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Perceptual Dialectology and GIS in Kurdish 1
Perceptual Dialectology and GIS in Kurdish 1 Full title: A perceptual dialectological approach to linguistic variation and spatial analysis of Kurdish varieties Main Author: Eva Eppler, PhD, RCSLT, Mag. Phil Reader/Associate Professor in Linguistics Department of Media, Culture and Language University of Roehampton | London | SW15 5SL [email protected] | www.roehampton.ac.uk Tel: +44 (0) 20 8392 3791 Co-author: Josef Benedikt, PhD, Mag.rer.nat. Independent Scholar, Senior GIS Researcher GeoLogic Dr. Benedikt Roegergasse 11/18 1090 Vienna, Austria [email protected] | www.geologic.at Short Title: Perceptual Dialectology and GIS in Kurdish Perceptual Dialectology and GIS in Kurdish 2 Abstract: This paper presents results of a first investigation into Kurdish linguistic varieties and their spatial distribution. Kurdish dialects are used across five nation states in the Middle East and only one, Sorani, has official status in one of them. The study employs the ‘draw-a-map task’ established in Perceptual Dialectology; the analysis is supported by Geographical Information Systems (GIS). The results show that, despite the geolinguistic and geopolitical situation, Kurdish respondents have good knowledge of the main varieties of their language (Kurmanji, Sorani and the related variety Zazaki) and where to localize them. Awareness of the more diverse Southern Kurdish varieties is less definitive. This indicates that the Kurdish language plays a role in identity formation, but also that smaller isolated varieties are not only endangered in terms of speakers, but also in terms of their representations in Kurds’ mental maps of the linguistic landscape they live in. Acknowledgments: This work was supported by a Santander and by Ede & Ravenscroft Research grant 2016. -
DELIVERED on 23RD SEPTEMBER Dear President Barzani
THE LAST WRITTEN DRAFT – DELIVERED ON 23RD SEPTEMBER Dear President Barzani, I am writing on behalf of the United States to express our profound respect for you and for the people of the Iraqi Kurdistan Region. Together, over decades, we have forged a historic relationship, and it is our intention and commitment that this relationship continues to strengthen over the decades to come. Over the past three years, in particular, our strong partnership and your brave decisions to cooperate fully with the Iraqi Security Forces turned the tide against ISIS. We honor and we will never forget the sacrifice of the Peshmerga during our common struggle against terrorism. Before us at this moment is the question of a referendum on the future of the Kurdistan Region, scheduled to be held on September 25. We have expressed our concerns. These concerns include the ongoing campaign against ISIS, including upcoming operations in Hawija, the uncertain regional environment, and the need to focus intensively on stabilizing liberated areas to ensure ISIS can never return. Accordingly, we respectfully request that you accept an alternative, which we believe will better help achieve your objectives and ensure stability and peace in the wake of this necessary war against ISIS. This alternative proposal establishes a new and accelerated framework for negotiation with the central Government of Iraq led by Prime Minister Abadi. This accelerated framework for negotiation carries an open agenda and should last no longer than one year, with the possibility of renewal. Its objective is to resolve all issues outstanding between Baghdad and Erbil and the nature of the future relationship between the two. -
5. Kurdish Tribes
Country Policy and Information Note Iraq: Blood feuds Version 1.0 August 2017 Preface This note provides country of origin information (COI) and policy guidance to Home Office decision makers on handling particular types of protection and human rights claims. This includes whether claims are likely to justify the granting of asylum, humanitarian protection or discretionary leave and whether – in the event of a claim being refused – it is likely to be certifiable as ‘clearly unfounded’ under s94 of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002. Decision makers must consider claims on an individual basis, taking into account the case specific facts and all relevant evidence, including: the policy guidance contained with this note; the available COI; any applicable caselaw; and the Home Office casework guidance in relation to relevant policies. Country Information COI in this note has been researched in accordance with principles set out in the Common EU [European Union] Guidelines for Processing Country of Origin Information (COI) and the European Asylum Support Office’s research guidelines, Country of Origin Information report methodology, namely taking into account its relevance, reliability, accuracy, objectivity, currency, transparency and traceability. All information is carefully selected from generally reliable, publicly accessible sources or is information that can be made publicly available. Full publication details of supporting documentation are provided in footnotes. Multiple sourcing is normally used to ensure that the information is accurate, balanced and corroborated, and that a comprehensive and up-to-date picture at the time of publication is provided. Information is compared and contrasted, whenever possible, to provide a range of views and opinions. -
Istanbul Technical University Graduate School of Arts
ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES TRANSFORMATIONS OF KURDISH MUSIC IN SYRIA: SOCIAL AND POLITICAL FACTORS M.A. THESIS Hussain HAJJ Department of Musicology and Music Theory Musicology M.A. Programme JUNE 2018 ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES TRANSFORMATIONS OF KURDISH MUSIC IN SYRIA: SOCIAL AND POLITICAL FACTORS M.A. THESIS Hussain HAJJ (404141007) Department of Musicology and Music Theory Musicology Programme Thesis Advisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. F. Belma KURTİŞOĞLU JUNE 2018 İSTANBUL TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ SURİYE’DE KÜRT MÜZİĞİNİN DÖNÜŞÜMÜ: SOSYAL VE POLİTİK ETKENLER YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Hussain HAJJ (404141007) Müzikoloji ve Müzik Teorisi Anabilim Dalı Müzikoloji Yüksek Lisans Programı Tez Danışmanı: Doç. Dr. F. Belma KURTİŞOĞLU HAZİRAN 2018 Date of Submission : 7 May 2018 Date of Defense : 4 June 2018 v vi To the memory of my father, to my dear mother and Neslihan Güngör; thanks for always being there for me. vii viii FOREWORD When I started studying Musicology, a musician friend from Syrian Kurds told me that I am leaving my seat as an active musician and starting a life of academic researches, and that he will make music and I will research the music he makes. It was really an interesting statement to me; it made me think of two things, the first one is the intention behind this statement, while the second was the attitude of Kurds, especially Kurd musicians, towards researchers and researching. As for the first thing, I felt that there was a problem, maybe a social or psychological, of the Kurdish people in general, and the musicians in particular. -
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MENU Policy Analysis / Articles & Op-Eds In the Regional Power Struggle, has Erbil Decided to Join the Sunni Bloc? by Frzand Sherko Jan 29, 2016 Also available in Arabic ABOUT THE AUTHORS Frzand Sherko Frzand Sherko is an Iraq based strategic scholar and political analyst specializing in the intelligence and security affairs of the Kurdistan region of Iraq, greater Iraq, and the wider Islamic Middle East. Articles & Testimony he security of the Kurdistan Region-Iraq (KRI) depends more on agreements between Erbil and Kurdistan’s T neighbors than the KRI’s own security and intelligence capabilities. Whenever the regional powers surrounding the KRI have suspected that their interests are at risk, they have not hesitated to put the KRI’s security and stability in jeopardy to secure their interests. However, these regional power’s interests, increasingly at odds with one another, have begun to exacerbate the KRI’s security and internal political challenges. Since 1992, the KRI has worked to maintain a strategic relationship with Iran. When Iraqi Kurdistan’s civil war began in late 1993, Iran played a significant role, initially by directing the Islamic Movement in Kurdistan and later through its support of both sides in the conflict – the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) and the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP). Iran maintained its dual support until 1996, when it leveraged its relations to encourage both parties to maintain a political balance. Such an arrangement created stability, allowing Tehran to benefit from its economic ties with both parties and to avoid any possible threats the conflict could pose to Iranian national security. -
Kurdistan Rising? Considerations for Kurds, Their Neighbors, and the Region
KURDISTAN RISING? CONSIDERATIONS FOR KURDS, THEIR NEIGHBORS, AND THE REGION Michael Rubin AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INSTITUTE Kurdistan Rising? Considerations for Kurds, Their Neighbors, and the Region Michael Rubin June 2016 American Enterprise Institute © 2016 by the American Enterprise Institute. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be used or reproduced in any man- ner whatsoever without permission in writing from the American Enterprise Institute except in the case of brief quotations embodied in news articles, critical articles, or reviews. The views expressed in the publications of the American Enterprise Institute are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the staff, advisory panels, officers, or trustees of AEI. American Enterprise Institute 1150 17th St. NW Washington, DC 20036 www.aei.org. Cover image: Grand Millennium Sualimani Hotel in Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan, by Diyar Muhammed, Wikimedia Commons, Creative Commons. Contents Executive Summary 1 1. Who Are the Kurds? 5 2. Is This Kurdistan’s Moment? 19 3. What Do the Kurds Want? 27 4. What Form of Government Will Kurdistan Embrace? 56 5. Would Kurdistan Have a Viable Economy? 64 6. Would Kurdistan Be a State of Law? 91 7. What Services Would Kurdistan Provide Its Citizens? 101 8. Could Kurdistan Defend Itself Militarily and Diplomatically? 107 9. Does the United States Have a Coherent Kurdistan Policy? 119 Notes 125 Acknowledgments 137 About the Author 139 iii Executive Summary wo decades ago, most US officials would have been hard-pressed Tto place Kurdistan on a map, let alone consider Kurds as allies. Today, Kurds have largely won over Washington. -
Kurdish Islamists in Iraq 5
5 Kurdish Islamists in Iraq from the MuslimBrotherhood to the So-Called Islamic State: Shaban 1436 June 2015 Continuity or Departure? Mohammed Shareef Visiting Lecturer, Institute of Arab and Islamic Studies, University of Exeter Kurdish Islamists in Iraq from the Muslim Brotherhood to the So-Called Islamic State: Continuity or Departure? Mohammed Shareef Visiting Lecturer, Institute of Arab and Islamic Studies, University of Exeter العدد - )اﻷول( 4 No. 5 June 2015 © King Faisal Center for research and Islamic Studies, 2015 King Fahd National Library Catalging-In-Publication Data King Faisal Center for research and Islamic Studies Dirasat: Kurdish Islamists in Iraq from the Muslim Brotherhood to the So-Called Islamic State: Continuity or Departure? / King Faisal Center for research and Islamic Studies - Riyadh, 2015 p 44; 16.5x23cm (Dirasat; 5) ISBN: 978-603-8032-65-7 1- Kurds - Iraq - Politics and government - History I- Title 956 dc 1436/6051 L.D. no. 1436/7051 ISBN: 978-603-8032-65-7 Designer: Azhari Elneiri Disclaimer: This paper and its contents reflect the author’s analyses and opinions. Views and opinions contained herein are the author’s and should not be attributed to any officials affiliated with the King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies or any Saudi Arabian national. The author is solely responsible for any errors that remain in the document. Table of Contents Abstract 5 Introduction 7 Kurdish Islamist Parties and the So-Called Islamic State 10 The Muslim Brotherhood and the Beginnings of Islamism in Kurdistan 13 The Emergence of Indigenous Kurdish Islamist Groups 19 The Islamic Movement of Kurdistan and Ansar al-Islam after 1991 27 Kurds in the So-Called Islamic State 35 Bibliography 39 Author Biography 40 3 4 No. -
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d−MOÂË w½«“—U³Ã« W¹œdJë WÃËbÃ«Ë œdÔJë …UÝQÄ åb¹b−²Ã« «uMÝò d−MO ÍdM¼ «dÂcÄ sÄ .bIð ö‡Ä œ«u‡ł w½U²ÝœdJë wMÞuë d9R*« fOz— ‡‡±‡‡ ‡‡±‡‡ Years of Renewal Tragedy of the Kurds By: Henry Kissinger Barzani, Kissinger and the Kurdish State Foreword By: Jawad Mella KNC P. O. Box 607 London NW8 0DT Tel: 020 8563 2881 Fax: 020 8563 8406 Mobile: 07768 266 005 Websites: www.knc.org.uk www.kncscandinavia.com WKA Palingswick House 241 King Street London W6 9LP Tel: 020 8748 7874 Fax: 020 8741 6436 E ‡‡ mails: [email protected] [email protected] ‡‡≤‡‡ ‡‡≤‡‡ ¡«b¼ù« ww½½ «« ““ —— UU ³³ Ãë« ff ¹¹ —— œœ «« ËË ww ½½ «« ““ —— UU ³³ Ãë« vv HH DD BB ÄÄ ss ¹¹ bb ÃÃUU )) «« vv ÃÃ≈≈ ww ½½ UU ²² ÝÝ œœ dd JJ Ãë« ww MM ÞÞ uu Ãë« dd 99 RR ** «« ¡¡ «« bb NN ýý ËË ÍÍ ËË «« dd II ŽŽ ee ¹¹ ee ŽŽ ‰‰ «« dd MM '' «« ss ÄÄ qq  «« —— UU ðð uu ÐÐ √√ ‚‚ «« ““ dd Ãë« bb ³³ ŽŽ ËË gg OO ÄÄ UU ÄÄ ‰‰ öö łł dd ³³ ¼¼ —— ËË œœ dd JJ Ãë« …… œœ UU II Ãë« ËË ¡¡ «« bb NN AA Ãë« ll OO LL łł ËË qq łł √√ ss ÄÄ «« uu KK {{ UU ½½ ss ¹¹ cc Ãë« ÊÊ UU ²² ÝÝ œœ dd  ‰‰ öö II ²² ÝÝ «« ËË œœ dd JJ Ãë« WW ¹¹ dd ŠŠ ww ½½ UU ²² ÝÝ œœ dd JJ Ãë« ww MM ÞÞ uu Ãë« dd 99 RR ** «« —— UU BB ½½ √√ vv ÃÃ≈≈ ËË WW ¹¹ «« —— ww FF «« —— ËË ÊÊ UU ²² ÝÝ œœ dd  ‰‰ öö II ²² ÝÝ «« ËË œœ dd JJ Ãë« WW ¹¹ dd ŠŠ ÊÊ UU ÄÄ ““ ËË ÊÊ UU JJ ÄÄ qq  ww ‡‡≥‡‡ ‡‡≥‡‡ ‡‡¥‡‡ ‡‡¥‡‡ W¹œdJë WÃËbÃ«Ë d−MOÂË w½«“—U³Ã« WO¹—Uð W; W???O???¹—Uð W??O???HK?š vÃ≈ ‚dD²?ë sÄ bÐô Ÿu???{u*« w ¡b???³Ã« q³???Á U?N²1e¼ dŁ≈ W?O½U?L¦?Fë W¹—uÞ«d³?Äô« —U?ON½« b?F³? ¨U?NMÄ bÐ ô …dB?²?Ä 5O?½UD¹d???³Ã« s?¹d???B???²M*« oŠ s?Ä `³???√ vÃË_« -
A Study of European, Persian, and Arabic Loans in Standard Sorani
A Study of European, Persian, and Arabic Loans in Standard Sorani Jafar Hasanpoor Doctoral dissertation for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Iranian languages presented at Uppsala University 1999. ABSTRACT Hasanpoor, J. 1999: A Study of European, Persian and Arabic Loans in Standard Sorani. Reports on Asian and African Studies (RAAS) 1. XX pp. Uppsala. ISBN 91-506-1353-7. This dissertation examines processes of lexical borrowing in the Sorani standard of the Kurdish language, spoken in Iraq, Iran, and the Kurdish diaspora. Borrowing, a form of language contact, occurs on all levels of language structure. In the pre-standard literary Kurdish (Kirmanci and Sorani) which emerged in the pre-modern period, borrowing from Arabic and Persian was a means of developing a distinct literary and linguistic tradition. By contrast, in standard Sorani and Kirmanci, borrowing from the state languages, Arabic, Persian, and Turkish, is treated as a form of domination, a threat to the language, character, culture, and national distinctness of the Kurdish nation. The response to borrowing is purification through coinage, internal borrowing, and other means of extending the lexical resources of the language. As a subordinate language, Sorani is subjected to varying degrees of linguistic repression, and this has not allowed it to develop freely. Since Sorani speakers have been educated only in Persian (Iran), or predominantly in Arabic, European loans in Sorani are generally indirect borrowings from Persian and Arabic (Iraq). These loans constitute a major source for lexical modernisation. The study provides wordlists of European loanwords used by Hêmin and other codifiers of Sorani. -
IRIS:KAS Report
The Failure of Reconstruction in Mosul: Root Causes from 2003 to the Post-ISIS Period Zmkan Ali Saleem & Mac Skelton IRIS Policy Report 0 (Modified Reprint) The Failure of Reconstruction in Mosul: Root Causes from 2003 to the Post-ISIS Period **This reprint (released June 10, 2020) is a modified and updated excerpt of an October 2019 IRIS/KAS publication entitled “Mosul and Basra after the Protests: The Roots of Government Failure and Popular Discontent.”** The Institute of Regional and International Studies (IRIS) is a policy research center based at the American University of Iraq, Sulaimani (AUIS). Through multidisciplinary research, training programs, and policy forums, IRIS addresses the most complex issues facing Iraq and the Middle East. The Institute is funded through grants from donor institutions and countries. Recently IRIS has partnered with the United Nations Assistance Mission in Iraq, London School of Economics, the Konrad Adenauer Stiftung, & Chatham House on a variety of programs and research projects. The Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (KAS) is a German political foundation whose civic education programs aim at promoting freedom and liberty, peace and justice. The KAS ` Syria/Iraq Office deals with the political and social situation in both countries, questions regarding the stability of the region, the refugee situation and security implications sdfgsdfg arising from the Syrian civil war and the emergence of the Islamic State. In addition to strengthening political dialogue within the region and between Europe and the Middle East, KAS work focuses on reconciliation and civil society support, good governance and rule of law, as well as research and analysis. -
Iraq : an Intolerable, Forgotten and Unpunished Repression”
International Federation for Human Rights Report “Iraq : an intolerable, forgotten and unpunished repression” Introduction. 5 I. Repression in Iraq . 7 II. Arrests and arbitrary detentions . 13 III. Inhuman and degrading treatments. 16 IV. Executions . 19 V. Beheading of women . 21 VI. Involuntary or forced disappearances . 24 VII. Forced Arabization and deportation . 25 VIII. Ashbal Saddam . "Saddam's cub scouts" . 26 IX. Corruption . 28 Conclusion . 29 Recommendations . 30 Appendix . 32 “Iraq : an intolerable, forgotten and unpunished repression” HRA/CJI - FIDH / PAGE 3 “Iraq : an intolerable, forgotten and unpunished repression” Contents Introduction . 5 A. Mandate and objectives of the commission . 5 B. General context of the mission . 5 I. Repression in Iraq . 7 "Peculiar conception" of the citizenship. 7 The organization of repression . 7 The repression after the death of Ayatollah M'hammed Sadek Sadr . 10 The repression of religious freedom . 11 II. Arrests and arbitrary detentions . 13 Importance and power of the services . 14 Arrest of family members. 14 Belonging to an opposition party. 14 Arrest of children under 18 . 14 Uprising of the provinces in 1991 . 14 Arrests for "unpleasant" acts . 15 Arrest of journalists . 15 III. Inhuman and degrading treatments. 16 Legalized application of cruel punishments . 16 Torture and ill-treatments . 16 IV. Executions . 19 Prison cleansing campaign . 19 Other executions . 19 V. Beheading of women . 21 Prostitution : an increasing phenomenon . 21 Prostitution : an excuse for physical elimination and political pressure . 21 Beheading : barbarism, terror and propaganda . 21 60 to 2000 women beheaded from June 2000 to April 2001 . 23 VI. Forced or involuntary disappearances . 24 VII. Forced Arabization and deportation. -
Revisiting Kurdish Dialect Geography: Preliminary Findings from the Manchester Database
Revisiting Kurdish dialect geography: Preliminary findings from the Manchester Database June 2017 Yaron Matras University of Manchester Introduction: Database method and Persian). Bilingual speakers were asked to translate the phrases into their local Kurdish dialect. Sessions were and scope recorded and transcribed into templates in which each phrase was pre-tagged for anticipated structures. The data My aim in this paper is to describe preliminary findings was imported into an open-source database (utilising from work carried out between 2011-2017 as part of a MySQL and PHP web interface software), which was made collaborative project on ‘Structural and typological accessible online. It allows the user to filter transcribed variation in the dialects of Kurdish’, based at the phrases by content (Kurdish forms), English elicitation University of Manchester. The project’s objectives were to phrase, tags, and speaker’s place of origin. create a reference database covering the main areas in A pilot questionnaire was tested in 2011-2012. It which dialects of Kurdish are spoken, to assess typological contained around 200 items, of which around half were variation (with particular consideration to possible individual lexemes and function words. The items had been contact influences), and to investigate the role of verb selected based on an assessment of structural variation in semantics in the volatility of the ergative construction in samples of connected speech from around 50 recorded Kurmanji/Bahdini. This paper presents initial findings interviews of up to 40 minutes each with speakers from pertaining to the distribution of structural features, dialect various locations in Turkey, Iraq, and Iran, and based on geography, and dialect classification.