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Hawaiian Sentence Structures PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Se��eh B - No. 61 HAWAIIAN SENTENCE STRUCTURES by Emily A. Hawkins Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Hawkins, E.A. Hawaiian sentence structures. B-61, vi + 114 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1979. DOI:10.15144/PL-B61.cover ©1979 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. PACIFIC LINGUISTICS is issued through the Lingui�tie Ci4eie 06 Canbe44a and consists of four series: SERIES A - OCCASIONAL PAPERS SERIES B - MONOGRAPHS SE RIES C - BOOKS SERIES V - SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS EDITOR: S.A. Wurm. ASSOCIATE EDITORS: D.C. Laycock, C.L. Voorhoeve, D.T. Tryon, T.E. Dutton. EDITORIAL ADVISERS: B. Bender, University of Hawaii J. Lynch, University of Papua D. Bradley, University of Melbourne New Guinea A. Capell, University of Sydney K.A. McElhanon, University of Texas S. Elbert, University of Hawaii H. McKaughan, University of Hawaii K. Franklin, Summer Institute of P. MUhlhausler, Technische Linguistics Universitat Berlin W.W. Glover, Summer Institute of G.N. O'Grady, University of Linguistics Victoria, B.C. G. Grace, University of Hawaii A.K. Pawley, University of Hawaii M.A.K. Halliday, University of K. Pike, University of Michigan; Sydney Summer Institute of Linguistics A. Healey, Summer Institute of E.C. Polo�, University of Texas Linguistics G. Sankoff, Universit� de Montr�al L. Hercus, Australian National E. Uhlenbeck, University of Leiden University J.W.M. Verhaar, University of N.D. Liern, University of Hawaii Indonesia, Jakarta ALL CORRESPONDENCE concerning PACIFIC LINGUISTICS, including orders and subscriptions, should be addressed to: The Secretary, PACIFIC LINGUISTICS, Department of Linguistics, School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University , Canberra , A.C.T. 2600. Australia. Copyright (§) E.A. Hawkins. First published 1979. The editors are indebted to the Australian National University for help in the production of this series. This publication was made possible by an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund. National Library of Australia Card Number and ISBN 0 85883 195 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. The Language 1 1.2. Orthography 2 1. 3. Previous Grammatical Studies 2 1.4 . Goals of This Study 3 1. 5. The Model 4 CHAPTER 2 - SIMPLE VERBAL SENTENCE STRUCTURE 11 2.1. The Case Relations of the Simple Verbal Sentence 11 2.2 . Case Marking Prepositions in Hawaiian 12 2.2.1. e 12 2.2.2. e 12 2.2.3 . ma i 13 2.2.4. ma 13 2.2.5. me 13 2.2.6 . na 14 2.2.7. no 14 2.2.8. 15 2.2.9. and Position as Case Markers 15 '" 2.3. Verb Classification 16 2.3.1. Statives 17 2.3.2. Transitives 19 2.3.3. Intradirectives 21 2.3.4. Bi-transitives 22 2.3.5. Other Classes 22 2.3.6. Non-classificatory Cases 23 2.3.7. The Effect of ho 'o on the Case Frame 24 1 11 Page 2.4. Sentence Structure 25 2.4.1. Preposed Agent 26 2.4.2. The Passive Transformation 26 2.4.3. Simple Re-Orderings 27 2.5. Sentence Complements 28 2.5.1. Verbs Taking Complements 28 2.5.2. Negation 29 CHAPTER 3 - CASE IN VERBLESS SENTENCES 33 3.1. Case Markers 33 3.1.1. na 34 3.1.2. no 35 3.2. Order 37 3.2.1. Source'Object 40 3.2.2. Location'Object 40 3.2.3. Agent 'Object 41 3.2.4. Benefactive'Object 42 3.3. Attribution of Case Phrases 43 3.3.1. Case Phrases as Modifiers 43 3.3.2. Attributing Benefactive and Agent 44 3.3.2.1. Possessive Statements with Agent and Benefactive Attributes 47 3.4. Sentences with No Case Marking 48 3.4.1. Verbal and Verbless Characteristics 49 3.5. Negation 50 CHAPTER 4 - COMPLEX CONSTRUCTIONS 53 4.1. General Rules 53 4.1.1. Embedding 53 4.1.2. Topicalisation 55 4.1.2.1. Case Topics 55 4.1.2.2. Non-Case Topics 58 4.1. 3. Complex Embedding 59 4.1. 4. Questions 61 4.2. Specifics 61 4.2.1. Agent 61 4.2.2. Object 67 4.2.3. Benefactive 72 4.2.4. Instrument 77 4.2.5. Locative 81 4.2.5.1. Location in Place 81 iii Page 4.2.5.2. Location in Time 84 4.2.5.3. Time and Place 89 4.2.6. Goal 89 4. 2.7 • Source 91 4.3. The Possessive Forms in Embedded Constructions 92 4.3.1. A and 0 Alternation 93 4.3.2. Nominalisation 94 4.4. A Summary of the Embedding Processes 95 CHAPTER 5 - OVERVIEW 97 5.1. Results of the Analysis 97 5.1.1. New Statements 97 5.1.2. Implications 98 5.2. Assessment 99 5.3. Residual Problems 99 APPENDIX A - THE FEATURES OF THE DETERMINERS 101 APPENDIX B - THE TENSE/ASPECT MARKERS 102 APPENDIX C - ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS STUDY 103 8ib.U.ogJta.phy 104 Hawkins, E.A. Hawaiian sentence structures. B-61, vi + 114 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1979. DOI:10.15144/PL-B61.cover ©1979 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1. THE LANGUAGE The language described in this work is that of the indigenous people of Hawai 'i. The written sources range in time from 1870 to 1974 . Hawaiian is still the home language of approximately 800 people, and is the first language for about 500, mo st of whom are either Ni' ihau people living on Ni ' ihau and Kaua 'i or senior citizens . There are probab ly another thousand who can communicate in Hawaiian . My oral sources range in age from the twenties to the eighties . Mileka Kanahele , a Ni ' ihau woman who has resided in Honolulu since the 1950s , was my first and mo st important language consultant and I am grateful to her for tolerating my limited knowledge of both the language and elicit ing techniques. The data collected with her are in both standard Hawaiian and in the Ni ' ihau dialect , (primarily differing in phonology .) Since the maj or concern of this work is syntactic , I have shown all examples in standard Hawaiian . The sources for my data are three. My primary oral informants were Mileka, Sarah Nakoa, a retired translator, and Larry Kimura, a young instructor of Hawaiian language at the University of Hawai 'i. Many other native speakers unknowingly aided me by appearing with Larry on Ka teo Hawa� '�, a weekly Hawaiian language radio broadcast . The primary written sources were Paka'a, (Nakuina : 1901) , Ka'ala, (Kapu : 1904), and excerpts from the newspaper Ku 'oko 'a. The student newspaper UluH o� is the most recent written source . Some of the sentences were created by me and then checked with informants. Whenever possible these sentences have been supplemented by sentences from other sources . 1 Hawkins, E.A. Hawaiian sentence structures. B-61, vi + 114 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1979. DOI:10.15144/PL-B61.1 ©1979 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. 2 1.2. ORTHOGRAPH Y This work adopts the orthography of the Pukui-Elbert Hawaiian-Engli6 h Vicziona�y. One deviation from this system is ki 'of, beLonging to '. There is a definite difference in length between this possessive and the definite determiner ka . ka 'the ' /kA/ ki 'of' /ka:/ Etymo logi cally, the latter form is the comb ination of ka 'the ' and a 'of ' (see §3. 3.2) . 1.3. PREVIOUS GRAMMATICAL STUVIES Much of what I will say is influenced by other grammatical de scrip­ tions. Previous descriptions of Hawaiian can be divided into two eras. The first series of grammars were written in the mid eighteen hundreds . The three outstanding grammars on that era are Lorrin Andrews ' G�amma� 06 zhe Hawaiian Languag e, 1854; W.D. Alexander 's A Sho�z Sy nop6i6 06 zhe M06Z E66enzial Poinz6 in Hawaiian G�amma�, 1864; and Adelbert von Chamisso's On zhe Hawaiian Languag e, 1837. Andrews (p. 43) described Hawaiian in terms of a Latin-based model. Consequently, his noun phrases are de fined by cases, which are themselves defined by the preposition of the phrase. Andrews ' Preposition Traditional Translation of term term Hawaiian term aui kumu ¢ nominative basic case au i pi Ii o/a genitive adhering case aui i k i ko/ka genitive more (adhering) case au i paewa no/na dative uneven case aui alo accusative fac ing case aui moe rna locat ive lying case au i hea e vocat ive calling case au i hu i me ablative joining case au i ' i a e passive case au i hele ma i (source) moving case Andrews ' use of a case framework makes his grammar particularly relevant to this study . It is also useful in that it contains numerous examples in addition to the statements of use and function. W.D. Alexander 's grammar is by far the best existing statement on sentence structure . He described not only simp le sentences, both verbal and verbless, but also complex sentences. H� did not follow a model, as Andrews did, but described sentence formation in logical and traditional terms , which thereby makes his grammar amenable to both 3 structural and semantic theories of language .
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