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Thesis Final Aspects of Argument Licensing Bethany Christina Lochbihler Department of Linguistics McGill University, Montréal BSc, Mathematics & Linguistics, University of Toronto 2006 MA, Linguistics, University of Ottawa 2007 December 2012 A THESIS SUBMITTED TO MCGILL UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY © Bethany Christina Lochbihler Dedicated to the memory of James Franklin Pyles (December 13th, 1982–June 24th, 2004) “However, I consider my life worth nothing to me, if only I may finish the race and complete the task the Lord Jesus has given me – the task of testifying to the gospel of God’s grace.” Acts 20:24 2 Aspects of Argument Licensing 1. Abstract ABSTRACT This thesis reexamines the distribution of arguments in different languages, proposing that Case itself is not universal, but a realization of an underlying principle of Argument Licensing. I claim that arguments must be syntactically licensed (i.e. by Agree) but that the features by which arguments are licensed can vary between languages. I discuss in detail the realization of Person Licensing in Ojibwe in the absence of Case, as well as in other languages showing Person Restrictions. Argument Licensing facilitates a deeper understanding of the principles that underlie arguments and their behaviour in the syntactic derivation, without being restricted by the exact realization of Case alone. I first present a detailed analysis of Ojibwe verbal morphology, focusing on the complex Inverse System and verbal theme-sign suffixes that I claim encode the person (π) features of multiple arguments (see also Bloomfield 1957; Rhodes 1994; McGinnis 1999; Bruening 2001, 2009). I adopt the notion of Cyclic Agree of a π-probe on v with multiple arguments from Béjar & Rezac (2009), and posit morphosyntactic π-features (e.g. Harley & Ritter 2002) organized by entailment relations (see Cowper 2005). I revise the mechanics of Cyclic Agree to fully account for the Ojibwe data, including apparent intransitive morphology on a transitive verbal complex and the conjunct morphology found in embedded clauses. I claim that Person Restrictions (i.e. the Strong Person-Case Constraint, Bonet 1991) in Ojibwe ditransitives are accounted for by Cyclic Agree and the requirement of Person Licensing (i.e. π-features on arguments must enter an Agree relation). I argue that Person Restrictions are generally derived by a need for Person Licensing, and that similar restrictions in French, Spanish, Basque, Icelandic and other languages directly relate to the derivation of the Ojibwe Inverse System by Cyclic Agree with v (related approaches found in Anagnostopoulou 2003, 2005; Béjar & Rezac 2003; Adger & Harbour 2007; Heck & Richards 2010). I further claim that Ojibwe is a caseless language, indicated by a lack of Case phenomena (see Ritter & Rosen 2005; see also related work in Ritter & Wiltschko 2004, 2007, 2010), and that Ojibwe arguments are subject to Person Licensing in the absence of Case. I claim that Case and Person Licensing are distinct realizations of the underlying principle of Argument Licensing (a generalized version of the Case Filter), and that Person Licensing is identified by a bundle of properties relating to the checking of π- features that are not shared with a standard view of Case. My view of licensing allows for a three-way typology where a language may license arguments by Case, Person, or by both as in Romance languages that have Case phenomena as well as Person Restrictions. I discuss a range of data that fall under my view of Person Licensing centered on v, including the Person Case Constraint, psych verb constructions and split-ergativity by person. My main proposal is that Case itself is not a universal of human language but is instead a robust realization of an underlying universal of Argument Licensing. I claim that my approach to the distribution of arguments achieves better coverage of the data by allowing for greater cross-linguistic variation that is unified at a deeper level by the principle of Argument Licensing. 3 2. Resume RÉSUMÉ Cette thèse examine la distribution des arguments dans différentes langues, en proposant que le Cas en soi n'est pas universel, mais la réalisation d'un principe sous-jacent de Licence d'Argument. Je maintiens que les arguments doivent être licenciés syntaxiquement (par exemple par Accord) mais que les traits par lesquels les arguments sont licenciés peuvent varier d'une langue à l'autre. Je discute en détail la réalisation de Licence de Personne en ojibois en l'absence de Cas, de même que dans d'autres langues qui font preuve de Restrictions sur Personne. La licence de l'argument facilite une meilleure connaissance des principes qui sous-tendent les arguments et leur comportement lors de la dérivation syntaxique, sans être restreint au seul Cas. Je présente d'abord une analyse détaillée de la morphologie verbale de l'ojibois dans le Système Inverse aussi bien que dans les intransitives et l'ordre conjoint, en me concentrant sur les suffixes thème–signe dont je maintiens qu'ils encodent les traits de multiples arguments de la personne (π) (voir également Bloomfield 1957; Rhodes 1994). Je révise la notion d' Accord Cyclique de Béjar et Rezac (2009) et je stipule des traits-π morphosyntaxiques (Harley & Ritter 2002) organisés par des rapports d'implication (Cowper 2005). Je maintiens que Accord Cyclique dérive également en ojibois de Restrictions sur Personne en conjonction avec Licence de Personne des arguments. Je soumets que Restrictions sur Personne en français. espagnol, basque et islandais peuvent également être dérivées par le système de Accord Cyclique et Licence de Personne (voir aussi Anagnostopoulou 2005; Adger & Harbour 2007; Heck & Richards 2010). Je maintiens en outre que l'ojibois est une langue sans cas, tel qu'indiqué par le manque de phénomène casuel (Ritter & Rosen 2005), et que les arguments en ojibois sont sujets à Licence de Personne en l'absence de Cas. Je maintiens que Cas et Licence de Personne sont des réalisations distinctes du principe sous-jacent de Licence d'Argument, et que Licence de Personne est identifié par un groupe de propriétés qui ne sont pas partagées par une vision standard de Cas. Ma façon de voir la licence permet une typologie tripartite dans laquelle une langue peut licencier les arguments par Cas, Personne, ou par les deux comme dans les langues romanes qui possèdent les phénomènes de Cas de même que Restrictions sur Personne. Ma proposition principale est que Cas en soi n'est pas un trait universel des langues humaines mais que, au lieu, il consiste en une réalisation robuste d'un trait universel sous- jacent de Licence d'Argument. Je maintiens que mon approche à la distribution des arguments s'applique à un plus grand nombre de données en permettant une plus grande variation translinguistique qui est unifiée à un niveau plus profond par le principe de licence d'Argument. 4 3. Acknowledgements ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to thank my thesis committee: Lisa Travis, Glyne Piggott, Maire Noonan and Jessica Coon. I owe so much to Lisa for challenging me and supporting me in my academic career, and giving me an ideal role model. She has invested in my work, believed in my potential, and it is an honour to work with her. I thank Glyne for sharing his immense knowledge of Ojibwe, which was absolutely essential in writing this thesis, and for humouring my views of the data. He has been a thoughtful and inspiring supervisor during my whole life at McGill. I thank Maire for her sheer enthusiasm for syntax, for her unfailingly positive input into my work, and for just being Maire. Thank you to Jessica, who graciously joined my committee in the later stages, but hit the ground running and became a core contributor to the shaping of my thesis. She has so much energy and drive, and she is a model of productivity. A very special thanks is owed to Eric Mathieu, who gave me a chance as a masters student, solidified my interest in Ojibwe, and saw me as a real linguist right from the start. I thank him for challenging me, fiercely supporting me, and continuing to work with me. I would also like to specially thank Norvin Richards for supervising me as an exchange student in the MIT linguistics department. Norvin is amazingly kind, helpful, and brilliant in syntactic theory with great knowledge of Algonquian languages. I would also like to thank some of the other professors who have influenced me as a student. Thanks to Michael Wagner, who was involved in early stages of this thesis, and to Junko Shimoyama who supervised an evaluation paper and was an excellent co- lecturer. Thanks also to Michel Paradis for translating my thesis abstract into French. Thanks to the faculty of the McGill Linguistics department for the classes you taught, reading groups you attended, and the wine and cheeses that wouldn’t be the same without each of you. I also want to recognize Keren Rice, Alana Johns and Diane Massam who knew me as an undergrad in linguistics at the University of Toronto, and Maria-Luisa Rivero who acted as my co-supervisor for my masters at the University of Ottawa. I am grateful to Martina Wiltschko and the rest of my defense committee for providing me with thoughtful comments and questions and helping me to improve my work. A warm and enthusiastic thank you to the support staff at the McGill Linguistics department. Thanks to Connie DiGiuseppe and her magical ability to get things done. Thanks to Andria who is ever patient with me, who laughs at my silly jokes, and is a great source of stress relief. Doing a PhD would not be possible without the awesome ladies in the main office.
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