noogom gna-izlzi-anisltinaabemonaaniwag: Generational Differences in Algonquin by Christian Artuso A thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Department of Linguistics University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba (c) May, 1998 National Library Bibliothèque nationale u*m ofCanada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services seMces bibliographiques The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distriiute or seli reproduire, prêter, distn'buer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/lfilm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celleci ne doivent être imprimes reproduced wïthout the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. THE WIVERSITY OF MXiTOBA FACULN OF GRADUATE STIiDIES ***** COPYRIGHT PER%IISSIONPAGE noogom gaa-izhi-anishinaabemoaaaivag : Generatioual Dif ferences in Algonquin A Thesis/Practicum submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in partial fulfülment of the requirements of the degree of Christian ~rtuso 01998 Permission has been granted to the Library of The University of Manitoba to lend or seii copies of this thesis/practicum, to the National Library of Canada to microfilm this thesis and to lend or sel1 copies of the film, and to Dissertations Abstracts International to publish an abstract of this thesis/practicum. The author reserves other publication rights, and neither this thesislpracticum nor extensive extracts from it may be printed or otherwise reproduced without the author's written permission. oji Miinaajiizh minigiik gegoon gaa-gii-gikendamaan; gookom ogikendaan izhigiizhwewin, e-niigaanitenig Anishinaabe giji-gikendag odebegewin. apan igoj dash ogii-nanagadendaan mayaa gij i-izhigiizhwenaaniwag. gakina dash awiin ogii-oniijaanizhishkaanaan, gakina dash awiin ogii-minwebawaan. gii-debege megaa. daabishkooj birnishkaayin, wiin gii-odaake. mii bezhigon gaa-izhi-odaapinig izhigiizhwewin. maane gegoon Anishinaabe debendig ogii-khi-mijimendaan; gii-wiigomodaake. gii-aagimike, gii-odaabaanike, gii-jiimaanike gii-bakiiginike, gii-mashkikii' aabooke. maane gegoon ogii-bi-nanagadendaan iwedi dash nimazinegan. mii omaa nanaazh gaa-bi-oditaabiigisonig odinikiiwin. gichi-miigwech ndinaa gidaadaaminaan e-gii-gikenimoomaagin gichi-gwenaaj ikwe Miinaajiish, gookom Lina gaa-izhi-gikenimag. gic hi-miigwech e-gii-odaazhoganimiyaan giji-gikendamaan Daanish, Jiijiich maamwi gakina awiik gaa-wiidamawizhiwaaj, gakina abinoojiishag gaa-anishinaabemowaaj. Abbreviations: first person singular (Ume) second person singular (you) third person singular (fie) third person obviative (the other one) first person exclusive plural ( 1 and my group but not you) first person inclusive plural (1 and my group including you) second person plural (you) third person plural (they) impersonal (with intransitives) , passive (with transitive) separates agents and patients, e.g. 3-1 = third person agent, first person patient x-3 = third person passive A, B, C... English persona1 names that have not been adjusted to an Algonquin pronunciation and without any Algonquin inflection. X, Y, 2.. Agonquin persona1 names or English persona1 names that have been adjusted to an Agonquin pronunciation. an ani mat e AS adult speech cv verb in the conjunct order DV discourse verb GS general subordinator, Le. grda- or Mi- ex exclamation, exclamatory expression excl exclusive (see: 1p) indp V verb in the independent order incl inclusive (see: 2 1) in inanimate inv inverse loc locative N proper noun na animate noun nad dependent animate noun ni inanimate noun nid independent animate noun obv obviat ive OV object verb word order PC particle PI p iural rdpl reduplication s.0 someonc (hcre refers to the grammatical categoc of animates. not necessaril>-humans) s.t something (here refers to grammatical category of inanimates) subord subordination SV subject verb word order SV0 subject verb object word order V verb vai animate intransitive verb vai + O animate intransitive verb plus an overt object vii inanimate intransitive verb vta animate transitive verb vti inanimate transitive verb VO verb object word order YS the speech of children and young adults 7.2 BORROWINGANDCODESUT~CHING.................................................................. 104 72.1 Englirh words with Algorquin ir flectional morphology............................ 105 7.2.1.1 Nouns .................................................................................................. 107 7.2. I .2 Verbs .................................................................................................... 109 7.2.2 Borro~vingh morzo/ogices ........................................................................ ii O 7.23 Borrowing irz dialogues.......................................................................... il6 7.2.4 Codeswiichzrzg irwolvzrzg longer utterances .............................................. 122 7.3 TAUTOLOGY.................................................................................................... 125 8. DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH .......................... .,, .................... 128 9 . CONCLUSION ...................... ., ........................................................................... 130 APPENDK 1: TRANSCRIPTIONS ................. ...................... ........................... 140 Speaker 1 (narration) ........................................................................................... 140 Speaker 2 (traditional story) ............................................................................... 142 Speaker 3 (traditional story) ................................................................................... 143 Speaker 4 (traditional story) ................................................................................... 145 Speaker 5 (narration) ............................................................................................. 147 Speakers 6, 9 and 10 (conversation 1)..................................................................... 148 Speakers 6, 9 and 10 (conversation 2) ................................................................. 149 Speaker 7 (invented story) ................................................................................. 150 Speaker 8 (traditional story) .................................................................................... 151 Speaker 11 (invented story) ................................................................................. 152 Speaker 12 (narration) ........................................................................................... 151 APPENDLX 2: ALGONQUIN .ENGLISH GLOSSARY ............................... ...155 1. INTRODUCTION The Anishinaabe are one of the largest native groups in North Arnerica, inhabiting a vast territory £Yom western Québec in the east to Saskatchewan in the West and from nonhwestern Ontario in the nonh to Michigan in the south. There are over one hundred thousand Anishinaabe in Canada and the USA, of which an estimated 35-50 000 speak the ianguagel. The Anishinaabe and their language are referred to by a vanety of ethnonyms such as 0jibwe2 and Chippewa, many of which actually refer to a specific group or dialect. In addition to Anishinaabemowin, other names for the language include Ojibwemowin, used in the Great Lakes region; Anihshininiimowin, used by speakers of the Severn dialect, sornetimes referred to as Oji-Cree; Daawaamwin or Nishnaabemwin. used by speakers of the Ottawa dialect; Sauiteaux or Soto, used for dialects spoken in Manitoba; Nakawemowin, used in Saskatchewan; and Agonquin or Mamiwininimowin, used in Québec and by the Golden Lake cornrnunity in eastem Ontario. This paper deals with generational differences in the Aigonquin dialect of Anishinaabemowin as spoken by members of the Michikanâbikok band from Kitigânik. Québec. This dialect is often called Algonquin du Nord as it is distinct from the dialects spoken in Maniwaki, Québec and Golden Lake, Ontario, which are also known as Algonquin. The term Aigonquin should not be confused with the word Algonquian, which 1 Kinkade (1991:163) gives 30 000 in Canada and as many as 20 000 in the U.S.A, Cristal (1997:322) gi~esthe approsimate figure 35 000. Also spelt Ojibwa and Ojibivay. Chippewa is the more common term in the USA whilst Ojibwe is generally more common in Canada, though both these terms are sornetimes used to refer to specific dialects. is the narne of one branch of the Algic language family to which languages such as Anishinaabemowin, Potawatomi, Cree, Menominee and Fox beiong. 1.1 Background The Anishinaabe are acutely aware of generationai differences in their language. Even in regions where the language seems most viable, community members wonder at the significance of the changes they perceive. Many have expressed concems as to whether these changes might in faa be syrnptoms of a reduction in Mtality of the language they view as so crucial to the identity of their community. This study