Palestinian people and Polisario who also have no state. Up to now, the members of the UN rely on the enemies of the Kurdish people, Syria, Iraq, Iran and Turkey to give them information regarding the Kurds, which is an unnatural situation. 14 There is nothing impossible Certainly, no one thinks that Turkey, Iraq, Syria and Iran are stronger and larger than the Soviet Union, and it is time that they should be abolished, and by establishing a Kurdish state, they would return to their normal sizes. Using dialogue, diplomacy, unity of the Kurds and international law we shall gain our independence. This is easier than making the occupiers of Kurdistan democratic states. Congratulation to the Kurdish agreement What is giving optimism is the relief of the tension between the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan and the Kurdistan Democratic Party, and the united meeting of the Kurdistan Parliament, which gives us a hope to take advantage from the international situation. I congratulated the united Parliament in my interview with Al-Jazeera satellite TV on 2/10/02, when I asked to add to the unity of Parliament the unity of the armed forces by creating a national Kurdistan army. I agree with Mr Jalal Talabani when he said: "If the Iraqis or others come to Kurdistan for trading or visiting we welcome them, but for occupation we don't". Moreover, with Mr Masod Barzani saying: "If the Turkish army enters Kurdistan, we would turn Kurdistan into a graveyard for the Turks". Our independence is bound to our unity. I would like to send best congratulations to all Kurdish people for two important historical events that constitute an encouraging beginning to establish a Kurdistan state. First of those is the proximity of mercy killing of what is left from the Iraqi authority in Kurdistan, which had been effectively nonexistent 15 since 1991. However, this time it will be forever as the coming American strike would coincide with the meeting of the united Kurdistan Parliament on 4/10/2002. The most important thing in this historical meeting was its holding under the sacred flag of Kurdistan for the first time, so many congratulations. Activities of the KNC For that reason the Kurdistan National Congress is intensifying activities and communications in these sensitive circumstances to follow the events and latest developments. To contact all major powers in the world, governments, organisations and personalities as well as holding meetings, conferences, seminars and interviews on radios and TVs. On 24/8/2002, the KNC organised an exceptional conference of its UK branch. The conference received hundreds of letters of support and congratulations, among which, from such personalities as the symbol figure of liberty in the world Mr Nelson Mandela, and from the head of British government Mr Tony Blair. Mr Ghassan Karian, the Mayor of Hammersmith & Fulham (where the conference was held), officially opened the conference. Dr Jemal Nebez and Eng. Bruska Ibrahim attended the conference from Germany, and Dr Abdulrazaq Nimatullah from Italy, there were also representatives of many parties and organisations among them Mrs Bayan Salih representing the Kurdistan Democratic Party, Mr Muhammad Qaradaghi representing the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, and Mr Abbas Rostam representing the Communist Party of Kurdistan. In addition, the committees of the KNC organised four public meetings during one week and participated in a fifth meeting organised by Mr. Jalal Barzani for Dr. 16 Jemal Nebez in the city of Hannover in Germany on 22/9. The other four were in the city of Dortmund in Germany organised by Mr. Risgar Kasem and Mr. Marwan Ali on 23/9, in the city of Mannheim in Germany organised by Eng. Swara Arif and Dr. Shirwan Mohidien on 25/9, in the city of Zurich in Switzerland organised by Mr. Hamid Suri and Dr. Fauzi Kaddur on 27/9 and in the city of Milan in Italy organised by Dr. Carlo Boldrini and Dr. Azzat Saydo on 28/9. I also had two interviews on the Kurdish Radios in Hanover and Zurich. Application for membership of Kurdish people in UN In 1982 while I was a Peshmarga in Qandil Mountains and during 40 years of struggle for the independence of Kurdistan, I met the Kurdish people from all parts of Kurdistan and all sorts of life. I found that they all carry a sacred love for the Kurdistan flag. That is why when I came to Europe I decided to raise the Kurdistan flag on all occasions in order to emphasise the unity of the Kurds. Thus I raised the flag for two months in front of the American embassy during the millions exodus of the Kurdish people in 1991. I also raised it in all Kurdish and not Kurdish conferences I participated in Libya, Europe or America, as well as on Al-Jazeera satellite TV and other occasions. In order to raise the Kurdistan flag on the building of the UN, I submitted my suggestion to the KNC also for gathering signatures from Kurdistan and friendly foreign personalities and parties. Up to now, we have received thousand of signatures from the Kurdish people and their friends from all parts of Kurdistan and from all over the world, as Lord Hylton, Lord Nazir 17 Ahmed and Baroness Cox members of House of Lords in Britain, Senator Arrigo Boldrini member of the Italian Congress, Senator Bob Filner member of the American Congress, demanding a Kurdish representative in the UN, Lord Hylton wrote on this matter to UN: ‘This is the barest minimum that the United Nations should do for the Kurdish people’. On 26/11/2002 the KNC’s delegation, the KNC president Jawad Mella, Dr Tariq Pasha Amadi “former Principal of Sulaymai University”, Mrs Homa “Women Union”, Eng. Ghiyath Ahmed “Engineers Union”, Dr. Muhamad Shaida “Kurdish broadcaster of Cairo Radio in 1957”, and Dr. Rebwar Fatah “director of Kurdish Media” met the United Nation Administrative Assistant in London Mr. Berty Louise Nayna and we presented the Kurdish File and the first group of signatures to Mr. Nayna who told us that he will send our file to Mr. Annan directly with the UN special diplomatic briefcase on 3/12/2002. Anyone who wishes to receive the letter addressed to Mr Kofi Annan, the General Secretary of the UN in order to sign it, can print it from the internet from our website on www.knc.org.uk, or from offices of the KNC all over the world. And return it to us after signing. How Southern Kurdistan was attached to Iraqi State? The stage covered by the writing of the US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger is part of that era and namely the time of September Revolution 1961-1975 under the leadership of Mella Mustapha Barzani in Southern Kurdistan. 18 Southern Kurdistan was annexed to the Iraqi state after bloody battles between the British forces and Iraqi forces on the one hand and the Kurdish forces led by the King of Kurdistan Sheikh Mahmood Al-Hafid, who was injured in one of those battles and captured. He was then exiled to India, while Iraq itself had no king and the British were forced to bring a prince from Hijaz, Prince Faisal Bin Sharif Hussein, and appoint him as a King in Iraq and that part of Kurdistan. Since 1918, the allied forces had admitted the national aspirations of those minorities of Ottoman Empire as they were mentioned in President Wilson's peace program: "The non-Turkish minorities within the Ottoman Empire should be given a real opportunity to practise their own independence away from any intervention or influence." Also the article 22 of the League of Nations states: "The method to achieve these principles is through creating the mandate system." Those directions in addition to efforts from General Sharif Pasha resulted in Sevres Treaty, which was enforced on the Ottoman Sultan in 1920 to recognise a Kurdish state. However, Mustafa Kamal managed in 1923 to use his manoeuvres and deception to replace the Sevres Treaty with Lausanne Treaty, which did not mention anything about a Kurdish state. But the Mosul Wilayet was not included in this treaty and was left to negotiations between Turkey and Britain as the country with the mandate on Iraq, to decide its fate. Those negotiations failed to get a result and the case of Mosul Wilayet was referred back to the League of Nations, which in turn gave it to Iraq on the following condition: "The rights of Kurds should be considered to appoint administrators of Kurdish ethnicity to manage the affairs of their country and carrying out judicial affairs 19 and education in schools, and Kurdish language should be an official language." In 1931 when Iraq was trying to join the League of Nations, and to show good intentions, a law was introduced regarding the local languages. In 1932 after the end of the British mandate and acceptance of Iraq as a member of the League of Nations, Iraq announced these principles again in an official statement, which was given the power of constitution and forwarded to the League of Nations to be considered as an international document. Perhaps one of the most important documents of that era was the joined statement of Iraq and Britain of December 1922, on the eve of the negotiations regarding the Lausanne Treaty, which stated: "Her Majesty's government and the government of Iraq admit and recognise that the Kurds have the right of coexistence within the Iraqi borders and have the right of establishing a Kurdish government within these borders. The two governments hope that the Kurdish sides concerned come to agreement among themselves in regard to the form of this government and the borders they want it to cover, and to send their negotiating representatives to Baghdad to discuss their economical and political relations with Her Majesty's government and the Iraqi government". The founding of the Iraqi Republic in 1958 was also a large quality step in this regard, as the Article Three of Iraqi constitution stated that: "Arabs and Kurds are partners in this homeland" Obviously, partnership means in reality a state, because a real partner, whose interests are not satisfied, can dissolve the partnership so that each partner may be free in his own land. 20 With regard to the historic document known as the announcement of 11 March 1970, we can confirm that it was a big achievement for the September revolution and all Kurdish people in general. However, all those treaties and announcements became worthless after the crimes of mass extermination, which were committed by the Iraqi government against the Kurdish people. Such crimes include especially the chemical attack on the town of Halabja on 16/3/1988 and the Anfal operations of autumn 1988 during which 182,000 Kurds were exterminated. On this basis Iraq violated the conditions by which Kurdistan was affiliated to it, which was to allow a Kurdish government and respect the national rights of the Kurdish people. Instead, the government of Iraq had committed, intended, and planned crimes of mass murder against the Kurdish people and thus Iraq has lost its right to rule Kurdistan both on legal or humanitarian purposes. It was not only Iraq that opposed the aspirations of the Kurdish nation, but also Turkey, Syria and Iran were and still share and support Iraq in this regard. Even during the Iraq - Iran war, the two countries were exchanging information about the activities of Kurdish organisations. All those countries that occupy a part of Kurdistan are against each other almost in everything, but they always agree on one thing, which is not to allow the Kurdish people to obtain any ethnic rights. Unfortunately, many other neighbouring countries support those anti-Kurdish tendencies without any consideration to the fact that the Kurdish people are demanding only their just right of having their own state and identity, which will eventually be achieved for sure, as it happened to Algeria against France or 21 the United States against Britain in their struggle for independence. Honourable stands of Kurdish people’s friends I must here point to the fact that there are many honest Arabs, Turks and Iranians who believe in an independent Kurdish state, among them first of all is the Libyan leader Moamar Al-Qaddafi, who has been advocating for more than a quarter century to: "let the Kurds establish their own state". When I met the Libyan leader, he informed me that during a visit to Baghdad, Ahmad Hassan Al-Bakir and Saddam Hussein’s reception for him was cold. Asking for the reason, he was told: You support Barzani, and he receives support from Israel. Colonel Al-Qaddafi answered them: First you have to give the Kurds their rights and then you can criticise them. The Turkish regime offered the Turkish 1st class Prize called “Atta Turk” prize to the international symbol of freedom Mr. Nelson Mandela, but Mr. Mandela refused to accept the prize because of persecution of the Kurdish people and the oppression of human rights in Turkey. The Turkish academic Dr. Ismael Besikci has spent many years of his life in Turkish prisons because of his supporting stand with the Kurds and his book entitled: "Kurdistan - an international colony". There is also the Arab thinker Dr. Abdulhussein Shaban, who stated in an article of the newspaper Media, the organ of the National Democratic Union of Kurdistan, that: 'any Kurd that does not believe in a Kurdish state is an idiot person". The Iraqi opposition activist Mr Mishan Al-Jibury stated in an interview with Al-Jazeera satellite TV channel, with evidence 22 and arguments that: "I support a Kurdish state because it is not against the Arabs." The Iraqi Islamic scholar Dr. Muhammad Al-Mahdi wrote an article in Al- Tayyar Al-Jadid newspaper, issued by Mr. Sami Faraj Ali in London during the eighties of the last century entitled "A smaller Iraq is a stronger Iraq". The Egyptian Islamic scholar Dr. Fahmi Al-Shinawi has stressed in his articles and letters the rights of the Kurds as an Islamic duty. One of his letters was to the Second Kurdistan National Congress in 1991 in London in which he said: "There is no Islamic unity without a Kurdish unity". Mr. Abdulrahman Azzam, the first General Secretary of the Arab League in his article in “Al-Hilal” Magazine, issue of October 1943, wrote: “the aspirations and hopes of Iraq should not be the expansion against the interests of the Kurds. It is better for the Arabic nation, after achieving their objective of liberty and unity, to leave for the Kurds the choice of joining in or preferring their own independence. If they choose independence we should respect their desire and do not turn this into a source of hatred and bitterness”, and many other honest and courageous people. The Kurdish state During these international circumstances there have been many historical leaders such as the late Mella Mustafa Barzani, who was a legendary figure and one of those classic Kurdish leaders of the Kurdish people, who stands side by side with such great leaders and revolutions of the Kurdish nation as revolution of Prince Muhammad Rawanduzi of Soran in 1826, revolution of the Prince Badir Khan the Great of Botan in 1842, revolution of Sheikh Obaidulla Nahri of Hakari in 1881, revolution of the King of 23 Kurdistan Sheikh Mahmood Al-Hafid of Sulaimania 1919-1924, revolution of Sheikh Saeed Peeran of Diarbakir in 1925, revolution of the General Ihsan Nouri Pasha of Ararat 1927-1930, revolution of Ismael Shikak (Simko Agha) of Ormia in 1930, revolution of Sayed Raza of Dersim in 1937-1939, President of Republic of Kurdistan Qazi Muhammad of Mahabad in 1946, as well as Apo Osman Sabri 1905-1993 the founder of the political struggle’s school, Prince Jeladet Bedirkhan 1951 who founded the new Kurdish alphabet, and Dr. Jemal Nebez, who put the philosophical frame to the Kurdish nationalist thinking, and many others all of them who were activists for the independence of Kurdistan. The holly aim of the Kurdish people is the Independence of Kurdistan, which rose as well by the organisations of JK in 1946, KAJYK in 1959, PASOK in 1976 and Kurdistan National Congress in 1985. The Latest attempt to extend the occupation of Kurdistan But during the last fifty years some Kurdish organisations changed the holly aim of the Kurdish people the Independence of Kurdistan to some education rights or autonomy or federalism inside the borders of the occupiers of Kurdistan with democratic system in the capitals of the occupiers of Kurdistan, not the democracy neither federalism give the national rights to any nation, the greatest democracy in the world is in Britain but couldn’t sorted out the National problem of Northern Ireland, and the federalism of Yugoslavia which killed millions of innocent people, 24 at the same time the system of the occupiers of Kurdistan will never reach the level of the system of the federalism of Yugoslavia and either the democracy of Britain. Barzani’s intuition was stronger than his strategic calculations The late Barzani asked the United States for support for the independence of Kurdistan, as he asked all the super powers in the world whenever he had the opportunity. Although he was the leader of Kurdistan Democratic Party that was demanding only autonomy for Kurdistan, he was in reality not only that or a leader of the Kurds in Southern Kurdistan; he was in fact a national leader of all Kurdish people. Barzani was indeed a representative of the Kurdish nation's conscience, as he participated in 1946 in establishing the Republic of Kurdistan in Eastern Kurdistan; and led several Kurdish uprisings in Southern Kurdistan; mainly and the longest standing was the September Revolution of 1961. His national practice was always an expression of what was his feeling, for example: he appointed Prince Kamiran Bedirkhan, who was from Northern Kurdistan as a first representative of the September Revolution; Dr. Ismat Sharif Wanli as a second representative who was from Western Kurdistan. In addition, the most confidant and favourite writer and poet of the late Barzani was Hazhar Mukriani, who was from Eastern Kurdistan. End of the trust in the occupiers of Kurdistan Indeed Barzani was a national leader and represented the aspirations of the Kurdish people for independence. This is exactly what is stated in the memoirs of Henry Kissinger on page 588. The 25 fact that the independence of Kurdistan was not achieved was not at all a fault of Barzani, but the international circumstances prevented it, especially the cold war between the Soviet Union and the USA, which escalated to divide their influence in the areas such as Vietnam, Algeria, Palestine, Congo and Cuba etc. The fate intervened to prevent the fulfilment of Barzani's dreams, when the American president Richard Nixon was impeached in 1974 after the Watergate scandal, as President Richard Nixon was concerned with the Kurdish file more than any other previous president of the USA. It is clear that the memoirs of Mr Henry Kissinger throw lights on many angles and positions regarding the September revolution and its international and regional relations, many parts of which remain unknown. It is our duty to uncover all the details in order to benefit from that rich experience in the future to fulfil the dreams of the late Barzani for the independence of Kurdistan. In order to achieve the independence for Kurdistan we have to know all strong or weak points in our history of uprisings. It is only through the weapon of science and knowledge, and by creating honest, courageous and knowledgeable national cadres; we can achieve a Kurdish state. For the loyalty to Kurdistan is achieved through knowledge of Kurdistan itself, so the Kurdish cause is not with or against any party or ideology, but it is a cause of people should have their freedom. Your comments and supports are needed. London 1/1/2003 Jawad Mella President Kurdistan National Congress 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 CHARTER OF THE KURDISTAN NATIONAL CONGRESS Recommended by the 4th Kurdistan National Congress Held in London on 10-11 October 1998 Article One AIMS OF THE KURDUSTAN NATIONAL CONGRESS 1. To save the Kurdish Nation from the threat of national annihilation, genocide, successive massacres, massive deportations, permanent wars, military occupation, continual humiliation, systematic repressions, and coercive economic, social and cultural foreign domination. 2. Liberate our homeland Kurdistan from foreign occupation. 3. To establish favourable circumstances which enable the Kurdish people to freely determine their own destiny, self-determination, and political, economic, social and cultural independence without interference of foreign powers 4. To realize the sovereignty of the Kurdish people in their own historical homeland, to create a state of Kurdistan and to elect democratically the legitimate representatives of the Kurdish people in a Kurdistan National Congress. 50 5. To exploit our national resources specially the oil, for independence and development of Kurdistan. 6. To re-establish peace and human dignity in Kurdistan, and realize the fundamental rights and freedom of all the citizens of Kurdistan without any discrimination regarding race, ethnic, religion, sex or social backgrounds. 7. To give ethnic, religious, and sectarian minorities, who live in Kurdistan, their rights within limitation of the aims and principles of this Charter. 8. To remove traces of ignorance and exploitation, and change the national structure resulted from foreign occupation. 9. To develop all spheres of Kurdistan. 10. To find relations based on harmony, peace and security with all the neighbouring nations on the ground of equality and mutual interests. 11. To respect international conventions and treaties, and participate in the promotion of regional and international peace and security. 12. To participate to build up the peace and security in the area, and the world. 13.Kurdistan is a historical, geographical and civilisationical country, never to give up any part of it, and to refuse every act, agreement or treaty, that its aims are to divide or occupy Kurdistan. The borders of Kurdistan as mentioned by Badlisi in his book Sharafnamah in 1596-1597. In order to achieve these aims Kurdistan National Congress should: A. Proclaim that the right of self-determination of the Kurdish people means: the right of independence and creation of a state on the integral territories of their homeland Kurdistan. 51 B. Unify all the national potentials and capabilities of all opinions in order to liberate Kuardistan from foreign colonization and occupation with the right of using all possible means. C. Favour negotiations and relations, based on the right of an independent Kurdistan and equal rights of the Kurdish nation, with all the neighbouring nations, and develop relations with all the nations based on equality, non interference in national affairs, with the aim of promoting regional and international peace, security and stability. D. Obtain international support for the Kurdistan national liberation movement, international recognition of the legitimate right of the Kurdish people for self-determination, and creation of an independent non-aligned democratic Kurdistan State. E. Develop fraternal relations among all Kurdistan citizens and all political, cultural and social organizations, and prepare appropriate circumstances for them to actively participate in the struggle for independence. F. Find a basic democratic foundation in order that the Kurdistan citizens shall be able to elect their legitimate representatives in Kurdistan National Congress and to prepare adequate domestic and international conditions for the creation of an independent democratic and non aligned state in Kurdistan. G. Become the highest central institution of Kurdistan where all political and non-political organizations and patriotic personalities can air their views and unite efforts to achieve these aims. H. Be recognized as the sole legitimate authority of Kurdistan by all nations, states, intergovernmental 52 and regional organizations, and above all the United Nations. Article Two PRINCIPLES In pursuit of the aims stated in Article 1, Kurdistan National Congress and its members shall act in accordance with the following principles: 1. Kurdistan National Congress shall derive its decisions and laws from the Kurdish people and their believes. 2. Kurdistan National Congress is based on the principle that the Kurdish people have the right of self - determination, the right to choose their representatives democratically and the right to have their national government. 3. Kurdistan National Congress is based on the principle that the Kurdish people have the right to control their homeland and national resources. 4. Kurdistan National Congress is based on the principle of equality for all its members. 5. All Members (Members of Kurdistan National Congress) in order to protect their Kurdistan National Congressary privileges shall fulfil in a good faith their obligations in accordance with the present Charter. 6. All Members shall participate actively in the Kurdistan national liberation movement aiming at creating an independent state in Kurdistan; they shall participate in preparation and discussion of national policies, explain their activities and those of Kurdistan National Congress to citizens and help them within limitations of their capacities. 7. All Members shall end their relationships with the authorities of states which are colonizing and 53 occupying Kurdistan. Only after the agreement and the recommendation of Kurdistan National Congress an Member or Members in pursuing the aims of the present Charter, might enter in relationship with the authorities of these States. 8. Kurdistan National Congress shall not establish relations with the States occupying Kurdistan unless these States recognize officially the right of Kurdistan to be independent. A. 9- All Members shall avoid in their conducts threat or use of force of any type against each other. 9. All Members shall give Kurdistan National Congress every assistance in any action it takes in accordance with the present Charter and shall not provide assistance to any other party against which Kurdistan National Congress may take an action. 10. Kurdistan National Congress shall ensure that the citizens, organizations and associations which have not yet agreed on a Kurdistan National Congress charter, act in accordance with these principles so far as it may be necessary to maintain the national unity and promote the struggle for the independence of Kurdistan. Article Three Membership 1. Members shall be of Kurdish origin, or of origin belonging to the ethnic or religious minorities who live in Kurdistan and have a profound association with Kurdistan. 2. Every citizen, male or female, of the eligible age of 25 or more who meets the above condition (Article 3 paragraph 1) and accepts the obligations outlined in this Charter has the right to be elected as a 54 Member in Kurdistan National Congress. All citizens are eligible to vote at 18. 3. Kurdistan National Congress shall consist of 250 members. The term of office is 3 years. A former Member may be re-elected for several times. 4. Due to the unusual situation resulted from foreign occupation of Kurdistan and the impossibility of holding free and democratic election inside Kurdistan, election shall take place in exile during the annual meetings of Kurdistan National Congress. Members shall be elected among candidates who represent Kurdish parties, organizations, associations and patriotic personalities, and win majority votes required for the election of a Member. Minimum number of votes needed for electing Member shall be specified at the beginning of each session of election. A candidate who lives under occupation in Kurdistan and cannot attend annual meetings of Kurdistan National Congress, for reasons beyond his/her control, shall be elected by a secret procedure. Kurdistan National Congress shall lay down regulations regarding holding secret election for candidates unable to attend. 5. All Kurdistan National Congress candidates shall submit their written candidacy, together with brief curriculum vitae, to the president of Kurdistan National Congress before the beginning of the session. 6. Voting shall be voluntary and voters may choose only one or up to three candidates giving priority in an order of preference. 7.Whenever normal, free and democratic circumstances were to be found in Kurdistan election shall be by a popular campaign where a 55 candidate may campaign for the constituency in which she/he lives or another of her/his choice. 8. A Member against whom Kurdistan National Congress has taken a disciplinary action shall have his/her Kurdistan National Congress privileges suspended. These privileges may be restored in an annual meeting of Kurdistan National Congress. 9. A Member who shall persistently violate the principles outlined in this Charter may be expelled from Kurdistan National Congress by a decision of Kurdistan National Congress. 10. A Member shall be expelled from office if she / he proved guilty of bribery, fraud, indecency, treachery and neglect of duty. 11. Members are not allowed to use force, violation or threat against each other. Any Member violates this principle shall face automatic dismissal. Article Four Bodies of Kurdistan National Congress 1. The fundamental and permanent bodies of the Kurdistan National Congress are: Assembly of the Kurdistan National Congress, President, Government, Internal Affairs Committee, External Affairs Committee, National Defence and Security Committee, Media & Communication Committee, Economic and Financial Committee, Juridical and Legislative Committee, Social and Health Committee, Educational and Cultural Committee and the Secretariat. 2. Other interim committees may be formed whenever necessary. 56 Article Five Assembly of Kurdistan National Congress 1. The Assembly of Kurdistan National Congress shall consist of all Members, invited observers, and members of Secretariat. 2. Kurdistan National Congress shall hold regular annual meetings. Location and time of each session would be fixed either in a previous meeting or by the President. Duration of each session shall be determined at the beginning of each Kurdistan National Congress session. 3. Extraordinary meetings may be called by the President or upon a written request by majority Members. 4. Kurdistan National Congress shall lay down its own rules and procedures. 5. Each Member has one vote. The President does not cast a vote and stays natural in meetings. 6. The Assembly of Kurdistan National Congress being the highest legislative body shall be were Member to lay down national laws, policy and budget, and shall be in a position to ratify international agreements, treaties and conventions. 7. The Assembly of Kurdistan National Congress shall make decisions on irritant issues by 75% majority votes, taking into account votes of unattended Members submitted in writing. 8. Kurdistan National Congress decisions on other matters shall be made by the majority Members, taking into account votes of unattended Members submitted in writing. 9. Kurdistan National Congress may debate any question concerning Kurdistan's national and international interests, or any matters within the scope of this Charter. It may also debate capacities 57 and duties of the President or any Committees mentioned in this Charter. 10. Kurdistan National Congress shall have to receive and consider, in each annual session, reports from the President and the permanent Committees. Irritant reports from Kurdish and foreign sources shall also be received and considered by Kurdistan National Congress upon the decision of the majority Members or the recommendation of the President. Article Six The President 1. The President shall be elected among the Members by 51% majority votes of all Members. If no candidate for presidency obtains this majority the election shall be held again for the two candidates who score the highest votes. Votes of the unattended candidates submitted in writing will be taken into account. 2. The President shall be elected by a secret ballot for a term of three years in office. S/he may be re- elected for a second term only. S/he must possess a good personal behaviour and be a devoted patriot with high intelligence and knowledge of Kurdistan's national and international affairs. 3. While in office the President shall not be entitled to sit on any Kurdistan National Congress (permanent) Committee. 4. Kurdistan National Congress shall elect among the Members two vice- presidents to assist presidential tasks and duties. The two vice-presidents may be ordinary Members or members of Kurdistan National Congress Committees. 58 5. The President shall work towards achieving the mandate given to him/her in this Charter, and actively work to fulfil the objectives and principles of Kurdistan National Congress. He shall present each year an annual report to Kurdistan National Congress. 6. The President shall co-ordinate his works in close relationship with the permanent Committees. In normal circumstances, s/he shall meet the Committees chairpersons at least four times a year. 7. The President shall represent the highest legislative authority in Kurdistan. S/he shall be entrusted with this authority by Kurdistan National Congress. S/he will be were Member, with the consent of Kurdistan National Congress, to issue decrees concerning national policies, developmental plans, national budget, and approval of international agreements and treaties. 1. 8- The President shall act as head of state and government in national and international affairs. Article Seven The Government 1. A national Government of Kurdistan shall be created after the preparation of basic and necessary conditions for its foundation. 2. The President of Kurdistan National Congress shall give an Member authority to form a national government. The head of government then shall select ministers taking into consideration the highest national interests. 3. After the selection of the head of government and ministers, the head of government shall request the president of Kurdistan National Congress to 59 entrust him/her the legitimacy and executive authority of the government. 4. The legitimacy of the government and the continuity of its executive authority depend on the approval of the government policy by majority of the KNC Deputies. 5. Kurdistan National Congress shall define the authority, power and form of the government, with the consent of the President and prior to his/her announcement of government, taking into account Kurdistan's national and international circumstances. Article Eight Permanent Committees 1. The following Committees shall be permanent bodies of Kurdistan National Congress: Internal Affairs Committee, External Affairs Committee, National Defence and Security Committee, Media & Communication Committee, Economic and Financial Committee , Juridical and Legislative Committee, Social and Health Committee, Educational and Cultural Committee, and the Secretariat. 2. Each Committee shall be composed of 3-7 members. Members shall be elected among the Members for a term of 3 years. Members might be re-elected for several terms. 3. Kurdistan National Congress shall elect a chairperson for each Committee. The appointment shall be based on the special qualifications, knowledge, ability and seniority of the elected chairperson for the Committee concerned. 4. The Committees shall be consultative bodies and executive powers of Kurdistan National Congress 60 and the President. The Committees shall act as part of, and assistance to Kurdistan National Congress; not as substitutes for it. 5. The Committees' functions and duties shall be assigned according to each Committee's specialization. The Committees can set their on rules and procedures according to their specialization and the terms of this Charter. 6. The Committees shall act in close relationship with each other in order to co-ordinate and co-operate their works. Two or more Committees night decide to create an ad hoc joint committee. 7. Each Committee shall present each year two annual reports one to the President and one to Kurdistan National Congress. 8. The permanent Committees shall be executive bodies for laws, jurisdictions, policies, and plans of Kurdistan National Congress under the supervision of the President of Kurdistan National Congress until a national Government is formed. 9. The executive role of the Permanent Committees shall end automatically after the creation of the first National Government and its recognition by Kurdistan National Congress. The Government then shall be empowered with the executive mandate. The Committees will then continue their work in the legislative in order to fulfil the obligations entrusted to them. Article Nine Secretariat 1. The Secretariat members shall be Member of technical staff specialized in secretariat affairs. The Secretariat staff are not Members. 61 2. The Secretariat shall be a permanent body of Kurdistan National Congress. Its staff shall give all the secretariat and organizational services required for the well conduct of the annual and other sessions of Kurdistan National Congress. 3. The Secretariat shall act as a permanent servicing office for the President and the Committees. 4. A Director of Secretariat shall be appointed among the staff. Her/his task shall be the administration of services and secretariat activities including the affairs of the staff. the Kurdistan National Congress's library, the administrative equipments, the accommodation of Members during sessions and the necessary expenses of Kurdistan National Congress functions. Article Ten Modification of Charter 1. This Charter may be modified only after the consent of three quarters of the Members. 2. The aims of Kurdistan National Congress which are the basic constitutional elements can not be modified except by a popular plebiscite after obtaining the national independence and the creation of a State of Kurdistan. Article Eleven Constitutional Structure 1. This Charter shall be the principal law in Kurdistan and shall be applied in all its regions until the final constitution of a Kurdistan State shall be announced and approved by the people. 2. This Charter shall nullify all constitutions and laws applied in Kurdistan by the occupying foreign States. 62 3. This Charter shall be effective after its ratification by Kurdistan National Congress. 4. This Charter shall be published in the official newspaper and in the Kurdish and international newspapers. All those who are concerned shall be informed. FINAL STATEMENT OF THE 4th KURDISTAN NATIONAL CONGRESS London 10-11/10/1998 On 10-11/10/1998, under banner of Independence for Kurdistan and by invitation from the preparation committee of Kurdistan National Congress, the fourth Kurdistan National Congress was held in London. The congress was wonderful and successful from all points of view (despite attempts from some to hinder its path yet again). An administrative committee for the congress was formed and made up of Mr Jawad Mella, and Mr Sirwan Kawsi. The Congress opened with a minute of silence in commemoration of all those martyrs who have died for the sack of the Kurds and Kurdistan, and for our martyred comrade Rahbar Jalal Mamish, Secretary of the Kurdistan National Congress in Finland. The opening speeches of the congress in English: In the first session of the first day 10/10/1998, speech were made by: Mr. Jawad Mella, General Secretary of the Kurdistan National Congress; Dr. Jemal Nebez, the First Councillor of the Congress; Mr. David McDowall, British Writer, (Author of A Modern History of the Kurds); Mr. Bruce Kent, Researcher of the Kurdish problem, from Britain. Miss 63 Sonia Watts, Researcher of the Kurdish problem; Mrs Miria Kultalahti, widow of the late Rahbar Jalal Mamish, from Finland; Ms. Karen Dabrowska, Writer and Journalist specialising in Kurdish and Middle East affairs; Mr Jeremy Corbyn, Member of Parliament, Britain. There was a large public presence of foreign guests, friends of the Kurdish people from Britain and other countries. During this session Lord Jeffery Archer sent a phone message congratulating and wishing success to the congress. Next, the following letters and phone messages of congratulations to the congress from Kurdish and foreign organisations and dignitaries were read: Mr. Toni Blair, The Prime Minister of Britain, Mrs. Margaret McDonagh of the British Labour Party; Mrs. Elisabeth Johnson of the British Liberal Democrats Party; Lord Hylton, member of the British House of Lords, Baroness Cox, member of the British House of Lords; Mr Stan Newns, member of the British Parliament; Mrs Ann Clwyd, member of the British Parliament; Mrs. Clair Short, member of the British Parliament & Minister for Overseas Development; Mr M. Whitlam, General Secretary of the Red Cross; Dr. Mirella Galletti, Italian Researcher of Kurdish affairs; Mr David Adamson, British Writer and author of The Kurdish War and 1964 Division; Professor Khalil Rashidian and Professor E. W. Anderson, Durham University; Madam Joyce Blau, Lecturer of Kurdish language, Sorbonne University; Mr Michael Jackson of Channel 4, British TV; Mr Muhammad Al-Fayed, owner of Harrods stores; Dr. Carlo Boldrini, President of Kurdish Cultural Association, Italy; 64 Madam Laura Shrider, Italian writer and specialist in Kurdish affairs for 25 years; Mrs July Green of the American National Geographic Society; Madam Ann Barnet, Journalist and Researcher of Kurdish affairs, Switzerland; Mr Liveo Sousa, Italy; Mr Muhammad Ali of the British organisation CARDERI. The congress received a lot of messages by fax and phone from the committees of the Kurdistan National Congress inside the homeland, from various towns and regions of Northern, Southern, Eastern, Western and Red (Armenia and Azerbaijan) Kurdistan, in addition to the following letters: A letter from Sheikh Abdulmalik Firat (from Northern Kurdistan), Grandson of Sheikh Saeed Piran leader of the Kurdish revolution of 1925. A letter from Sheikh Dara Baba Ali (from Southern Kurdistan), Grandson Sheikh Mahmood, The King of Kurdistan 1919-1924. A letter from Mr Ali Ghazi (from Eastern Kurdistan), Son of Ghazi Muhammad, President of Kurdistan Republic of 1946. A letter from Mr Hoshang Sabri (from Western Kurdistan), Son of the great patriot and activist Apo Osman Sabri 1905-1993. Letters from Kurdistan Democratic Party-Iraq, Kurdistan Socialist Party-Iraq, Kurdistan Democratic Party-Turkey, Kurdish Democratic Party-Syria, Professor Sheikh Muhammad Saleh Gabori, General Secretary of the Islamic Party of Kurdistan, Sheikh Abdulrahman Dura (Founder of the Kurdistan Islamic Movement), Mr Hussein Yezdanpena, General Secretary of the Union of Revolutionaries of People of Kurdistan, Mr Rekar Ahmad, General Secretary of the Kurdistan Liberation Party, Sheikh Derwesh Hasso, Director of the Yezidis 65 Centre in Germany, Mr Selah Rashid, Representative of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan in Germany, Mr Hashim Karimi, Leading member of the Kurdistan Democratic Party-Iran, Mr Khalid Dlear, Member of the preparatory committee of the Kurdish National Congress, held in Sulaimania on 4-5/12/1997, Mr Saman Shali, Leading member of the Kurdish National Congress in North America, Mr Chalak Juanroii, President of the American Friends of the Kurds, Leaders of the Socialist Union of Kurdish Students in Europe (SOKSE), Dr Khaje Yeshar, Journalist (previous chief of the Kurdistan Liberation Flag Party), Mr Memed Tanreverde, President of the Kurdish Community Centre in Germany (Eurokurd), Mr Marwan Ali, Secretary of the Western Kurdistan Association in Holland, Mr Mahmood Akko, Secretary of the Western Kurdistan Association in Germany, Mr Dlear Rashid, President of the Kurdish Centre in America, Mr Abdulqader Muhammad Amin, Chief Editor of the ‘Barzan’ newspaper in the USA, Mr Peshrawi Saed Ibrahimi & Mr Abdulmumin Dashti, Editors of the Sako newspaper in Germany, Mr Braem Farshi, Manager of the Kurdish Theater Kocher in Germany, Sheikh Omar Gharib, Kurdish scholar from Pakistan, Mr Khalid Yunis Khalid, Writer and Researcher, Professor Baram Rasul, Mr Ibrahim Ja'fary, Mr Hawre Zandi, Kurdish Radio in Sweden, Dr Jamshid Haideri, Famous Kurdish Artist Kader Dilan, Dr Arshad Maruf, Dr Shaban Muzuri, Dr Kamal Ali, Mr Amjad Shakaly from Sweden; Dr Khorshid Rawanduzi, Dr Salah Jmor from Switzerland; Mr Abdulrahman Rahim from Denmark; Mr Abdi Muhamad, Mr Haji Sheikhani, Mr Waisi Zawitai, Mr Muhamad Salim Hasan from Holand; Mr Hasan 66 Zand, Mr Abdullah Chwartai, Mr Hallo Muhamad, Mr Jaza Chingiani, Mr Abdulrahim Ayaz, Dr Nashmil Qasemlou, Miss Aso Agacha, President of Hinbun organisation, Mrs Hanne Kuchler, Journalist, and Mr Abbas Ali from Germany; Sheikh Dara Jalal Al-Hfid, Mr Wria Saleh, Dr Alan Kader, Dr Michael Ali, Dr Ashti Karim from Austria; Dr Abdullah Pashew, Poet, Mr Faraj Wahab from Finland; Dr Kamel Majid from Qater, Dr Faisal Khalaf from Moscow; Dr Ali Kilch, Mr Kawa Hasan from France; Dr Fazil Al-Zahawi, Mr Hawre Bakhawan, Solicitor, Mr Baram Manu, Anwar Othman, Solicitor, Mr Haji Haji Ibrahim, Mr Hallo Ahmad Kurda, Dr. Jabar Kadir from Holland; Mr Izzat Othman, Engineer, Mr Abdulhalim Mustafa from USA; Mr Burhan Mam Tawfiq, Dr Akram Muhamad Karim, Sheikh Omar Barzanji, Atta Qaradaghi from National Kudish Cultural Centre in Sulaimaniah. The Kurdish Organisations and dignitaries who participated in the Congress activities: Dr Jemal Nebez, Councillor of the Kurdistan National Congress, Mr Sirwan Kawsi and Mr Ali Rahimi, representing the Kurdistan Independence Party; M r Muhamad Qaradaghi, representative of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan-Iraq, Mr Cankurd, representative of the Hevkari organisation in Germany, Mr Bakir Diko, from Kurdish Unity Party in Syria, Sheikh Latif Mariwani, representative of (KAK), Mr Bruska Ibrahim and Mrs Armgard Ibrahim, representing the Kurdish Academy for Science and Art, Dr Muzafar Bartumah, representative of the Kurdistan Islamic Party, Mr Shirko Zeinalush, Secretary of the Western Kurdistan Association in Britain, Mrs Ghazal Sido, representative of the Democratic Union of Kurdistan 67 of Syria, Mr Khasrew Saya representative of the Iraqi Labour Communist Party, Mr Khalid Rashid, Director of the Kurdish Division of Swedish TV, M r Muhamad Juri, Director of the Kurdish Division in German Radio, Mr Hama Rahid Haras of the Kurdish National Party, Mr Alan Kakaha, representative of the Media newspaper in Canada, Dr Ahmad Babeker, Director of the Kurdish Cultural Centre in Canada, Mr Abu Tara, Chief Editor of the Voice of Kurdistan newspaper in Austria, Mr Muhamad Mahmood and Mr Sarteep Kader, representing Alai Islam magazine, Mr Rizgar Saleh, Engineer, representative of Student and Youth Union of Kurdistan, Mr Aziz Aqrawi (former Minister, General and leading member of the Kurdish revolution of 1961-1975), Mr Atta Mufti and Salar Hamarash, representing Peyam newspaper, Mr Omed Saeed Gewhar, President of the Kurdish Children Association in Germany. Also many Kurdish national dignitaries attended the congress from all over the world amongst whom were: Mr Qutbadin Ozar, Mr Muhamad Doran, Mr Ghafur Amin, Dr Pola Khanaqa, Mr Farhad Khanaqa, Mr Walid Aso and Dr Kamal Sido from Germany. M r Khalid Kawan from USA. Miss Farida Jawary and Miss Dalal Rasul from Red Kurdistan / Armenia. Artist Sherko Jalal Mamish, Mrs Suzan Mamish, Dr Mamad Jamo, Mrs Zine Jamo, Mr Aksen Hasan from France. Dr Izzat Sido and Artist Sardar Ali from Italy. Dr Jamal Rashid Ahmad and Mr Latif Jamal Ahmad from Holland. Dr Sheikh Mazhar Naqshabandi, Sheikh Asad Naqashbandi, Mrs Parwin Mushir Waziri, Mrs Malika Smith, Mr Noori Noori, Mr. Shamal Ali, Mr Noori Bashir, Mr Abdulqader Dabaghi, Mr Ali Karimi, Mr Aso Aziz, Mr Ibrahim Kader Mustafa, Mr Muhamad Sali, Mrs Amina 68 Dabaghi, Mrs Amin Kharazi, Dr Rizgar Amin, Dr Aza Abdullah, Mr Abbas Salim, Mr Sherzad Jabrail, Sheikh Mansour Al-Hafid, Sheikh Dara Jamil, Mr Hussein Kader, Mrs Kwestan and Dr Sami Khafaf, Mr Shirwan Rashid, Artist Karim Rashid, Mr Babaker Drai, Dr Mariwan Omar, Dr Kardo Khanaqa, Mr Sabah Ghalib, Mr Taha Tawfiq, Mr Awat Mustafa, Mr Yekti Gulbaran, Mr Muhamad Jaza, Mr Mushir Galali, Mr Karzan Krekar, Mr Sabah Yassin, Mr Ismail Lawa, Mr Sarwar Mirza Ghafur, Mr Khalid Sheikh Al-Islami, Ms Shnow and Nigeen Sheikh Al-Islami, Mr Lukman Muhamad, Mr Zara, Miss Nariman, Mrs Sophie Tod, Mrs Khaje Ahmad, Mr Farhad Ahmad, Dr Ibrahim Abdallah, Mr Orkhan Abdallah, Mr Shabaz, Zahid, Shemal, Dara, Zana, Amanj, Rustam, Kamal, Khusraw and others. In the evening of the first day of the Congress the Kurdish artists Khalid Rashid, Dilshad Saeed, Hasan and Nawroz performed in a Kurdish traditional concert celebrating the Fourth Kurdistan National Congress, and the congress hall was crowded with more than 300 of guests. On the evening of the second day there was a lecture in Kurdish by Dr Jemal Nebez entitled The Cause of Kurdish People at Present and a Look into the Future, followed by questions and discussions which lasted for four hours. On the Second Day of the Congress 11/10/1998: The Members of the Congress continued analysis of the situation in Kurdistan and the following practical decisions were taken: 1. After discussion and alterations to the points of the constitution of the Kurdistan National Congress, voting took place and it was approved as the 69 constitution to be implemented from this date forward. 2. Since those present were but a small number of members of the Kurdistan National Congress both inside and outside the homeland, the participants voted to deputise the General Secretary and Councillors of the congress to chose suitable candidates from those present and other members in Kurdistan and abroad to work in the various committees of the Congress as stated in the constitution. 3. Forming a committee to follow up the question of establishing the Kurdish Government in exile to carry out communications inside Kurdistan with organisations and dignitaries of Kurdistan, and giving them another chance to explain the necessity of forming the Kurdish Government in exile, and inviting them to participate in the fifth congress which shall be dedicated specifically for the issue of announcing the Kurdish Government in exile, which cover all regions of Kurdistan to represent the Kurdish nation (40 million) on international scene as a nation that has the right for independence. Otherwise, at least for those organisations and dignitaries that have certain connections which prevent them from participating- not to stand as an obstacle in the path of the Kurdish state i.e. not to be hostile to the Kurdish state, even if they are not able to work for it. 4. In addition to many Kurdish organisations affiliated to the Congress the membership of the following organisations was approved: The Kurdish Children Organisation in Germany, The 70 Kurdish Academy for Science and Art in Sweden, and the Kurdish Cultural Centre in Canada. The Recommendations of the Congress: 1-The congress requests that all Kurdistan organisations wherever they are, should solve the problems between them peacefully through dialogue and to end the situation of internal fighting. 2- The congress requests from the parties in Southern Kurdistan to carry out free elections with more democratic conditions such as the abolition of the 7% requirement ratio in order to make it possible for wide range of political sectors to participate in making of political decisions, and to give an opportunity to vote to the Kurds in exile, and also (on the same election cards) carry out a referendum among the Kurdish people to find out whether they want to be as part of Iraq or to have their own independent Kurdish state. 3- The congress called for advantage to be taken of the recent agreement in Washington to support peace and stability, and to enhance it even more to insure the independence of the Kurdish nation, that is by asking the USA to allow the use of airports in Kurdistan to establish direct relations with the world without the need for mediating with the neighbouring countries. 4- The congress thanks all dignitaries, institutions and organisations that participated in its works or sent messages by letters or by phone and especially to Mr Tony Blair, the Prime Minister of Britain, the country which hosted the congress in its capital London. The congress ended by the Kurdish national hymn "Ai Raqib". 71 Appeal to: All the people of Kurdistan, especially in Southern Kurdistan Government and Parliament of Kurdistan Leaders and Basis of the Kurdish Parties All Kurdish civil and military institutions In the present extraordinary circumstances, the Kurdistan National Congress invites you to a general peaceful uprising and total awareness, and taking practical initiatives preparing for all coming events as soon as the war between Iraq and the international community starts. The events are going to be important and quick, and their negative or positive outcomes would depend on the level of the Kurdish initiative. For a Kurdish initiative we present to you the following program: 1-Formation of Public Emergency Committees in all villages, towns and places. Those Public Emergency Committees should involve all factions of people from the political parties or those outside them, from anyone who is a patriot and desires liberty, and put the interests of the Kurdish nation and Kurdish national security above personal, tribal, partisan and regional interests. They must all work under 72 the slogan “every Kurdish man or woman is responsible”. 2-All the Public Emergency Committees should cooperate and coordinate with the institutions of the government of Kurdistan, the Kurdish Parties, and the international forces, on the one hand, and with all the other Emergency Committees inside and outside the homeland, on the other, and forming the institutions for an independent Kurdish government, and be prepared for any new events, and surprising political, military and economical developments. 3-As soon as the war starts, the Public Emergency Committees should move quickly to help those Kurds who have been expelled and displaced to liberate their original places of residence in Kerkuk, Khanaqin and the Faily Kurdish areas… etc., and consider that Kerkuk is the Capital of the Kurdistan State. 4-The Public Emergency Committees should carry out sitting ups and demonstrations in front of the United Nations offices and British and American embassies as soon as the war starts and carry banners and the flag of Kurdistan. The main slogan should be “independence for Kurdistan”. 5-If the war turns out to be in the interests of ascertaining the Kurdish authority and its independence, or if Kurdistan was put under an international administration without any regional intervention whatsoever, letters of solidarity and support should be sent to the United Nations, Britain and America. 73 6-If the war turns out to be to abolish the Kurdish authority and its independence, or if Kurdistan was put under any regional administration whatsoever, letters of condemnation should be sent to the United Nations, Britain and America. 7-Coordination and communication between the Public Emergency Committees inside and outside Kurdistan with the leadership of the Kurdistan National Congress. Long live Kurdistan liberated and independent! Speak out and act now! Yours truly, Jawad Mella, President of the Kurdistan National Congress, London 5/2/2003 74